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    BS6349 P1

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    Sintha Aidroos

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BSI BS*6349 PART*L 84 MM 1624669 OLSOVNL 2 mm BS 6349: Part 1: 1984 J voc ezawse.sareU.ss.s14 (Reprinted, incorporating Amendmants No, 1 to No. 2 inclusive) ofthis publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced without the 1 permission in writing of BSI. © Brith Standarde inatitution, No =| British Standard Code of practice for @ Maritime structures Part 1. General criteria Structures maritimes Code de bonne pratique Partie 1. Critdres généraux Leitfaden fur Bauten im Meer @ Tet Alizereines British Standards Institution Copyright by The Brits STandards Toston Mor Tan 31 1657.22 2000 — —— BSI BS#b349 PART*2 84 MM Lb246b5 O150447 4 mm BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 Contents e vs von Forouers “4 Sacto hrs, Opartonlenieation ties epee Bockcow! 46, Gem » code of prastca 18 Dev ie of eres % 17, sipdes 2 Sesion ane. Gea 1 Bias a 1. Scope 7 17.2 Tonnage and displacement 6 2, Reforences 5 17.3 Typical container ship and bulk carrier 5. Definone 5 Sierione % eaeimaor ° 18. Navigation in approach channels 26 ie 18.1 General 26 fection wo, Enron ca 181 Ganmr S| 5 General 9 18.3 Depth of channels 26 8 sey conto! 0 Tad Wash ofchonals % 81 Geer 2188 Other opratonel eae s 82 Level con 218. Siping a1 63 Logution vontrot ® 19.1 Manocuvring inside harbours a1 7. Motorlgy a tinaoleny 0192 Beckira a ee tea Moone 2 @ 12 Wind ® 13 Pretation 1) sain four. See se 7s Vib 2 78 —_tmospharie pressure 2 eee Ks 19 Soriedictonsndtours of tuning 13 wa 2 8, eave an ovo 3 paemennne A 8.1 General i Return poriod and dasi¢ 33 82 Echo rounder 83 Sidescmn sone 13 fe wa tao a 84 Direct measurement “4 1 Wave generation : je prion % 8.5 Spacing and direction of sounding profiles 14 72-3 weve pe ce een a strony ‘ ae eran ve Sirens Mt ZA Enrapatonotoftibow wavedata #0 83 Coase woowenhy 4 2B Shale wat tc ® pe eee 1523.2 Refraction and shoaling rn 10. ‘Watar level 6 23.3. Bottom frietian 49 a ane 13 234 Were breaking 49 i preetons 103 Meteorite oects te 2 Langwowes s @ {04 tes oaretor is 241 Gamo a 108 Tis ont ee ata tect a 11. Waar movement 8 Pane fe 11.1 General 6 Conclusions 82 11.3 Measurement of diffusion 18 25, Storm surge 82 THA Pesomton and nay of elddets 20.28, avo ertng nana 3 ea 2 2 Sistem : Mater mea Wanrecoen & on Jr 284 Analysis of records 54 133 Shonary 3) a7. xraplaton of wre dt 8 13.4 Turbidity a w7.1 General & ema 2 Fd Extrapolation woxrame wavecondons 5 eee can 223 Eettninteftantnenimm nae 14, Sedimare vapor 2 ma ee 4 ate conl at 28. Effects of breakwaters and sea-walls on sea [TAR Senne vanporein arenes 2 - | 143 Sadiment transport with waves 24 a e [emcee Bi Zh2 —_encnerin cop water 8 fen eane a 28.3 Breakwaters and sea-walls in shallow water 58 148 Models 4 Dy The Seth Slandands ston 117.0036 2000 BSI BS*b349 @ » 301 202 303 20.4 295 296 30, 30.1 30.2 303 304 31 314 a2 313 ona PARTI 64 Harbour response General Wave diffraction fora flat soabed Ray mothods of wave diffraction and rafraetion Horbour resonance Physical models Computational models ‘Acceptable wave conditions for moored boats Genoval Marinas Fishing harbours, Lighterage Acceptable wave conditions for moored ships Gonoral Backaround information Methods for determining eccoptable sea states ‘Accoplable ship movements Section five. Loads, movements and vibrations 2, 324 322 323 324 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38.1 38.2 20.2 x. @® x Sa 33 2 a at M2 413. aa a5 42, 424 422 43, 44, 46, 45.1 452 45.3 454 465 46.0 General Basic loads Dynamic response Spectral loading Fatiue Soil pressures Winds Snow and tee ‘Temperature variations ‘Tides and water level variations Currents General Steady drag force Flowindueed ozeilletions Waves General Fatigue anatysis Design wave parameters Weve forces Earthquakes Desthing General Operational factors Fendering Evaluation of berthing loads Evaluation of berthing anorgy Mooring General Evaluation of mooring loads Docking and slipping Cargo storage Cargo handling a Gonoral Fixed and railmounted equipment Conveyors and pipelines Rail traffic Road traffic Rubler-tyred port vehicles ‘transport systoms Ty the tru Standards hstton 1 17.0057 2000 Page 60 BBB BBese eaee 38 48.7 46, an. 47a 472 473 WH ULz4EbS 0150448 b mm BS 6349 : Part 1 “Tracked cranes Channelized loading in pavements and decks Movements and vibrations General Assasgmant af movements ‘Acceptability criteria Section six. Geotechnical considerations 48, 49, 49.1 492 49.3 494 495 496 aor 498 49.9 49.10 49.1 49.12 50. 50.1 uz 51, Bia B12 513 514 B15 518 52. 521 52.2 52.3 524 525 525 527 53, 53.1 53.2 54, 541 baz 543 544 545 cao 547 6s. 55.1 55.2 56.3 554 General Investigations General Existing data courcas ‘Site reconnaissance Exploratory drilling, sampling and in sta ‘wating Layout of boroholes and trial excavations Depth of boreholes ‘Ground water investigations Determination of earth pressure ontfciant at rat Detection of underground movements at depth ‘Geophysical surveys Fold trials Studies related to constructional matorsls Properties of the ground Aversge properties for preliminary design Selection of parameters for working design ‘Sheet piled structures Gencral “Types of shoot pile structure Distribution of lateral oarth pressure and earth resistance Effects of surcharge Hydrostotie pressure distribution Stability of sheet pile structures Grevity structures Gonaral Masonry and brickwork Mass concrete walls Concrets blockwork Monoliths Caisson Design of gravity structures ‘Anchorage of structures Function and location of anchorages Methods of anehorege Slope stability and protection Environmental factors Modes of failure Design considerations for slopes and embankments Monitoring stability Slope protection Meintenancs of earthworks Romediel works Use of thixottopie Higuics in excavations Types of structure Lateral earth pressure and earth resistance Design of excavations for suppart by bentonite sturry Materiale 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 102 104 108. 104 104 104 105 105 105, 105: 109 109 10 110 16 8 119 va 123 125 125, 128 128 125 128 125 125 125 128 128 129 109 135 138 138 137 137 137 197 138 198 56, 57. 