Restoration Of

Endodontically Treated
Teeth

Dr Dhananjay S Gandage
DEFINITIONS
 Dowel: A post usually made of metal that
is fitted into a prepared root canal of a
natural tooth

 Core: The centre or the base of a

structure.

 Ferrule: A metal band or ring used to fit

the root or the crown of the tooth.

{GPT 8 ; JPD 2005 Vol 94 No 1}

INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW
 In 1747, Pierre Fauchard described the
process by which roots of maxillary
anterior teeth were used for the
restoration of single teeth and the
replacement of multiple teeth

 Posts were fabricated of gold or silver and

held in the root canal space with a heat-
softened adhesive called “mastic.
Principles used today in selecting post length
and diameter were understood and taught by
early practitioners during mid-1800s
 Endodontic therapy by dental pioneers
embraced only minimal efforts to clean,
shape, and obturate the canal. Use of the
wood posts in empty canals led to
repeated episodes of swelling and pain.
Wood posts, however, did allow the
escape of the so-called “morbid humors.”
A groove in the post or root canal
provided a pathway for continual
suppuration from the periradicular tissues.
 Sorensen JA, Martinoff JT.(1984) reported
that coronal coverage crowns did not
significantly improve the success of
endodontically treated anterior teeth.

 Crowns are indicated only when they are

structurally weakened or they require
significant form/color changes that cannot
be effected by bleaching, resin bonding,
or porcelain laminate veneers.

J Prosthet Dent 1984;51:pg780.

 When endodontically treated posterior
teeth (with and without coronal coverage
restorations) were compared, a significant
increase in the clinical success was noted
when cuspal coverage crowns were placed
on maxillary and mandibular molars and
premolars.

J Prosthet Dent 1984;51:pg780.

 Reuter JE, Brose MO.(1984), Palmqvist S,
Swartz B. (1993) and Sundh B,Ödman
(1997) reported that that endodontically
treated abutments failed more often than
abutment teeth with vital pulps owing to
tooth fracture.

Int J Prosthodont 1993;6:279.; 1997;10:513.

 Dentin from endodontically treated teeth
has significantly lower shear strength and
toughness than vital dentin.

 Rivera E, Yamauchi G, Chandler G,

Bergenholtz G.(1988) reported that the
effort required to fracture dentin may be
less when teeth are endodontically treated
because of potentially weaker collagen
intermolecular cross-links.
J Endo 1988; 14: pg 175.
 Crowns should be placed on
endodontically treated posterior teeth that
have occlusal interdigitation with opposing
teeth of the nature that places expansive
forces on the cusps.

 Crowns do not enhance the clinical

success of anterior endodontically treated
teeth
 Davis crown [Wallace Clyde Davis,
Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S. dentist (1866-
1950)] : eponym for a dental restoration
supported by a dowel in the root canal
over which was cemented a porcelain tube
tooth in direct contact with the root face
of the tooth. A later modification involved
a gold casting that improved the fit
between the root and artificial tooth
 Richmond crown [C.M. Richmond, U.S.
dentist (1835-1902)]
a dowel-retained crown made for an
endodontically treated tooth using a
porcelain facing ;an artificial crown
consisting of a metal base that fits the
prepared abutment of the natural tooth
and carries a post or pivot for insertion
into the endodontically treated root canal:
a porcelain facing reinforces the metal
backing—called also porcelain-faced dowel
crown
PURPOSE OF POSTS
 Guzy GE, Nicholls JI. (1979), Leary
JM,Aquilino SA, Svare CW. (1987),
Eshelman EG Jr, Sayegh FS. (1983),
Hunter AJ, Feiglin B,Williams JF.(1989)
reported that placement of a post and
core either fails to increase the fracture
resistance of extracted endodontically
treated teeth or decreases the fracture
resistance of the tooth when a force is
applied.

{JPD. 1979,42:39; 1987;57:277.

