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  • Hydromagnetic Desalination Cell, Brine Desalination System, and Method of Desalinating Brine Water Using The Desalination Cell

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    Hydromagnetic desalination cell, brine desalination system, and method of desalinating brine water using the desalination cell

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    Hydromagnetic Desalination Cell, Brine Desalination System, and Method of Desalinating Brine Water Using The Desalination Cell

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    ali shahrouzian

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    «2 United States Patent Elshafei (10) Patent No.: 4s) Date of Patent US 9,701,551 B2 Sul. 11, 2017 ($4) HYDROMAGNETIC DESALINATION CELL, [BRINE DESALINATION SYSTEM, AND METHOD OF DESALINATING BRINE WATER USING THE DESALINATION CELL (71) Applicant: KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS, Dhairan (SA) (72) Inventor: Moustafa Elshafel, Kitchener (CA) (73) Assignee: ‘King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran (SA) (4) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis patent is extended or adjusted under 35 USC. 1540) by 50 days. 141969828 Dee. 15, 2015 (21) Appl. No. (22) File 6s) Prior Publication Data US 201710166461 Al Jun, 15, 2017 (1) Incr. CORE 1146 CORE 148 cask 500 C5R 134 C58 104 (2006.01) (2008.01), (2006.01) (2006.01), (2006.01), (Continved (2) Us.cL ce CORE WABI 2013.01); COR 1484 (2013.01): €25B 1704 (2013.01); C25B 134 (2013.01): C288 00 2013.01); COP 2101/12 (2013.01); CO2F 2103/08 (2013.01) CORE 3201/483 (201301) (58) Fleld of Classiication Search CPC... CORE 1/481; CORE 1/484; CORF 2201/4853: CORP 2103108; CO2F 2101/12; C258 5/00; C258 1/04; C25B 1/34 66) References Cited US. PATENT DOCUMENTS. 371958 A -M9TS Usick Bue A107 Brow, S197.684 B2 62012 Pema Baller ta (Continued) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS wo wo201 32477 AL 102011 (OTHER PUBLICATIONS “Magnetic Water Treatment Devices Water Descling nachine with 'SSHI6 Housing’, fangs YLD Water Processing Equipment Co, Led, pw vatersrcatmentequipment com sle-3725982. magnelcovaterstetinent-Jevices-watersescalng-machine-vih- shoving han, Model No. YLC-2.5, May 21, 2015, 5 pages Primary Examiner — Arun $ Phasge (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm —Oblon, McClelland, Maier & Neusiadt, LLP on ABSTRACT A hydromagnetic desalination cell including at least one hollow rectangular flow conduit, a frst rectangular magnet ‘nd a second rectangular magnet each having a north pole fice and a south pole face opposite of cach other, wherein the frst and second rectangnlae magnets are disposed slong ‘longitudinal axis ad on opposite sides of the rectangular flow conduit, a frst opening and a second opening on ‘opposite walls of the rectangular flow conduit extending between the frst and second! rectangular magnets, and a fist and second chamber fui connected to the ist and second ‘openings. A hydromagnetie desalination system and meth- fds of desalinating brine water with the hydromagnetic desalination system are also disclosed 19 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets US 9,701,551 B2 Page 2 (1) mec. CORP 10x08 (2006.01) CoRF 101/12 (2006.01), 66) References Cited USS. PATENT DOCUMENTS. 5956.536 2 2oosdo0t4s> Al Bo1D s702 204158 20080280262 AL* 11/2008 Washington AGIK8O? “453216 * cited by examiner US 9,701,551 B2 Sheet 1 of 6 Sul. 11, 2017 U.S. Patent FIG. 1A US 9,701,551 B2 Sheet 2 of 6 Sul. 11, 2017 U.S. Patent Es ee 104 FIG. 1B U.S. Patent Jul. 11,2017 Sheet 3 of 6 US 9,701,551 B2 108 205 2207 [as Inlet Tank FIG, 2 Brine Tan U.S. Patent Sul. 11, 2017 Sheet 4 of 6 US 9,701,551 B2 U.S. Patent Sul. 11, 2017 Sheet 5 of 6 US 9,701,551 B2 0.25 0.2 ce 9.15 Current O41 0.05 ° © 0.008 0.01 0.015 0,020.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 Separation between magnets FIG. 4 U.S. Patent Sul. 11, 2017 Sheet 6 of 6 US 9,701,551 B2 FIG. 5 US 9,701,551 B2 1 HYDROMAGNETIC DESALINATION CELL, BRINE DESALINATION SYSTEM, AND ‘METHOD OF DESALINATING BRINE WATER USING THE DESALINATION CEL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field The present invention relates to 2 hydromagnetic desal nation cell having «rectangular low conduit, brine devai nation system, and method of desalinating brine water using the desalination cel. Description of the Related Art ‘The “background” description provided herein is forthe purpose of generally presenting the context of the diselo- sure. Work of the presetly named inventors, tthe extent it js described in this background section, as wel as aspects of the description which may aot otherwise qualify prior at atthe time of filing, are neither expresly or impliedly ‘admitted at prior art against the present invention, ‘Destlinaton of sea water is common in the Middle Fast ‘and the Caribbean, and is growing fast in the USA, North Arica, Spain, Australia and China. Its also used