87.1 812 573 a, 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 5a 588 587 ous 58.9 58.10 68,11 58.12 ——$—$<$<$< < Dy the trust Slonoaras stot 1 17.0057 2000 BST BSxb349 BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 Seotion seven, Materials General ‘Stone for armouring or protection works General ‘Tests of quality Specification of size Conorete Genoral Chemical attack Specification Constituent materials Hardened eonceste Fresh conarete Prestresing tendons, sheathing and grouting Prevention of reinforcement corrosion Underwater conerate Other applications of concreting materials Structural stel and other metals General Structural steel ‘Aluminium and its alloys Othor metals Timber General Resistance to onvironmantal hazards Funetional suitability Fastenings Plas General Bering pilos Sheet pi Pines General ‘Submarine pipelines Underground pipelines Surface pipelines Flexible hoses Pavorents General Bitumen-bound flexible pavement Tar-bound flexible pavement CConerete black pavement Precast concrete slab pavement In situ concrete pavement Rall wack Gonoral Beading systom Holding-down bolts Rall clips Heavy duty orane ras Bolted joints Brickwork, blockwork and masonry Bituminous materials General Bituminous materials available ‘Composition, mix design and application techniques Uses of bituminous materials PART#D 84 MH Lb24GE5 OLS0449 6 mm Page 138 139 139 130 139 139 139 140 140 140 a1 “1 141 “t 141 “wt 142 143 a3, 143 143 a 44 144 144 148 145 146 146 146 146 147 149 149 149 49 150 150 160 150 160 181 181 181 181 a1 151 182 152 182 162 152 459 152 152 182 153 154 “>r Mintmar 67, Rubber and plastics 67.1 General 672 Nauurol ond synthetic rubbers 673 Plastios 68. Protective measures 68.1 General 68.2 Coating systems 08.3 Curnste protection 68.4 Monel 400 sheathing 68.5 Steel wear plates 68.6 Wrappings 88.7 Cathodic protection 60.8 Protection in the buriod zona Appendices ‘A. Physical properties of commonly stored cargoas B, Method of test for soundness of aggregate by use (of soaium sulpnate or magnesium sulphate ©. Bibliography Tables 1. Diffraction coefficients for single breakweter 2. Typical frequencies of environmental forces 2, Effective tomporaturo range for maritima structure decks in British coastal waters 4, Modification factors for critical flow volocity 5, Drag and inertia coefficients for common structural forms 6. Sugguetad transverse berthing velocities 7. Nominal bollard and farlead loedings for vessels up to 20000 t displacement 8, Typical stacking heights 9, Equivalent uniformly dltributed loading for rubber-tvred port vehicles 410. FLT loading: dimensions, loads and effective contact pressures 11, Siderloeder jack rovctions 12, Mobile crane outrigger reactions 13, RT loading: axle loads and effective wheel pressures 14, Loading due to tracked cranes 16. Typloal throughputs for new cargo handling berths 18, Added mass of entrained water 17, Mobilized angie of trition 1B, Physical characteristics of sols and rocks 19. Values of Kg, the coefficient for active earth pressure 20, Values of K, the coefficient for passive earth Cement’: ant oor 22. Typical upper rates of corrosion for structural stocls in UK maritime conditions 23, Uses of Bituminous materia in maritime protection works 24, Typleal dry oulk densities and angles of repose 28. Typical stacked densitios for common commodities 26, Sieve sizes for fine aggregate frections 27. Sample mess for coarse apgrogate fractions 28, Sieve size to determine loss Page 155 155 155 155 186 156 156 186 156 186 156 187 187 188 159 161 158 160 160 181 BST BSxb349 Figuros 1. Typical ship dimensions 2. Estimates of squat 83. Vertical ship movements duo to waves in deep Figure deleted 5. Figure deleted Significant wave prediction chart SONSWAP wave spectrum Piarson-Moskowitz spectrum 1. Significant wave height and peak period for Wave spectra 10. Schematic diagram ot wave retraction 11. Wave shoaling and estimation of wave helght In the surf zone 12, Wave height reduction factor for bottom friction 19, Typleal wave hight extrapolation plot 14, Variation of Hrmnx/He]* with A 15. Runsup on graded riprap stone Run.up on rubble-mound slope 17. Wave diffraction at single breakwater arm 18, Wave diffraction intensity factors for narrow breakwater openings 19. Wave diffraction at narcaw breakwater opening 20. “The six degroos of freedom of vessel movement 21, Critical flow velocity for circular piles for inne oscillations 22, Wave pressure distribution at reflective walls for nnon-broaking waves 23. Estimation of alpha values for calculation of wave pressure . roa coefficiont values far eieilar evlindors 28, Current force coefficients, al ships, oop water case 20, Envelope of wind force coettctants for dry cargo vessols and small tankers 27, Wind force coefficients for vory larae tankers with superstructures aft Wind force coefficionts for typical container thi 29, Water depth correction factors for lateral current forces Water depth correction factor for longitudinal current forces on container ships 31. Envalons af longitudinal force eoefficlante for VLCC's in shallow water 32. Typical lengths and draughts of tankers 3. Typical longitudinal projected areas ot tankers Container ships: lengths and longitudinal prolocted aroas 35, Figure deleted 38. Figure deleted wo. 37. Figure deleted 38, Dimensions of RT vehicle 39, Thickness and mass of marine growth in British coastal waters 40. Locstion and depth of boreholes for piled wharf 41, Depth of boreholes in rolation to retained height of so and width of quay wall Plane strain shear diagram for sand Dy The Bali STandands station 117.0038 2000 Page 27 29 50 59 at 6 2 ” 78 79 2 86 87 89 80 90 on 91 2 02 96 103 103 109 PART*L 84 Ml Lb24G69 st. 52, 53, Ba, 56. 56, 87, 60. 61. 62, 63. 64, 65. 68, 7. 63, 69, >. Anchorage of single-well sheet plle structure by 71. 