; 1989;62:166}
 Therefore, the purpose of a post is to
provide retention for a core.
CLASSIFICATION OF
POSTS
 Ingle and Balkland

I. Custom – cast post

II. Prefabricated post

1. Tapered smooth sided
2. Parallel smooth sided
3. Tapered self threaded
4. Parallel threaded
5. Parallel sided with tapered apical
end.
 Wiene

I. Custom – cast post

II. Prefabricated post

1. Tapered smooth sided
2. Parallel sided serrated and
vented
3. Tapered self threaded
4. Parallel threaded
5. Parallel sided threaded with
split shank
 Walton and Torabinejad

I. According to shape:
a. Parallel
b. Tapered

II. According to fabrication:

a. Custom made
b. Pre fabricated.
III. According to fit:
a. Active
b. Passive

IV. According to surface configuration:

a. Smooth
b. Serrated
c. Threaded
 Shillinburg and Kessler:

I. Custom cast post

II. Prefabricated posts

1. Tapered smooth sided
2. Tapered serrated
3. Tapered self threaded
4. Parallel smooth sided
4. Parallel serrated
5. Parallel threaded
A- Tapered Smooth; B- Parallel Serrated; C- Tapered Threaded
D- Parallel Threaded E- Parallel with tapered end.
 Robbins

I. Metallic post
1. Custom cast post
2. Prefabricated posts
a. Passive tapered
b. Passive parallel
c. Active

II. Non metallic posts

1. Carbon Fiber
2. Tooth coloured
 Baraban

1. Cast post and core

2. Immediate post and core
3. Screw posts
4. Amalgam posts and cores.
 Qualtrough and Mannoci

Tooth colored posts

1. Ceramic posts and cores
2. Fiber reinforced posts.
MATERIALS USED FOR POSTS
 I. Precious metal alloys
II. Semiprecious alloys
III. Base metal alloys
IV. Carbon fiber
V. Glass fiber
VI. All ceramic materials.
METAL POSTS
 Desirable Properties of a metallic post:

1. tarnish and corrosion resistance

2. strength
3. biocompatibility
4. easy to fabricate
5. easy to cast
6. easy soldering procedures.
 Custom Cast Metal Posts:
Metals used to fabricate custom cast
metal posts are classified as follows:

ADA (1984)
Alloy Type Composition

High noble ≥ 40% wt gold and ≥60 % wt

noble metal elements

Noble ≥25% wt noble metal elements

Predominantly ‹ 25% wt noble metal elements.

base
 Indications of Cast Posts:

1) little coronal tooth structure remains.

2) uniradicular teeth.
3) multiple post and cores are to be
placed.
4) when angle of the core is to be
changed with respect to the post.
5) flared and elliptical canals.
 Advantages of custom made post

1) custom fitted to the prepared canal and

can resist torsional forces.
2) less instrumentation because the “post
is made to fit the canal”
3) dowel and core are cast together in the
same material.
4) are radiopaque
 Disadvantages:

1) require two appointments

2) time consuming lab procedures.
3) temporization is necessary
4) risk of casting inaccuracies are high
5) casting defects like nodules if left
undetected can lead to stress
concentration.
6) limited to uniradicular teeth.
7) limited choice of materials.
8) difficult to get a custom cast serrated
or threaded post.
 Pre fabricated metal posts are made of:

1) gold alloy
2) base metal alloy
3) brass
4) pure titanium
5) titanium alloys
 Galvanic activity between amalgam and
stainless steel or brass leads to corrosion
products that can cause root fracture.

 Jacobi and Shillinburg stated that brass is

the least desirable material for post
fabrication due to its low tensile strength
and low corrosion resistance.
{Shillinburg- restoration of endodontically treated
teeth}
 Nickel containing alloys should be avoided
in nickel sensitive patients.

 Gold alloys titanium and its alloys and

cobalt-molybdenum alloys incorporate the
best properties of strength and corrosion
resistance.
 Indications of pre fabricated posts:

1) in teeth that retain sufficient dentine.

2) in teeth with small circular canals.
 Advantages of prefabricated metal posts:

1) single appointment procedure.

2) being cold welded it is more
homogenous
3) low incidence of root fractures have
been reported.
4) less time consuming
5) Cost effective
6) remarkably strong enough
7) less incidence of design imperfections.
 Disadvantages:

1) low resistance to rotational forces

2) more aggressive tooth preparation
3) when tooth structure is lost, their
application is limited
4) chemical, galvanic reactions possible
between the dowel and core material.
 Techniques for fabricating custom cast
post and core:

Direct
Indirect
Direct technique:

A resin or a wax pattern reinforced with a

wire or a plastic sleeve is fabricated
directly in the patient’s mouth.
ALL CERAMIC POSTS
 The first attempt to develop a strong all
ceramic restoration was by McLean and
Hughes (1965).
 They introduced alumina reinforced core
material that increased the strength of all
ceramic restoration.
 Latest ceramics include Glass
ceramics(Dicor), Leucite reinforced
ceramics (IPS Empress), Glass reinforced
alumina core (Inceram), CAD CAM
system.
 Metal ceramic restorations pose an
esthetic problem of graying of the
margins, allergic reaction to the metals
used and bond failures between metals
and ceramics.
 Kwiatkowski and Gellar (1989) described
clinical application of glass ceramic posts.

