Open Stax Elementary Algebra Textbook

Elementary Algebra 2e
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

LYNN MARECEK, SANTA ANA COLLEGE
MARYANNE ANTHONY-SMITH, SANTA ANA COLLEGE
ANDREA HONEYCUTT MATHIS, NORTHEAST MISSISSIPPI COMMUNITY COLLEGE

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ⓐ 14 ≤ 27 ⓑ 19 − 2 ≠ 8 ⓒ 12 > 4 ÷ 2 ⓓ x − 7 < 1
5 5I5I .*/(0!@".+)@(#!.@%*0+@*#(%/$X
ⓐ 19 ≥ 15 ⓑ 7 = 12 − 5 ⓒ 15 ÷ 3 < 8 ⓓ y + 3 > 6
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Seventeen more than y
Seventeen added to y
y + 17
ⓑ $!@'!5@3+. /@.! 92@@A5.;L@$!5@0!((@1/@0+@/10.0L 2@@A5.; )!*/@e/10.0! @".+)Lf
Nine less than 9x 2

Nine subtracted from 9x 2
9x 2 − 9
5 5I5I
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five times the sum of m and n

5 (m + n)
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the sum of five times m and n
5m + n
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6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
5 5I5I
1.!* $/ %)!/ * *%'!(/ %* $!. ,1./!L $! *1)!. +" %)!/ %/ 0$.!! )+.! 0$* /!2!* 0%)!/ 0$! *1)!. +"
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;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@A?.;@9.A23?<:.942/?.A<;496@5
16 − 9
3·9 28 ÷ 4
x + 11 (2)(7) (4)(8)
14 < 21 17 < 35 36 ≥ 19
6n = 36 y−1>6
y−4>8
2 ≤ 18 ÷ 6 a ≠ 1 · 12
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@12A2?:6;2632.056@.;2E=?2@@6<;<?.;2>B.A6<;
9 · 6 = 54 7 · 9 = 63 5·4 + 3
x+7 x+9 y − 5 = 25
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53
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ⓐ 3 + 8·5 ⓑ (3 + 8) · 5 ⓐ 2 + 6·3 ⓑ (2 + 6) · 3 2 3 − 12 ÷ (9 − 5)
3 2 − 18 ÷ (11 − 5) 3·8 + 5·2 4·7 + 3·5
2 + 8(6 + 1)
4 + 6(3 + 6) 4 · 12/8
2 · 36/6 (6 + 10) ÷ (2 + 2) (9 + 12) ÷ (3 + 4)
20 ÷ 4 + 6 · 5 33 ÷ 3 + 8 · 2 32 + 72
(3 + 7) 2 3(1 + 9 · 6) − 4 2
5(2 + 8 · 4) − 7 2
2⎡⎣1 + 3(10 − 2)⎤⎦ 5⎡⎣2 + 4(3 − 2)⎤⎦
/%.-5'51)+,,"('
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@2C.9B.A2A523<99<D6;42E=?2@@6<;@
7x + 8 3$!* x = 2 8x − 6 3$!* x = 7 x 2 3$!* x = 12
x 3 3$!* x = 5 x 5 3$!* x = 2 4 x 3$!* x = 2
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
x 2 + 3x − 7 3$!* x = 4
6x + 3y − 9 3$!* (x − y) 2 3$!*
x = 6, y = 9 x = 10, y = 7
(x + y) 2 3$!* x = 6, y = 9 a 2 + b 2 3$!* a = 3, b = 8 r 2 − s 2 3$!* r = 12, s = 5
2l + 2w 3$!*
2l + 2w 3$!*
l = 15, w = 12 l = 18, w = 14
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x 3, 8x, 14, 8y, 5, 8x 3
6z, 3w 2, 1, 6z 2, 4z, w 2
9a, a 2, 16, 16b 2, 4, 9b 2

3, 25r 2, 10s, 10r, 4r 2, 3s
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@612;A63FA52A2?:@6;2.052E=?2@@6<;

15x 2 + 6x + 2 11x 2 + 8x + 5 10y 3 + y + 2
9y 3 + y + 5
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10x + 3x
15x + 4x 4c + 2c + c
6y + 4y + y 7u + 2 + 3u + 1 8d + 6 + 2d + 5
10a + 7 + 5a − 2 + 7a − 4 7c + 4 + 6c − 3 + 9c − 1
3x 2 + 12x + 11 + 14x 2 + 8x + 5 5b 2 + 9b + 10 + 2b 2 + 3b − 4
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+"-"' 51+",,
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6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF

..+8.#?,><+->8>/1/<=
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;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
*1)!./ ).'! 5 ,+%*0/ %* " .+ @=G .! ((! 0$! %*0!#!./L $! %*0!#!./ .! 0$! *1)!./
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" .+5@=G ((@0$!@).'! @*1)!./@.!@((!

6;A242?@L
5@=B?
. !.@!$@+"@0$!@"+((+3%*#@,%./@+"@*1)!./J@1/%*#@Z@+.@\X ⓐ 14___6 ⓑ −1___9 ⓒ −1___−4 ⓓ 2___−20.

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ⓐ 14___6
OR@%/@0+@0$!@.%#$0@+"@T@+*@0$!@*1)!.@(%*!L 14 > 6
ⓑ −1___9
hO@%/@0+@0$!@(!"0@+"@W@+*@0$!@*1)!.@(%*!L −1 < 9
ⓒ −1___−4
hO@%/@0+@0$!@.%#$0@+"@hR@+*@0$!@*1)!.@(%*!L −1 > −4
ⓓ 2___−20
P@%/@0+@0$!@.%#$0@+"@hPN@+*@0$!@*1)!.@(%*!L 2 > −20
5 5I5I
. !.@!$@+"@0$!@"+((+3%*#@,%./@+"@*1)!./J@1/%*# < +. > : ⓐ 15___7 ⓑ −2___5 ⓒ −3___−7