2. . Anchored cellular sheet 0250450 4 mm BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 Plane strain shear diagram for normally consolidated clay 1. Anchored single-wall shoot pile structure 5. Cantileveradsingle-wall sheet pile structure Double wall sheet pile structures Coltutar shoot pile structures structure Distribution of earth pressura and earth resistance on cantilevered single:wall sheet pile structure Distribution of earth pressure and earth resistance on anchored single-wall sheet pile structure ‘Active pressure distribution on anchored single Wall structure where fling is placad before dredging Active pressure distribution on anchored single wall structure where filling isplaced after dredging Distribution of active pressure and passive ‘esstance for total stress conditions in normally and lightly over-consolidated clay Hydrostatic pressure dist ibution on waterfront structures where sol is retained to full height of structure Hydrostatic pressure distribution on waterfront structure whore soll is embanked behind the Hycrostatic pressure behind waterfront structure backed by clay Effects on nydrostati and soll pressure distribution where ssepage takes place beneath retaining structure Effects of flexibility of anchored single wall sheet pile structure on earth pressure and resistance Location of anchorages in relation to rupture surfaces in rotained fill Simplified distribution of ective earth pressure ‘and passive earth resistance on cantilevered single wall sheet pile structure Distribution of active earth pressure and passive earth resistance on doublewellsheot pile structure Distribution of active earth pressure and passive ‘arth recictance on cellule sheet pile structure Modes of fallure of cellular sheet pile structure ‘Anchorage of lock or dry dock against hnyorostatie uplit, Raking piles used to rostrain horizontal ‘movement of jetty Location of wall or piate anchors in relation to failure surfaces Location of injected tendon anchors in relation 10 active allure wedge Fallure of vertical anchor tendon due to uplift Of cone of soil or rock ‘Modes of fallure of anchor tendons in rack raking piles ‘Types of slope feiture Failure of embankment due to shear Failure of supporting soi Compound slide Slab slide in rook Poge 109 m m 2 113 na 16 "7 "7 "7 8 9 120 20 120 12 129 v2 123 124 124 127 128 130 130 130 131 131 132 133 193 133 BST BS¥e349 BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 Page 78, Wedge failure in rock 134 76. Toppling failure in rock 134 77, Embankment builtin stages with core mstorial protectod by dumped stone 135 78, Slope protection by rock or concrete armouring sacked by filter layer 138 Foreword ‘This standard has been prepared under the direction of the Civil Enginearing and Building Structures Standards Gornmnitte, Following suggestions from the Maritime and Waterways Board of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Stanelards Committe for Civil Engineering Codes of Practice set up an ‘ad hoe panel to make further studies, The panel’s report, presented in 1975, concluded thar existing British codes ‘were inadequate forthe special aspocts of maritime structures and that there was a nood for such a code, ‘A format wes proposed which divided the work into two distinct stages. thas been ossumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution ofits provisions is entrusted to ‘sppropr lately qualified and experianced people, for whose ‘guidance it has been prepared, In this Part ofthe code, racommendations ae given to assist Clionts and engineers to obtain the basic data relevant to the sign of any maritime structure, It has boon assumed that limit state philocophy will wheraver possible be adopted for the design. However, it should be noted that cortain pphonomona, such a resonance and fatigue, eannot bo {reated rigorously By this method and a stistactory adaptation of limit state methods has yet to be established Ty The Beth Standards batt 117.0039 2000 PARTAL 64 MM Db24bb9 OLSO4S2 & mm 1s a practical basis for the geotechnical aspects of the design, Partial factors are not included in this Part, it being Intended that thove be given in subsequent Parte covering the limit state design of specific maritime structures. It le planned to complete the code with a further seven Parts which would deal with the followin (a) the design of quay wall, jetties and dolphins; {) the design of locks and graving docks, slipways and ship lifts; (c) the design of lock anc dock gates, calssons and slulees; (a) the design of buoy moorings, floating and buoyant structures and anchorage systems; (o) the design af brealewaters and training walls: (f) the design of fendering and mooring systems; (a) recommendations for the dredging of waterways end for land reclamation. NOTE. Tho numbers in square brackets weed throushout this code Compliance with a British Standerd docs not of itsott confer immunity from logal obligations. BST BSxL349 PART#L 84 MM LL246b9 OLSO4S2 8 mm BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 ————— British Standard Code of practice for Maritime structures Part 1, General criteria —————— Section one. General 1. Scope ‘This Part of BS 6349 gives guidance and recommends ‘on general criteria relevant tothe planning, design, ‘construction and mainenanca of structures set in the ‘maritime environment. By definition, the structures to which this code is applicable willbe located at, or close to, the shore. Offshore structures and structures in inland watere are not coversd by this code although eartain aspects ‘may be found to be relavant to such projects, Guidance is not given on financial criteria although it should ‘be recognized that for each project necessary and propor leeonomie assessments should be made and considered in ‘onjunetion with the engineering eiteria covered by this code, ‘This code has beon written in rslaton to conditions which ‘obtain in the UK and while the majority of the contents are directly applicable elsewhere, local conditions or court may necessitate epprupriats modifications, ‘This Part of the code is arranged on a topical basis. Section two discusses environmental factors, in which the ‘environment is taken in its broader sense to include all naturally occurring phenomena likely to be found at a ‘osatel site and guldance is given on methods of Investigating ‘and quantifying ther effects. Section threo gives prominence to theneed to consider operational requirements throughout the planning of maritime works although only limited suidance i given on some goneral aspects since the detailed ‘unotional requirements of individual structures are beyond ‘the scope ofthis Part of this code, Section four dlecusses, sea state and gives guidance on the characteristics, prediction, Fecording and effect of waves. Section five deals with the section and evaluation of design loadings arising from the ‘nvironmental and operational effoctedizouszed in the previous sections, taking due account of dynamic response ‘and fatigue. Section six discusses geotechnical expects, Including ground investigations, soll parameters, and geotechnical design requirements, Section seven gives ‘uidance on the use and spacifioation af spprapriate ‘materials and protective measures 2. References ‘The titles ofthe publications referred to in ths standerd are listed on page 164. Dy The Batish STandands sation 117-0040 2000 1 purposes of thi Part af BS 6249 the following nitions apply. NOTE. For other tarms nt sopstetey defined the meanings fellow ‘the gereral Usage of he maritime engnaerng incu. 3.1 Tides 9.4.4 semiatarnal tes. Tides that have two high waters land two low waters in a lunar day of approximately 25 h. 3.1.2 diurnal tes. Tides that have one high watar and one low water in a lunar day. 3.1.3 range, The differenoe in halght between one hinh ‘water and the preceding or following low water 3.1.4 spring tides. The two occasions in lunar month whim the average range of two succossve tds is greatest. 