Advanced Algebra and

Trigonometry 9
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 13
Introduction to
Quadratic Function
Enriched Mathematics – Grade 9
Quarter 1 – Self Learning Module 13: Introduction to Quadratic Function
First Edition, 2020

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Advanced Algebra
and Trigonometry
9
Quarter 1
Self – Learning Module 13
Introduction to
Quadratic Function
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Enriched Mathematics Grade 9 Self-Learning Module on

Introduction to Quadratic Function!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the self-learning module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
self-learning module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the self-learning
module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Enriched Mathematics Self-Learning Module on Introduction

to Quadratic Function!

This self-learning module was designed to provide you with fun and
meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace
and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while
being an active learner.

This self-learning module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. 

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
1. Define a quadratic function f (x)=ax ²+ bx+ c .
2. Identify and differentiate quadratic function f (x)=a x2 +b x +c from
other functions.
3. Derive the equation of a quadratic function.
4. Rewrite a quadratic function f (x)=a x2 +b x +c in the form
f (x)=a( x−h) 2+k and vice versa.

PRETEST

Encircle the letter of your best choice to the correct answer.

1. Which of the following equations represents a quadratic function?

A) 2 y 2+5=x C) y=3+ 5 x 2
B) y=5−3 D) y=3 x−5 2

2. The quadratic function f ( x )=x 2 +4 x−1 is expressed in y=a ( x −h )2 +k as

A) f ( x )=( x +2 )2 +3 C) f ( x )=( x +2 )2 +1
B) f ( x )=( x +2 )2−5 D) f ( x )=( x +2 )2−3

3. What is f ( x )=−3 ( x +2 )2 +17 when written in the form f ( x )=ax2 +bx +c ?

A) f ( x )=−3 x 2 +12 x −5 C) f ( x )=−3 x 2 +12 x −5
B) f ( x )=3 x 2−12 x+5 D) f ( x )=−3 x 2−12 x+ 5

4. Which of the following is a table of quadratic function?

A) x 1 2 3 4 5 C) x 1 2 3 4 5
y 3 4 5 6 7 y -2 5 7 -3 20

B) x 1 2 3 4 5 D) x 1 2 3 4 5
y 6 11 16 21 26 y 2 5 10 17 26

5) What is the equation of the given table?

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 -2 -11 - -47 -74
26
A) y=x 2 +1 C) y=−3 x 2 +1
B) y=4 x 2+ 1 D) y=−5 x 2 +1
 RECAP

Recall linear function and absolute value function. What are the different
forms of linear equation? How to graph linear and absolute value function?

LESSON

A quadratic function is a polynomial function of degree two. Its standard

form is y=a x2 +bx +c , where a , b and c are constants but a ≠ 0.

What is difference between linear functions and quadratic functions?

Quadratic function has a quadratic term while linear function has not. To find the
other difference between linear function and quadratic function let us study this
activity.

Activity: Suppose you have a circle and make some cuts through the center. The
figure shows the relationship between the number of cuts and the number of
pieces.

Complete the table:

Table 1:

Number of cuts (x) 1 2 3 5

4
The number of pieces made from the cuts 2 4 6
(y)
This time, you have to make some cuts so that the number of pieces will be
the maximum. The figure shows the relationship between the number of cuts and
the number of pieces.

Complete the table:

Table 2

Number of cuts (x) 1 2 3 5

4
Maximum number of pieces made from the cuts 2 4 7
(y)
What are the differences between two adjacent x-values in each table? Both
tables shows equal differences in the independent variable x.

Find the differences between each adjacent y-values in each table, and write
them on the blanks provided.

Table 1: Table 2

Number of 1 2 3 4 5
cuts (x)
The number of 2 4 6
pieces made
from
the cuts (y)

Observe that in table 1, equal differences in x produce equal differences in y ,

however in table 2, equal differences in x do not lead to equal differences in y ;
instead the second differences in y . What equation describes Table 1 and table 2?
If you draw the graph of Table 1, you will find that it is a linear function. Table 2 is
a table of quadratic function. Let’s see why?