on ships. submarines and islands where freshwater is not readily available, Desalination of ground water is also common in the Middle East, Alrca, and Australia, Cumently, there are six basie teehnigues that can be used to separate salt from Water, and these include distillation, freeze desalination, roverse osmosis, eloctodialysis, ian exchange, and cletro~ Sati deionization, Distillation and freezing involve remov= fing pore water, in the form of water vapor orice fom a salty brine. Reverse osmosis and electrolysis use membranes to separate dissolved salts and minerals from water, while jon exchange involves an exchange of dissolved mineral fons in the water for other, more desirable dissolved ions as the water passes throught chemical “resins.” Commercial ‘desalination techniques in use today inelude: reverse osmo- sis, which uses pressure to deve water through a membrane Jeaving the salt behind: thermal methods, which use heat 10 ‘isl water while recapturing heat from vapor condense tion; and electrolysis, which uses an electrical potential to «dive ions through & membrane leaving the water behind. ‘Although reverse osmosis ie the most widely used tech nology, it has several disadvantages. For example, the water recovery is only Between 30 to 60% and the disposal of the brine water i @ major environmental issue, The membranes ‘are expensive and can become clogged hy scale and fouling, ‘which requires frequent washing and replacement, Disposal Of the membranes is also another environmental iste Funher, reverse osmosis is also very energy demanding. In electrodialysis, brackish water is pumped at low pres- sutes between flat, parallel, ion-permesble membranes that ‘re assembled ia a slack, Membranes that allow cations to pss through them are alternated with anion-permeable ‘membranes. drootelocticl cnrent i established to cross the stack by electrodes positioned at hoth ends ofthe stack. This electric current pulls the ions through the membranes and concentrates them between each altemate pair of mem- branes, Partially desalted waters Jet between each adjacent set of membrane pats. Scaling ofthe membrane to remove ‘accumulated sat i avoided in most electrodialysis units by ‘operationally reversing the dirstion of the electrical current ‘around the stacks at predetermined intervals “The use of an electrostatie field produced by two electri cally charged surfaces to separate ions has been proposed by MacGregor (US. Pat, No. 4,948,514 incorporated herein by reference in is entirety), and fas been known since thea 0 o 2 as capacitive deionization, The main problem with suck rcthods is that positive ions accumulate on the negative steface and negative ions accumulate on the postive surface forming fon layers on the order of a few Angstroms, a shenomenon Known as “double layee”. This phenomenon frestes reverse voltage that acutalizes the eletrc filed inside the pipe, preventing further separation of fons. Sev- cri techniques were then proposed to overcome this prob- Jem, e4 using in selective membranes. Boutier et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 8.460.532 incorporated Doerein by reference in its entity) reported a deionization ‘and desalination method using electrostatic ion pumping. Surface charge is applied extemaly, and is synchronized ‘with oscillatory Muid movements between substantially par- allel charged plates. Ions are held in place during fnid ovement in one direction (because they are held in the electrical double layer), and released for transport during ‘uid movement in the opposite direction by removing the applied electric field. In this way the ions, such as salt, are “rateheted” aeros the changed surface Irom the food side to the concentrate side. ‘Another desilination and water purification method was proposed! by Hoenig et al. (US. Pat. No. 8016,003— ‘incorporated herein By reference in its entirety). Salt water is bubbled, aerated, or sprayed to cause breaking bubbles ‘along the surface ofthe salt Water. An electri field is applied above the surface ofthe salt water. Fresh water droplets and ‘vapor, released in the process of bubble rupture, are then pulled away from the surface of the salt water by the ‘lectrostate field and eollected For consumption, "A method and apparatus for purifying liguids in electric field was disclosed by Wildermuth, G. W. (US. Pat. No. 5.128043 incorporated herein by reference in is entirety). The method establishes lamina flow of the liquid, passing the liquid through an electric ld transverse to the direction of low to induce mobility of particles away from a negative fiold surface, separating the liquid jnto zones. dinger, W. J. (US. Pat, No. 7,229,585 incorporated hein by reference in its entity) proposed to use an clectrostatic field to provent biofouling of membranes in revere osmosis desalination systems, The technique redees the cost of maintenance of reverse osmosis systems. ‘A desalination device using selective membranes and magnetic fields was proposed