Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment and

Technology,
University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
2 Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol
BS16 1QY, UK;
samuel.abbey@uwe.ac.uk (S.J.A.); Colin.booth@uwe.ac.uk (C.A.B.);
Abdul.Mahamadu@uwe.ac.uk (A.-M.M.)
* Correspondence: Samuel.amakye@uwe.ac.uk
Abstract: Subgrade materials refer to the original ground underneath a road
pavement, when these
materials are made up of expansive soil it is referred to as expansive subgrade.
Sometimes, these
materials do not have sufficient capacity to support the weight of the road
pavement and traffic
load, which means they require some form of modification and re-engineering to
enhance their
load capacity. Chemical modification techniques using traditional stabilisers (such
as cement and
lime) have proved to be an effective means of subgrade stabilisation. However, high
costs and
environmental concerns associated with the use and production of these additives
have highlighted
the need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly substitutes. This study
reviews the
use of industrial by-products and other waste materials used for subgrade