Let us complete the table of y=a x2 +bx +c and find its second differences

x 1 2 3 4
0
y c a+ b+c 4 a+2 b+ c 9 a+ 3b +c 16 a+ 4 b+ c

1st differences: a+ b 3 a+b 5 a+b 7 a+b

2nd differences: 2 a 2 a 2a
As we observed, in a quadratic equation, equal differences in x do not lead to
equal differences in y; instead the second differences in y. While in linear function,
equal differences in x produces equal differences in y.

How to find the equation of a quadratic function given the table?

Example 1 Procedure:
 a. Make sure that the table is a table of a quadratic function by finding its first
and second differences in y.

Number of cuts (x) 1 2 3 4 5

Maximum number 2 4 7 11 16
of pieces made
from the cuts (y)
1st differences: 2 3 4 5
2nd differences: 1 1 1

b. Find the correspondence in the table of y=a x2 +bx +c

x 1 2 3 4
0
y c a+ b+c 4 a+2 b+ c 9 a+ 3b +c 16 a+ 4 b+ c
st
1 differences: a+ b 3 a+b 5 a+b 7 a+b
2nd differences: 2 a 2 a 2a

c. Equate the correspondence: 1=1, a+ b+c=2 , 3 a+b=¿ 2 and 2 a=1. You can
equate any correspondence provided they have same equal differences in x and
equal values of x.
d. Solve for a, b and c

1
2 a=1, a=
2

3 a+b=2, 3 ( 12 )+b=2 , b= 12
1 1
a+ b+c=2 , + + c=2 ,c =1
2 2
d. Substitute the values of a, b and c in the function y=a x2 +bx +c
1 1
y= x 2 + x+1
2 2

The Two forms of Quadratic Function

Quadratic function in the form y=a x2 +bx +c can be transform in the form
2
y=a ( x −h ) +k and vice versa.

Example 1: Express y=2 x 2−10 x+ 1 in the form y=a ( x −h )2 +k and give the values of
a , hand k .
Solution:
 y=2 x 2−12 x+1
y=(2 x2 −12 x )+1 Group together the terms containing x
y=2(x¿¿ 2−6 x)+1 ¿ Factor out a . Here a=2
y=2(x¿¿ 2−6 x+ 9)+1−2(9)¿ Complete the expression in parenthesis to
make it a perfect square trinomial by
adding the constant and subtracting the
same value (constant times the value of a )
from the constant term.
2
y=2 ( x−3 ) −17 Simplify and express the perfect square
trinomial as the square of a binomial
Hence y=2 x −12 x+1 can be expressed as y=2 ( x−3 )2 −17.
2

In this case, h=3and k =−17

Example 2: Express y=−2 ( x +5 )2−3 in the form y=a x2 +bx +c and identify the
values of a b∧c .
y=−2 ( x +5 )2−3
y=−2 ( x 2 +10 x+25 )−3 Express the trinomial as
perfect square trinomial
2
y=−2 x −20 x−50−3 Distribute the value of a , here -2
y=−2 x 2−20 x−53 Simplify
a=2 , b=−20 and c=−53

Example 3: Rewrite f ( x )=a x 2 +bx +c in the form f ( x )=a ( x −h )2 +k

Solution:
f ( x )=(a x 2+ bx)+c
b
f ( x )=a(x 2+ x)+c
a
2 2
b b b
( 2
f ( x )=a x + x +
a 2a( )) + c−a( )
2a
b b2 b2
( a 4a )
f ( x )=a x 2 + x + 2 + c−
4a
b 2 4 ac−b 2
) (
f x =a x +
(
2a )
+
4a
−b 4 ac−b2
Hence, h= and k =
2a 4a

Example 4: Find the value of h and k in the equation y=3 x 2 +6 x−4 .

Solution 1: Rewriting in the form y=a ( x −h )2 +k

y=( 3 x 2 +6 x )−4
y=3 ( x 2 +2 x ) −4
y=3 ( x 2 +2 x+1 ) −4−3 (1)
 y=3 ( x +1 )2−7
Hence, h=−1 , k=−7

Solution 2: Use the formula of h and k

y=3 x 2 +6 x−4
a=3 , b=6 and c=−4 Identify the values of a , b , and c
−b −(6)
h= = Substitute the values to the
2 a 2( 3)
formula
−6
h= Simplify
6
h=−1
2
4 ac−b2 4 ( 3 ) (−4 )−( 6 )
k= = Substitute the values to the formula
4a 4 (3)
−48−36 −84
k= = Simplify
12 12
k =−7

