Alive & Well How does your cit ou feel aliv about your family WI ou optim Winning the battle against disease = 9 Birra Reality Right: Wrong within a Dream by E pur si muovel The Edgar Allan Poe right answer quiz The jes and information age No longer world Reality at ease by Chinua Achebe check: life experiences i Rhyme & Reason The Goiclen Gate by Vikram Setty Land &Sea Advertising slogans The Sacred Balance Puzzling questions by David Suzuki Amazing Ocean Reasoning backwards: Facts Sea Fer Sherlock Holmes 2 10 Questions about? Higher and highe the world’s tallest buildings Legend of the phoenix Jon ways to fall: the decline of the Roman ‘mpire Behind the Scenes at the . Museum by Kate Atkinson. Magic & Mystery Magical places The invisible Man by H.G. Tears & Laughter Walls Hollywood: Mysieries of the silver The science of tears Sense and screen Plot devices in books and films Sensibility by Jane Austen Comedy performances around the world Parents & Children Advice for parents Names and Early mernories Now here, ne Molly Wizenberg Children of tf different generations in the wee Power & Money Quote me on thatl: the powor of words The Masters of the Universe? Ten facts about lotteries Is economics for everyone?Contents Grammer Roading texts Arte 96) Ha cose yur te Pod seer anes RYO PGA Xo eo Rena tiaselas baton je pine pe sd? Fm pats ss Fen golly Gurgaon 4) Cidalosk: leagescne adden) (9) Gasiascwnon ints Cou ana b rate ase ae wo We eine ce (hen ae Nara teaarasay hina etmbe pa Aosta: Coen oo esting (924) Slbdwies Graniatagih to Bo Sager ake he ed Sz 0) Present yo, pris ste eas) ‘ect re 7} Jinn Ore Facts wn Torti gly teeing die (038) Cb gis Wallegege om Stoves otspeéaion — Magitpaces evs stn) Peso re nih ty rots Pe pel oes Ter iv at 1 ek och Foon bly tein dot 0) abl oes Mypienprass (os) if jest tits by ed On ve op wn Beebe ps Darshan seks ant one 8 Pet nik 0) fo ex, me fo by Iouseitofoeiasad MMe Menor fess orn gly vig ope (os ‘Ghd xiang ok (63) Listening toxte sty 981 Whee ye : omen seg oo, resis cay cr The Cai Mains wes “ty comes wx bee sts te ‘ie sre Pa oe 8 ows iat ofthe rane 9 Vocabulary Preeti apse wie snp epee she Speoking ond Prononciation Sepang op Demreccene? ita ets i i st psi Your scl te ate fy Hirt ese Wing: Wot oe yoyo? oy Aree we ‘toy its: eng yo donry wn tay se th tia, Ae enc wee ey sore fy Meupbirs: Pans as} cetsiny a Watig: Awad uma acs ‘ely sli ovinghpod thew 1 Pra ase CG ot at vet Hh a ‘he wou Wigs Rus story areal shed Stuy sels Comme sags WHat pt les (5 au tpg 2p ioe Coot Gah ‘dango ned gy gone Ine te mee 4 tg cere fr 2 Osea wor toy ae ole ene 2 25) (v2) 2) “oh Cay Soe haan poten 408 estos th mee a ve slny 75 Doanrciexs e504 es wns it Osis row ranean 632) {p40 teat) ‘ne gang eawveartore at wa ow io Fan qn go Ye 00 210) ip a : (ice Wg Ashes (yea ee yah Aon tos Sy tite pig td rn ea Pee Pretend wy sao Dsus elk abouremesan saa BM noo vee eo Dost acount sn uppers i EH 1 prt th se 8 niajantes i) Lined erm sii ee on Ocerene sers 5 Cenuzainn gay fx seme wins won ‘Wig: Tosleryrts 1055) yest enay {058 wate (esa) ‘toy ils Delp yori site (965)Listening tonts Qurto me oe at ps6 The penas ob Vecebulary Speaking ond Pronuncotion aypsho wien 87 aes pbes 8% Onset gions 966 Cusine e/a UE Te tiasnses tie ME sno ei ‘a eng asec WAP, 0298 8 tna os 1 Scat ss in on cannes esse bySrv Shas pe Fen tly Aig re ver ipa Wig Diving ose 067 Gl wis May ip?) Pte lig wry Area 2) 4076) Si ls Road lng vey 7, Tessverwstas Aga 4 vaysotsayna oii — @) eso yates vom tas th etotlen Soety — achering ewe, inst ges” Shp pr Hmnptene in?) reeig 88h oper sateen sn toner nna i Demers rm ‘bor nt nna ‘ng stone a cls ts cea some) « Figextryyuts 98) Reasoaty terse reson BO yas oon os inset ‘Function globeiy: Stoting eoothor pie of view pad) Aahpiing worse (79) Global Eagske The aypesd of thyme pa “A newspaper report (p85) Aniefermaion sheet (p88) Shey hls; Destiog with mown wor (p89) Cerio sicier Tho eeat oom Tages Mea: oni ) The Aten De 05 ven enh oa OY ory) ‘sco aonionts pO) Addo. mae eam tetas cia eh “by Fide len Pre fp) eee fgets 6 stresses Cong — Prsaasitmey pont @ Pascoe 0 saan th A ee Hue es aang ey mle dct. PO tecaptitencenteccatnnns aon Stee 98) Fete shy Ginn igo ngewe (996) Wing — Ameo io97) Glob voles: Cillhoed dreams (p99) ‘formal ltt af comphint Ipl00) Sty ths Eatin gs ipt01) Peo vie 6105) Tagolthowatsioked Ahsivor ing eat lomotyo Fee Raga ys 18) tala Deh pions OH aes pO Senas pies octet ea fr ends the pt Wabewdiiosnd ay Tavmays Go tones Tee dounkll Cane amt wal 505) kn on fy wiry vdeo ata at 3106) Fath te Tea ain Ina bid pene 109 ine Sens : the Mase Kee een 89 Fandbaghall Coli seadbonson (110) iy, Doing (p10) Coble Waseda tghl (p11) Apap ra) Sto ils pv yor ge na) Gein aecnonsbiniey Serseantsdnsiakhy Westenoest Oya pst) ota nesenesio gn icici. me etanA i WSS E Ml pence ey Fete pariete con mete) erie Enyhasongir Convener aug ess esol He et gt seneroed GTS) tun ea na émvteacan cso severcos pry Homma around (Plemirit nroueed te were! ip 120) et Inova nao) Fes gle tereplig (0129 cog ora ‘halon: Fy pe {129 Aewtinga sy wr) cpt ay (e124) ‘Stody silos Heegng up you Luglsh ‘| (125) Cen sei: hess 127) Aiea 128) Grmancaws 84) Aoi (150) gee vei (138) Std (126) Sd 123 toed omcbey Ponsa ContontsPert 1 Soaking Speaking 3 Do the writers find the things in exercise 2 positive or negative? Discuss with a partner and support your ideas with references to the texts. uppattiog opin 1 Look at the two opinions below. Which ‘one do you agree with more? Think of owo or three reasons or examples to support Peeing Hove slats your ely make you Ferd ive? ‘your position. 4 Answer the questions about verbs in the ‘seh texts, Use the context to help you aia tea “You can only feel alive if 1 Ifyou Aust onto a bus, are you moving you live in a big city.’ slowly or quickly? \ 2 Ifaskyscraper sparkles, does it look bright “You can only feel alive if ae . you live away from a big city? , 4 Ifyou fee! at one with a city, do you feel at ease ot not at ease there? 5 Ifsomething stimulates you, does it suake you feel sleepy or awake? Peni 8 Spock ‘emphasising Hf musie blaes isi quiet oF loud? 5 Have you ever fallen in love with a city Grammar | 1 Lookat the examples and comnplete the rules below with an auxiliary verb, 2 Discuss with a partner: Explain your Hows des you city male you fed alive? | reasons. You don’s find a mvoments peace Cars are beeping louly. Reading It bas invariably found its way back ; 1 2% 1.01-1.03 Read and listen to three + use the auiliary verb with people describing how their city makes perfect tenses (presene perfect past them feel alive, Match the people to the perfect) correct heacling «use the auxiliary verb with + Acollective meeting point ‘continuous tenses (present and past » An unusual climate continuous) and to make the passive © Human contact voice + use the auniliary verb ~only ‘with questions and negatives in the simple tenses (simple past and simple present) 2 Read the texts again, Underline phrases ‘or sentences in the texts that refer to these aspects in a city. transport sounds people weather city landmarks Ca’% Complete the questions with the missing axillary verb, Where you horn? You born ina big city? Where wore you bom? Wore you bom in a big oly? 1 You live in the capital of your countey? 2 You ever heen toa big city in a foreign count 5 More people moving to the cities in your now? Why? 4 Your parents live in the countsy or in the vty when they were young? How it different? 5. How many different places you lived in? 6 Where you live when you were a cbild? Your family still ive there now? 4 Choose three questions to ask and answer with @ partner ation ond Speakir i Read and listen to the following, nce, How is it different from the ‘roles? in grammar exercise 1? often stressful, but it Living in the eity i oes make you fee Language note: to add emphasis to or to conect a statement, we can put stress on the auniliary. It isin the simple present or past, we add the auxiliary do or cd. % Find another example of emphatic ‘do? in the text about San Francisco. Work in pairs. Say one of the sentences below. Your p the opposite and using emphatic stress. Swap over tner corrects you by saying A: You're not listening. 