Relative Deviation Physics Equation List :Form 4 Introduction to Physics Relative Deviation = Mean Deviation , 1 gq0 Mean Value Prefixes Prefixes Value Standard form | Symbol Tera 1.000 000 000 000 10" T Giga 1.000 000 000 10” G Mega 1.000 000 10° M Kilo 1.000 10° k deci 01 107 d centi 0.01 10 © milli 0.001 10° m micro 0.000 001 10° L nano 0.000 000 001 10° n pico 0.000 000 000 001 107 Pp Units for Area and Volume Im =10°?cm (100 cm) 1 2 yt et 2 lem = 107m (—m) 1m? = 10" em (10,000 em?) 100 1m’ = 10° cm* (1,000,000 cm’) 1 A lcm? = 10% m? (———"m") 10,000 3105 m? 1 3 Lem’ = 10° m (——_»*) 1,000,000 http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlForce and Motion Average Speed Total Distance Average Speed =—> = ee SP otal Time Velocity Ss v= velocity (ns) yo s =displacement — (m) t t= time (s) Acceleration a = acceleration (ms) _v-u v= final velocity (ms!) a= = initial velocity (ms!) t 1 =time for the velocity change () Equation of Linear Motion Linear Motion 4 ¥ \ 4 ¥ ¥ Motion with Motion with Se constant changing acceleration acceleration v=utat Using Calculus I (In Additional s=—(u+v)t Mathematics 2 Syllabus) 1 2 s=ut+—at 2 vy =u? +2as u = initial velocity (ms") v = final velocity (ms) a = acceleration (ms?) s = displacement (m) t= time (s) 2 http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlTicker Tape Finding Velocity: velocity =, number of ticks x 0.02s 1 tick = 0.02s Finding Acceleration: Direction = vV—-Uu wees eee a= Tom t Lenativem a = acceleration (ms?) v = final velocity (ms) 207-4 u = initial velocity (ms") tel 1 = time for the velocity change () 12] ° af: 44° > Ticks Graph of Motion Gradient of a Graph The gradient 'm' of a line segment between two y points and is defined as follows: Change in y coordinate, Ay Gradient, m= , Change in x coordinate, Ax hittp://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlDisplacement-Time Graph Velocity-Time Graph displacementim time/s velocity/ms* time/s Gradient = Velocity (ms") Gradient = Acceleration (ms) Area in between the graph and x-axis = Displacement Momentum Pp =mxv p=momentum — (kg ms!) m = mass (kg) v = velocity (ms) Principle of Conservation of Momentum mu, + MU, = MV, + MV. m) uw vy Newton’s Law of Motion Newton’s First Law 1ass of object | 1ass of object 2 u; = initial velocity of object 1 nitial velocity of object 2 final velocity of object 1 v2 = final velocity of object 2 Ce) ) (ms) (ms) (ms!) (ms!) In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line). hittp://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlNewton’s Second Law mvy—mu t F=ma Newton’s Third Law The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction. F=Net Force (Nor kgms”) m ~ mass (kg) a =acceleration (ms) Implication When there is resultant force acting on an object, the object will accelerate (moving faster, moving slower or change direction), Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude but in the opposite direction. Impulse = F = force (N) Impulse = Ft Hap ms Impulse = mv — mu m = mass de) v= final velocity (ms!) initial velocity (ms") Impulsive Force _ F = Force (N or kgms) F my—mu t= time 6) = m = mass (kg) t v= final velocity (ms) u = initial velocity (ms!) Gravitational id Strength g = gravitational field strength F fn g=— F — gravitational force m = mass m W- W— Weight (N or kgms”) =m: s m = mass (kg) ravitational field strength/gravitational acceleration (ms?) 5 hittp://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlVertical Motion VW Positive \ I Direction U a=g=10ms? s=h =| it =0 fa , a=-g=-10ms? Positive \\| Direction © [fan object is release from a high position: © The initial velocity, u=0. © The acceleration of the object acceleration = 10ms“(or 9.81 ms*). ‘* The displacement of the object when it reach the gravitational