by Penas Ballster eal. (US 20110147205 Al incorporated hercin by reference in its entirety). A device was designed to desalinate brackish water ‘which combined action of magnetic elds generated inside the device and ion-selective membranes, this obtaining 860 separate water curents, one with a low salt conceatration and the other reject current with 2 high salt conceateation. The device comprises an external cylindrical body of mag ‘etized iron (1), an inner body also cylindrical and male of the same material @2) and an intermediate chamber (3) in ‘which are placed a series of ion-selective membranes (6 and 7) arranged eodially around the axle common to all of the bodies, and placed sltemately such that each negative-ion selective membrane has « positive-ion selective membrane ‘on either side. ‘Warren etal. (US 2004/0262234— incorporated herein by reference in is entirety) disclosed an apparatus and method or the puriication of Nuids using magnetie-feld desalina- tion that does not use electodes. However, i uses a rotating ‘magnetic field and ion-selective-mombeane batteries "A method and spparstus for separating fons from a Avid steam was proposed by G. Richard, G (US. Pat. No. 6,783,687 incorporated herein by reference in is entirety). A magnetic feld and an electrostatic field are established US 9,701,551 B2 3 ‘across a processing 2one through which the Mid steam, flows so thatthe flow vector ofthe uid steam, the fax ines ‘of the magnetic field and the vector ofthe electrostatic field mutwally orthogonal, The resulting high and low ion ‘effluents may be further processed, No thermal input is rexjired, No vacitm, reverse osmosis or reduced pressure stilton is involved. "A device for electromagnetic desalination of sea water ‘was proposed by Imris, P. (EPI8809R0— incorporated herein by reference in its enirty), The device used # ‘combination of electrically generated high frequency mag relic feld and electrostatic capacitive. deionization ia @ specially designed conduit to separate salt ions of vea water from the sircam of Water to oblain a fresh Water stream, ‘while the jons are forced by the allemating magnetic and ‘levis field to-go through separate discharging conduits ‘During the past 20 yeas there has been an ever-increasing interest in the treatment of fluids Howing in conduits by means of magnetic devices which are externally attached 10 the conduits transmitting the Duids. However, pre generally cause problems in these systems by adhering tothe Sinner walls of the conduits and, even if the precipitates are non-corrosive, will thereby decrease the effective cross- ‘cctonal ara ofthe conduits a8 well as inereasing the flow resistance within the conduits “Atlempts 10 overcome sich issues include work by Weisenbarger, G. M. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,995.425—incorpo- rated herein by reference in iis entirety), The proposed magnetic fluid conditioner for abating the adherence of precipitates in conduits can be used witha variety of liquids andar gases which contain unwanted compounds capable of ‘adhering tothe inner walls of the Noid transmitting conduits ‘The magnetic fd conditioner has means for directing the ‘outwanlly rdiating magnetic Hux toward the Duid conde ing conduits to thereby increase the magnetic ux acting on the liquid andor gas Howing in the conduits. "A magnetic apparatus for preventing deposit formation in flowing Mids is also described by Floreseu, V. etal. (US. Pat, No. $,453,188—incorporated herein by reference i its entirety), in which an apparatus and method for preventing tnd. minimizing the formation of deposits of parafin, asphaltene, and scale on the inside of downhole oil string lineand om the surface of flow transmission lines i reported. Deposit minimization is performed by inereasing the turbu- lence of various eletrically-changed microscopic particles populating erode oil colloidal suspension, using effets of the Lorentz force acting upon such flowing Mud. A plurality ‘of spaced-apart permanent magnet dise assemblies are dis posed perpendicularly ta fluid flow. “Another method! andl apparatus for magnetically eating 2 ‘uid was described by Harcourt, G. A. (US. Pat. No. 5,683,586 incorporated herein by reference in is entirety). ‘The Muid is passed along a pipeline having a pemnanent magnet aligned therewith, and a coil, rounded at each end, is wrapped around both the pipe and the magnet. Magnetic flux is enhanced by providing a diode in each tum of he coil surrounding the magnet and pipe. Optionally, a collector plate may be provided in the coil remote from the pipe. Another device for magnetic conditioning of fluids was described by Mervier, D. (US. Pat. No. 5,837,143—incor- porated herein by relerence in its entirety), which deserbes ! process and a deviee forthe magnetic treatment of ud as the fluid moves in suecessive magnotc fields, including @ sheet having adjacent transverse bands each of the same width. Fach band is changed with magnets oriented alterna- tively NSISN or NNSSSSNN perpendicularly to the plane ‘of the sheet so that successive transverse banc adjacent 10 4 upper polar fives alternately having -SNor8S,NN,SS.NN,...S5 each other preses polarities 8, N.S, NN. "A desalination device witha rotatable magnet is reported by Macleod, P.