PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 1 In this lesson, you will study two groups of prefixes: 1) time/order and 2) degree/size. Look at the following chart. Time/Order Degree/Size Prefix Meaning | Example Prefix Meaning Example 1. pre- | before | pre-war | 4. super- | above superhuman 2. post- | after post-war more than 3. re- | again, back| rebuild | 5. over- | toomuch | overeat replace EXERCISE: In the sentences below complete each word with a prefix chosen from the following list. You may use your dictionary re- post- over- pre- super- We hope the bus won't be overcrowded Do you think the Mayor will be elected for a second time? After he got a Ph.D. in Chemistry, he did doctoral work at Oxford University. He took cautions against burglary by installing an alarm. oR ena The tourist guide promised the tourists that they would get a fund if they did not like the trip, 6. He added a script at the end of the letter. 7. The sonic plane flies from New York to Paris in two hours and forty minutes.PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 2 Here are five more suffixes: -tion(-ation, -ition), -ment, -ance(-ence), -al and -age. Look at the examples in the chart below. They are all nouns. They have all been formed from verbs Suffix Meaning Example 1. -tion creation (-ation) fixation (-ition) demolition 2. -ment state, action arrangement 3. -ance assistance (-ence) difference 4. -al action refusal 5. -age extent, amount | coverage EXERCISE 1: Look at the above examples again. Give the verbs from which these nouns have been formed. You may use the dictionary. VERB NOUN 1 create creation 2 fixation 3. demolition 4, arrangement 5. assistance 6. difference 7. refusal 8. coveragePREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS EXERCISE 2: Complete the meanings of these sentences by using the correct form (noun or verb) of the words in parentheses. (arrive) 1. Have they told you of their arrival date? (move) 2. Kasem says he believes in progress, and it is for this reason that he recently joined the progressive (negotiation) 3. The police have with the hijackers for hours (package) 4. Have you the dried foodstuff yet? (destine) 5. The of the hi-jacked plane is still uncertain. (conference) 6. The participants will with the minister.PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 3 Here are examples of prefixes, suffixes and roots. Root Meaning Example 1. -cred- believe credible 2. -vis(e)- see television 3. -scribe- write transcribe (script) EXERCISE: Using all you know about prefixes, suffixes, and roots, guess the meaning of each of the underlined words from their context. Underline the letter of the best answer. 1, Credulous people will accept all the promises of the politicians. a. with low education b. well-planned c. stupid and selfish d. ready to believe things ny What they did was incredible. unbelievable ar very interesting c. quite understandable a much impressed We inscribe a tomb with a name. write words on carefully paint build up usually remember eos pw Take this prescription to the drug store announcement diagram written order eo aRPREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS d. result 5, Pilots must have perfect vision before they may obtain a license. a. training b. health c. sight 4. ability 6. The manager appointed one person to supervise his workers. a. invite b. pay c. improve d. observePREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 4 In this lesson, you will study three more roots: -dlct-, -gress- and -Ject-. Look at the chart below. Root Meaning Example 1. -dict- say, speak diction 2. -gress- move, step progressive 3. ~ject- throw, put inject EXERCISE: Make words by combining the prefixes listed in Column A with the roots in Column B, and use these words in completing the following sentences. The meaning given in parentheses will help you get the right word Column A Column B Column A Column B pre- -dict- pro- -gress- re- -ject- e(x)- 4, The teacher marked the pupil's progress (advance) on a chart. 2. The architect was very disappointed that his new city plan had been ed. (tumed down) 3, Please (cause a picture to appear on the screen) the picture on the screen so that everyone can see it. 4. The fortune teller ed (told in advance) that there would be an earthquake.PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 5 Now you will learn five more prefixes: un-, de-, dis-, mis- and mal-. Look at the following chart. Prefix Meaning Example 1. un- 7 — | unpack 2. de- [- reverse the action + decode 3. diss |— ‘— | disconnect 4. mis- wrongly misinform 5. mal- badly, bad maltreat EXERCISE: Write the opposite meanings of the underlined words. Study the chart before doing this exercise. Be sure to use your dictionary if you need help. The proposal for the new bridge is acceptable. unacceptable The discussion ended up with most people in agreement You have spelled too many words. The phone company will connect your telephone soon. OR ONS Due to the deaths of several patients, a lawyer was sent to investigate the doctor's practice The author was angry because he was quoted in the newspaper. 