8:1 am listening, 1 You haven't lived in a city 2. Yon weren't born here 3 You didn'tstudy English here last year 4 You don't understand ine How does your o make you feel alliv Anna fives in San Francisco, US Stepping out into the coo! wet fog on a summer morning, | am reminded that ths is July in San Francisco. People leave their houses ‘or work, hustling onto buses, boarding street cars, evading the fog as it snatches at any bare skin. The fog does disappear ... usualy... by fate morning when the skyscrapers downtown are sparkling against the sun again. But by late afternoon, it has invariably found its way back fingering its way through the Golden Gate Bridge, hovering over the bay near Aleatraz, [\- ready to wrap around us again as we return home, ‘Sandhya lives in Delhi, india In Delhi, you'don't find a moment's peace: cars are beeping loudly, people on bikes are ringing thelr bel, market traders are seling their products and proclaiming this loudly, and inusic is blaring out of windows, Pleasant smells and not so pleasant smells surround you. Overerovided streets and ‘buses will foice you to be in close touch with ‘other bodies and you wil alvays find something to talk about to that stranger near you. Here in this city, you feel at one with the world around you, here you understand thet you are just a small part oft and here you fee alive, Stuart cosmos from Syednoy, Australia ‘Sydney is waterborne. Life is intricately entwined in the crevices ‘and crags of Its harbour. Itis publle art, ‘transport hub and leisure centre rolled fo one. The salt spray and sea breeze stimulate the senses, and take the sting ut of the everlingering summer heat. We ‘Sydneysiders are dravin to the harbour ~ its waterside parks, fenovaled wharves, ~ beach bars and citf walks. It can be . almpsed from any viewpoint ~ from the foracourt of the majestic opera house of from the tops ofthe skyscrapers. Its. the unifying essence, the oi aches e Glossary vad (ei) ~o avoid ing caught by something or someone howe (vor) to ems in the sane place athe ae crevice pout) ~ananow opening ina rocker awa rag (nour) a steep pat of act or a102k toe ase (ow) a subetance used to make thing tick together, lve 4 Make the verb phrases that binds two. in bold more emphatic: ‘milion lives 1 Well, I've lived in the capital, and J think that 2 love the city, mainly because... 5 Ithink the city makes you fee! more dangerous. That’s becaase 4 You only feel alive when you've left the city, because . together. 8 Work in pairs. Read the sentences and uy to keep talking for a minute longerPot 2 Vocabulary 1 Match the adjective to the definition 1 alive 2 notawake 2 awake a similar 5 asleep © not dead ill «frightened 5 alone © notsleeping 6 almaid ——¢ not with other people 7 glad not healthy 8 aware he happy and pleased » alike + knowing about a situation or fact % Read the sentences below. Which sounds better? The adjective before the noun (a) or the adjective after the verb (b)? {a Myalive grandfather lives in Germany. & My grandfather is alive and lives in 2 + In this photo the children are on the sofa » In this photo the asleep children are lying on the soa sleep & Work in pairs. Think of a perso your family. Describe them, using as inany adjectives as you can, Include atleast one of the adjectives from exercise 1 Listening 1 Read the definition and statements, Do you agree? ‘The English word genealogy comes from two Greok words: genta for ‘generation and Jogos for knowledge. Itrefers to the study of families and their history. More and more people are now researching thelr own genealogy. The desire to find out who we are. and where we come from exists in all cultures. Itis about keeping our amily history ali a You are going to hear a tall on how to find out about your fanily vee Listen co the frst part ofthe talle and answer the questions. 1 What is the problem according to the speaker? 2 What does she suggest? a Work in pairs. Think of two ways you ean start research into your family histor next part of the talk. Did you think of the same ways? ella partner. Then listen to the again to the second part of the talk, What do the words in bold refer 102 Some of the stories they tell though ean Se, eon rh tne a tae shi pe _sesnnds of pengie whi aerineal in the ‘oarsmen fig Feat int che PSP an 26 Thc iedhevestices is edd at their setiowadpemurnaC ® Look at the examples below. Underline the inain verbs. Identify the tense: present simple, present continuous ox present perfect Inerest has grown around the world. More than 24 mallon people have used ‘ebsites to research their fianily history. Countries ave putting information saline. ‘These days we lve very buy lives, He works on bis family tree website twice a week. 2 Match the uses to the example sentences in oxercise 1 1 facts or things that are true 2 a changing sitwation 3. habits and routines 7 actions happening now something that starte continues now inthe past but cise L S Mentify which tense from e often goes with each group of ti expressions below. Then cho expressions and make a true sentence about your family for each one. e three time 1 for generations, since I was very little yet already 2 at this moment these days right now currently 3 every year once a week regularly every other day 4 Complete the text with the verb in brackets, using one of the three present tenses, My family orgs (1) {bo} mixed! My ancestors (2) (come) from Poland and England but we (8) (be) in the United Statos fer Forty years. My parents (4 {ive} in Verrnont, and (©) (be) in New York, | © (ive) in New York since last yeat: My wife (7) (have) a threo year contract with a company here so we 6 (tay) hore unt it finishes. | have a brother. Curently he @) (study) European history at the University of ‘Warsaw. He (10) -——- love) it, and he: “ {already discover) lots about ur family roots. Speaking ¥ Choose four ofthese questions about your family that you would be comfortable if Mark them with an X. a 2. Work in pairs and show your questions, Askand answer your partner’ questions:Port 8 Speaking Wore in pairs, Read the fact box below and discuss the information, According to the box, are most people optitnists or pessimists? Would you deseribe yourself as an opti or a pessimist? Give examples. ae Se eee res Cea. (em: nee pace Foe ea Renee ee eae ven eta eminent mi at tle io at econ Reading 1 Work in pairs, You ate going to read answers to the question What are yt optimistic about? ‘A: read Joichi Ito’ answer below. B: turn to page 128 and read another answer “Tall your partner what the writer is ‘optimistic about and say if you share this ‘optimism ‘What idea do both answers have in ‘common? Listening: 1 Listen to five people answering the question Wha are you optimistic about? Vick (¢/) the correct speaker co speakers for each question, 1f2|3l4 is optimistic about their personal fature | is optimistic abou | global issue 2 Listen again, Are the statements true (7) or false 1 Speaker 1 is going to retire next year 2 Speaker 2 hopes that things won't get worse 3. Speaker 3 is confident that blogs will farther influence political affairs, 4 Speaker 4 thinks we will seea green fawure in her lifetime. 5. Speaker 5 is moving to.a new company. 2 Are you optinistic about any of the things that the speakers mention? Discuss in pairs Glossary ‘pon source (nun) - the practic o ering compete ogyams tat ate based on a cde tts vate foe yooe i wsePCIE 1 Look at she examples from the listening Complese the rales with the form in brackets Pn certainly going to make the mast ofthis time. (going to) PI give you an honest answer: (vill) With the state of the ecomeny, its going to be Aifcul to finda new job. (Quing to) Te just been promoted and my new jab starts next month. (present sinple) Vm barving a job interview torsorver. (present arminnaras) Ubeve serious doubts that this will be in may Iifetime. (vill) use to talk about schedules or timetables © we to talk about fixed arrangements in the fatare © use — to talk about plans and intention # use... to express spontaneous decisions © se for future predictions; when a ong evidence wwe usually use prediction is based on s 2 Coinplece the dialogues with a furuee form 1 Have you decided what you (da) in order (o try to save the business? 