ⓓ 5___−17.
5 5I5I
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ⓓ 9___−21.
+1 )5 $2! *+0%! 0$0J +* 0$! *1)!. (%*!J 0$! *!#0%2! *1)!./ .! )%..+. %)#! +" 0$! ,+/%0%2! *1)!./J 3%0$
6!.+ %* 0$! )% (!L !1/! 0$! *1)!./ P * −2 .! 0$! /)! %/0*! ".+) 6!.+J 0$!5 .! ((! ())(,"-,L $!
+,,+/%0!@+"@P@%/ −2, * @0$!@+,,+/%0!@+" −2 %/@PL
::9=3>/
$! ())(,"- +" *1)!. %/ 0$! *1)!. 0$0 %/ 0$! /)! %/0*! ".+) 6!.+ +* 0$! *1)!. (%*! 10 +* 0$! +,,+/%0!
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6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
" .+5@=H $!@+,,+/%0!@+"@Q@%/ −3.
+)!0%)!/ %* (#!. 0$! /)! /5)+( $/ %""!.!*0 )!*%*#/L 1/0 (%'! /+)! 3+. / %* *#(%/$J 0$! /,!%"% )!*%*#
!+)!/@(!.@5@(++'%*#@0@$+3@%0@%/@1/! L@+1@$2!@/!!*@0$!@/5)+(@ehf@1/! @%*@0$.!!@ %""!.!*0@35/L
10 − 4 Between two numbers, it indicates the operation of subtraction.
We read 10 − 4 as “10 minus 4.”
−8 In front of a number, it indicates a negative number.
We read −8 as “negative eight.”
−x In front of a variable, it indicates the opposite. We read −x as “the opposite of x.”
−(−2) Here there are two “ − ” signs. The one in the parentheses tells us the number is
negative 2. The one outside the parentheses tells us to take the opposite of −2.
We read −(−2) as “the opposite of negative two.”
!03!!*@03+@*1)!./J@%0@%* %0!/@0$!@+,!.0%+*@+" @B/A?.0A6<;L

10 − 4
!@.! 10 − 4 /@BON@)%*1/@RLB
−8 *@".+*0@+"@@*1)!.J@%0@%* %0!/@ ;24.A6C2 *1)!.L

!@.! @hV@/@B*!#0%2!@!%#$0LB
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!.!@0$!.!@.!@03+@BhB@/%#*/L@$!@+*!@%*@0$!@,.!*0$!/!/@0!((/@1/@0$!@*1)!.@%/@*!#0%2!@PL@$!
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5 5I5I %* X ⓐ 0$!@+,,+/%0!@+"@R ⓑ 0$!@+,,+/%0!@+" −3 ⓒ −(−1).
5 5I5I %* X ⓐ 0$!@+,,+/%0!@+"@V ⓑ 0$!@+,,+/%0!@+" −5 ⓒ −(−5).
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5 5I5I 2(10! −n, 3$!* ⓐ n = 4 ⓑ n = −4.
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9 ___ − |−9|
ⓒ −9 ___ −9
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−(−16) ___ − |−16|

ⓓ 16 ___ −16
%),(%"5L 16 > −16
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6B?

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5 5I5I
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5 5I5I
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Brackets [] Absolute value | |
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5 5I5I %),(%"5X 9 − |8 − 4(7 − 5)|.
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5 5I5I
2(10!X ⓐ |x| when x = −17 ⓑ |−y| when y = −39 ⓒ −|m| when m = 22 ⓓ −| p| when p = −11.
5 5I5I
2(10!X ⓐ |y| when y = −23 ⓑ |−y| when y = −21 ⓒ −|n| when n = 37 ⓓ −|q| when q = −49.
5 '- +,

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+@ −5 + (−3), 3!@.!(%6!@0$%/@)!*/@0$!@/1)@+" −5 and − 3.
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5 5I5I Xⓐ 2+4 ⓑ −2 + (−4).
5 5I5I Xⓐ 2+5 ⓑ −2 + (−5).
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5 5I5I Xⓐ −2 + 4 ⓑ 2 + (−4).
5 5I5I Xⓐ −2 + 5 ⓑ 2 + (−5).
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/%),(%"5@,.+(!)/@3%0$@*5@*1)!./L
$!* 5+1 *!! 0+ *1)!./ /1$ / 37 + (−53), 5+1 .!((5 +*d0 3*0 0+ $2! 0+ +1*0 +10 QU (1! +1*0!./ *
SQ@.! @+1*0!./L@%0$@0$!@)+ !(@%*@5+1.@)%* J@*@5+1@2%/1(%6!@3$0@5+1@3+1( @ +@0+@/+(2!@0$!@,.+(!)]
%01.! QU (1! +1*0!./ 3%0$ SQ .! +1*0!./ (%*! 1, 1* !.*!0$L %*! 0$!.! 3+1( ! )+.! .! F*!#0%2!G +1*0!./
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53 − 37 = 16, 0$!.!@.!@OT@)+.!@.! @+1*0!./L
$!.!"+.!J@0$!@/1)@+" 37 + (−53) %/ −16.
37 + (−53) = −16
!0d/ 0.5 *+0$!. +*!L !d(( −74 + (−27). #%*J %)#%*! UR .! +1*0!./ * PU )+.! .! +1*0!./J /+ 3!d $2!
ONO@.! @+1*0!./L@$%/@)!*/@0$!@/1)@%/ −101.
−74 + (−27) = −101

!0d/@(++'@#%*@0@0$!@.!/1(0/@+"@ %*#@0$!@ %""!.!*0@+)%*0%+*/@+" 5, −5 * 3, −3.
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5+3 −5 + (−3)
8 −8
both positive, sum positive both negative, sum negative
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6B?

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−5 + 3 5 + (−3)
−2 2
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Add. −50
5 5I5I %),(%"5X ⓐ −31 + (−19) ⓑ 15 + (−32).
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+3@3!@3%((@/10.0 −5 − (−3). 0$@"+.@/%)%(.%0%!/@0+@0$!@(/0@!4),(! 5 − 3 = 2.