7. The province was populated after the war. 2PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 6 This lesson focuses on the suffixes that change adjectives and nouns to abstract nouns. Look at the chart below. Suffix Meaning Example f_ 1. -ness meanness ‘Ag. [1 Ab L state, quality N L 2. -ity legality 1 [> 3. -hood status childhood N Ab. 4. -ship status, condition | friendship N L 5. -dom domain, condition | kingdom EXERCISE: Fill in each blank with the correct form of one of the words taken from the list below. Be careful. There are more words than blanks. child similar responsible happy member possible kind friend a) Those two boys look alike and act alike. The similarness is amazing b) If you need to have something done, call on Edie. She never refuses to take on the job. She has a great sense of c) Due to the teacher's the students took an outing instead of an examination. d) They have been friends for a long time. Their began during their e) I'm not sure how many people belong to this club. | think the fee must be about three hundred.PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 7 In this lesson, you will study four more common roots: -form-, -port-, spect-, and -mit- (-miss-). These roots will help you guess the meaning of new words. Root Meaning Example 1. -form- form, shape reform 2. -port- carry portable 3. -spect- look prospective 4, -mit-(-miss-) send transmitter EXERCISE: Select the most suitable answer. suspects emits informed conform _ transportation submitted formative inspected imported —_dismissed 1. In order to promote the sale of Thai cigarettes, the government has banned those from other countries. 2. The servant was for being dishonest 3. Have you them of your intended departure? 4.He the notes and found that they were forgeries. 5. Avoleano smoke and ashes 6. My car is being repaired so | am without 7. You should to the rules. 8. All the Were taken to jail for questioning about the murder. 9. All papers must be no later than Friday 10. Psychologists today say that the years of a child are from birth to age 6.PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 8 This lesson will present three more roots: -flect-, -tract- and -tend-. Study the chart and notice the meaning of each root. Root Meaning Example 1, -flect- bend deflect (-flex-) flexor 2. -tract- draw, pull tractor 3. -tend- stretch extend (-tens-) extension EXERCISE: To complete the blanks correctly, you will need some but not all of these words. Use one word only for each answer. Do not use any word more than once. You are allowed to use your dictionary. distract tractable retracted extend tenseness extensive inflexible _reflection, 1, Julie cleaned the oak table so well that she could see her own init 2. Iwill have to my leave of absence. 3 Do not take his mind off his work. Do not him. 4. The tortoise its head by withdrawing it into its shell 5. Professor Jones is like an encyclopedia; his knowledge is very 6. The schedule for the trip is because the hotel reservation cannot be cancelled or changedPREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 9 In this lesson, you will study two prefixes: be-, en-(em-) and three suffixes: -ify, -ize and - en. Prefix Meaning Example 1. be- complete bewitch around becalm about away cover with 2. en make into endanger (em-) put into empower get into Suffix Meaning Example 1. -ify falsify. cause to become 2. -ize modernize make 3. -en sadden becomePREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS EXERCISE 1: Write either be- or en- to complete the meaning of the sentences. 4, The man wanted to_enlarge his only daughter's picture. 2. People who come into contact with her are deviled. 3. He felt couraged by the progress he made. 4, She decks herself with jewels. 