1, Yes, we. (increase) our online advertising. [think that... () the wick, 2 & Ok, Pve got the tickets. We (eve) 8.15 and the tain (ei) in at 12.32, vs But the plane (depart a 13.45. We (oot make) it 3 & Tt Jooks asif talks with the unions break down). Yes, I don't think we i) whac we wart cis tin sal (get) some hnneh, Are you nearly finished? ws: Yes, (be) there in a minate 4 What are the speakers in exereise 2 talking about think speaker B is opt ich dialogue? Do you ic or pessinistic? Vocobulary and Writing ¥ Look at the examples from the listening. Which time phrase means ‘soon’? Which eans ‘in the distant future’? Put the time phrases in bol into two Uses list: ‘s00n' or “in the distant future” dictionary ifnecessary. Tell happen any day now. Ill happen in the near future, Iewon't happen in my lifetime. Ie a long way off WI happen before long. Right now it’s just wishful thinking. 3. Answer the question ‘What are y ‘optimistic about?" Choose a topic © your life (your career, your family, projects you ave involved in) © your city or local area (sports snd leisure, twansport child care, crime) © the world (the environment, medicine, the economy, technology contlict) 4. Write a parageaph. Expl optimistic about this topiv and state any reservations you might have. Finish your paragraph with one ofthe time phrases from exercise 1.Part & ee Ee Vocabulary ¥ Read the headline. What do you tl the key word is ancl why? 2 Work in pairs. Match the adjectives with -able to a word in the box which the adjective can describe, Explain the meaning of the adjective, Swap over changeable intolerable respectable dhinkable reliable suitable incurable renewable disease energy organisation _ present situation water weather witness, 4 suitable present Reading 1 Look atthe headings in Winning the dratle against disease on page 13 and discuss your ideas in pairs What sort of text is 2 Where might it come from? What do you know about the three diseases dloscribe in the text? 2 Now read the text, Cheek your ideas in exercise I and find out whieh disease (or diseases) 1 has more or less disappeared 2 isnot caused by a virus 4 isstill present in Europe, 4 relies on people to help each other ina cointunity to stop it spreading. 5 cankill, 6 can lead to people not being able to support their families. & Find words in the text with these meanings: 1 can spread from one person to another (Introduction) 2 get rid of something completely (Introduction) 3. a substance that protects against a disease (Polio) 4 polluted with infection (Guinea worm disease) 5 get better after an illness (Measles) 6 weakness or illness beeanse of lack of food or the right foods (Measles) 4 Work in pairs. Choose one of the suatenents, Pick the option you agree with and explain your reasons 1 Keeping a dangerous virus alive for research purposes is sensible / irresponsible 2 eradicating disease is question of spending money / educating people. Dealing with ness io ke fighting The vius attacks the nervous system, He fought bravely against the disease Yesterday she fost the battle against cancer Her defences are very low More anid more people i falfing vio 10 AIDS. ‘Ave there similar metaphorsin your hanguage? watH, Battal Bi gw we attile disease ‘Smatipox is the only infectious disease which has been eradicated: in 1980 it was announced that the virus had been globally eliminated. Today it only exists as a research specimen in two locked vaults in Russia and the US. After the success of the smallpox eradication programme, the World ‘Health Organisation and its partner organisations started programmes to eradicate other preventable diseases. Hopes are high that the following three diseases will have disappeared by 2020 at the latest. Description: A virus that attacks the nervous system and can cause paralysis ‘and even death, It mainly attacks children under five years old. ‘Where: In 1988 polio was found in 125 countries. At the time of writing, it is only found in four countries (Pakistan, ‘Aighanistan, India and Nigeria). By the time you read this, its possible that pollo will have disappeared. Cure and preveniton: Polio is incurable but it can be prevented by vaccine. From novr on health workers will be targeting tho four remaining countries ‘and vaccinating all children under five. ‘Any cases of polio re-imported from other countries will bbe monitored. Cerne Description: A parasitic infection ccaused by drinking contaminated water. Water larvae grow into worms in the body, The disease doesn’t kill but the worms can cause Intolerable pain. ‘Sufferers are often unable to work in the fields and therefore can't provide food for their families. Where: tn the 1980s 3.5 million people were infected in Africa and Asia. To. date only four African countries are stil reporting cases. ‘Cure and prevention: the disease ‘can be prevented by installing new clean water supplies and filtering water. A programme of volunteors means that in future villagers willbe checking their {ellow villagers for disease to stop re- infecti ¥ Look at the examples in the grammar box. Which sentence talks about 1 an action in progress ata certain time in uture? (future continuons) 2 anaction completed by a certain time in the fatare? (foture perfec) ® Now complete the rules Hopes ave high that the diseases will hve disappeared by 2020 at the lest. ram reco on beakth workers will be targeting the four remaining countries © Future continuous: + + verb + -ing © Future perfect: wills 5 Read the five VISION 2020 goals. Write what they will be doing over the next few and what they will have achieved by 2020. By 2020 they wil. Between 2010 and 2020 they will Speaking ¥ Complete these sentences about your own personal goals (your health, your job, your family). © By the end of the year. © By this time next year 2 Rexplain your sentences to a partner: ra =e ats a. e © To five years’ time © Inten years’ time Description: a viral disease which mainly affects children it spreads through coughing and sneezing. The main symptoms are fever and a bad rash. Where: Measles is a leading cause ‘of death among young children in developing countries. Because of some children not being vaccinated, measies has also been reintroduced in certain European countries, Gure and prevention: There is no specific treatment and healthy children usualy recover in 2-3 weeks. However, measles can have setious consequences for children or people with low natural defences ~ for example, because of malnutrition. Health workers will be. implementing mass vaccination programmes in the next fow years. BaP esWorm up 1 Complete the sentence below in any way you choose, and think of three examples you could use to support it 2 Now think of one exception to what you've just wr “Tella partner your sentence, cxamples and exception. Listening Y 9 419-1. Listen to three people completing the sentence in the Warn up. Does anybody complete the sentence in the same way as you or mention the things you talked about? 2 Listen again and decide if the statements are true (7), false (F) or the listening doesn’t say (D5), Speaker I: tases a mobile phone at work has to do many things more quickly has more time to think Speaker 2's parents: lived through a war ‘went to vist family in America and Asia are stil alive today Speaker 3: smokes thinks food is healthier thinks people are living longer 2s from the listening, about making Underline the words which are used to t sgencralisations 1 Ittypically took longer to get to places. 