+@/10.0 −5 − (−3), 3!@.!/00!@0$%/@/ “–5 0'!@35 –3”
!@/0.0@3%0$@S@*!#0%2!/L
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3%0$@P@,+/%0%2!/L
*@0$!@/!+* @!4),(!J@3!@/10.0@Q@*!#0%2!/@".+)@S@*!#0%2!/@* @!* @1,@3%0$@P@*!#0%2!/L
$@!4),(!@1/! @+1*0!./@+"@+*(5@+*!@+(+.J@* @0$!@e0'!@35f@)+ !(@+"@/10.0%+*@3/@!/5@0+@,,(5L
5@=C@
10.0X ⓐ 7−5 ⓑ −7 − (−5).
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
(%.-"('
ⓐ 7−5
'!@S@,+/%0%2!@".+)@U@,+/%0%2!/@* @#!0@P@,+/%0%2!/L 2
ⓑ −7 − (−5)
'!@S@*!#0%2!/@".+)@U@*!#0%2!/@* @#!0@P@*!#0%2!/L −2
5 5I5I 10.0X ⓐ 6−4 ⓑ −6 − (−4).
5 5I5I 10.0X ⓐ 7−4 ⓑ −7 − (−4).
$0 $,,!*/ 3$!* 3! $2! 0+ /10.0 +*! ,+/%0%2! * +*! *!#0%2! *1)!.] !d(( *!! 0+ 1/! +0$ 3$%0! * .!
+1*0!./ / 3!(( / /+)! *!10.( ,%./L %*# *!10.( ,%. +!/ *+0 $*#! 0$! 2(1!L 0 %/ (%'! $*#%*# -1.0!./ 0+
*%'!(/b0$!@2(1!@%/@0$!@/)!J@10@%0@(++'/@ %""!.!*0L
< +@/10.0 −5 − 3, 3!@.!/00!@%0@/ −5 0'!@35@QL
!@/0.0@3%0$@S@*!#0%2!/L@!@*!! @0+@0'!@35@Q@,+/%0%2!/J@10@3!@ +@*+0@$2!@*5@,+/%0%2!/@0+@0'!@35L
!)!)!.J *!10.( ,%. $/ 2(1! 6!.+L " 3! N 0+ S %0/ 2(1! %/ /0%(( SL ! *!10.( ,%./ 0+ 0$! S *!#0%2!/ 1*0%(
3!@#!0@Q@,+/%0%2!/@0+@0'!@35L
hS@h@Q@)!*/@hS@0'!@35@QL
!@/0.0@3%0$@S@*!#0%2!/L
!@*+3@ @0$!@*!10.(/@*!! ! @0+@#!0@Q@,+/%0%2!/L
!@.!)+2!@0$!@Q@,+/%0%2!/L
!@.!@(!"0@3%0$@V@*!#0%2!/L
$!@ %""!.!*!@+"@hS@* @Q@%/@hVL hS@h@Q@[@hV
* *+3J 0$! "+1.0$ /!J 5 − (−3). ! /0.0 3%0$ S ,+/%0%2!/L ! *!! 0+ 0'! 35 Q *!#0%2!/J 10 0$!.! .! *+
*!#0%2!/@0+@0'!@35L@+@3!@ @*!10.(@,%./@1*0%(@3!@$2!@Q@*!#0%2!/@0+@0'!@35L
;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
S@h@FhQG@)!*/@S@0'!@35@hQL
!@/0.0@3%0$@S@,+/%0%2!/L
!@*+3@ @0$!@*!! ! @*!10.(/@,%./L
!@.!)+2!@0$!@Q@*!#0%2!/L
!@.!@(!"0@3%0$@V@,+/%0%2!/L
$!@ %""!.!*!@+"@S@* @hQ@%/@VL S@h@FhQG@[@V
5@=CA
10.0X ⓐ −3 − 1 ⓑ 3 − (−1).
(%.-"('
ⓐ
hQ@h@O
'!@O@,+/%0%2!@".+)@0$!@+*!@ ! @*!10.(@,%.L hR
Q@h@FhOG
'!@O@*!#0%2!@".+)@0$!@+*!@ ! @*!10.(@,%.L R
5 5I5I 10.0X ⓐ −6 − 4 ⓑ 6 − (−4).
5 5I5I 10.0X ⓐ −7 − 4 ⓑ 7 − (−4).
2! 5+1 *+0%! 0$0 @B/A?.0A6<; <3 @64;21 ;B:/2?@ 0.; /2 1<;2 /F .116;4 A52 <==<@6A2] * 1&)% @=CAJ −3 − 1 %/ 0$!
/)! / −3 + (−1) * 3 − (−1) %/ 0$! /)! / 3 + 1. +1 3%(( +"0!* /!! 0$%/ % !J 0$! ,.-+-"(' )+()+-2J 3.%00!*
/@"+((+3/X
#?,><+->398 <9:/<>C
a − b = a + (−b)
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
10.0%*#@@*1)!.@%/@0$!@/)!@/@ %*#@%0/@+,,+/%0!L
++'@0@0$!/!@03+@!4),(!/L
6 − 4 gives the same answer as 6 + (−4).

" +1./!J 3$!* 5+1 $2! /10.0%+* ,.+(!) 0$0 $/ +*(5 ,+/%0%2! *1)!./J (%'!
6 − 4, 5+1 &1/0 + 0$! /10.0%+*L
+1 (.! 5 '*!3 $+3 0+ /10.0 6 − 4 (+*# #+L 10 8;<D6;4 0$0 6 − 4 #%2!/ 0$! /)! */3!. / 6 + (−4) $!(,/
3$!* 5+1 .! /10.0%*# *!#0%2! *1)!./L '! /1.! 0$0 5+1 1* !./0* $+3 6 − 4 * 6 + (−4) #%2! 0$! /)!
.!/1(0/A
5@=CB
%),(%"5X ⓐ 13 − 8 * 13 + (−8) ⓑ −17 − 9 * −17 + (−9).

(%.-"('
ⓐ 13 − 8 13 + (−8)
10.0L 5 5
ⓑ −17 − 9 −17 + (−9)

10.0L −26 −26
5 5I5I %),(%"5X ⓐ 21 − 13 * 21 + (−13) ⓑ −11 − 7 * −11 + (−7).
5 5I5I %),(%"5X ⓐ 15 − 7 * 15 + (−7) ⓑ −14 − 8 * −14 + (−8).
++'@0@3$0@$,,!*/@3$!*@3!@/10.0@@*!#0%2!L
8 − (−5) gives the same answer as 8 + 5

'B/A?.0A6;4.;24.A6C2;B:/2?6@9682.116;4.=<@6A6C2
+1@3%((@+"0!*@/!!@0$%/@3.%00!*@/ a − (−b) = a + b.
+!/@0$0@3+.'@"+.@+0$!.@*1)!./J@0++]@!0d/@ +@0$!@"+((+3%*#@!4),(!@* @/!!L
5@=CC
%),(%"5X ⓐ 9 − (−15) * 9 + 15 ⓑ −7 − (−4) * −7 + 4.