 Kern and Knode (1991) introduced glass

infiltrated aluminum oxide ceramic posts.

 Pissis (1995) proposed a monobloc

technique for the fabrication of post and
core and a crown as a single component
made of glass ceramic material (IPS
Empress)

{Qualtrough- tooth colored post systems a review-

Operative Dentistry-2003;28:86-91}
 Advantages of all ceramic posts:

1) esthetics
2) excellent biocompatibility
3) dimensional stability in oral
environment
4) no galvanic corrosion
5) good strength
6) radiopaque
 Disadvantages of all ceramic posts:

1) low fracture resistance

2) high modulus of elasticity
3) much harder than dentin
4) difficulty in bonding procedures
5) removal of posts without trauma to the
tooth is very difficult.
 Materials used for all ceramic posts:

1) feldspathic porcelain
2) glass ceramics
3) glass infiltrated alumious core ceramics
4) IPS Empress
5) zirconia (cerapost)
 Technique for fabricating all ceramic
posts:

 Slip casting technique:

Developed by Kern and Knode (1991).

The post and core is built up in one piece

from aluminum oxide

However this should be used in wide

rooted canals.
 Copy milling technique:

The Celay copying milling technique is an

alternative for slip casting technique.

Posts obtained by this method have

higher flexural strength.
 Heat Press Technique:

A castible lucite reinforced glass ceramic

material is heated and pressed into an
investment mold after the burnout of the
wax .

A glass ceramic core is heat pressed over

a prefabricated zirconium dioxide post and
therefore both the materials fuse into a
solid post and core.
FIBER REINFORCED POSTS
 Charles Burstone made some of the
earliest contributions to the development
of fiber reinforced composites.

 Fiber reinforced composites have

favorable mechanical properties and their
strength to weight ratio is superior to
most of the alloys.
 Composition:

 Two distinct components:

1) Reinforcing component.
2) Surrounding matrix.

 The fibers may be arranged in various

configurations:
unidirectional, braided woven fibers.
 Fiber reinforced composites can be
classified as follows:

1) as per fiber component

carbon fiber, quartz, ceramic,
polyethylene.
2) preimpregnated or non impregnated.
 Advantages:

1) good esthetics
2) less rigid
3) easily removed
4) biocompatibility
5)non corrosiveness
6) translucency
7) good bonding properties
8) ease of repair.
 Disadvantages:

1) variable radiopacity among brands

2) clinical data is insufficient.
CLINICAL SUCCESS RATE OF
POSTS AND CORES
 Lead Author % Survival

Roberts,(1970) 78

Wallerstedt (1984) 83

Sorenson, (1985) 90

Weine, (1991) 99

Mentink, (1993) 82

{J Oral Rehab 1993;20:455 ; J Prosthet Dent 1995;73:439.}

 Lead author Failure rates

Turner, 1982* 12

Sorenson, 1984 9

Torbjörner, 1995 9
POST DESIGN AND
RETENTION
 Torbjörner et al. reported significantly
greater loss of retention with tapered
posts (7%) compared with parallel posts
(4%)

 Turner (1982) reported that tapered posts

are the least retentive and threaded posts
the most retentive in laboratory studies.

{Torbjörner A, Karlsson S, Ödman PA. JPD 1995;73:439.}

POST FORM AND THE
POTENTIAL FOR ROOT
FRACTURE
 Sorenson reported that all types of
threaded posts produce the greatest
potential for root fracture.

{J Prosthet Dent 1984;52:28.}

 HOW MUCH GUTTA-PERCHA
SHOULD BE RETAINED TO
PRESERVE THE APICAL SEAL?
 4 to 5 mm of apical guttapercha should be
retained apically to ensure an adequate
seal.

 Sometimes to achieve sufficient post

length some compromise on the apical
gutta-percha can be made.

 In this circumstance an apical gutta-

percha of 3mm should be absolutely
necessary.
THE PROPER LENGTH FOR A
POST
 Sorensen and Martinoff (1984)
determined that clinical success was
markedly improved when the post was
equal to or greater than the crown length.