2. In my parents’ time things were mostly better quality 3 Modern life is, generally, healthier than it was in the past 4 But people, ordinarily, are living longer and better than ions ago. two or three gen 2 Insert the missing word in each sentence. Choose from the words in the box. in and as most 1 general, modern life is more stressful than it was in the past. 2 butarule I would say the stress caused is « more overwhelming factor 3. but by large, things have just become a lot easier and better 4 food is also better, more varied, fresher and, in cases, healthier 3 Look at this list of phrases, Which two phrases ean’t be used to voice an exception? Apart from Personally Not counting An exceptin is This doesn’t include Except for Especially, Speeking ‘Work in pairs, Choose one of the tasks below. A Look atthe sentences in Language focus exercise 1 Discuss how mach you agree with them, liy to bring in other general examples to support your point, Your partner should think of exceptions. Look at the photos atthe top of the page. Using your take generalisations about each of these things. ‘Then listen (0 your partner's ideas and! thik of one exceptioLanguages alive and dead ( ie by David Crystal We often tak bout languages a if thay wore ave We say that English saving /E a language’ and Latin is a ‘dead language’, But this is slightly misleading. Languages E FLcicr Wt, don’t have a lie of their own. It's people who live and die. Fete A language i alive and welt thas people who speak it aly. And it ies when the ¢ lst parson to speak is though some say that a fanguage dies when the second. | last parson who speaks it die, for then the last speaker has nobody to talk to | Cf the 6,000 oF so languages in the world, about half are now so seriously endangered ‘that they ara likely fo dio out this century. Globalisation has made it dificult for minority languages to survive. People see the intemationally used languages as a route to a better quality of life, and they allow their ancestral languages to decline ‘as a consequence. It doesn't have to be that way. Millions around the world have developed a healthy bilingualism, maintaining their old language alongside the new. ‘Speaking is not the only criterion, of course, Languages can exist in a written form too. So if people continue to read and write a language, we might say that itis alive and well, even iit is never spoken. On that basis, Latin is certainly alive, for many people regularly read and enjoy the works of Latin writers, and the language continues to live on as an official language of the Roman Catholic Church. But to be ‘fully alive’, a language needs to be spoken as well as written, and to be used in everyday settings, not justin church, Languages have always died out, throughout history, as the cultures and communities who spoke them disappeared. No language has ever lasted longer than a few thousand years. So, if history is a guide, English won't be with us forever. But, history a quide? In a world where communication has been revolutionised by the internet, and where huge electronic databases store so much of what we say and write the future of languages may be different from everything we have seen in the past. Warm up Find words and phrases in the text with the following, veanings In your own words, explain whac you think isthe difference between ‘a living language’ anda dead language’. you} NOtTeally correct (2 words, paragraph 1) Tie omgled ene 2 next co (L word, paragraph 3) 4 belonging to your relatives in the past (J word, . paragraph 3) Reading de th Peles make a judgement 1 Read Longuages alive and dead. Put the following points about something (I word, paragraph 4) the author makes in order Speak + English may die ina few thousand years. opeaking & — Langoages don't die, people do, 1 How much do you agree with the following statements? «atin isnot really dead, but itis not completely Mark cheat from 1 (agree completely) t0 4 (disagree alive. ccinpletely).Think of reasons why you agree or disagree 4. People don’t have to lose their own language when 6 “Tho life and death of a language is normal, we should they learn an international language. sauce pees Tee eg te «Technology might keep English alive © Learning English isa voute toa beter ie, 2 Read the text again, Flow docs the author answer these 1 2 3 4 questions about age? © English should not be allowed to threaten other Jangoages in my country. 1-234 What makes language tly alive? a y When does vlanguoge di? * Chir soa ewer dao wohnung st schoo 2 + Why are so many languages in danger of dying ont now? 4 [sit inevitable for minority languages to die? Why not? 5. Is Latin a dead language? Give one reason why it is and © Technology cannot keep all languages alive Ease cone reason why it isn’t 2 Work in pairs. Compare your statements. Which ones 6 Will English survive another thousand years? Give one do you agree on? Discuss your reasons. reason why it will snd one reason why it won'tReading ¥ Read Jiwon's report on changes in family life in South Korea. Which of the fallowing topics des she 1 ‘As a result of globalisation, there has boon a huge amount of cultural exchange between different societies. In post-war Korea in particular, we have been influenced by western thought and have accepted it into many areas of our lives. This is especialy true in our concept of the family. One of the most noticeable changes has been in our marriage customs. A hundred years ago, marriages were arranged by a match-maker and a couple's parents, and often the first meeting between a bri ‘and groom took piace on their wedding day. Moreover, it was not uncommon for a man to have more than one wife if he had enough money. Today, however, ‘love marriages’ have become much more common, and polygamy is no longer practised, Divorce is viewed very differently nowadays. In the past, divorce and remarriage were very rare, and even if a couple divorced, the woman was usually blamed, oven by her own parents. By contrast, divorce is no longer considered taboo by most people. The divorce rate is increasing, and moro and more people are remartying in later life. To conclude, family life is continuing to evolve in South Korea, Although our socioty is still quite conservative, it is possible that we will see new types of marriage and ‘amie in the near future, However, | am optimistic that the family wil continue to exist as a strong institution ‘our country, 2 Complete the chart with faets from Jiwon’s report. Inthe past | Nowadays Attivades to divorce Divorce and remarriage & Ave any of the changes that Jiwon mentions trie of your society? Writing skills: paragrophs A Poragraphs Before you start writing, make a plan and organise your ideas in paragraphs. A paragraph can be defined as a group of sentences about a single idea or topic. Choose the best topie for each of the paragraphs (a-d) in Jiwon’s report, tural attitudes / western 1 globalisation / changing, thought 1 arvanged marriages / polygamy / marriage eustomns «the divorce rate / attitudes to divorce / remartinge 4 ongoing changes in family life / new types of family / conservative attitudes B opi sentences Writers often state the main idea of the paragraph ia the first sentence. This is known as the topie sentence and it helps the reader follow the structure of the writing, 1. Undertine the topic sentences in Jiwon well do they summnatise the idea of the report. How splas? 2 Now choose the best topic sentence for this paragraph. Finally, -. Until recenty, couples wanted to have several children because this meant prosperity for the family. For example, my fathor had six siblings, whereas, Thave only one brother. Currently, the average family size in my country is fewer than two children per coupe. 1 my father’ family was very different from mine, 2 the size ofthe average family in South Korea has decreased considerably. 4 siblings used to be much more important in the past.& Where would you place the paragraph in exercise the report? Why? “The sentences afr the topic sentence are called ‘supporting sentences. They provide details, examples, a definition or an explanation of the topie sentence, and should follow 2 logical order: Pur the sentences below in a logical order to form a paragraph, a "This means a family that is composed of a parent oor patents, and their child or children. Inthe past, parents and children usedl to live with their grandparents and great-grandparents. © Nowadays, hossever, most people live in a nuclear fanily. 