5. Ihave listed him in this enterprise. EXERCISE 2: Complete the following sentences by changing the adjectives or nouns in italics into verbs by using -ify, ize or -en. 4. Your explanation is too difficult for me to understand. Can you simpli ita little? simple 2. The runway is too short to take the planes. They are making plans to it length 3. Most people seem to think it would be a good idea to units of weights and measurements throughout the world. standard 4. That water is not pure enough to drink. It will have to be before it can be used pure 5. The government says it is spending too much money, and that ways must be found to economyPREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS LESSON 10 This lesson focuses on number prefixes: uni-, mono-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi- and poly-. Look at the chart below. Prefix Meaning Example 1. uni- one uniform mono- monotone 2. bi- two bilingual 3. tri- three tricolor 4. multi- many multi-racial poly- polyclinic EXERCISE: Complete the following sentences with the correct number prefixes: unl-, mono-, bi-, tri-, multi- and poly-. 1. “Juxtaposition” and “metamorphosis” are examples of ___polysyllabic words. 2. In Thailand we need -storied car parks to accommodate all the cars. 3.A" com’, a horse-like animal with one long horn, is the symbol of Wales. 4, Because of the energy crisis, cycles are becoming increasingly popular. 5. Nowadays cycles are still popular with small children. 6. One of the fastest means of transportation in Japan is the railPREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS EXTRA EXERCISES 1 Using prefixes A prefix at the front of a word changes its meaning: un- means not or the opposite of the rest of the word: eg uneaten means not eaten dis- also means not: eg disagreed means not agreed re- means again: eg redone means done again pre- means before: eg predate means to come before Which prefix would you use in each of these sentences? 4. I'm sorry, I’m (un, dis) unable to come to your party next week. 2. Ihave to stay in to (pre, re) __vise for my exam. 3. This is a secret, please don't (un, re)__peat it to anyone. 4. She (un, dis)___agrees with everything | say. 5. You need to (re, pre)__cook the pastry before baking the pie. What do these sentences mean? Is a) or b) the nearest meaning? 41. We need to reappoint for that job as soon as possible. a) We need to appoint again for that job as. b) We do not need to appoint for that job soon as possible. as soon as possible. 2. A good CV's a precondition of employment. a) A good CV is a condition of being b) A good CV is needed before anyone employed again. can be employed. 3. I'm worried that he will disappear before he has paid. a) I'm worried that he will appear again b) I'm worried that he will not appear again before he has paid. before he has paid.PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS Using suffixes A suffix on the end of a word changes its meaning. “8, -es means more than one ( plural): eg one book but two books; one tax but too many taxes -ing or -ed | shows when something happened - in the present (-ing) or past (-ed) tense eg | am working there now or | worked there last week. -er,-est | means more or most of something: eg that drink was colder (more cold ) or that was the coldest drink (the most cold) -ful or-less | shows there is a lot of something (hopeful - a lot of hope) or none of something (hopeless - no hope) Which suffix would you use in these sentences? 4. 1am look__(ing, ed) for information on Paris, but there are too many book__(s, es) to choose from in the library. 2. The woman next to me was young___(er, est) than me, but Sarah was by far the young___ (er, est) person in the room. 3. It was really thought___ (ful, less) of you to bring that cake, especially as my son had been so care___(ful, less) in burning the one he made. 4, Are you look___(ing, ed) for yesterday's paper? After | look___(ing, ed) at it, | put it in the recycl___(ing, ed).PREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS EXTRA EXERCISES 2 A. Directions: 1. Match the prefix to its meaning 2. Underline the correct answer. Example: bi- a. same b. twice (two times) —_¢. wrong 1. dis— a. not b. after c. again 2. im— a.not b. before c. wrong 3. mis= a. correctly b. wrongly c. after 4. pree a. before b. not c. wrongly 5.re= a. correctly b. again c. after Change the following nouns and verbs to adjectives using the suffix -y. Words that end with -, take off the -e before adding -y. grease laze haze bone smoke Words that end with a short vowel and a consonant, double the final consonant before adding — y. (except words which end with -x) fun run fat sun nut Most other words, just add —y. wind crisp mess irt thirstPREFIXES, SUFFIXES AND ROOTS Now try these! slime flop snow cheese fiab rain fuss water stone dust sleep craze sag bead scare greed skin star snap sparkle shine trick noise wax chat