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
(%.-"('
ⓐ 9 − (−15) 9 + 15
10.0L 24 24
ⓑ −7 − (−4) −7 + 4
10.0L −3 −3
5 5I5I %),(%"5X ⓐ 6 − (−13) * 6 + 13 ⓑ −5 − (−1) * −5 + 1.
5 5I5I %),(%"5X ⓐ 4 − (−19) * 4 + 19 ⓑ −4 − (−7) * −4 + 7.
!0d/@(++'@#%*@0@0$!@.!/1(0/@+"@/10.0%*#@0$!@ %""!.!*0@+)%*0%+*/@+" 5, −5 * 3, −3.
#?,><+->398908>/1/<=
5−3 −5 − (−3)
2 −2
5 positives take away 3 positives 5 negatives take away 3 negatives
2 positives 2 negatives
$!*@0$!.!@3+1( @!@!*+1#$@+1*0!./@+"@0$!@+(+.@0+@0'!@35J@/10.0L
−5 − 3 5 − (−3)
−8 8
5 negatives, want to take away 3 positives 5 positives, want to take away 3 negatives
need neutral pairs need neutral pairs
$!*@0$!.!@3+1( @!@*+0@!*+1#$@+1*0!./@+"@0$!@+(+.@0+@0'!@35J@ L
$0@$,,!*/@3$!*@0$!.!@.!@)+.!@0$*@0$.!!@%*0!#!./]@!@&1/0@1/!@0$!@+. !.@+"@+,!.0%+*/@/@1/1(L
5@=CD
%),(%"5X 7 − (−4 − 3) − 9.
(%.-"('
7 − (−4 − 3) − 9
%),(%"5@%*/% !@0$!@,.!*0$!/!/@"%./0L 7 − (−7) − 9
10.0@(!"0@0+@.%#$0L 14 − 9
10.0L 5
%5@=F
5 5I5I %),(%"5X 8 − (−3 − 1) − 9 L
5 5I5I %),(%"5X 12 − (−9 − 6) − 14 L
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
5I5I
!// 0$!/! +*(%*! .!/+1.!/ "+. %0%+*( %*/0.10%+* * ,.0%! 3%0$ %*# * /10.0%*# %*0!#!./L +1 3%((
*!! @0+@!*(!@2@%*@5+1.@3!@.+3/!.@0+@1/!@0$!@,,(%0%+*/L
4 5(%(+5!")58!--),I>>()',-1=(+ >%>@@(%(+!")9
4 .-+-5(%(+5!")58!--),I>>()',-1=(+ >%>@@.-+(%(+!)9
;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
("##
+-"5$,5+-
,5 -"/,5'5))(,"-,5(5 '- +,
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@<?12?2.05<3A523<99<D6;4=.6?@<3;B:/2?@B@6;4<?

ⓐ 9___4 ⓐ −7___3
ⓑ −3___6 ⓑ −10___−5
ⓒ −8___−2 ⓒ 2___−6
ⓓ 1___−10 ⓓ 8___9
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@36;1A52<==<@6A2<32.05;B:/2?
ⓐ P ⓑ −6 ⓐ Wⓑ −4
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@@6:=963F
−(−4) −(−8) −(−15)
−(−11)
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@2C.9B.A2
−c 3$!*ⓐ c = 12 ⓑ
−d 3$!*
c = −12 ⓐ d = 21
ⓑ d = −21
"&)%"251)+,,"(',50"-!5,(%.-5%.
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@@6:=963F
ⓐ |−32| ⓑ |0| ⓒ |16| ⓐ |0|

ⓑ |−40| ⓒ |22|
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@36996;<? = 3<?2.05<3A523<99<D6;4=.6?@<3;B:/2?@
ⓐ −6___|−6| ⓑ ⓐ |−5|___−|−5| ⓑ

−|−3|___−3 9___−|−9|
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@@6:=963F
−(−5) and −|−5| −|−9| and −(−9) 8|−7|
5|−5| |15 − 7| − |14 − 6|

|17 − 8| − |13 − 4|
18 − |2(8 − 3)| 18 − |3(8 − 5)|
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@2C.9B.A2

ⓐ −| p| when p = 19 ⓐ −|a| when a = 60
ⓑ −|q| when q = −33 ⓑ −|b| when b = −12
5 '- +,

;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@@6:=963F2.052E=?2@@6<;
−21 + (−59) −35 + (−47) 48 + (−16)
34 + (−19) −14 + (−12) + 4

−17 + (−18) + 6
135 + (−110) + 83 −38 + 27 + (−8) + 12 19 + 2(−3 + 8)
24 + 3(−5 + 9)
.-+-5 '- +,

;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@@6:=963F
8−2 −6 − (−4) −5 − 4
−7 − 2 8 − (−4)
7 − (−3)
ⓐ 44 − 28 ⓑ 44 + (−28) ⓐ 35 − 16 ⓑ 35 + (−16) ⓐ 27 − (−18) ⓑ 27 + 18
ⓐ 46 − (−37) ⓑ 46 + 37
;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@@6:=963F2.052E=?2@@6<;
15 − (−12) 14 − (−11) 48 − 87
45 − 69 −17 − 42
−19 − 46
−103 − (−52) −105 − (−68) −45 − (–54)
−58 − (−67) 8−3−7

9−6−5

−5 − 4 + 7
−3 − 8 + 4
−14 − (−27) + 9
64 + (−17) − 9
(2 − 7) − (3 − 8)
(1 − 8) − (2 − 9)

−(6 − 8) − (2 − 4)
−(4 − 5) − (7 − 8)
25 − ⎡⎣10 − (3 − 12)⎤⎦
32 − ⎡⎣5 − (15 − 20)⎤⎦ 6.3 − 4.3 − 7.2 5.7 − 8.2 − 4.9
52 − 62
62 − 72
;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
/+225-!
%/-"(' $! $%#$!/0 !(!20%+* %* 0$! *%0! 1-+& -&)+-.+, $! $%#$!/0 .!+. !
00!/ %/ +1*0 %*(!5J (/'J 0 PNJQPN "!!0 +2! 0!),!.01.! +* .0$ 3/ 58° !(/%1/J .!+. ! %*
/! (!2!(L $! (+3!/0 !(!20%+* %/ !0$ ((!5J 0$! $. !/!.0 %* OWPPL $! (+3!/0 .!+. !
(%"+.*%J@0@PVP@"!!0@!(+3@/!@(!2!(L 0!),!.01.! 3/ 90° below 0° !(/%1/J .!+. ! %*
/!@%*0!#!./@0+@3.%0!@0$!@!(!20%+*@+"X *0.0%@%*@OWVQL
ⓐ +1*0@ %*(!5L ⓑ !0$@((!5L /!@%*0!#!./@0+@3.%0!@0$!X
ⓐ $%#$!/0@.!+. ! @0!),!.01.!L
ⓑ (+3!/0@.!+. ! @0!),!.01.!L
-- . -, * 1*!J PNOOJ 0$! /00! +" (%% '+(%%&'-, .+// 0$! *%0! 00!/J
!**/5(2*% !/0%)0! %0 3+1( $2! 1 #!0 /1.,(1/ +))1*%05 +((!#! !*.+(()!*0 #.!3 5 OJRNNJNNN
+" SRN )%((%+*L $0 /)! )+*0$J !4/ !/0%)0! %0 /01 !*0/ ".+) (( PNNU 0+ (( PNONL * (%"+.*%J
3+1( @$2!@@1 #!0@ !"%%0@+"@PU@%((%+*L +))1*%05 +((!#! !*.+(()!*0 !(%*! 5 OONJOUO
/!@%*0!#!./@0+@3.%0!@0$!@1 #!0@+"X /01 !*0/@".+)@((@PNNW@0+@((@PNONL
/!@%*0!#!./@0+@3.%0!@0$!@$*#!@%*@!*.+(()!*0X
ⓐ !**/5(2*%L
ⓑ !4/L ⓐ %*@0$!@LL@".+)@((@PNNU@0+@((@PNONL
ⓑ %*@(%"+.*%@".+)@((@PNNW@0+@((@PNONL
-($ +$- $! 3!!' +" !,0!)!. OSJ PNNV -($ +$- 1.%*# 0$! 3!!' +" 1*! PPJ PNNWJ
3/ +*! +" 0$! )+/0 2+(0%(! 3!!'/ !2!. "+. 0$! 0$! (+/%*# *1)!./ +" 0$! +3 +*!/ * 1/0.%(
/0+' ).'!0L $! (+/%*# *1)!./ +" 0$! +3 +*!/ 2!.#!@!$@ 5@3!.!X
* 1/0.%(@2!.#!@!$@ 5@3!.!X
+* 5 −201
+* 5 −504
1!/ 5 −16
1!/ 5 +142
! *!/ 5 −23
! *!/ 5 −449
$1./ 5 +172
$1./ 5 +410
.% 5 −34
.% 5 +369
$0 3/ 0$! +2!.(( $*#! "+. 0$! 3!!'] / %0