4 Another area of change is in the extended family. + For example, when my mother was young, she used to live with her grandparents and aunts Preparing fo weite Choose three or four of the topies in Reading and diseuss with a partner how these have ehanged in your society, © There have been huge / noticeable changes in © The birth rate has increased / decreased considerably / slightly © Inthe past, .. /A hundred years ago, .. Unt vecently, Nowadays, however, ../ Today, by conteast, © One of the most important changes has bean in. ‘ant change has been in Write a report on family fife in your county based on your dliseussion with your pavtner. Write four or five paragraphs, including an introduction and conclusion. Include wpic sentences and arrange your supporting sentences in a logical order Exploring your dicthanery ‘| Which of these types of English dictionary do you use? How and when do you wse them? What are the advantages and disadvantages? bilingual dictionary ‘a monolingual learner’ dictionary dictionary of collocations a specialist dictionary (e.g. law) an electionic /ontine dictionary a thesaurus Discuss your answers with a partner ® Seudly the dictionary extracts from the Macraillan English Dictionary. hopeful /howp Ml ai® {fide chat someshing will happen the way you want ito: We rexunednegoviarions but sre wt cry hope that ite of nr iferences, vera hap tha 0 sahtion ca be fon + of ‘Dh bod cite bof of envi farther iestinent 2 expressing he feng that something you wish for will happen or be ue = OPTIMISTIC: Sée gave use bright yeh opi ok = hopefalness noun {U] hopefully supfl ade 1 mainly spoken se for saying that you hope something will happen: Hepefaly, cal get more net next wee 2 feelings or showing hope: He lake at bre opefaly. Find information about the following: © grammatical usage © pronunciation © frequency «© related words © meaning ® style & With a partner, look though a leamer’ dictionary ‘What other learning features or sections are included? 4 Veyou do not already have a monolingual leactier’s dictionary, plat to buy ane * Hi yotthave ane, si Use your dielionary te exfend and deeper youPort Reading T Match the scientific theories to the definitions. Have you heard of them? Which ‘ones do you think were most revolutionary? 1 Big Bang 3 Gravity 2 Evolution 4 Heliocentrism 2 Animals and plants change gradually over along period of time through a process of natural sel » The planets move around the sun, not the other way around, © An explosion of heat that oceurved 15 billion years ago and from which the ‘Universe originated. 4 The force which makes wo objects move tomvards each other, most commonly ‘when an object falls to the ground, tion, 2B ‘The text on page 19, £ pur si mu! tells the story of atrial which concerned one of these theories. Which one? Read and put the paragraphs in order. 8 Read again and answer the questions, 1 Why was Galileo put on tial? 2 What isa geocentric theory of the niverse? 3 What does B puesi muave mean in English? 4 Did Galileo really say i? 5 What does the phrase nowad: nd the words or phrases in bold in the text with thes c meanings: 1 to completely oppose something that ost people believe or accept 2 to talk in a low voice that is difficult to hear, especially beeanse you are annoyed 3 which many people disagree with 4 anaetion or belief that opposes the oficial principles of religion and is consider say something that you said wa: not 6 well-known for being bad & Work in pats. Inchuding the words in exercise 4, retell the story of Galileo's trial in your own words Vocabulary ond Speaking 1 Pur the words into owe groups convinced definitely doubtful doubtless positive sure unsure unconvinced to have reservations ‘without question 2 Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the word in bol so that they mean the same. Choose from the words in the box. Galileo is certainly a symbol for intellectual freedom. QUESTION Galleo is without question a symbol for intellectual freedom. 1 Historians are unconvinced that Galileo said that famous phrase SURE 2 Ttwas doubtless one of the most important events in the history of sci 3 Asam astronomer, there was no doubt in is mind that he was right. CONVINC 4 Lan doubsful about this theory. RESERVE a Complete she expressions with the words i the box to make ways of talking about things which are tue.’Phen listen and check your answers, actual denying doubt fact matter promise ways word Take my word fort There's no denying that The truth of the mat 4 ‘Phe. remains that 2 In fact 3 No about it 4 There areno nwo. about it st youE pur si muove! © Gaiteo died in 1642, twelve years later. His work survived him, and his discoveries were eventually proved right by other scientists. In 1992 the Catholic Church officially recognised Galileo's views and, eight years later, issued an apology for ‘mistakes’ made in the past. Mistakes which many observers were sure included the Srefajree@ns trial. Galileo was proved right in the end, and is today considered a symbol of intellectual freedom. Some twenty years earlier, Galileo had published a litle book of scientific discoveries he had made thanks in part {0 the invention of the telescope. Many of these discoveries and claims “lew iin the Yaee of current beliefs about the universe, beliefs that had been held since ancient timos in the West. J OPER E is doubtless one of the defining moments in the history ‘af science. In 1633 Galileo Galilei, the alian physicist, sathematician, philosopher and astronomer, was ordered te Rome to face the Church on charges of fre {U) Galileo was brought before the Inqui tion and found Speoking guilty of heresy, of holding the opinion that Earth turned 7 around the sun and not the other way around, He was 1 Work in groups. You are going to playa forced to r¢ # his views on the matter. His work was spvaking game. One person is the ‘speaker’, Reed banned and he was placed under house arrest for the Read the rules. rest of his life, © ttwas then, apparentiy at the end of his trial, that Galileo muuitienead! the following famous phrase: E pur si muovet (And yet, it turns!). Many historians, now believe he did not actually say anything like this, at all at the trial, but the phrase entered into legend. Itis still somotimes used now to show that even though someone in a public position of power denies yetng bt city something it does not mean itis not true. Being a vegetarian heap air travel 24-hour shopping ideas was that of heliocentrism. Heliocentrism is the Making English obligatory at school astronomical theory that the sun is the centre of tho universe and that other planets revolve around and continue. it, This is in contrast to geocentric theory, which claims the Earth is the centre of the utiiverse and that other objects revolve around it. © Most important among these controversial new 2 Change speaksPont 2 ae) a Vocabulary ¥ Look at the sentences with the word right in them. Tick (¥) the sentences in which right means correet 1 That's right, Well done 2 Hold on, we'll be right with you! 3. Twas just hucky to be in the right place at the right ime 4+ You have every sight wo complain in situation like this, 5 It took them three times, but finally they got it right. «6 Look out, he's sight behind you 7 Professor Shephard’s office? Third door on your right. 4 She's right in saying that the house is too expensive. 9 They arvived right after the party began 10 Wotnen have been struggling for equal sights in this company Jor years 2B Match the other sentences to the different meanings of right + on one side of the body something you are allowed to do or have © exacly, immediately or complecely 3 {-1.2) Listen to two examples of teachers talking. Match the best explanation of their use of the word right co what you hear 1 tomake somens 2 teshow thas pos ‘thane Reading ond listening 1 Work in pairs. Read the Right newer Quis below and think of your answers, When you are rendy, diseuss each question with your partner. Do you have the same swers? 2 Now listen to the explanation of the correct answers to the Right Arnwer quiz Do any of the answers surprise you? & Listen again and answer the questions. 1 Whatis the technical definition of « desert? Where are the Dry Valleys? 4 Where does space star? 4 How far away from the Barth is the moon? 5 Where does the word cemtpede come from? 6 How long have centipedes been stadt? 7 How do Canary binds get their name? 4 What was the Latin name for largest of the Canary Islands? 9 Whose brain is 6 per cent of its total body weight? 10 Tow fong have ants been around? 11 How long isthe average blue whale? 