ground = the height of the original position, h. . . . . Ifan object is launched vertically upward: The velocity at the maximum height, v = 0. The deceleration of the object = -gravitational acceleration = -10ms“(or -9.81 ms”). The displacement of the object when it reach the ground = the height of the original position, h. Lift In Stationary stationary When a man standing inside an elevator, there are two forces acting on him. (a) His weight, which acting downward. (b)Normal reaction (R), acting in the opposite direction of weight. ‘The reading of the balance is equal to the normal reaction, hittp://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlMoving Upward with positive acceleration Moving downward with positive acceleration R < & ts ® a8 8 mg R=mg+ma R=mg-ma Moving Upward with constant velocity Moving downward with constant velocity. e+ => . constant velocity 3. e R=mg R ag =_— . constant velocity 3. a ~ I & Moving Upward with negative acceleration Moving downward with negative acceleration AD deceleration 3. a R=mg-ma http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlSmooth Pulley With 1 Load Moving with uniform speed: T=Tr T=mg T, , o Stationary: Accelerating: T=mg T,-mg=ma mg With 2 Loads Finding Acceleration: (Ifm, >m)) mag — mig = (my+ m2)a Finding Tension: (ifm: > mi) Tr=Tr T;-mg=ma mg ~T2=ma_ Vector Vector Addition (Perpendicular Vector) Magnitude = x” + Direction = tan”! ly! [x] x Vector Resolution |x p|sind IY pl cose 8 http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlInclined Plane Component parallel to the plane = mgsin8 Component perpendicular to the plane = mgcos8 Wemg Forces In Equilibrium T,=mg T, cos@ =T, cosa T, sin@ + T, sina =mg Work Done Before W = Fxcos@ (J or Nm) (N or kgms) x = displacement 7) = angle between the force and the direction of motion 0) When the force and motion are in the same direction. W =Fs Work Done (J or Nm) (Nor kgms?) s = displacement (m) http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlEnergy Kinetic Energy . 1, Ex = Kinetic Energy WD) Ex = ~mv m= mass (kg) 2 v= velocity (ms) Gravitational Potential Energy E,= Ep = Potential Energy o p =mgh m > mass (kg) & = gravitational acceleration (ms?) h = height (m) Elastic Potential Energy 1 Ep = Potential Energy ”) Ep =~ke k= spring constant (Nm) 2 x = extension of spring (m) i Ep-3Fx F = Force () Power and Efficiency Power Ww P = power (W or Js") P=— W ~ work done (Jor Nm) t E = energy change (Jor Nm) E t= time () P=— t Efficiency ae Useful Ener; Efficiency = SST ERETEY 100% Energy Or ae Power Output Efficiency = Lower PUT 100% Power Input Hooke’s Law Fuk F = Force (N or kgms”) _ k= spring constant (Nm!) x = extension or compression of spring (m) http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 10Force and Pressure Density m p= density (kg m?) m ~ mass (kg) V = volume (m’) Pressure F P = Pressure (Pa or Nm?) P=— A = Area of the surface (m’) . A F = Force acting normally to the surface (N or kgs) Liquid Pressure P=h h = depth (m) Ps density (kgm?) gravitational Field Strength (N kg) Pressure in Liquid P=P. +h depth (m) aim * MPS density (ign) gravitational Field Strength — (N kg") = atmospheric Pressure (Pa or Nm?) Gas Pressure Manometer P =P, thpg Pay = Pressure (Pa or Nm?) Pai = Atmospheric Pressure (Pa or Nm) g ~ gravitational field strength (N kg) http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlUstube Pressure in a Capillary Tube P, ' hp, =Mp, Poe Mercury Pea e Mercury Mercury h Pon t Poon Poa Pant HOG Poss Peas = gas pressure in the capillary tube (Pa or Nm) Pam = atmospheric pressure (Pa or Nm?) h = length of the captured mercury (m) p~ density of mercury (kgm) g ~ gravitational field strength (N kg") Barometer (n) Pressure in unit cmHg Pressure in unit Pa | P,=0 P,=0 26cm Pp Py = 26 Py = 0.2613600%10 P.