$0 3/ 0$! +2!.(( $*#! "+. 0$! 3!!'] / %0 ,+/%0%2!@+.@*!#0%2!]
,+/%0%2!@+.@*!#0%2!]
+"-"' 51+",,
%2! * !4),(! +" *!#0%2! *1)!. ".+) 5+1. $0 .! 0$! 0$.!! 1/!/ +" 0$! “ − ” /%#* %*
(%"!@!4,!.%!*!L (#!.]@4,(%*@$+3@0$!5@ %""!.L
4,(%* 3$5 0$! /1) +" −8 * P %/ *!#0%2!J 10

%2! * !4),(! ".+) 5+1. (%"! !4,!.%!*! +"
0$!@/1)@+"@V@* −2 %/@,+/%0%2!L %*#@03+@*!#0%2!@*1)!./L
%5!$
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
ⓑ +5.A1<2@A56@0520896@AA299F<B./<BAF<B?:.@A2?F<3A56@@20A6<;+5.A@A2=@D699F<BA.82A<6:=?<C2
;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF

?6>3:6C+8.3@3./8>/1/<=
/+<8381,4/->3@/=
25-!5'5(5-!",5,-"(';52(.50"%%55%5-(I
1(0%,(5@%*0!#!./
%2% !@%*0!#!./
%),(%"5@!4,.!//%+*/@3%0$@%*0!#!./
2(10!@2.%(!@!4,.!//%+*/@3%0$@%*0!#!./
.*/(0!@*#(%/$@,$./!/@0+@(#!.%@!4,.!//%+*/
/!@%*0!#!./@%*@,,(%0%+*/
55I5I
)+.! 0$+.+1#$ %*0.+ 10%+* 0+ 0$! 0+,%/ +2!.! %* 0$%/ /!0%+* * ! "+1* %* 0$! $?2.942/?. $,0!.J
'- +,L
.%-")%25 '- +,

%*! )1(0%,(%0%+* %/ )0$!)0%( /$+.0$* "+. .!,!0! %0%+*J +1. )+ !( * !/%(5 ! ,,(%! 0+ /$+3
)1(0%,(%0%+* +" %*0!#!./L !0d/ (++' 0 0$%/ +*.!0! )+ !( 0+ /!! 3$0 ,00!.*/ 3! *+0%!L ! 3%(( 1/! 0$! /)! !4),(!/
0$0@3!@1/! @"+.@ %0%+*@* @/10.0%+*L@
!.!J@3!@3%((@1/!@0$!@)+ !(@&1/0@0+@$!(,@1/@ %/+2!.@0$!@,00!.*L
!@.!)!)!.@0$0 a · b )!*/@ .J / 0%)!/L@
!.!J@3!@.!@1/%*#@0$!@)+ !(@&1/0@0+@$!(,@1/@ %/+2!.@0$!@,00!.*L
$!@*!40@03+@!4),(!/@.!@)+.!@%*0!.!/0%*#L
$0 +!/ %0 )!* 0+ )1(0%,(5 S 5 −3 ? 0 )!*/ /10.0 SJ Q 0%)!/L ++'%*# 0 /10.0%+* / e0'%*# 35Jf %0 )!*/
0+ 0'! 35 SJ Q 0%)!/L 10 0$!.! %/ *+0$%*# 0+ 0'! 35J /+ 3! /0.0 5 %*# *!10.( ,%./ +* 0$! 3+.'/,!L $!* 3!
0'!@35@S@0$.!!@0%)!/L
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
*@/1)).5X
5 · 3 = 15 −5(3) = −15
5(−3) = −15 (−5)(−3) = 15
+0%!@0$0@"+.@)1(0%,(%0%+*@+"@03+@/%#*! @*1)!./J@3$!*@0$!X
< /%#*/@.!@0$! @.:2J@0$!@,.+ 10@%/ =<@6A6C2L
< /%#*/@.! 16332?2;AJ@0$!@,.+ 10@%/ ;24.A6C2L
!d((@,10@0$%/@((@0+#!0$!.@%*@0$!@$.0@!(+3L
?6>3:63-+>39890#318/.?7,/<=
+.@)1(0%,(%0%+*@+"@03+@/%#*! @*1)!./X
&5," ', +(.- 1&)%
3+@,+/%0%2!/ +/%0%2! 7 · 4 = 28
3+@*!#0%2!/ +/%0%2! −8(−6) = 48
"+'-5," ', +(.- 1&)%
+/%0%2!@8@*!#0%2! !#0%2! 7(−9) = −63

!#0%2!@8@,+/%0%2! !#0%2! −5 · 10 = −50
5@=CE
1(0%,(5X ⓐ −9 · 3 ⓑ −2(−5) ⓒ 4(−8) ⓓ 7 · 6.

