1 Cell biology

the fundamental unit of all life forms

I. 1 Introduction to cells -

the smallest units of life

111 Cell Theory

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an individual cell can perform all the

functions of life
-

All organisms are composed of one or more ④ -

cells can only come from pre-existing

cells

A) Unicellular organisms

Metabolism Living things undertake essential chemical reactions

Reproduction Living things produce offspring ,

either
sexually or asexually
sensitivity Living things are responsive to internal and external stimuli
Homeostasis Living things maintain a stable internal environment

Excretion Living things exhibit the removal of waste products

Nutrition Living things exchange materials and gases with the environment
Growth Living things can move and change shape or size

B) Magnification
=ZÉÉ?,%÷
(4) Surface area to volume ratio

'

V :
The rate of metabolism of a cell

5. A :
The rate of material exchange

The bigger the cell , the smaller surface area to volume ratio

surface area to Volume ratio is important in the limitation of

cell cize since the smaller ratio the more difficult exchange
and transport of substances in the cell

(b) Emergent properties

cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

161 Differentiation

'

Differentiation is the process during development whereby newly formed cells become more

specialized and distinct from one another as they mature

-

Differentiation involves the expression of some genes from the organism's genome in the cell ,

but not others

① transpiration

¥
② Plant :
roots leaves
/ to replace losses from transpiration

③ Cohesive tho , structure of xylem vessels → transport under tension

④ adhesive Hi , evaporation → generate tension forces in leaf cell wall

④ Active uptake of mineral ions in the roots → absorption water . Osmosis

⑥ Water conservation :
plants in deserts , saline soils

⑦ in xylem / simple apparatus

⑧ primary xylem vessels / micro
images .

⑨ the effect of temperature or

humidity on
transpiration
rates
9. 2
Transport in the phloem of plants
Translocation in the phloem
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Translocation
-

the movement of organic molecules through the phloem tissue of plants

-

The phloem consists of two types of living cell :

Perforated wall

§ f-
- .
-5
cell
µ
Phloem with cytoplasm
.
,-
companion ce" " connected to the sieve tube ""s

nucleus

-
sieve tube phloem :
perforated to allow the movement of solutes through them

xylem :
carries water and mineral salts in one direction
from the tools to the leaves
I
-

phloem i can -

Etonsport materials in either direction through the plant

Translocation moves materials from a source , where they are made

or stored , to a sink , where they are used

-
The products of photosynthesis, including sugars and amino acids ,
move from leaf cells, which are a source, into the phloem
-

sugars are transported mostly as sucrose

is not as readily available for plant tissues to metabolise directly in respiration

- sucrose

and is not broken down and used in transport