(WO/2014/001741 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). This device includes a N and S polarity atthe ends ofa rotational axis creating a toroidal ‘magnetic field, a means to rotate the magnet, anda least wo adjacent and Stacked water conduit, adjacent the magnet each having a water inlet and water outlet at a center ofthe conduit and a second water outlet around the frst water outlet. n use, salt water can be passed into the conduit water inlet with ssid magnet rotaing and positive aud negative fons in the water migrating away from the conduit center ‘wherchy water ean then be extracted from the first water cutlet which is jon fee, and the remaining salt water being extracted from a second water outlet. In view of the forgoing, an objective of the present invention is to provide a hydromagnetic desalination cell having @ rectangular flow conduit, a brine desalination system incorponting the hydromagnetic desalination cell ‘and a method of desalinating brine water sing the desa tation cll BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to fist aspect, the preseat disclosure relates to alyeomagnetic desalination cell including i) atleast one hollow rectangular flow conduit with a conduit inlet on a first end and a conduit outlet on a second end i) a frst rectangular magnet and a sovond rectangular magnet each having a north pole face and a south pole face opposite of each other, wherein the first and second rectangular magnets are disposed along a longitudinal axis and on apposite sides ‘of the eoctagular low condit such that he north pole Face ofthe fist rectangular magnet contaets the rectangular flow conduit and the south pole face of the second rectangular ‘magnet contacts the rectangular How conduit ii) a frst ‘opening and a second opening on opposite walls of the rectangular flow conduit extending between the fst and second rectangular magnets iv) a fist chamber fluidly con- fected to the fist opening of the rectangular flow concit and v) a second chamber fluidly connected the second ‘pening of the rectangular flow conduit, wherein the first ‘and second rectangular magnets generate a magnetic field ‘that causes eations to flow ftom the frst opening of the ectangular flow conduit tothe first chamber, and anions 10 flow from the second opening of the rectangular flow ‘conduit tothe second chamber, Tn one embodiment, a distance between the north pole {age ofthe first rectangular magnet and the south pole face ofthe second rectangular magnet ranges from 0.01-0.085 m. In one embodiment, the first and second rectangular ‘magnets are neodymium iron boride or samarium cobalt ‘magnets. Tn one embodiment, the hollow rectangular flow cond hha a rectangular eros section with a width dimension that js layer than a height dimension, Tn one embodiment, the hollow rectangular ow conduit comprises @ non-magnetie, non-conducting material In one embodiment, the non-magnetic, non-conducting material is polyvinyl chloride In ape embodiment, the hydromagnetic desalination cell comprises a plurality of stacked hollow rectangular flow conuits, wherein each hollow rectangular Now conduit is US 9,701,551 B2 5 ‘uidly connected to the fist chamber through the first ‘opening and the second chamber through the second open ing. “In one embodiment, the thickness of the frst and second rectangular magnets are the same, and a distance between ‘each stacked hollow rectangular flow conduit i equal tothe thickness ofthe fist and second rectangular magnet, Tn one embedimen, the thickness of the fist and second rectangular magnet ranges from 1-6 em. In one embodiment, the hydromagnetic desalination cell further comprises a tied chamber with a brine discharge ‘outlet, wherein the third chamber is located downstream of and is fluidly connected in parallel to the frst chamber through a first chamber outlet Tine and the second chamber through a second chamber outlet ine and wherein the ‘ations from the first chamber and the anions trom the second chamber combine in the thint chamber and are ‘expelled from the brine discharge oullet of the third chamn- ber Tn one embodiment, the hydromagnetic desalination cell x further comprises positive electrode connected to the fist ‘chamber and a negative elecirade connected to the second, chamber. According to a second aspect, the present disclosure relates to a hyeromagnetic desalination system, including i) the hydromagnetie desalination cell of the present disclo- sure, in one oF more ofits embodiments fi) an inlet tank ‘comprising a fist brine water comprising sodium cations, ‘chloride anions, and siater that is upstream of and idly ‘connected tothe conduit inet through an inlet ine, wherein the first brine water is flawed