3.1.5. noap tides. The two occasions in a lunar month when ‘the average range of twa cuscestve tides Is least. ‘3.1.6 mean high water springs (MHWS). The average, over long period of time, of the heiahts of two successive high waters at springs, 3.1.7 mean low water springs (MLINS), Tho averogs, over @ tong period of time, of the heights of two successive low waters at springs. 3.1.8 moan high water noope (MHWND. The average, over @ {ong pariod of time, of the heights of two successive high ‘waters at neops, 3.1.9 mean low water neaps (NILWN). The average, over @ long period of time, of the heights of two successive low waters at noaps, 2.1.10 mean soa level (MSL). The average level of the sea surface over a 'ong period, preferahly 18.6 years (one eyele (of the moon's nadas), or the average level which would exist in the absencs of tides. 3.1.11 lowest astronomical tide (LAT). The lowest level ‘that can be predicted to occur undar average meteorological canditians and under any combination of astronomical conditions, NOTE. tt gotten ho level ee 3.1.12 highest astrononiial tide (HAT), The highest level that can be predicted to osour under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions. ftum for soundings on BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 3.2 Ship tonnages 3.2.1 gross cogistored tonnage (grt). The gross internal Volumatrie capacity of the vessel as defined by the rules of the registering uthority and magstirad in nite of 2.88 en? (100 fe. 3.2.2 deadweight tonnage (dw). The total mass of cargo, stores, fuels, erew and reserves with which a vessel s laden ‘when submerged to the summer loeding line NOTE. Althoush thie raretents the lous uring sopaclty ofthe ‘aera ite not an exact maces of he ear load 8.2.8 displacoment, The total mass of the vessel and its contents, NOTE. This i equel ro the volume of water doles by the vosal 33 Waves 2.3.1. wave height. The height of a wave crest above the preceding wave trough. 83.2 wave poriod. Tho time for two successive wave crests 10 passa fixed point, 3.3.3 wavelength, The distance between consecutive wave 83.4 phase velocity. The speed at which a vave propagates. NOTE: The terms ‘av colrt! and ‘olaaty of wave propegsion” tay ala bo ured to dororbe phase veloc 3.3.5 wave steepness, The wave helght divided by the wavelength 43.6 group velocity. The velocity of propagation ofa train ‘of waves, Ic. the velocity at which the energy of she wave train travels, 3.3.7 signitieant wave height. The average height of the highest one third of the waves. 3.3.8. significant wave period. Tho avorage of the poriods of ‘the highest one third of the waves. 3.3.9 zero-crossing wave period. The average period of all, ‘the weves witn troughs below and crests above the mean water love, 23.10 epeotral demity. A mance of the onorgy of the saa state expressed as a function of wave frequency and dirvction,. 4, Symbols “The following symbols are used in this Prt ofthis code Several meanings are cven to some ofthe symbols and the specific meaning is given in each case inthe text where the symbols are usd A Cross-sectional aro. AL Longitudinal projected area of vessel above waterline, An Aree normal to flow. a Exponent in JONSWAP spectral density function, By Beem of vessl a Brasdth of oarth-retaining structure. > Wave ray separation. jot Wave ray soparation at atrival point. by Wave ray soparation in deep water. Co Block coefficient Cox Depth correetion factor for longitudinal current forces, Co Depth correction factor for transverse current forces. BST BS#h349 PART*] 64 MM Db24bb9 0150453 T me Fw Srallou water correction factor. Drea fren cout. e Inertia force coafcent, Lonatuaina euten tore cottons. Longtusinal wind foes cetfiiere. Hyaroaynamie mas oetien Staring force coetiant. Travers eure force eoetcen, Tranwvere wind fore coefficient, nai ener srngth of Erfectve cohesion, ean sizeof graced sone (her subsets for different percentages passing). sui water depth ret pile pretation Eective depth of shot pil ponsration Meximur dipleiment under cya loading. Deep water depth e \Wtor depth tone wavlngth from wal, Depth of tron ere Exfectiveembedmant of shet Depth of lowest trough below wa line. Der of mnt sgh ow wn hat Ma rast ot en Dont tl sl water fSttom of al Dent af water om wl et ‘orem Desth a ators Eten ogy ern ve The eceen ct, Hern i ton fe into, e chart mash Longitudinal current force. Longitudinal wind force Froude number. Wave slam force. Transverse current force. Transverse wind fore. Vertical sll tion foc, Tote weve free Sell force (iilely Fy and). Bed rton eeu, ave reweney Feequtney ot dle onde Frequency at hich pak ocus in spectrum Nevin frequency of erect or aba, Accleation due to gi Move hea e Retained eight of struct, Via bgt at rl pln Breaking wave hight a utr (Copprgne by The Bren Standards Tosutoton Mor Tan 31 17-0041 2000 BST BS*L349 © wlan wave eat u My The th height or height interval in rank- ordered set of, vals, be Hx Mexirourn wave height. 