 Johnson and Sakumura determined that

posts that were three quarters or more of
the root length were up to 30% more
retentive than posts that were half the
root length.
 Clinically the post should be
approximately

(1) two thirds the length of the root

when treating long-rooted teeth;
(2) when average root length is
encountered, then retain 4-5 mm of
apical gutta-percha and extend the
post to the gutta-percha.
(3) whenever possible, posts should
extend at least 4 mm apical to the
bone crest to decrease dentin stress.
(4) molar posts should not be extended
more than 7 mm into the root canal
apical to the base of the pulp
chamber
 Some authors recommend the post length
should be equal to the length of the
clinical crown.

 An absolute minimum of 3mm of apical

guttapercha is necessary for maintaining
the apical seal.
 Tooth Root Length Two thirds Root length
(mm) (mm) (4mm from
apex)
11,21 12.5 8.3 8.5

12,22 10 6.6 6

13,23 16 10.5 11.8

14,24 13 8.5 8.7

15,25 14 9 9.5

16,26 Mb- 13 8.3 8

Df- 12 8 9.2
L- 14 8.5 8.8
 Tooth Root Length Two thirds Root length
(mm) (mm) (4mm from
apex)
31,41 12.5 8.3 8.5

32,42 13 8.7 9

33,43 17 10.5 11.8

34,44 13 8.9 9.4

35,45 14 9.1 9.5

36,46 M- 13 9 9.5
D- 13.5 8.9 9.4
 POST DIAMETER AND ITS
RELATION TO RETENTION AND
THE POTENTIAL FOR TOOTH
FRACTURE?
 Three schools of thought:

Conservationist
Proportionist
Preservationist
 Conservationist-

Robbins (1990) proposed this school of

thought.
No or minimal preparation of radicular
dentin is proposed.
 Proportionist

Stern, Johnson and Shillinburg proposed

this theory.
The root canal is prepared to within 1/3
the diameter of the root
diameter.
 Preservationist:

Caputo and Standlee proposed this

concept.
1 mm of sound dentin should be
preserved all around
 Laboratory studies relating retention to
post diameter have produced mixed
results, whereas a more definitive
relationship has been established between
root fracture and large-diameter posts
Tooth Recommended post
diameter (mm)
11,21 1.5

12,22 1.2

13,23 1.5

14,24 0.9

15,25 0.9

16,26 Mb- 1.1

Df- 1.1
L- 1.4
Tooth Recommended Post
Diameter
(mm)
31,41 0.7

32,42 0.7

33,43 1.5

34,44 1.3

35,45 1.3

36,46 M- 0.9
D- 1.1
 WHAT INSTRUMENTS REMOVE
GUTTA-PERCHA WITHOUT
DISTURBING THE APICAL SEAL?
 Suchina and Ludington and Mattison et al.
found no difference between removal by
hot instrument and removal with Gates-
Glidden drills.

 Camp and Todd found no difference

between Peeso reamers, Gates-Glidden
drills, and hot instruments

{J Prosthet Dent 1984;51:785; J Endod 1985;11:11.}

 The football shaped heads of Gates
Glidden drills often result in concavities in
the radicular dentine.

 The Peeso Reamers are considered to be

safe tipped instruments.

 The end cutting instruments should not be

used to gain the length to avoid risk of
root perforation.
THE USE OF A CERVICAL
FERRULE
 The word ferrule is probably the
combination of two Latin words ferrum
(iron) and viriola (bracelet)

 A ferrule is a band of cast metal around

the coronal surface of the tooth.
 Sorenson and Engelmann defined ferrule
effect as
“a 360º metal collar of the crown
surrounding the parallel walls of the
dentine extending coronal to the
shoulder of the preparation. The
result is an elevation in the
resistance form of the crown from the
extension of dentinal tooth
structure.”
 A B C

A- Tooth prepared for a post and core

B- A post and core has been cemented into the tooth. The
arrow shows the core ferrule
C- A crown cemented over the core. The arrows show a crown
ferrule.
 A ferrule created by the crown-
encompassing tooth structure is more
effective than a ferrule that is part of the
post and core.

 Ferrule effectiveness is enhanced by

grasping larger amounts of tooth
structure.
 Isidor et al. determined that increasing
crown ferrule length significantly
increased the fracture resistance.

 Ferrule length was more important than

post length in increasing a tooth’s
resistance to fracture under cyclic loading.