through the hydromagnetic ‘desalination cell to separate the sodium cations into the fist ‘chamber through the frst opening and the chloride anions Jno the second chamber through the second opening t© produce desalinated water ii) a desalinated water line and 1 desalinated water reflex line that tuidly eonaees the ‘conduit outlet to the inlet tank for reeyeling the desalinated ‘water, wherein th desalnated waterline and the desalinaed, swater refx line are fluidly connected in parallel to and dovenstream of the cont outlet, wherein the desalinated ‘water has » concentration of sodium eations aad chloride tnions that is less than that of the frst brine water In one embodiment, the hydromagnctic desalination sys- ‘em further comprises a pump fluidly eounected tothe let tank and the conduit inlet, wherein the pump flows the frst brine water from the inlet tank to the cont inlet, In one embodiment, the hydromagnetic desalination sys- tem further comprises a fist flow valve positioned in the ‘desainated Waterline downstrcim ofthe conduit outlet, and a second flow valve positioned in the desalinated water reflux line downstream of the conduit outlet, wherein the first flow valve and the second flow valve may be adjusted so that the desulinated water is owed through the desali: nated waterline and collected, is retuned tothe inet tank through the desafinated water reflex line, or both. "According to a third aspect, the present disclosure relates to a hydromagnetie desalination system including i) the hydromagnetic desalination cell ofthe present disclosure, in ‘one or more of is embodiments i) an inlet tank comprising a first brine water comprising sodium cations, chloride ‘anions, and water tht is upstream of and fuidly connected to the conduit inlet through an inlet line, whorein the frst brine water is flowed through the hydromagnetie desalina- tion cello separate the sodium cations into the first chamber through the fist opening and the chloride anions into the sccond chamber thigh the send opening to prokie ‘¢ desslinated water line iv) & 6 fated water reflex line that fidly connects the eondit futlet to the inlet tank for reeyeling the desalinated water, ‘wherein the desalinated waterline and the desalinated water reflux line are flidly connected in parallel to and down- stream ofthe conduit outlet va third chamber tha is located ‘downstream of and is fluidly connect in parallel othe frst chamber through 2 frst chamber outlet ine and the second chamber through 2 second chamber outlet line and vi) 2 brine tank thats downstream of and luily connected w the third chamber through a brine discharge line. In one embodi- ‘ment, the sodium eations from the fist chamber flow to the ‘hind chamber through the fist chamber outlet line and the chloride anions from the second chamber flow 10 the third chamber through the Second chamber outlet line to produce second brine water that is discharged from the third ‘camber tothe brine tank through the brine discharge line In one embodiment, the desainated water has a concentra- tion of sodium cations and chloride anions that is less than that ofthe frst brine water. ln one embodiment, the second brine water has a concentration of sodium cations and chloride anions that is greater than that of the first brine ‘ater. In one embodiment, the hydromagnetic desalination system further comprise frst flow valve positioned in the are disposed, or atleast 7% o at least 809%, oF atleast 90%, ‘or at Least 93%, or at least 99%. Inone embodiment, each ofthe first and second magnets have thickness 303 ranging from atleast 0.5 em, a least em, atleast 1.5 em, at least 2em, at Teast 2.5 em, at least 3 em, atleast 35 em, at least 4.em, at least 4.5 em, at least Sem and no more than 10 em, no more than 9 em, no more than & em, no more than 7 em, no more than 6 em, no more than 5 em, no more than 4 em, for example 2-5 em (FIG. 34). As depicted in FIG. 4 the distance between the noah pole face of the first rectangular magnet and the south pole face ‘of the second rectangular magnet (see FIG. 1A, d,) may ‘contol the strength ofthe magnetic field extending between the magnets. In one embodiment, a distance betwoen the north poe face ofthe fist rectangular magnet and the south pole face of the second rectangular magnet ranges from 05-15 ci, oF 0.7-13 em, of0.9-11 em, or 1-10 em, oF 12-8 ‘em, or 1.4-6 em, or 1.5-5 em, Ina preferred embodiment, When used in non-commercial scale desalination systems (eg. personal drinking water purification, lab seale water Purification, e.), the distance between the north pote face ‘of the first rectangular magnet and the south pole face ofthe Second rectangular magnet ranges from 1-2 em. In a pre- ferred embodiment, when used in conimercial scale desai: nation systems (eg city water purification, water treatment facilities, te), the distanee between the north pole lace of the fist rectangular magnet and the south pole fave of the second rectangular magnet ranges from 2-5 em, ‘The magnets used