12 What parts of the hody do these words refer so: an slephiane,» funilp eas, toe aSremnmer Where isthe driest place vn eorth? How far acoay from the Rath isthe moon? What isthe technical definition ofa desers? Whose brain i 6 por cent of is total body weight? How many legs dees a centipede bove? Where does the word ‘centipede” come from? Wha bas the largest brain in camparisnn o its What animal are the Canary Islands of Spain named afer? Look av the examples above from the quiz-and Reading and Listening exercise 3 Phen answer the questions tucstion with Ho as the subject. What do you notice about this kind of question? 2a question about possession. What is the question word that goes with possession? 4 three questions that combine other words, What are these other words? Can you think of different ones? 4a question with a preposition at the end. What preposition is it? low with 2 Work in pairs. You are going to make some more questions. A: turn to page 126, Bi: turn to page 133 peaking 1 Look at he Information Age statements For each statement, decide how much you agree from 1 (disagree) to 5 (completely a ‘2 ‘Think of examples to support your opinions, 3 Work in pairs, Read your statements and explain how much you agree or disagree Nea Ly with them and why. fon raeVocabulary and Speaking 2 Listen to six short alogues, Mateh them to the the box mishoar migpronounce misquote misspell misunderstand misuse 2 Complete the sentence below. “The prefix mis- is added to verbs to show. that something is & 1.0" Listen to the words in exercise 1. Is the stress on the prefix or ‘on the verb? Listen again and repeat 4 Choose to of the questions and diseuss in pairs, © Which words do people commonly ‘misspell or mispronounee in your language? Why? © Are there any words in English (or another foreign langonge) that you regularly misspell or mispronounce? © Have you ever had a confusing or embarrassing experience when you anisbeard or misunderstood something? © Older people often complain that younger speakers misuse language. Is this true in your country? Explain how. Listening 7 {Listen 10 two ways in whieh people can get words wrong: Malapropisms and Spoonerisms. Tick (V) the correct boxes for cach type of mistake 1-5. word sounds similar to another word, “sounds of the words | are mixed up real words, words that don't exist Ps canbe funny Ss stakes did people {o the best of my ability >to the best of my mobitiy 1 cull servant -> 2 nuclear power plants» + apack of lies > B Work in pairs. Look at these sentences where the speakers said the wrong wards. ‘Whar did they want to say? Wrong ¥ Righty 1 We're late, have you shaken a tower yet? 2 He can't hear you. He’ death. 4. Twalked through the imental detector at the airport, 4 Pll have a muffin and aeoffofeupee, 5. Can you give me a pacific example? 6 The car won’t start, it nmust be a bat flattery again 7 4 ©2597 Listen and check your answers. ‘The suffix ism is used to form words for coneeps, conditions and actwvties: a spotial featur or variety of language (a spoonerism, an Americanism) ~ 2 movement, theory or practic limpresstonisin} ~ a projudice against partiatar group (acism, ageism) ~ a stato oF characteristic (iingualism, heroin) 1. Work with a parts. Think of at east two more words with inn. Which group would they goin? % ‘The suffix om can easily be nsed to make new words (for example with names asin Hushion). Can you think of a new -iom? (Cucetism,rommar Sometioes instead ofthe word that they wanted to sity a speaker uses a simsilar-sounding word. In sume cases the ror ast sounds srunge ‘Malepropsms ocr in everyday conversations, on the radio, in seers and presentation Sports commentators ant paivcians sem to produce the funniest malapropisms 1 Look at the examples from Listening 1. Bgplain why the det is used in the examples in bold. Explain why there is no definite article with the underlined examples. exerci nite article 2 Match each example 1 a category. 1 Hive in Africa, in Kenya 2 Tplay the piano. $ What did people do before the fridge was invented? 4 Th 5. The sky was 6 Ldid it for love. 7 Twas born on the tenth of June. 8 Iran island in the Paeifi. 9 Llove spring, 10 What are we having for dinner? rich should pay more tax. beautiful clear blue. a meals ty seasons © thusieal instruments a dates and decades seas and rivers, deserts and groups of mountains Ff streets, towns, most countries and continents singular nouns which stand for a general ype h something which is unique i adjectives used as plural nouns i abstract nouns 8 Tick () the categories that usnally take definite article. 4 ut in the articles where necessary. Then listen and check Pronunciation ’ * Listen to these four examples again from Grammar exercise 3. How is the pronounced in each one? Why isthe pronunciation different? the answer the intomet the radio the iyries a © Listen to the sentence below said in different ways. Match each way to the by meaning, How does tbe sound when itis inphasised? ‘This is the way to say it, 2 Not the way to write it, bt co say it. & ‘There is only one way, and this is it «Not the other ways this way. S Practise saying the sentence in exercise 2 in different ways,f secokiy easing cra Specking Look at the book cover for No danger ut ease and the backgromad information about the novel on page 28. Why do you think Obi Okonkwo might feel ‘no lnnger at cease’? Discuss with the class & Now read the text and answer the questions. 1 What is Obi’ job? 2 Who is Obi’ visitor? 3 What happens? Work in pairs and find information about Obi description of each man. Refer to the lines in the text chat give you, or suggest, this information nd his visitor in the text, Write a short © honest / dishonest uncertain / confident hhave a clear / guilty conscience 4 Do you sympathise with either of the characters in the text? Why or why not? Discuss in pairs. 8 Work in pairs. Read more information about the contest of the extract on page 128. Does it change youranswer to the question in exercise 42 Obi is found with the money by the Nigerian police and goes on tial, How do you think he reaets? Check your in the text about Obi’ trial in Grammar -orest and ore una the words cont Look at the examples from the text. Then complete the rules for narrative tenses with nots, sinple ox perfect. The man kenocked on Obi’ door He was just settling dawon 10 work The vad of notes lay where be bad placed it nises are used (0 tell a story is used to tall about netions in the past which are complete or happened at a specific time; we usually use this tense t6 tell the most impor ents ina story © past is used to fall: about sin the past; we use this tense to describe narrative © past Ate ations in progr fic background events is used to talk about actions that took place before the main events in a story Read ahout Obi’ trial and choose the -orrect option, Every avallable space in the courtroom was taken up. Almost as many people (1) stood / wore standing as (2) sat | were sitting. ‘The case (9) was / had been the talk of Lagos for a number of weeks. Obi’ tistessness did not show any signs (of decreasing even wien tho judge (@) had begun / began to sum up. twas only when he (9) said was saying t cannot comprehend! haw a young man of your education and biiliant promise could have done this’ that a sudden and marked change (@ was occurring / occured. Treacherous tears (7} were coming / came into Obis eyes. Al that stuff about education and promise and betrayal had not taken him unawares. Ho (8) had expacted / expected it and (0) rehearsed / nad rehearsed this very scene ‘a hundred times. But now when the supreme moment (10) had come / camo he was betrayed by treacherous tears,Itis the 19508 and Nigeria is coming fo the end ‘ule. The vilagers in Obi Okonkwo's vilage collect 50 that Obi can study at university in England, aft ‘oxporioncing a very diferent way of life forfour yeas England, Obi turns to Nigess ert Being honest and moral is ike being in a high positon. Being dishonest and being immoral is lke being low down, 1as very high standards, She's an upstanding member of the community Nobody bolfeved she'd atoop to that, ‘She played an underhand trick on hit. Her Fal from grace was sil Match the above sentences with these 1 She lost her job in the government suddenly alter a financial scandal 2 Sho sooretly deceived her husband with another man. 3. She's never been known to do anything ‘wrong. 