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
(%.-"('
ⓐ −9 · 3
1(0%,(5J@*+0%*#@0$0@0$!@/%#*/@.!@ %""!.!*0@/+@0$!@,.+ 10@%/@*!#0%2!L −27
ⓑ −2(−5)
1(0%,(5J@*+0%*#@0$0@0$!@/%#*/@.!@0$!@/)!@/+@0$!@,.+ 10@%/@,+/%0%2!L 10
ⓒ 4(−8)
1(0%,(5J@3%0$@ %""!.!*0@/%#*/L −32
ⓓ 7·6
1(0%,(5J@3%0$@/)!@/%#*/L 42
%5@=G
5 5I5I 1(0%,(5X ⓐ −6 · 8 ⓑ −4(−7) ⓒ 9(−7) ⓓ 5 · 12.
5 5I5I 1(0%,(5X ⓐ −8 · 7 ⓑ −6(−9) ⓒ 7(−4) ⓓ 3 · 13.
$!* 3! )1(0%,(5 *1)!. 5 OJ 0$! .!/1(0 %/ 0$! /)! *1)!.L $0 $,,!*/ 3$!* 3! )1(0%,(5 *1)!. 5 −1 ?
!0d/@)1(0%,(5@@,+/%0%2!@*1)!.@* @0$!*@@*!#0%2!@*1)!.@5 −1 0+@/!!@3$0@3!@#!0L
−1 · 4 −1(−3)
Multiply. −4 3
−4 is the opposite of 4. 3 is the opposite of −3.
$@0%)!@3!@)1(0%,(5@@*1)!.@5 −1, 3!@#!0@%0/@+,,+/%0!A
?6>3:63-+>398,C −1
−1a = −a
1(0%,(5%*#@@*1)!.@5 −1 #%2!/@%0/@+,,+/%0!L
5@=CF
1(0%,(5X ⓐ −1 · 7 ⓑ −1(−11).
(%.-"('
−1 · 7
ⓐ −7
1(0%,(5J@*+0%*#@0$0@0$!@/%#*/@.!@ %""!.!*0@/+@0$!@,.+ 10@%/@*!#0%2!L −7 is the opposite of 7.
−1(−11)
ⓑ 11
1(0%,(5J@*+0%*#@0$0@0$!@/%#*/@.!@0$!@/)!@/+@0$!@,.+ 10@%/@,+/%0%2!L 11 is the opposite of −11.
%5@=H
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
5 5I5I 1(0%,(5X ⓐ −1 · 9 ⓑ −1 · (−17).
5 5I5I 1(0%,(5X ⓐ −1 · 8 ⓑ −1 · (−16).
"/"5 '- +,

$0 +10 %2%/%+*] %2%/%+* %/ 0$! %*2!./! +,!.0%+* +" )1(0%,(%0%+*L +J 15 ÷ 3 = 5 !1/! 5 · 3 = 15. * 3+. /J
0$%/ !4,.!//%+* /5/ 0$0 OS * ! %2% ! %*0+ 0$.!! #.+1,/ +" "%2! !$ !1/! %*# "%2! 0$.!! 0%)!/ #%2!/ OSL ++'
0@/+)!@!4),(!/@+"@)1(0%,(5%*#@%*0!#!./J@0+@"%#1.!@+10@0$!@.1(!/@"+.@ %2% %*#@%*0!#!./L
5 · 3 = 15 so 15 ÷ 3 = 5 −5(3) = −15 so −15 ÷ 3 = −5
(−5)(−3) = 15 so 15 ÷ (−3) = −5 5(−3) = −15 so −15 ÷ (−3) = 5
%2%/%+*@"+((+3/@0$!@/)!@.1(!/@/@)1(0%,(%0%+*A
+.@ %2%/%+*@+"@03+@/%#*! @*1)!./J@3$!*@0$!X
< /%#*/@.!@0$! @.:2J@0$!@-1+0%!*0@%/ =<@6A6C2L
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< "@0$!@/%#*/@.!@0$!@/)!J@0$!@.!/1(0@%/@,+/%0%2!L
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5@=CG
%2% !X ⓐ −27 ÷ 3 ⓑ −100 ÷ (−4).

(%.-"('
−27 ÷ 3
ⓐ
%2% !L@%0$@ %""!.!*0@/%#*/J@0$!@-1+0%!*0@%/@*!#0%2!L −9
−100 ÷ (−4)
ⓑ
%2% !L@%0$@/%#*/@0$0@.!@0$!@/)!J@0$!@-1+0%!*0@%/@,+/%0%2!L 25
%5@=@?
;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
5 5I5I %2% !X ⓐ −42 ÷ 6 ⓑ −117 ÷ (−3).
5 5I5I %2% !X ⓐ −63 ÷ 7 ⓑ −115 ÷ (−5).
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$0 $,,!*/ 3$!* 0$!.! .! )+.! 0$* 03+ *1)!./ %* * !4,.!//%+*] $! +. !. +" +,!.0%+*/ /0%(( ,,(%!/ 3$!*
*!#0%2!/@.!@%*(1 ! L@!)!)!.@5@!.@1*0@((5]
!0d/ 0.5 /+)! !4),(!/L !d(( /%),(%"5 !4,.!//%+*/ 0$0 1/! (( "+1. +,!.0%+*/ 3%0$ %*0!#!./b %0%+*J /10.0%+*J
)1(0%,(%0%+*J@* @ %2%/%+*L@!)!)!.@0+@"+((+3@0$!@+. !.@+"@+,!.0%+*/L
5@=CH
%),(%"5X 7(−2) + 4(−7) − 6.

(%.-"('
7(−2) + 4(−7) − 6
1(0%,(5@"%./0L −14 + (−28) − 6
L −42 − 6
10.0L −48
%5@=@@
5 5I5I %),(%"5X 8(−3) + 5(−7) − 4.
5 5I5I %),(%"5X 9(−3) + 7(−8) − 1.
5@=D?
%),(%"5X ⓐ (−2) 4 ⓑ −2 4.
(%.-"('
(−2) 4
ⓐ
(−2)(−2)(−2)(−2)
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1(0%,(5L −8(−2)
1(0%,(5L 16
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ⓑ −(2 · 2 · 2 · 2)
.%0!@%*@!4,* ! @"+.)L@!@.!@/'! @0+@"%* @0$!@+,,+/%0!@+" 2 4. −(4 · 2 · 2)
1(0%,(5L −(8 · 2)
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6BAG8AG
6B?

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+0%! 0$! %""!.!*! %* ,.0/ ⓐ * ⓑL * ,.0 ⓐJ 0$! !4,+*!*0 )!*/ 0+ .%/! 3$0 %/ %* 0$! ,.!*0$!/!/J 0$! (−2) 0+
th th
0$! 4 ,+3!.L@*@,.0 ⓑJ@0$!@!4,+*!*0@)!*/@0+@.%/!@&1/0@0$!@P@0+@0$! 4 ,+3!.@* @0$!*@0'!@0$!@+,,+/%0!L
5 5I5I %),(%"5X ⓐ (−3) 4 ⓑ −3 4.
5 5I5I %),(%"5X ⓐ (−7) 2 ⓑ −7 2.
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5@=D@
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12 − 3(9 − 12)
10.0@%*@,.!*0$!/!/@"%./0L 12 − 3(−3)
1(0%,(5L 12 − (−9)
10.0L 21
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5 5I5I %),(%"5X 17 − 4(8 − 11).
5 5I5I %),(%"5X 16 − 6(7 − 13).
5@=DA
%),(%"5X 8(−9) ÷ (−2) 3.