forthe hydromagneti desalination cell may be permanent magnets or superconductors rolled jn ‘oils aroimal the fist and second magnet, The fist and second magnets may include iron, nickel, eabat, rare-earth metals, oF alloys thereof, preferably alloys of rare earth metal. In one embodiment, the frst and second rectangular magnets are neodymium iron boride or samarium cobalt magnets. At room temperature, neodymium iron boride (Nd,Fe,,B) magnets exlibit the strongest magnetic proper- ties of all commercial magnets. Samarium Cobalt Sm.Co,-> ‘also has high magnetic field strength and inherent stability. In addition to (or in lew of) neodymium iton boride oF samarium cobalt magnets other magnetic materials (eg. 10 Sm(Co.Fe,Cu,Zs),,alnico, S-ferte, ete) may be present the first and second magnets and the hydromagnetic desa ‘ation cal will still function as intended. In one embod ‘ment, the fist and second rectangular magnets provide a Jargest magnetic field strength of 0.2-2 Tesla, preferably 08-2 Tesla, preferably 1-1.8 Tesla, preferably 1.2-1.7 Tesla preferably 14-1.6 Tesla. In one embodiment, the magnetic fick strength measured in the center ofthe rectangular flow conduit is 0.3 10 0.6 Tesla, preferably 0.32 t0 0.56 Tesla, preferably 034 to 052 Tesla, preferably 0.36 0 0.48 Tesla, preferably 0.38 10 0.46 Tesla, “The hydromagnetic desalination cell 101 also includes a fist opening. 198 and a second opening 106 on opposite alls (opposing side walls) of the rectangular flow eonduit extending between the first 103 and second rectangular wznets 104. The first and seeond openings provide a route {or ions (anions and eations) to escape the passageway ofthe rectangular low conduit asa fluid containing the ions moves slong the longitudinal axis and through the flow conduit Like the reciangular flow conduit, the frst and second ‘openings are generally rectangular shaped, although other may also be possible, such as circular, oval, ete. In one cembodinien, the fist and sccond opening have identical dimensions, withthe length ofthe fist and second openings being 50-99% of the length ofthe rectangular flow cond preferably 60.99%, preferably 70-99%, preferably 80-99%, preferably 90-99%. Further, the height of the first and ‘Second openings are 50-99% of the height ofthe rectangular flow conduit, preferably 60-99%, preferably 70-09%, pre erably 80.99%, preferably 90.99% Thereiore, of the pos: sible 100% surface area of each side wall, the frst second openings ovcupy atleast 25%, at Teast 359%, atleast 45%, at least 55%, at least 65%, af least 75% at least §5%, atleast 95% of the surface area of each opposing side wal. While the hydromapnetic desalination cell may include a plurality of openings on each opposing side wall, itis preferable for each opposing side wall to contain only one ‘pening tha extends along the lenglh and height of the side wal, as described heretofore, for desirable flow properties and separation efficiency, ‘As scen in FIG. 1B, the hydromagnetic desalination cell also ineludes a first chamber 109 fluidly connected to the lint opening of the rectangular flow conduit 102 and second chamber 110 idly connected to te second opeaing of the rectangular Now conduit 102, The fst and second chambers are integrally attached tothe outside surface ofthe ‘opposing side walls ofthe rectangular low conduit se that the first and second chambers fully enclose the fst and second openings. Thus, the length and height of the frst ‘chamber is generally equal to or gteater than the Tength and Ibeight of the fist opening 108, and the length and height of the second chamber is generally equal to or greater than the length and height of the second opening 106, such cht ll ‘uid (eg. fod containing cations and anions) that escapes {rom the rectangular flow conduit enters into either the frst ‘chamber through the ist opening 108 or the second cham ber through the second opening 106, As used herein, “ine- rally attached” refers to objects or materials which are intimately joined together such that they are penerally not separable by being formed with, molded, fused, sealed, encased, melted, and the like, In one embodiment, the volume ratio of each of the fist chamber and the second chamber othe volume ofthe ow conduit is 1:10 %0 1,000:1, 121 to 00:1, 10:1 to 400:1, 20:1 19 300:1, 30:1 10 200: 40:1 to 100ei, 80:1 to 75:1 Tn one embodiment, the fist and second rectangular magnets generate a magnetic field that causes any cation US 9,701,551 B2 un present ina feed fluid (eg. frst brine water) to low from the first opening 105 of the rectangular low conduit to the first chamber 109, and any anions present inthe feed uid to flaw from the sscond opening 106 ofthe rectangular flow ‘conduit to the second chamber 110, When subjected to the magnetic field extending between the magncts, the posi- tively charged cations and negatively charged anions are deflected laterally away from each other in opposite dic tions toward the respective frst opening or second opening, and