4. Sho expects everybody fo share her values and expectations, She stole money from her family to pay her gamibing debis, Weiting 4 Listen toa moral dilemma developed by American psychologists Joan Miller and David Bersofl. Make notes, Work in pairs and check your notes. Look at the audioscript page 151 if necessary. 2B Write the end of the story. What did Ben do? Tid he take the ticket and go to his friends wedding did he not take the ticket and ruin his best friend wedding? Write what Bei did, what he was thin when he did it and what influenced his decision ng & Work in groups of three or four. Read out yest ending and discuss what you have written.Warm up Worle in pairs. Choose one of the situations above and imagine the following situation. One of the people in the sinnation has been misunderstood by the ather and wants to correct himselffherself. Create a short dialogue to ilastrate this situation. Listening i Listen to three conversations in whieh this, happens, Match the conversations to three of the photos What is the problem in each one’ 2 Listen again and answer the questions. 1 What isthe problem woman? 2, Which vegetarian does the man mention? ith vegetarians, according to the Conversation 2: 1 Why are there no buses to the sirport from the station? 4, What does the man have to do? Conversation 5 Whar is the woman’ position? 6 Why does the woman say she is “aking 2 break? Language focus: correcting 1 ook at how speakers can correct themselves or the cather person. Tiy to coniplete the other phrases below from memory. Wiel, let me put it another way HI said that then I didn't mean to + Ohno, thats not___T said al. 2 Whar] was. + You. have misndersiond 4 What Pe been all 5 Pm... saying 2 Listen to the phrases to check your answers. Practise saying them as natorally as you ean Speoking 1 Wore in pair, and B A: choose one ofthe following statements and tell cto B, Bs question A’ statement A: restate your position using one of es you have Jearnt, You ean change yout position if you like. B respond to A now giving your own opinion. oTWern wp Read abot evo differe English, What do yo cor errors that you make ways people get things wvong in bhink? Are there any typical mistakes rrors and mistakes in language learning Errors and mistakes are both used to describe when a Fhnguage learner has got something wrong. However, some linguists make a distinction between the wo words. ‘A mistake isa slip of the tongue that the learner ean usually correct by themselves, Learners make mistakes because they aren’t paying attention or are speaking too quickly or are tired or earcless, An etror isa mistake the learner makes vonsistently, Learners inake errors because they have not Jearnt something yet, or they have learnt itin an incorrect way. Listening i 1.88 Listen to people answer the question: What mistakes do you make in English? Listen and decide what kind of mistake each speaker makes. » vocabulary mistakes (differences between words, wrong words) grammar mistakes (tenses, word order) © pronunciation mistakes (pronouncing letters or words wrongly) Hao, China Eldar, Bosnia Soe Frank, Germany Fiance a Patricia, Brazil 7 Erica, Jealy ‘Maria, Spain Paisal, Saudi Arabia 2 Listen again. Which speaker or speakers up words with similar meanings? 2 does not pronounce the letter 'h* in her own language? mnixes fatare fornis? pronounces acronyms incorrectly? confuses bis and her? makes mistakes with prepositions? be 1 Tdentify the ervor in each of the following seatonees. 1 Well, Hope you'll be very “app in th 2 Don’t mention football. He's been very sensible about it since his team lost. 5 Next week I will havea party Tike to come? 4 My wife loves books, Thi 5 [esa movie about the history of the CIA (pronounced, ‘see-ah’) 2 What kinds of errors are these? Match them ¢0 a eategory from Listening exercise 2. nguage focus: typical errors ww ‘ouse ny house, Would you is his favourite one. Speoking ¥ Think of your Bnglish, Make a list of. © three things you often get wrong «hice things you almost always gt right © one kind of mistake you want to stop making © something you used to find difficult it nose you think is cay © one pices of advice about speaking English correctly 2 Work with a partner: Explain yout listsReading ¥ Read Noriko’ essay on the statement ‘Nowadays women have achieved equality with men’. Does she: agree? isa «have mixed views? Tick (7) the argusnents that Noriko presents in her ess. 1 Women nowadays: 2 Laws agai 8. More laws are needed to improve conditions for women. ble barriers that stop women obtaining have greater equality than in the past. crimination have helped women. st gender d 4) There are invi top jobs, 5 Attitudes towards women have not essentially changed 6 Most women are still housewives. Do you agece with Noriko’s arguments? Itis often said that nowadays women have achieved equality with men, and itis certainly the case thal, in the last few decades, conditions for women have greatly improved in many parts ofthe world. However, in my viow, there are stil inequalities between men and women, particularly as far as altitudes are concerned The fitst major improvement tor women is that, in almost all countries in the worid, they have gained the right to vote and even to enter parliament. ‘Second, as regards education, there is no longer any discrimination against gils in most countries. in contrast with the situation in the 1 century, when only a handful of girls could go to school, nowadays girls have the right to the same education as boys. Third, women can now do any kind of work they want In Japan, a law passed in the 1980s allows women to choose any job they like. Before this law, it was very dificult for women to obtain a job in a company except ina subordinate position to men, or to keep it after manriage. Despite these positive developments, | believe that a bias against women is deeply rooted in most societies. While legislation has certainly inoreased opportunities for women, the essential problem fas not changed. In Japan, itis very rare to find women in management positions in companies, and there are very few women presidents in universities or even in academic positions. This suggests that a so-called “glass celling’ 's preventing them from advancing in their career. Is: presenting an argument Writing skill A Structuring an essay ‘An essay developing an argument normally consists of three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion, Each part may contain some of or all af these ideas: Introduction (normally one para Bacts about the topic Common opinions A personal opinion raph) Main body (one or mote paragraphs) Arguments in favour of a statement or topic Arguments against a statement or topi Conclusion (normally one paragraph) Assummary of the arguments A personal opinion recommendation, question, warning or prediction In the main body, you can write about only the arguments in favour, only the arguments against or both 1 Divide Noriko’ essay into three parts §n conclusion, 7 2 ‘Vick (W) the ideas even though ical hidet hier that she has inclnded equal opportunities with in each pare. men, Ido not betieve that substantial equalty has been achieved yet. In order to break through the glass ceiling, itis necessary to improve ‘women’s career paths, In particular, we need etter childcare provision, and better role models for the younger generation, Most of all, we need to challange prejudices ina society which stil, unfortunately, tends to regard wornen as essentially housewives.B Introducing fopies li introduce 2 topic we can use: cs regards + NOUN ‘with regard to + NOUN a far as-+ NOUN is/are concerned. ‘There are stil inequalities between nen vd ranen,parsicalary as far ‘a attitudes are concerned. As regaris education, there is no longo any discrimination aganst acs mest comnts. Complete the sentences with a suitable word. 1 As regards sit is not normally difficult for women to find a suitable job, 2 Astieas is concerned, itis usually women who stay at home to look alter the children, 3 With regard to, men still earn more than women an average. Preparing to write 1 Work in pairs. Choose one or two