4 Finan Average maximum wave height 1 Hz Therngth (maxim) bight or helght terval fe ina rank-ordored et of ny values, he Hy Wave height in dewp water. r ye Wave height at position (6) He Sionificant wave hgh. mo My Thannth significant wave height in a set m0 Has" Component significant wava height from wave, chart (similarly Ha). a Ay Component wave height from wave chart (simitarty Hs) me te Height of retained sol m tte Clpata tap m @_ Sinton ot of stone, v ix Hala ot esr above wave cart man, line, He Height of sooond highest crest above wave chart A Limiting wave st in probability distrtutions, N* He Height of wave run-up above still water level. . Hy Height of wind measurement above sea surtare, Ho Design wave height. ea Ayase ‘Mesn height of the 0.4 % highest waves. a He Effective deep water wave height. A he Height of top of wall above stil water level py Hf) Spectral density function. Ai Jolt,9) Offshore spectral density function, Pan Jp (0) Wave ditfration intensity facto. n i Number designating a stress range. a J Ratio of offshore wave steepness to squa e beach slope. Ae Ka Costficlent of active earth pressure. Ks Wave ittraction coeticiet. a Ke Wave height eduction factor due to bed ? frition, Ko Goofficient of atest: a Kp Coefficient of pasive Pan k, Wove rerection coefficient. K Wave shoating coefficient. Be Ki, Empirical added mass weltcent (similarly & and K%). R Bed friction factor. Stiffness of equivalent spring fe constant. , Permeability. r Lenath of vsset, sin Wavolenath, 5 Length of vessel between perpendicular. Wavelength in deep water. if ‘Waterline length of vessel. To PART#] 84 MM Ub24bb9 0350454 1 mm BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 ‘Overall length of pile fram deck to apps fix. Fetch length, ‘Submerged length of member, Length of eylinder. Etective length of anchorage, Imeftective length of anchorage, Length of eylinder from water te apparent fixity. Displacement of versel Median mass of graced stone [Maes per unit longth of member, Equivalent excited effective mass per unit length of member. Equivalont mass of structure Machine payload capacity Mass of collular structure and contained soil Number of waves in design condition duration, ‘Scale factor. Number of waves in /th stress range during design life Numbar of zero up-crotsings on wave record, ‘A number between 1 and ny. Total aumbar of stress ranges Anumber, Number of waves in the /th stress range during design Ite, ‘Maximum applied eyelic load. ‘Active wil force per unit length of wall, Maximum water pressure on wall at seabed. Minimum water pressuve ot mall et seabed Passive soll fore por unit length of wall ‘Avaroge maximum save pressure on wall at stil water level Maximum hydrodynamic pracsure an wall at still water love Pore water pressure. Probability. Probability of nth value being equ exceeded. ‘Average maximum wave pressure on wall at its foot. Effoctive uplift wave pressure at foot of wall Proportion of ertieal damping led or Resistance per unit ree to shear along soll slip surface, Reynolds number, Radius. Polar coordinate Ona.cimentional spectral density function, Bad slope {tangent of angle relative to horizontal) Wave period. Period over which observations are taken, Dy The Betis Slondards station 1 7.0047 2000 BS 6349: Part 1 BSI BS#E349 1984 Period at which peak ocours in wave spectrum. Return period. Signitieant wave period. Zero-crossing wave period. Variable used in normal distribution. Tie verieie. Time requited for 90 % of original bacteria in a sample to dio. Wind speed 10 m above sea surface. Instentancous wator partite volocity normal to momber. Wind speed at 2 m above see surteco (othor subscripts for different heights) Instantaneous water particle accoleration normal to mamber. Horizontal component of water particle velocity. Horizontal component of water particle acceleration. Incident current velocity Velocity of vesel normal to berthing face. Design current speed. ‘Average current volocity over moan depth of vessel Critical current velocity, Design wind speed. Vortloa! volosity of water surface, Vertical component of water particle velocity, ‘Average fall velocity of sediment instill wate. Vertical component of water particle acceler tion. Frietion velocity. Velocity of wave propagation, Wave group velocity ave group velocity at arrival point. Wave group velocity in deep water. Velocity of wave propagation in deep water. Water particle orbit width at surface. Fetch width, Width or diameter of submerged structure or smerber, Component of redial in direction parallel to mean wind, Rectangular coordinate Wave prediction parameter. Dimension of submorgod member. Dimension of submerged member. Dimension of submerged member Variable used in normal distribution. Rectangular eoordinat, Tidal lag Pile wall thioknoee Angle of current off bow, Anola of wind redial relative to mean wind direction. ‘Angle of slope from horizontal. Angle of wind off bow of vess Dy The Beth Standards bstton 17.0042 2000 Bo By and Bex 88, 0 and Box 1 y % PART#S 84 MM 1b24bb9 OL50N5S 3 mm Angle of current relative to member axis CGootticiont of wave pressure at surtace dependent upon wave period. Costficfont of wave pressu shoaling, Ratio between wave pressures at surface and at dopth d’ ‘Angle of resultant wind fores off bow of w ‘Angle between direction of wave approach and normal to breakwater. Coefficints used in caleulation of significant wave height In surt zone, Corf ficients used in calculation of maximum ‘wave height in surf zone, ‘Term im JONSWAP spectral density function, Effective bulk weight donsity of sol Drained bute weight daneity of sail Submerged bulk weight density of soil ieelonsity of ground water ithmie decrement of structural damping, ‘of wall friction. ed angle of friction between soll and at eurface due to Mobit structure Maximum angle of friction between soil and structure, ‘Angular ray separation at harbour entrance. Instantanoous height of water surface above still water level. Elevation above still water evel to which wave prossure is exerts Polar coordinate. ‘Anglaof incident wave rlatue to heenkwatne ox, Coefficient in JONSWAP spectral density function. Coefficient in Pirson-Maskowitz spectral ensity function. ‘Torm used in wave chert analysis (= loge!) Coefficient of lovel weve yremute. Coefficient of friction. Kinematic visesity of water. Ratio of circumference to diameter of circle. Mess density of wat Density of air. Stress normal ta plane of sliding Shoar stress exerted on bed by flowing wat Angle defining waue direction, Angle of soll shearing resistance. Mean wa Offshore wave direction. Limiting weve direction (similarly @2). Effective angle of sll shearing resistance. ‘Anal betwoan wave front and bed contour, ‘Angle betwoon wave front and bed contour in ooo water, ‘Term in specteal density functions. direction. BSI BS*b349 PARTS) 84 MM UG24LLA OLSONSL S mm Section two, Environmental considerations 5. Gonoral ‘A fundamental prorequlzito to dezigning a maritime structure {is