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: LET’S PRACTICE

Direction: Determine whether the tables represent a linear function or quadratic
function. If the table represents a table of quadratic function, find its equation.
1. 3.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 6 12 18 24 30 36 y 1 10 17 22 25 26
2. 4.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 x -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 2 6 18 38 66 102 y 2 4 6 8 10 12

5. Consider the figure

Number of dots on the base ( x) 1 2 3 4 5

Total Number of dots ( y ) 1 3 6

Activity 2: KEEP PRACTICING

Direction: Rewrite the functions in the form y=a x2 +bx +c to the form y=a ( x −h )2 +k
or vise versa.
1. y=x 2−10 x +1
2. y=4 x 2+ 16 x−7
3. y=2 x 2−3 x+ 4
4. y= ( x −3 )2+ 5
5. y=−2 ( x +4 )2 +3

Activity 3: TEST YOURSELF

Direction: Find the value of h and k by using the formula or transforming to
2
y=a ( x −h ) +k
1. y=x 2 +10 x+13
2. y=5 x 2−10 x−2
3. y=3 x 2−9 x−5
4. y=2 x 2−10 x+ 8
5. y=−5 x 2 +6 x+ 9

WRAP – UP

What is quadratic function? Can you cite differences of linear and quadratic
function? How to determine whether a table is a quadratic or linear function? How
to transform quadratic function in the form y=a x2 +bx +c to y=a ( x −h )2 +k and
vice versa?

VALUING

Quadratic function has two forms. Sometimes, we have to transform into

another form so that we can get some things easier than before. Did you experience
of changing your form of action and they even like you more?
You can identify the table of quadratic function if you find its second
differences. Sometimes, we can understand other people if we know and respect
our differences. Did you respect other race, color and beliefs?

POSTTEST

Encircle the letter of your best choice to the correct answer.

1. Which of the following equations represents a quadratic function?
 A) 2 x2 +5= y C) y=3 x 4 +5 x 2
B) y=5 x−3 D) y=7 x−52

2. The quadratic function f ( x )=2 x 2+ 24 x−1 is expressed in y=a ( x −h )2 +k as

A) f ( x )=2 ( x +2 )2−73 C) f ( x )=2 ( x +6 )2−73
B) f ( x )=2 ( x +4 )2−73 D) f ( x )=2 ( x +8 )2−73

3. What is f ( x )=5 ( x−2 )2 +3 when written in the form f ( x )=ax2 +bx +c ?

A) f ( x )=5 x 2 +20 x−17 C) f ( x )=5 x 2−20 x +17
B) f ( x )=5 x 2 +20 x+17 D) f ( x )=5 x 2−20 x−17
4. Which of the following is a table of quadratic function?
A) x 1 2 3 4 5 C) x 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 7 17 31 49 y 2 4 8 16 32
B) x 1 2 3 4 5 D) x 1 2 3 4 5
y 5 10 15 20 25 y 2 5 8 11 14
5) What is the equation of the given table?
x 0 1 2 3 4
y -1 1 7 17 31
A) y=2 x 2+ 1 B) ¿ 2 x2 −1 C) y=3 x 2 +1 D) y=3 x 2−1

KEY TO CORRECTION
Pretest Posttest Activity 1
1. C 1. A 1. Not
2. B 2. C 2. QF, y=4 x 2+ 2
3. D 3. D 3. QF, y=−x2 +12 x
4. D 4. A 4. Not
x2 x
5. C 5. B 5. QF, y= +
2 2

Activity 2 Activity 3
1. y= ( x −5 )2−24 1. h=−5 , k=−12
2. y=4 ( x +2 )2−23 2. h=1 , k=−7
2
3. y=2 x− ( 34 ) + 558 3. h=
−3
2
,k=
−141 −37
12
=
4
5 −9
4. y=x 2−6 x +14 4. h= , k=
2 2

REFERENCES
Coronel, Illuminada, et al. Mathematics An Integrated Approach. Quezon:
Bookmark, Inc., 1992.
Oronce, Orlano and Mendoza, Marilen. E – Math II. Manila: Rex Book Store,
Inc., 2007.
Saladino, Rommel Hero et al. Mathematics Grade 9 Learner’s Material. Pasig:
Vibal Group, Inc., 2014.