{Int J Prosthodont 1999;12:78.}

CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Prefabricated Cemented or Bonded
Post/Restorative Material Core:
The root canal
filling material is
removed using a
warm endodontic
plugger or a
small-diameter
rotary instrument
until the desired
post depth
is achieved.
The canal is enlarged in
size using the rotary
instrument that
corresponds to the final
dimension of the
selected post. Selected
post dimensions should
correspond to those
previously
recommended post
diameters for specific
teeth
At least the apical
half of the post
should fit closely
to the preparation.
Care must be taken not to remove
more dentin at the apical extent of
the post space than is necessary.
Radiographic confirmation is
important to ensure proper seating
and length of the post.
The incisal/occlusal end of
the post is shortened so
that it does not interfere
with the opposing
occlusion, but it must
provide support and
retention for the restorative
core material
(2 to 3 mm).
When metal posts are
used, they can be bent
coronally, if necessary,
to align them within the
core material. Post
bending is done outside
the mouth with
orthodontic pliers.
If there is little or no
remaining coronal tooth
structure to provide
resistance to core rotation,
an auxiliary threaded pin
can be placed.
Restorative material is
then condensed around
the post or bonded to the
post and remaining tooth
structure. A slight excess
of material is placed, and
this is removed during
crown preparation
 Either the root is threaded using a hand
tap or the post is threaded into the canal
 Custom-Cast Post and Core

 The root canal filling material is removed as

described. It is not necessary or desirable to
make the post space round.

 The custom-cast post and core can either be

made indirectly on a cast obtained from an
impression or fabricated from a pattern made
directly on the tooth.
DIRECT METHOD

Plastic post selected that

fits passively into the
prepared post space.
Resin has been placed into the
prepared root canal and the
plastic post seated to the
depth of the canal. The plastic
post is removed before the
resin completely hardens to
ensure that the resin post
does not become locked into
the prepared post space.
Additional unfilled resin is
applied using a bead-brush
technique to build a core.
The core buildup is removed
before it completely hardens
to again prevent the resin
from becoming locked into
position.
Initial preparation of the
resin core completed. The
pattern can now be
removed and cast and the
final tooth preparation
completed after the post
and core are cemented.
INDIRECT METHOD

The safety pin is

sectioned and bent so
that the point extends to
the depth of the post
preparation and the bent
portion projects above
the tooth. Notches are
ground into the wire to
facilitate retention of the
impression material. The
wire will now be coated
with impression material
adhesive
A small portion of mixed
impression material is picked
up with the spiral instrument
and placed into the prepared
post space. The spiral
instrument is slowly rotated
by the handpiece and moved
up and down in the canal to
place the impression into all
aspects of the prepared post
space.
The sectioned safety pin fully
seated into the prepared post
space.
Additional impression
material syringed over
the prepared tooth.
Completed impression.
The cast has been
lubricated, a thin layer of
wax applied to the plastic
post, and the post fully
seated into the cast while
the wax is soft.
The plastic post removed
from the cast to evaluate the
wax adaptation.
Wax added to the
adapted post to form a
core. The core will now
be carved to the final
form and then invested
and
cast.
Casting seated on the
working cast. The cast
can be hand articulated
with the opposing cast to
establish the required
occlusal clearance.
 LUTING AGENTS USED FOR
CEMENTING VARIOUS POSTS
 Cohen reported normal occlusal forces
create micro movement of the cemented
posts that leads to the disintegration of
the cement and apical stress
concentration.

 Zinc phosphate, glass inomer,

polycarboxylate and resin cements have
been used.
 Standlee (1978) reported no significant
correlation between cement category and
post retention unless it is a tapered post.
However with tapered posts zinc
phosphate gives a higher retention.

 Chapman (1985) reported zinc phosphate

had a statistical advantage over other
cement.
 Radkel (1988) found zinc phosphate and
glass inomer cement to be more retentive
than carboxylate or composite resin
cement.

 Recent studies have shown that resin

based cements to be more retentive than
nonresin cements.
 Hanson (1974) and Chapman (1985)
stated that choice of luting agent has very
little effect on post retention.

 However in using resin cements the

eugenol based endodontic sealers may
affect their polymerization.

 They should be removed by irrigation with

ethanol or etching with 37% phosphoric
acid.
{J Prosthet Dent 1985;54:649.}
 Zinc phosphate and GIC have comparable
retentive abilities.