the understanding and assessmant of the naturally ‘occurring phonomona to which thet structure will be ‘exposed, Information concerning these phenomena may already be available from existing sources; however such data may often be limited in scope and application and further detailed investigations may be required to permit, the selection of design paramoters and to asses the ‘behaviour or impact of the proposed works on their ‘Thiseection deseribec the various environmental phenomena which should be considered for investigation ata coastal site and gives information and guidance on methods of deta collection, 6. Survey control 6.1. General. Tho validity of many meaturoments undertaken ‘on site is dependent on the accuracy to which they have ‘been positioned and levelled, Whenever possible, investiga tion work should be related to the established land survey system, which in-the UK would be the Ordnanoa Survey National Grid. Should this not prove possible thon a focal rid system orientated by azimuth should be established prlor to all other site operations, with sutticient permanently ‘monumented survey stations to allow recovery of the survey arid throughout atleast the constructian time af the Structure, It should always be borne in mind thet although «simple and relatively Inaccurate scheme of survey control ‘may euiffice for the purposes of the inital Investigations, it may at a later date be required to control other work that is connected with the structure but will demand @ much ‘more rigorous approach, 6.2 Loval control. Most in surveys for maritime structures will require a vertical referance in the form of @ water level or tide gauge, Such a (2uge should be established as close as practicable to the scene of the investigations, the required degree of closeness being largely dependent on the nature and range of the tide Inthe locality. Siting of ts gauye Is Important and the following factors should be considered: (a) the gauge haul ba in sufficiently doop water to awoid drying out; (b) It should be sheltered as far as possible from the offect of sea and swell; {c) it should not be in a position where water is impounded as the tide drops; (d) it should be reasonably close to a national or local lao levelling datum reference points (e) it should be shetterad from accidental damage by vessels and should not be mounted or fixed on members Which are subject to settlement, ‘Types of gaugus are deseribed In 10.4, 6.3 Location control 6.3.1 General, Various techniques are avilable for detormining the positioning of measurements undertaken ‘ovor water in relation to the land survey system established ashore. They fall into threo broad categoros, i. visual, radio and electro-optical, with range capabilites extending from a few hundred metres to several hundreds of kilo otros. Survey work associated with arith structures will rarely cal for ranging capabilitos beyond a few Dy The Batis STandands sation 17.0043 2000 9 BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 lometres and itis within this limitation that the following eviews of positioning systems are contained, 6.2 Visual methods. Generally the overall accuracy of Visual positioning methods decreases with Increasing distance and the maximum range for these tachniques Is. approximately 8 km, ‘Sounding sextants provide probably the most economical ‘means of positioning in situations where distances to ‘oordinaved targets are not more than about 4 Km and where visibility isnot a problem. In experianced hands, xxtants can provide a positioning accuracy af # 3m of better although such accuracios ero unlikely to be obtained ata range of 4 km. It has to be emphasized that accurate sextant work ise skill eequired only shrough practiea end ‘experience and inexperienced observers may produce erroneous results, Positioning is usually achioved by resection using two horizontal sextant angles, observed simultaneously from the bbost, to three coordinated targets ashore, The accuracy of such @ fix is governed by the following factors: (a) tho {) the observing technique of the observers: {c) the positioning of the observers relative to the point ‘of measurement : both observers should stand close together and preferably over the point of measurement; (d) the geometry ofthe fix: {6} other ‘common sense’ factors, such as nat observing ‘rough glass ‘A secondary method of positioning by sextant which can. be usefully employed in certain situations is the uso ofa single horizontal sextant angle and transit. Provided thet the observer Ison the transit, the cut-off angle will provide an accurato measurement of the range to the forward ‘transit target subject to the observation marks being loceted each side of the transit, The method again calls for skilful technique both on the part of the observer end the boat handler. It is a method which is particularly useful in Confined situations and, asa general rule, should not be employed over distances greater than 200 m from the forward transit marker, ‘Theodolites set up ashore can be used to position @ boat offshore by intersection, Although a theodolite can measure to an accursey of 25 mmm as opposed to the toxtant’s capability of 300mm, a higher order of positioning accuracy is not necestarly achioved. Lack of synchronism betweett ‘the shore and afloat elements ofthe survey work is the ‘main souree of error. Use of theadolites also reduces tho Hextoility of a survey operation since It may be necessary to have frequent changos in the position ofthe theodolites| in order ta maintain well conditioned intorsoetlone 6.3.3 Radto-positioning methods. Redio-potitioningsystems ‘can be broadly divided into three categories, ie. short ‘medium, and long range. This review is concerned only with the short range systems which, typically, provide e postion Ing capability up to 30 km offehore, Gome short vane systems are capable of ranges in excess of 30 km but this requires very high antennae and/or increased transmitter power. Short range systems operate in marine radar bands S, C and X which correspond wo approximately 3 GHz, 6 GHz and 9 GHZ, respectively Most operate in »range-range mode, meseuring the rangoe from two shore reference stations to a mobile master station, The usual updato rate is better than one second and loration of the sextant; BSI BS*b345 BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 aocurecies of £ 3 m or bottar on each range