(%.-"('
8(−9) ÷ (−2) 3
4,+*!*0/@"%./0L 8(−9) ÷ (−8)
1(0%,(5L −72 ÷ (−8)
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5 5I5I %),(%"5X 12(−9) ÷ (−3) 3.

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
5 5I5I %),(%"5X 18(−4) ÷ (−2) 3.
5@=DB
%),(%"5X −30 ÷ 2 + (−3)(−7).

(%.-"('
−30 ÷ 2 + (−3)(−7)
1(0%,(5@* @ %2% !@(!"0@0+@.%#$0J@/+@ %2% !@"%./0L −15 + (−3)(−7)
1(0%,(5L −15 + 21
L 6
%5@=@D
5 5I5I %),(%"5X −27 ÷ 3 + (−5)(−6).
5 5I5I %),(%"5X −32 ÷ 4 + (−2)(−7).
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!)!)!. 0$0 0+ !2(10! * !4,.!//%+* )!*/ 0+ /1/0%010! *1)!. "+. 0$! 2.%(! %* 0$! !4,.!//%+*L +3 3! *
1/!@*!#0%2!@*1)!./@/@3!((@/@,+/%0%2!@*1)!./L
5@=DC
$!* n = −5, !2(10!X ⓐ n + 1 ⓑ −n + 1.

(%.-"('
ⓐ
%),(%"5L hR
%),(%"5L
L T
5 5I5I $!* n = −8, !2(10! ⓐ n + 2 ⓑ −n + 2.
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
5 5I5I $!* y = −9, !2(10! ⓐ y + 8 ⓑ −y + 8.
5@=DD
2(10! (x + y) 2 3$!* x = −18 * y = 24.
(%.-"('
@%*/% !@,.!*0$!/%/L FTGP
%),(%"5L QT
5 5I5I 2(10! (x + y) 2 3$!* x = −15 * y = 29.
5 5I5I 2(10! (x + y) 3 3$!* x = −8 * y = 10.
5@=DE
2(10! 20 − z 3$!* ⓐ z = 12 * ⓑ z = −12.

(%.-"('
ⓐ
10.0L V
10.0L QP
5 5I5I 2(10!X 17 − k 3$!* ⓐ k = 19 * ⓑ k = −19.
5 5I5I 2(10!X −5 − b 3$!* ⓐ b = 14 * ⓑ b = −14.
5@=DF
2(10!X 2x 2 + 3x + 8 3$!* x = 4.
;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
(%.-"('
1/0%010! 4 for x. /!@,.!*0$!/!/@0+@/$+3@)1(0%,(%0%+*L
1/0%010!L
2(10!@!4,+*!*0/L
1(0%,(5L
L SP
5 5I5I 2(10!X 3x 2 − 2x + 6 3$!* x = −3.
5 5I5I 2(10!X 4x 2 − x − 5 3$!* x = −2.
+',%-5!+,,5-(51)+,,"(',50"-!5 '- +,

1.@!.(%!.@3+.'@0.*/(0%*#@*#(%/$@0+@(#!.@(/+@,,(%!/@0+@,$./!/@0$0@%*(1 !@+0$@,+/%0%2!@* @*!#0%2!@*1)!./L
5@=DG
.*/(0!@* @/%),(%"5X@0$!@/1)@+"@V@* −12, %*.!/! @5@QL

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2(1!@/%#*L
L −1
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5 5I5I .*/(0!@* @/%),(%"5@0$!@/1)@+"@W@* −16, %*.!/! @5@RL
5 5I5I .*/(0!@* @/%),(%"5@0$!@/1)@+" −8 * −12, %*.!/! @5@UL
$!* 3! "%./0 %*0.+ 1! 0$! +,!.0%+* /5)+(/J 3! /3 0$0 0$! !4,.!//%+* )5 ! .! %* /!2!.( 35/L $!5 .! (%/0!
%*@0$!@$.0@!(+3L
a −b
a )%*1/ b
0$!@ %""!.!*!@+" a * b
b /10.0! @".+) a
b (!//@0$* a
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
!@.!"1(@0+@#!0 . * / %*@0$!@.%#$0@+. !.A
5@=DH
.*/(0!@* @0$!*@/%),(%"5 ⓐ 0$!@ %""!.!*!@+"@OQ@* −21 ⓑ /10.0@PR@".+) −19.

(%.-"('
the difference of 13 and − 21

ⓐ
.*/(0!L 13 − (−21)
%),(%"5L 34
ⓑ subtract 24 from − 19
−19 − 24
.*/(0!L@!)!)!.J@B/10.0 b ".+) a )!*/ a − b L
%),(%"5L 43
%5@=@F
5 5I5I .*/(0!@* @/%),(%"5 ⓐ 0$!@ %""!.!*!@+"@OR@* −23 ⓑ /10.0@PO@".+) −17.
5 5I5I .*/(0!@* @/%),(%"5 ⓐ 0$!@ %""!.!*!@+"@OO@* −19 ⓑ /10.0@OV@".+) −11.
*! #%*J +1. ,.%+. 3+.' 0.*/(0%*# *#(%/$ 0+ (#!. 0.*/"!./ 0+ ,$./!/ 0$0 %*(1 ! +0$ )1(0%,(5%*# * %2% %*#
%*0!#!./L@!)!)!.@0$0@0$!@'!5@3+. @"+. )1(0%,(%0%+* %/@e ,.+ 10f@* @"+. %2%/%+* %/@e -1+0%!*0Lf
5@=E?
.*/(0!@0+@*@(#!.%@!4,.!//%+*@* @/%),(%"5@%"@,+//%(!X@0$!@,.+ 10@+" −2 * @ORL

(%.-"('
the product of −2 and 14
.*/(0!L (−2)(14)
%),(%"5L −28
%5@=@G
5 5I5I .*/(0!@0+@*@(#!.%@!4,.!//%+*@* @/%),(%"5@%"@,+//%(!X@0$!@,.+ 10@+" −5 * @OPL
5 5I5I .*/(0!@0+@*@(#!.%@!4,.!//%+*@* @/%),(%"5@%"@,+//%(!X@0$!@,.+ 10@+"@V@* −13.
5@=E@
.*/(0!@0+@*@(#!.%@!4,.!//%+*@* @/%),(%"5@%"@,+//%(!X@0$!@-1+0%!*0@+" −56 * −7.