are expelled fom the conduit trough the first oe second ‘opening. To prevent extemal ious feom entering (or reen- ering) the flow conduit through the fist or second openings by diffusion or otherwise, ful adjacent the openings inside ‘and outside (ie. from the frst or second chamber) the flow ‘conduit shovld maintain parallel low. An ionized solution, such as seawater, lowing past the fist and second open ‘outside the conduit faster than the partially deionized so tion inside the conduit will produce a Venturi soction wick «draws olf some of the desfinated solution having lowered salinity chrough the openings into the outside ow stream 2 the first and second chamber. This forms a thin boundary layer of lowered salinity along the fies and second ‘openings of the conduit which assists in preventing the ‘extemal ion intrusion mentioned above, ‘As depicted in FIG. 1B, in one embodiment, the hydro= ‘magnetic desalination eell comprises a plurality of stacked hollow rectangular flow conduits, wherein each hollow rectangular flow conduit is Muidly connected t the first ‘chamber through the first opening and the second chamber through the second opening, In this scenario, the frst and second chamber havea length and height tht is much larger than the length and height of the frst and second opening of cach individial rectangular flow conduit, whereby the first, ‘and second chamber fully enclose the first and second ‘opening ofall stacked hollaw flow conduits. ln one embod ment, tbe hydromagnetic desalination cell having stacked rectangular flow conditshasa top magnet 103 and a bottom magnet 104, with alternating flow conduits and magnets there between. In this setup, two adjacent stacked flow ‘conduits may share a magnet, such thatthe second magnet tora first flow conduit may also act as the frst magnct fo 8 second flow conduit that is located beneath the first flow ‘conduit in stacked orientation, For example, a hydromage netic desalination cell with N condvits, eaquires Ne per- ‘manent magnets, In one embodiment, the hydromagnetic ‘desalination cell may inchide 2,3, 4, 5,6, 7,8,9, 10, 11 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, or 20 rectangular how conduits although addition flow conduits may also be possible. Inone ‘embosliment, the thickness ofthe fist and seeand retain Jar magnets ate the same, and a distance between each stacked hollow rectangular flow cont is approximately ‘equal t the thickness of the first and second rectangular magnets. ‘The hydromagnetic desalination cell may also be ‘assembled in series, in parallel andin networks for economic scaling of desalination processes within a prociction plant Tor example In one embodiment, the hydromagnetic desalination cell, Jurther comprises third chamber 209 with a rine discharge ‘outlet, wherein the third chamber is located downstream of ‘and is idly connected in parallel tothe first chamber 109 through @ first chamber outlet 210 fine and the second ‘chamber 110 through a second chamber outlet Tine 211 and, ‘wherein the cations fiom the fist chamber and the anions from the second chamber combine inthe third chamber and are expelled from the brine discharge outlet of the third ‘chamber (see FIG. 2). The third chamber provides a mixing 0 o 12 ‘and holding container for recombining the sodiun eato om the first chamber and the chloride snions from the second chamber and may therefore have different stapes and sizes. For example, the thi chamber may be rectangular, cubical, spherical, cylindrical and the lke, and may gener- ally have a volume ratio to each ofthe frst chamaber and the second chamber in the range of 1:10 to 10:1, or 1:5 t0 5:1, fF £210 2:1, or about 11 ‘In ope embodiment, the bydromagnetic desalination cell further comprises a positive electrode SU1 connected to the first chamber 109 and a negative electrode $02 connected 10 the second chamber 110 (see FIG. 8). “The hydromagnetic desalination cell may further com- prise a cation sequestration material and! an anion seques- {tation material. The cation sequestation material isa mate- fal that effectively binds o cations (eg. sodium cations), incorporates the cations into pores present within eation sequestration material or reats with the cations, thereby removing said ations from the solution. Likewise, the anion ‘quesiriton material cun incorporate the anions (eg. chlo- ‘ide anions) into pores present within anion soquestration ‘material, or react with the anions, thereby removing said fnions from the solution. When paired together, the cation ‘and anion sequestration material may remove sal (@. [NaC from a brine solution or otherwise reduce the total concentration of the salts i the solution, Therefore, when present in the hycomagnetie desalination cll ofthe present ‘isclosue, the cation sequestration material and the anion Sequestration material may ad in removing or lowering the ‘otal concentration of eations and anions ina sotution passed through the desalination cell, These materisls may be