are generally tohieved under good eonditions. (One X band system is designed to produce position by range and ezimuth, Ranging accurecy is similar to the range: range systeme, Azimuth accuracy is claimed as better than {600 m. This systam is particularly useful in situations where rangeenge shore reference stations cannot be potitioned {ar enough apart to provide a well conditioned fix or in ‘narrow rivers where the uso of range-range systems would Involve the setting up of a much larger number of snore referonce stations. ‘A particular feature of all these systems is their overall effectiveness in the inshore situation. They are light and portable and can be installed by relatively unskilled personnel easily and quickly. They are generally very Taliabie and have low power consumptions allowing them to operate off standard 12 V bettorioe for everal days without attention. {All such systems are essentially line of sight systems and thus their effective ranga is dependent on the height of both shore and mobile station antennas, Heavy rain can attenuate trenamitted signals and significantly reduce ranging capability. Reflections from larg vessels or shore features can eause gross ranging errors but such situations are usually obvious to the user and can be guarded against. “The short range systems achieve ranging either by phase ‘comparison or by pulsing techniques. In goneral, phase ‘comparison systerns have a better ranging accuracy with + 11m possible in good conditions. They are, however, ‘more complex end more expensive, The accurecy of pulsing system is generally quoted as 3m, which i usually atteinable in good eparation conditions 83.4 Electro-optica, infrared and laser systems. Electro- ‘optical, infra-red and laser eysteme ara generally single range ‘measuring instruments devoloped for land survey and with limited application for survey work afloat. Certain types of ‘laetro-optica or laser devices are somotimos sotul in skuations where Its required to run a survey eraft along @ line of constant bearing. The instrument is set up ashore or ‘ona fixed structure and the observer in the survey oraft cen stoer visually along the narrow beam produced by the instument LLaor Instruments have also been developed which can provide a single range fram a mowing erat to any surface ‘capable of reflecting the laser beam. This type of instrument ‘can be particularly useful for work in confined areas such as ‘docks oF clove to harbour walls. Range capabilites of ‘existing instruments are presently limited to around 120 m, ‘when using existing retlectina surfaces. but up to 600 m {and beyond can be obtained from specially installed retro- reflectors. 7, Meteorology and climatology 7.4 Gonoral. This clause describes the meteorological and climatological considerations which should be taken into account during the date collection, design, construction and {perotional stapes of a proposed maritime structure ‘The type and method of collection of information and some possible formas forthe final presentation of data are also outlined. Authoritative meteorological and climatological data can ‘neraliy be obtained trom the meteorological oftice ‘ovoring the area under consideration. pyrene by Me Beth Standards Tesutonon Mor Tan 31 17-0044 2000 PARTXL 84 MM UG24bb9 0150457 ? mm (Of particular interest to the construction industry is the uiak reply climatologles!corviee (CLIMEST} doveloped by the Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire, England, 10 asist tendering and plenning in the UK especially in ‘estimating the time likely to be lost beceuse of adverse ‘weather. CLIMEST gives estimetes of everage monthly and snnual values of reinfal, low temperatures and strong winds applicable to the sta. The information provided by this service is not generally adsquat for dotailed planning and & Turthersite-specitic data search should be undertaken, 72 Wind 7.2.1 Goneral. The constantly meintalned temperature difference betwaen the poles and the equator provides the nergy supaly necassary to drive the planetary atmospheric ‘lrouiation. This eireuletion involves both vertical and horizontal movements of air although tne average horizontal wind speeds are generally of the order of one hundred thmas ‘greater than the average vertical spaeds. Important excep- tions to thisrule do occur, for exemple in convective storms ‘or hurricanes, tropieal eyelones or tyahoons, for which specfal structural design is usually incicated in the local codes of practice. Neturally occurring vertical air movement also becomes important in the study of dispersion of chimney and stack emissions and at sites subjoct to ‘mountain and valley winds or winds affected by major topographic bacriors, The predominant controls on the horizontal movement of ele near the oarth’ssurfaca ara the pressure gradient force, frictional forces and forces due to the rotation ofthe earth, ie. Coriolis and centripetal forc Irrespective of long torm origin and subsequent modifies tion, the wind st and surrounding a maritime construction site is of grat sgnifieanca to the designer, both for the loads It imposes directly on the strueture and for the ‘associated wave heights, wave loading and mooring forces. Loading is discussed in soction five, whilst the forecast of waves from wind measurements is discussed in section four With regard to the later, itis important that wind direction is known so that the fetch can be adequately defined, thereby avoiding the error of forecasting high waves trom strong winds blowing off the land. ‘Long torm wind records are particularly necessary for ‘coastal conctruction fer estimating woether windows and likely delays during site investigation, construction and ‘poration, The effect of the wind on water satup, storm Surge genoration and coastal up-welling is ot importance. Local variations in the wind regime caused by topographic Influence should be considered when defining desian eritora, In addition, a dally cyelo of land and sea broszos may be superimposed on a larger scala wind fold. Typical velocities of we breezes enw 4 in/s to 7 os and of land breezes only about 2 m/s. The time of observation is thus Important and dally readings at say 0900 hours local time may not necessarily give data representative ofthe full 24h, Roliable records of wind speads and directions aro available covering mast parts of the worl, including the oceans, fora large number of