of these statements. Jtis wrong to ella lie Fveryone in the world should have the right to a house and a job Everyone should have the right to freedout of expression 2. Decide if you agree, disagree or have inixed views 3 Discuss arguments in favour of the statement, a the statement, or in favour and against, Make notes inst Its offen said / commonly believed / widely argued that Its certainly the case / true that .../ Its not true f the cease that © in my view, ... believe that... /1co not beliove that Its important J necassary / vital 0 Writing Use your notes to write an essay on the topie you have chosen, Moving beyond the platecs Read the statements about learning English. Tick () the ones that are true for you © My progress scems slower than before, © Leaming English used to be more fin © seem to keep making the same errors. © Tunderstand a lot more than I can say. « Toften feel feustrated with ny lack of progress « Tscem to use the same basie words and structures ‘when T speak. I feel | should be making more progress. © T have Jess motivation 10 learn than before. If you have ticked some of these statements, you have probably reached the langunge-learning plateau, This is very common at upper intermediate level. When people start learning a language, they lean very rapidly and itis easy to see progress. Later, Progress naturally slows down and it is easy to become discouraged. At this stage, the tasks of language learning are to consolidate, activate, deepen and extend what you already know. 2 Read the suggestions for moving beyond the plateau ‘Which seem helpful to you? Discuss your ideas with a partner, Write a language-learning diary about your progress and difficulties. % Tall to your teacher and other stuclents about ‘your experience. % Set realistic short-term and long-terin goals tor Improving your English * From time fo time, cheek how far you have achieved your goals. + Remind yourself why you are learning English, + Gonceniraie on things you enjoy doing in English, Experiment with new anguage-leaming activities. & Make two plans for moving forward. Fam going 10 bPwd Spealdng 4 Lookax the 19 century Cree Indian quotation below. Tov do you think it finishes? Work in pairs and brainstorm wo dlilferent endings 2 Compare your answers with another pair Which do you think is the more interesting answer? Now check the original completed quotation on page 131 Reading ¥ You are going to read an extract from ‘The Sacred Balance. Which of che arguments below do you think the author is making? 1 We have become disconnected from nature 2 Weare more connected with nature now than before. 2 Ivis impossible for bumnans tobe connected so nature. 2 Read the extract to check your answer. Find at least three reasons that the authar ives to support his argument, 3 Find the parts in the text where the author expresses the following ideas and dliseuss how he uses language to emphasise his opinions. Do you think this kind of. Tanguage makes his argument more or less effective? i We believe we can control our surroundings and that nature ci conta us, One food is not natural and we don't know where it comes from. 3 We don’t know where our water comes: from. 4 We are not prepared to change our way of life. 5 Inthe future, policy decisions will increasingly have litte conneetion with reality. 6 Weare very responsive to phones and computers, " 4. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions «© This book was written in 1997. Do you think the author’ argument is more or less valid now? © Do you feel that people are disconnected {om the land? Do you feel like that? Country is the usual word for talking about a large area of land with recognised political borders. Brazil a big country. Land can mean the same as county, but it is often a Iterayy word. People calla place a ‘and when they want to be mysterious or to sound emotional or old-fashioned, Iva land fa, far away Complete the sentences with land or country, 1 Fim quite proud of my. =: Mthinie wwe have done many good things The old say that there isa ‘ofoss the sea where strange and wondertul things happen. 3 The. __in the far north of Canada largely uninhabited. 4° Malta, with its mixture of culture very interesting fo visiti As cities continue to increase around ala % He gy the world, policy decisions will more A and more reflect the illusory bubble we. me J have come to believe as reality. ‘As we distance ourselves further from the natural world, we are increasingly surrounded by and dependent on our own inventions. We become enslaved by the constant demands of technology cteated to serve us. Consider our response to the insistence of a ringing telephone or our behavioural In a human-made environment, surrounded by animals and plants of our choice, we feel ourselves to have escaped the limits of nature. Weather and climate impinge on our lives with far less immediacy. Food is often highly processed and comes in packages, revealing little of its origins in the soll. (...) We forget the source of our water and energy, the destination of Cue Dhol erat ccisees oy gee ae ree We forget of our own existence, from the skills of el foe va survival and from the realities of those Saou: a biodiversity Wh stil five in rural areas, we have ‘as any other creature, Cut off rom PScome dulled, impervious, slow. ‘the sources of our food and Through our loss of a worldview, our water and the consequences devotion to consumerism and our of our way of life, we imagine _ move into the cities and away from aworld under our control nature, we have lost our connection and will risk or sacrifice to the rest of the living planet. almost anything to must find a new story, make sure our includes us in the continuum of Earth’s way of life ‘continues. restoring e Vocabul A meaning to human ¥ Match the words in the outer circle with the words in the inner circle to describe features ofthe natural work y ond Speaking fe ashort talk describing we natural features of your county, country you know well. Use some of the words from exercise | and the expressions a? In the north / south / east / west of the country there are © The capital isin the ... part of the country, ands surrounded by © There's a famous .. ‘© People love to go and see the: DAVID — SUZUKISpecking and Writing Work in pairs. Read the questions Then think of two more questions you could ask a partner © Do you read a newspaper? Which one? © Do you ever get news from the interne? Which site? © How often do you get the news? Every week? Every day? More than once a day? © Do you know anyone who works in the news? What do they do? © Do you think there is too much bad news these days? © What isthe latest interesting news story yon remember? 2 Work in pairs. Choose four questions to askcand answer, Inchide your own questions. 3 You are going to write a short news story Look at the words in the box. Follow the rules below, © the news story must contain all chese words © you can add any other words you like © you can change the form of the words © the words can appear in any order © you ean repeat the sume word flock of birds plane river survive 4 Work in sual groups. Read and compare ‘your news stories. Then choose the most interesting one to read to the cass Listening 1 news story which contains all the words from Speaking and Writing exercise 3. Listen to the story. How similar is the story (0 yours? Youare going to hears true 2 Listen again, Put the words from Speaking and Writing exereise 3 in the correct order, 3 Work with a partner. Retell the story that you just heard, using the words from exerise 2 to help you 4 Discuss the following questions: © Had you heard this story before? »w would you describe the pilot? © This isan example of what news broadeasters eall a feelgood story’, Why do you think that is? © Can you think of any other feelgood stories in the news recently? 5 Look at some examples of the characteristics of news stores, Then men 10 the audioseripr on page 151 and find other examples. 1 An example of direct specch: filed with big, brown birds? pecitic details about the event or flew into a flock of birds at 1,000 metres + Adjective phrases to give more detail: @ split-second decision 4 Time phrases: Ae tbe moment of impact