= 76 P. = 0.76% 13600%10 50cm Py=76 Pa = 0.76%13600%10 P.= 76 P. = 0,76x13600x10 = 84 P= 0.84x13600x10 http://www.one-school.net/notes.html (Density of mercury = 13600kgm™)Pascal’s Principle x | KLA Eieeey A A, F, = Force exerted on the small piston Ay = area of the small piston F: = Force exerted on the big piston Ap = area of the big piston Archimedes Principle Weight of the object, W = p\Vig | F Upthrust, F = p,V,g p1 = density of wooden block Water er V = volume of the wooden block density of water volume of the displaced water & = gravitational field strength String F THF — Density of water > Density of wood F=T+W p¥g=T+mg Density of Iron > Density of water T+F=W pl¥g+T=mg http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlHeat Heat Change Q=mc0 m = mass (kg) c = specific heat capacity (kg! °C!) = temperature change 0) Electric Heater Mixing 2 Liquid Energy Supply, E = Pt Heat Gain by Liquid 1 = Heat Loss by Liquid 2 Energy Receive, Q = mcO mc,O, = m,c,0, Energy Supply, E = Energy Receive, Q ‘my = mass of liquid 1 c1 = specific heat capacity of liquid 1 Pt=mc0 4; = temperature change of liquid 1 E = electrical Energy (J or Nm) mz = mass of liquid 2 P = Power of the electric heater (W) c2 = specific heat capacity of liquid 2 1 time (in second) (5) 8 = temperature change of liquid 2 Q = Heat Change (J or Nm) m = mass (kg) c= specific heat capacity (Jkg! °C!) = temperature change) Specific Latent Heat Q=mL Q = Heat Change (Jor Nm) m = mass (kg) L = specific latent heat kg!) Boyle’s Law RY, =P, (Requirement: Temperature in constant) Pressure Law fk 1 f, (Requirement: Volume is constant) 14 http://www.one-school.net/notes.htmlCharles’s Law (Requirement: Pressure is constant) Universal Gas Law P= Pressure V = Volume T = Temperature Refractive Index (Pa or emHg .....) (im? or cm’) (MUST be in K(Kelvin)) Light Snell’s Law Real depth/Apparent Depth sini sinr n= refractive index (No unit) i = angle of incident 0 r=angle of reflection (°) Ad air water n= refractive index (No unit) apparent D = real depth (m or cm...) | depth epth ease d = apparent depth (m or cm...) image of point Total Internal Reflection c 1 n=— n=—— v sine n= refractive index (No unit) n= refractive index (No unit) ¢ = speed of light in vacuum (ms') © = critical angle 0 v = speed of light in a medium (like water, glass ...) (ms) http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 15Lens Power P = Power f= focal length Linear Magnification v m=— u m = linear magnification u = distance of object v= distance of image I~ heigth of image heigth of object Io Lens Equation (D(Diopter)) (m) (No unit) (morcm...) (m orem...) (m orem...) (morcm...) hittp://www.one-school.net/notes.html Conventional symbol positive negative u Real object | Virtual object v Real image | Virtual image f Convex lens_| Concave lensAstronomical Telescope Magnification, 3 Lyles m = linear magnification P. = Power of the eyepiece P,, = Power of the objective lens fa= focal length of the eyepiece ‘fo = focal length of the objective lens Distance between eye lens and objective lens d=f,+fe d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens fe = focal length of the eyepiece “fo ~ focal length of the objective lens Compound Microscope Magnification m=m,xm, _ Height of first image , J, | Height of second image, /, Height of object Height of first image , /, _ Height of second image, /, Height of object, /, m = Magnification of the microscope m, ~ Linear magnification of the object lens mz = Linear magnification of the eyepiece Distance in between the two lens d> fot fe d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens fe = focal length of the evepiece fo ~ focal length of the objective lens http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 7