REVIEWER IN ELS

- A hazard map is a map that shows locations that are impacted by or sensitive to a specific event. hazard. They're usually
made for natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides. Flooding and tsunamis are both natural disasters.
Hazard maps aid in the prevention of significant injury and death. Geologic hazards are phenomena that occur at irregular
intervals in time and space and have a detrimental impact on the environment.

- The environment and man. These occurrences include the energy transformation of soil, rock, and water masses. different
combinations and circumstances of lithosphere and water Their irregular incidence distinguishes them. Predictability is
tough to achieve. Many geologic dangers have a strong affinity for certain types of land—the characterized by a preference
for inhabiting spaces designated for human use.

- With the exception of dangers connected with glaciers and seasonal snowfall, every form of geologic hazard can be found in
the area. Philippines is a country in Southeast Asia. A landslide occurs when soil, rocks, and vegetative debris are suddenly
or slowly transferred. due to a lack of stability on a slope It can happen when there is a lot of rain, earthquakes, and/or
other natural disasters. A extremely loud roar accompanied the volcanic eruption. Landslides are caused by the collapse of
materials to make up the hill slope, and they are accelerated by the wind. the gravitational force Landslides, also known as
landslips, slumps, or slope failure, are a type of landslide.

- Listed below are some of the human activities that speed up or trigger landslide:
- a. Overloading slopes
- b. Mining which uses explosives underground
- c. Excavation or displacement of rocks.
- d. Land use such as modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways, buildings, houses, etc.
- e. Quarrying which includes excavation or pit, open to the air, from which building stone, slate, or the
- like is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.
- f. Land pollution which is the degradation of earth’s land surface, exploitation of minerals and improper
- use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices.
- g. Excavation which pertains to exposure, processing, and recording of archaeological remains
- h. Cutting Trees that can lead to deforestation and may encourage landslide

Several landslide impacts have been observed as a result of these human activities. This results in property damage.
harm and death, as well as having a negative impact on a range of resources. Water supply, fisheries, and sewage are only a
few examples.
After a slide, disposal systems, forests, dams, and roadways may be impacted for years. The disadvantages
The expense of repairing structures, the loss of property value, and the disruption of business are all economic
repercussions of landslides.
ancillary costs such as lost timber and fish, as well as transportation routes and medical costs in the event of accident
stocks. Landslides can have an impact on water availability, quantity, and quality. Geotechnical investigations and
engineering initiatives to evaluate and stabilize potentially hazardous situations

a. Stay alert and awake. Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
b. If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so.
c. Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders
knocking together.
d. If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow and
for a change from clear to muddy water.
e. Be especially alert when driving. Bridges may be washed out, and culverts overtop.
f. Be aware that strong shaking from earthquakes can induce or intensify the effects of landslides.
 - A hazard is something that has the potential to cause harm. Substances, events, or conditions can all be categorized as
risks when their nature allows them to do harm to health, life, property, or any other valuable interest, even if only
potentially.

- Hydrology is the study of water on the Earth's surface and beneath its surface, as well as the occurrence and movement of
water, its physical and chemical qualities, and its relationship with living and non-living things. environmental components

- Amihan refers to the season dominated by the trade winds, which are felt as a chilly northeast breeze in the Philippines.
Moderate temperatures, little or no rain in the central and western parts of Luzon and Visayas, and a prevailing wind
characterize it. originating in the east

- Habagat, on the other hand, is a southwesterly wind that brings heavy rain and humid weather.

- Phenomena - an observed or observable fact, occurrence, or circumstance: to examine natural phenomena, something
spectacular or extraordinary. A extraordinary or exceptional individual; a prodigy; a marvel.

- Hydrometeorological hazards
-  They are brought by extreme meteorological and climate phenomena that include tropical cyclones,
- thunderstorms, tornado (ipo-ipo) drought, and floods.
-  They account for a dominant fraction of natural hazards and occur in all regions of the world, although
- the frequency and intensity of certain hazards and society’s vulnerability to them differ between
- regions.
-  Severe storms, strong winds, floods, and droughts develop at different spatial and temporal scales, but
- all can become disasters that cause significant infrastructure damage and claim hundreds of thousands
- of lives annually worldwide.
-  Oftentimes, multiple hazards can occur simultaneously or trigger cascading impacts from one extreme
- weather event.
-  For example, in addition to causing injuries, deaths, and material damage, a tropical storm can also
- result in flooding and mudslides, which can disrupt water purification and sewage disposal systems,
- cause overflow of toxic wastes, and increase propagation of mosquito-borne diseases.

Examples of Hydrometeorological Hazard in the Philippines

- Tropical cyclones are referred to by different names depending on where you reside. Typhoons are called typhoons in the
Western North Pacific in the Philippines, Japan, and China, while hurricanes are called typhoons in the North Atlantic Ocean
and the Eastern North Pacific. Typhoon Haiphong (1881), Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) (2013), Tropical Storm Thelma (Uring)
(1991), Typhoon Bopha (Pablo) (2012), and Typhoon Angela (2013) are the top five most damaging typhoons to strike the
Philippines (1867).
- Classification of Cyclone
 Tropical Depression - maximum winds from 35
kph to 63 kph
 Tropical Storm – maximum winds from 64 kph
to 118 kph
 Typhoons – maximum winds exceeding 118
Kph
- The word "monsoon" is thought to have derived from the Arabic word mawsim (season), via Portuguese and the Dutch
monsun. Every year, the Philippines has two monsoons: the Summer Southwest (Habagat) and the Winter Northeast
Monsoon (Amihan).
- 1. Amihan: brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings during the dry season (October to late March)
- 2. Habagat: brings heavy rains and some deadly typhoons (June to September)

- A flood is defined as an abnormally rapid rise in the water level of a stream that may cause it to overflow. the water in the
stream's regular boundaries The amount, speed, and duration of a flood can all vary.
 - Northern Luzon, Southeastern Luzon and Eastern Visayas are the areas highly at risk to the occurrence of tropical
depressions, tropical storms, typhoons and super typhoons.

- Types of floods
- 1. NATURAL
- • intense and or prolonged rainfall, storm surges, and high tide.
- 2. MANMADE
- • Increased urbanization and coastal development
- • Informal settlers
- • Indiscriminate dumping of garbage
- • Deforestation
- • Failure of levees and dam
- • Blasting

Tornado (Ipo-ipo)

• a localized windstorm characterized by a

visible funnel-shaped, rapidly whirling cloud

extending downward from the base of a dark

cumulonimbus cloud.

• also known as twister

• Buhawi or ipo-ipo

• Wind speeds are estimated to exceed 450 KPH

and may last few minutes

Precautionary signs BEFORE a tornado:

1. The appearance of a funnel-shaped column from the base of the cumulonimbus cloud

2. having weather that feels warm, humid, uncomfortable and calm.

3. lightning and thunder

4. roaring and buzzing sound of the tornado as it reaches the ground