pres- ent within the rectangular flow conduit, for example a a lining on an interior surface ofthe passageway of the flow ‘onc oF as across sectional filter Within the path ofa aid owing tarough the Row conduit or through the conduit Tine 204, Exemplary cation sequesation materials inelude crown cthers (eg. such as 18-crown-6 which has high afinity for potassium cation, 1S-erown-S which has a high lint for sodium cations, ad 12-crowa-4 which has high afinty for lithium cations), amino aeids, zeolites, or ator ‘maceous earth [see Heinbigner etal. US 200702866031 — incorporated herein by reference in its entirety]. Exemplary ‘anion sequestration material includes compounds or com- positions comprising calcium oxide, iron, and aluminum ‘oxide, such asthe compound compositions described in US. Pat, No, 7,074,263 B2, which is incorporated herein by reference in its enti. Roferring now to FIG. 2, aeconding toa second aspect, the present disclosure relates to 0 hydromagnetic desalination ‘system, inehuding the hydromagnetic desalination cell ofthe present disclosure 101, in one or more of its embodiments And an inlet tank 202 comprising a first brine water com: prising sodium cations, chloride unions, and water that is ‘Upstream of and fil connected to the const inlet 107 ‘through an inlet Tine 204 ‘Desalination is @ process that removes some smount of saltandor other minerals from saline water, brackish water, seawater, brine ete. In general brackish water contsins (0.05.39 dissolved salts, saline water and seawater coat 3.5% dissolved salts, and brine contains greater than 5% issolved salts (as presented herein % refers to % By weight based on the total weight of dissolved solids and total solution weight), In tems ofthe present disclosure, the term brine water” is used as a general tm for any water than contains more salinity than Ireshwater (Ireshwater generally ‘contains les than 0.05% salinity), and may therefore refer to saline water, brackish water, seawater, or brine. Further, the US 9,701,551 B2 13 term “desainated water” refers to any Water that has bee passed through the desalination system describe erin that has salt concentration that isles than the salt eoncentea- tion ofthe feed water prior to desaination (the frst brine ‘water, Salts that ate present in brine water that may’ be remowed with the hydromagnetic desalination of the present sisclosure may be, but are not limited to, cations such as sodium, magnesium, caleium, potassium, ammonium, and iron, and anions such as chloride, bicarbonate, carbonate, sullte, sulfite, phosphate, iodide, nitrate, acetate, citrate ‘Tvoride, and nivite. In a prefered embodiment, the fst brine water comprises sodium cation and chloride anions “The “frst brine water” as used herein refers to an aqueous solution comprising one or more salts that is t0 be desi nated. The first brine water may come from a vavity of sources, including. but not Timited t0 surface water that collects on the ground or in a stream, an aquifer, @ river, 3 Jake, a reservoir, an ocean, ground water that is obtained by diling well, run-off industeial water, public water (city water, well wat sewage, water treatment facility water, and bodily Auids (urine, blood, etc) In one embodiment, the frst brine water has a salt (¢. sodium chloride) concentration of 30,000 to 40,000 pps. preferably 33.040 to 38,000 ppm, more pre ‘erably 34,000 to 36,000 ppm, oF about 38,000 ppm (about 3.5% salts by weiaht) In one embodiment, the frst brine water is lowed through the hydromagnetic desalination cell 101 10 separate the sodium cations into the fist chamber 109 through the frst ‘opening and the chloride anions into the second chamber 110 through the second opening to produce desalinated Water. In non-commercial scale desalination systems (€. personal drinking water purification, lab scale water pur ‘cation, ee) the first brine water may be flowed through hhydromagnetic desalination cell (q,) with a How rate of 3.5.50 Limin, 40-4: Limin, 4444.6 L/min, In commercial ‘scale desalination systems (eg. city water purification, water treatment feeilities, te) the frst brine water may be owed through hydromagnetc desalination cell with a low rate of 25:35 mvimin, 2.7-3.3 mia, 29-3.0 mia, In either Scenario, the velocity of the first brine water in the flow ‘conduit is 10 10 17 msec, 11 t0 16 misee, 12 to 15 mise. The inlet tank 202 isa general holding/storage vessel for the frst beine water, and may be of various shapes and size 0 long atthe inlet nk is of sulicent size to store a total volume ofthe frst brine water that i to be desalinated. For ‘eximple, ina non-commercial application ofthe hydromag- netic desalination system, whereby 2-20 I. ofthe first brine Waters to be desalinated, the inlet tank should have a toal volume storage capacity of $ to 25 L. Further, in a com ‘mercial scale application ofthe bydromagnetic desalination system, whereby 20-100 m* of the first brine water ist be

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