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
(%.-"('
the quotient of −56 and −7
.*/(0!L −56 ÷ (−7)
%),(%"5L 8
%5@=@H
5 5I5I .*/(0!@0+@*@(#!.%@!4,.!//%+*@* @/%),(%"5@%"@,+//%(!X@0$!@-1+0%!*0@+" −63 * −9.
5 5I5I .*/(0!@0+@*@(#!.%@!4,.!//%+*@* @/%),(%"5@%"@,+//%(!X@0$!@-1+0%!*0@+" −72 * −9.
,5 '- +,5"'5))%"-"(',

!d(( +10(%*! ,(* 0+ /+(2! ,,(%0%+*/L 0d/ $. 0+ "%* /+)!0$%*# %" 3! +*d0 '*+3 3$0 3!d.! (++'%*# "+. +. 3$0
0+ (( %0A + 3$!* 3! /+(2! * ,,(%0%+*J 3! "%./0 *!! 0+ !0!.)%*! 3$0 0$! ,.+(!) %/ /'%*# 1/ 0+ "%* L $!* 3!d((
3.%0! ,$./! 0$0 #%2!/ 0$! %*"+.)0%+* 0+ "%* %0L !d(( 0.*/(0! 0$! ,$./! %*0+ * !4,.!//%+* * 0$!* /%),(%"5 0$!
!4,.!//%+*@0+@#!0@0$!@*/3!.L@%*((5J@3!@/1)).%6!@0$!@*/3!.@%*@@/!*0!*!@0+@)'!@/1.!@%0@)'!/@/!*/!L
5@=EA !(0-())%2,-+- 2-(,(%/))%"-"(',0"-!"'- +,
* 0$! )+.*%*#J 0$! 0!),!.01.! %* .*J ((%*+%/ 3/ OO !#.!!/L 5 )% K"0!.*++*J 0$! 0!),!.01.! $ .+,,! 0+
−9 !#.!!/L@$0@3/@0$!@ %""!.!*!@+"@0$!@)+.*%*#@* @"0!.*++*@0!),!.01.!/]
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.+,,! @0+@QN@ !#.!!/@!(+3@6!.+L@$0@3/@0$!@ %""!.!*!@%*@0$!@)+.*%*#@* @"0!.*++*@0!),!.01.!/]
5 5I5I
$! 0!),!.01.! %* !*2!. 3/ −6 !#.!!/ 0 (1*$0%)!L 5 /1*/!0 0$! 0!),!.01.! $ .+,,! 0+ −15
!#.!!/L@$0@3/@0$!@ %""!.!*!@%*@0$!@(1*$0%)!@* @/1*/!0@0!),!.01.!/]
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
'$ ))%2,-+- 2-(,(%/))%"-"(',0"-!"'- +,
0!,@OL ! @0$!@,.+(!)L@'!@/1.!@((@0$!@3+. /@* @% !/@.!@1* !./0++

0!,@PL !*0%"5@3$0@3!@.!@/'! @0+@"%* L
0!,@QL .%0!@@,$./!@0$0@#%2!/@0$!@%*"+.)0%+*@0+@"%* @%0L
0!,@RL .*/(0!@0$!@,$./!@0+@*@!4,.!//%+*L
0!,@SL %),(%"5@0$!@!4,.!//%+*L
0!,@TL */3!.@0$!@-1!/0%+*@3%0$@@+),(!0!@/!*0!*!L
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$! 1/0*#/ "++0(( 0!) .!!%2! 0$.!! ,!*(0%!/ %* 0$! 0$%. -1.0!.L $ ,!*(05 #2! 0$!) (+// +" "%"0!!* 5. /L
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1* !./0++ L
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0$.!!@0%)!/@@OSK5.
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-)5D= %),(%"5@0$!@!4,.!//%+*L −45
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5 5I5I
$! !./ ,(5! ,++.(5 * $ /!2!* ,!*(0%!/ %* 0$! #)!L $ ,!*(05 .!/1(0! %* (+// +" OS 5. /L $0 %/
0$!@*1)!.@+"@5. /@(+/0@ 1!@0+@,!*(0%!/]
5 5I5I
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+
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;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF

("##
+-"5$,5+-
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;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@:B9A6=9F
−4 · 8 −3 · 9 9(−7)
13(−5) −1.6 −1.3
−1(−14) −1(−19)
"/"5 '- +,

;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@16C612
−24 ÷ 6
35 ÷ (−7) −52 ÷ (−4)
−84 ÷ (−6) −180 ÷ 15 −192 ÷ 12
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5(−6) + 7(−2) − 3 8(−4) + 5(−4) − 6 (−2) 6
(−3) 5 −4 2
−6 2
−3(−5)(6) −4(−6)(3) (8 − 11)(9 − 12)
(6 − 11)(8 − 13) 26 − 3(2 − 7) 23 − 2(4 − 6)
65 ÷ (−5) + (−28) ÷ (−7) 52 ÷ (−4) + (−32) ÷ (−8) 9 − 2⎡⎣3 − 8(−2)⎤⎦

11 − 3⎡⎣7 − 4(−2)⎤⎦ (−3) 2 − 24 ÷ (8 − 2) (−4) 2 − 32 ÷ (12 − 4)
/%.-5+"%51)+,,"(',50"-!5 '- +,

;A523<99<D6;42E2?06@2@2C.9B.A22.052E=?2@@6<;
y + (−14) 3$!* ⓐ x + (−21) 3$!*ⓐ x = −27

ⓐ a + 3 3$!* a = −7
y = −33 ⓑ y = 30 ⓑ x = 44
ⓑ −a + 3 3$!* a = −7
m + n 3$!* p + q 3$!*
ⓐ d + (−9) 3$!* d = −8 m = −15, n = 7 p = −9, q = 17
ⓑ −d + (−9) 3$!*
d = −8
r + s 3$!* r = −9, s = −7
t + u 3$!* t = −6, u = −5 (x + y) 2 3$!*
x = −3, y = 14
6AK BE:
6BAG8AG
6B?

;4CG8EBHA74G<BAF
(y + z) 2 3$!* −2x + 17 3$!* −5y + 14 3$!*

y = −3, z = 15 ⓐ x=8 ⓑ x = −8 ⓐ y=9
ⓑ y = −9
10 − 3m 3$!* 18 − 4n 3$!* 2w 2 − 3w + 7 3$!*

ⓐ m=5 ⓐ n=3 w = −2
ⓑ m = −5 ⓑ n = −3
3u 2 − 4u + 5 3$!* u = −3 9a − 2b − 8 3$!*

7m − 4n − 2 3$!*
a = −6 and b = −3 m = −4 and n = −9
+',%-5' %",!5!+,,5-(5% +"51)+,,"(',

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4

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SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

Laura and John Arnold Foundation The Maxfield Foundation

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Girard Foundation The Open Society Foundations

Google Inc. Jumee Yhu and David E. Park III

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