 Resin cements have higher retention than

resin inomer cements.
 The luting agent should fill up the entire
dead space within the root canal system.

 Voids lead to periodontal inflammation

through lateral canals

 A lentulo spiral is used to carry the luting

agent into the canal.

 Avoid creating hydrostatic pressure while

inserting the post to prevent root fracture.

{Rest. of endodontically treated teeth- Rosensteil

pg 370}
 Cementing Ceramic Posts

 Airborne particle abrasion by 50µm

alumina for 30 sec increases fracture
resistance and retentive ability of the
posts.
 For cementing ceramic posts resin based
cements are used.
 While using a resin based cement like
Panavia 21 system, the luting agent
should be coated along the walls of the
dentin and the surface of the post.

 However the cement should not be

applied to the dentine first, otherwise due
to premature setting of the cement the
post wont seat completely in the post
space.
{Stockton- JPD 1999}
REMOVAL OF EXISTING POSTS
 Post removal is a risky procedure.

 When sufficient length of the of the post is

exposed coronally then it can be pulled
out with a thin beaked forceps.

 Vibrating the post with a fine ultrasonic tip

weakens the brittle cement layer and
facilitates post removal.
 Posts fractured within the root can be
retrieved with post pullers.

 The technique for removal of posts was

described by Massermann (1966)

 This method uses hollow end cutting

tubes (trephines) to prepare shallow
trench around the post.
{J Prosthet Dent. 1983; 49:46}
 The Thomas Gonon system uses pliers,
trephine burs mandrels and washers to
remove the posts.

 This technique was described Machtou

(1989).

{J Endo 1989; 15:55}

CONCLUSION
 A post and core is used to provide
retention and support for the cast
restoration.

 Anterior teeth should be restored with

custom cast post and core.

 Esthetic posts should be considered in

teeth where esthetics is of prime
importance.
 Preserve as much tooth structure as
possible.

 For posterior teeth with divergent canals a

prefabricated post with amalgam core will
suffice.
REFERENCES
 Contemporary fixed Prosthodontics-
Rosenstiel

 Fundamentals of Fixed Prosthodontics-

Shillinburg

 Sorensen JA, Martinoff JT. Intracoronal

reinforcement and coronal coverage: a study
of endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet
Dent 1984;51:780.

 Palmqvist S, Swartz B. Artificial crowns and

fixed partial dentures 18 to 23 years after
placement. Int J Prosthodont 1993;6:279
 Sorensen JA, Martinoff JT. Endodontically treated
teeth as abutments. J Prosthet Dent
1985;53:631.

 Hunter AJ, Feiglin B,Williams JF. Effects of post

placement on endodontically treated teeth. J
Prosthet Dent 1989;62:166.

 Eshelman EG Jr, Sayegh FS. Dowel materials and

root fracture. J Prosthet Dent 1983;50:342

 Leary JM, Aquilino SA, Svare CW. An evaluation

of post length within the elastic limits of dentin. J
Prosthet Dent 1987;57:277.
 Sorensen JA, Martinoff JF. Clinically significant
factors in dowel design. J Prosthet Dent
1984;52:28

 Bergman B, Lundquist P, Sjögren U, Sundquist G.

Restorative and endodontic results after
treatment with cast posts and cores. J Prosthet
Dent 1989;61:10.

 Tidmarsh BG. Restoration of endodontically

treated posterior teeth. J Endod 1976;2:374.

 Rosen H. Operative procedures on mutilated

endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent
1961;11:973.
 Hamilton AI. Porcelain dowel crowns. J Prosthet
Dent 1959;9:639

 Sheets CE. Dowel and core foundations. J

Prosthet Dent 1970;23:58.

 Haddix JE,Mattison GD, Shulman CA, Pink FE.

Post preparation techniques and their effect on
the apical seal. J Prosthet Dent 1990;64:515.

 Hanson EC, Caputo AA. Cementing mediums

and retentive characteristics of dowels. J
Prosthet Dent 1974;32:551.
 Lloyd PM, Palik JF. The philosophies of dowel
diameter preparation: a literature review. J
Prosthet Dent 1993;69:32.

 Krupp JD, Caputo AA, Trabert KC, Standlee JP.

Dowel retention with glass-ionomer cement. J
Prosthet Dent 1979;41:163.

 Kurer HG, Combe EC, Grant AA. Factors

influencing the retention of dowels. J Prosthet
Dent 1977;38:515.
Thank You