years, Such records should provide adequate information for the derivation of tho relevant ‘design parameters, where not already ayeilabe from local wind-toading codes of practice, Records required should Jnclude those relating to: {a} fetch areas where incident waves could be generated; thon with (6) cyclone or eyelonke depressions, for corr surge occurrences: 10 BST BSxb349 PART*L 64 MM Ub24b69 OLS04S8 7 mm (c) typhoon or hurricane tracks and intensities in the Vicinity ofthe site or relevant fetch areas; (q) wind speeds and directions in the vicinity of the site. ‘oth maximum gust and average wind speeds should be obtained as wall as wind direction (see 7.2.4). Records should be checked to ensure that earractione appropriate the particular recording station have been appliad (se 7.2.3), 7.2.2 Wind sensors 7.2.21 General. Wind speed and direction are usually measured by means of some form of anemometer and vane, The output may be elther recorded o- read at regul intervals. The former provides more information, especially regarding the strength and frequency of gusts, and the latter Yields only short term averaged readings. Several types of instrument are avallable at described n 7.2.2.2 to 7.2.2.5. All instruments have edvantages and disadvantages and expert advice should be obtained before instalation, 7.22.2 Cup and vane anemometers. Cup enemometers work on the principle thatthe rate of rotation of vertically ‘mounted cupsis proportional to the wind speed, The output is transmitted either as series of pulses or as a variable Voltage. The former i gonoraly totalized and reed daily iving an estimate of the run of the wind, The voltages from ‘both tho cups and the wind vane on the latter ar elthar ‘output onto voltmeters and read regularly or recorded continuously 7.2.2.3 Impeller type. The impeller-type anwmomster Is similar in funetion to the cup instrument except that the impolier is mounted horizontally along the axis ofthe wind vane, resulting in a more compact rugged unit. 7.2.2.8 Pressure type. The prassure-type anemometer consists ofa hollow tube, one end of which is open and balanced to face into the wind and the other is connected to a sensitive manometer. The pressure in the tube is directly related to the wind speed, 7.2.2.8 Other types. Meny other types of enemometer have bbeen developed, but they are mainly for specialized uses and are not gonerally considered as field instruments ‘They include vortex velocity meters, sanic anemometors, hot-wire anemometers and lasor-Doppler anemometers, 7.2.3 Exposure and level of measurements. Care should be ‘akon when siting an anemometer since eddies ereated by ‘obstructions such as trees and buildings may produce Unreliable maasuremants of the wind speed and direotion and hence inaccurate estimates of the focal wind regime. {mn order to allow the comparison of wind records from different locations and heights, measurements should be referred to the standard height of 10 m above ground level Whenever possible, measuramants aro made at 10 m or ate ‘eater height to obtain an exposure clear of surrounding ‘obstacles. Each instrumont siting should be given an effective height whion is detined as the height over open level terrain In the vicinity which, tis estimated, would have the same mean Wind speeds as those actually recorded on the ‘snemometer, For comparison with an effective height of 10'm a correction has to be applied which will vary with sifferent averaging ume intervals and site conditions and expert advice should be sought before measured values corrected. Historlally, the smallest time interval which could be Identified was 3s, due to the averaging tima of the Dines Pressure tube anemogreph and thus the concept of the 3's Dy The Bath STandands station 17.0045 2000 BS 6349 : Part 1: 1984 ‘maximum gust wes developed. This gusting interval hes been accepted for general structural design purposes and its use 's discussed in full in CP 3 : Chapter V : Part 2; however ‘sts at intervals of soveral milliseconds osm now be meesured and research may be necessary to define significant gusting intarvals for structures which a particularly sensitive to excitation By very short gusts. In particular, the spectral approach has been considered for wind loading cue to gusts. For vary large vessels which have slow response times, considerably longer gusting intervals, ‘ill be necessary to develop the full fender and mooring line strains. Further studies may be desirable in order to bvaluate the lower design gust speed which will be ‘appropriate in such cases. 7.2.8 Presontation and use of wind data, Standard wind records which are usually stored as hourly mean speed and rection and maximum gust speed, may be used as follows (2) As a basis for wave prediction (see section 4). (b) To calculate avereges anc maxima, tor example as shown in percentage frequency tables, le) To proparo wind rose or similar diagrams which Drovide a pictorial summary of the frequency distribu- tion of wind direction and speed measurements. (d) To calaulate extromo wind speed values by plotting measured maxima on a probability sale and oxtra polating along the fine of bust ft, A return period or Teourrence interval can thus be defined for a given wind speed such that itis likely to be exceaded on the average ‘only once in that period. Data can also be plotted on a linear percentage exceedance diegram to illustrate the probability ofa given measured wind speed either being (greater of lose than a certain im {0) To prepare persistance diacrams to show the expected duration and number of occurrences of Particular wind speeds that are likely to be experienced, 7.2.8 Alternative wind intormation. It no messured wind data are available, the atmospheric pressure distribution may be used to caloulata a smaathed pleture of the wind field. Such methods are very approximate and are generally only used for weather forecasting and wave prediction. ‘The exsoclated calculations should be earried out by specialists, 7.3 Precipitation 7.3.1 General, The effect, type and intensity of precipita: ‘tion should be essessed when considering the following aspects of desig. (a) Drainage design. Estimates of maximum expected ralnfall from a 80 yearly or 100 yearly storm should be made, (6) Dood wolght loading. The eccretion of sow vr ice will exert load on a structure, The amount and expoeted

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