Pressure Effect

Pressure Effect on a Pipe
Introduction
Pressure effect is a zero external force resultant acting on a pipe. For this reason
it is treated as the temperature effect, the load equivalent to the stress induced
by ts effects is applied as external load by changing its negative/positive sign.
Two possible condition can be considered for the pipe end:
a) the pipe is capped at the ends; the internal and external pressure
act on the relevant cross section
b) the pipe is open at the ends and no actions are present
Pipe Stress Fields

The stress state is self-equilibrated and can be analyzed into axial, radial and
circumferential (hoop) stress, considering the following symbols,[1]:
Pi internal pressure
Po external pressure
Di inner steel diameter
Do outer steel diameter
Axial Stress The axial stress is present only in the end cap condition and it
is equal to the difference between the internal and the external pressure
(the fluid pressure is taken as a modulus):
Pi Di2 − Po Do2
σx = (1)
Do2 − Di2
σx = 0
Radial Stress The radial stress can be deduced using the Lamé stress dis-
tribution using as boundary condition the internal and external pressure
acting respectively on the inner and outer radius, and it is equal in bot
condition capped and free ends:
Pi Di2 − Po Do2 D2 D2 (Pi − Po )
σr (r) = 2 − i2 o 2 (2)
2
Do − Di D (r) Do − Di2
1
Circumferential Stress The hoop stress can be determined using the same
stress distribution used in the radial case and result:
Pi Di2 − Po Do2 Di2 Do2 (Pi − Po )
σh (r) = 2 + · (3)
Do2 − Di D2 (r) Do2 − Di2
As above highlighted the stress field is self-equilibrated and no external force

is applied to the structure like considering the temperature loads. In Finite
Element code the force rising from the volume integration of the deformation
induced by self-equilibrated load (Fs−e ) are applied “as is” to the structure to
compute the displacement (Usol ):
Fext + Fs−e = K · Usol (4)
where the Fs−e is applied as any other external force in a standard Finite Ele-
ment Analysis and is calculated according to the linear elastic Hooke law:

1
Fs−e = E · Asteel α∆T + (σx − ν(σr + σh )) (5)
E
Then the self-equilibrated force induced deformation (εs−e ) are subtracted to

the deformation obtained from the solution (εsol ) to calculated internal element
actions (the effective external force resultant on steel pipe):
Fint = K · Usol − Fs−e (6)
Test Example
To verify how FEM codes implement the pipe behavior some simple run have
been performed on ANSYS1 and Code_Aster. Two run has been performed for
a 1 meter long linear stretch of a pipe subject to a temperature and pressure
load considering the two different case of restrained and free axial elongation.
The test data are reported in table1
Fully Restrained Pipe

The axial force that rises to restrain the pipe can be calculated using equations
4 and 5.
1. First applying the pressure and temperature effect of equation 5 as an
external force to the global system of equilibrium equation whose solution
will result in a zero value for the Usol .
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and slogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the
United States or other countries, service and feature names or trademarks are the property of
their respective owners.
2
Do 1
t 0.1
tins 0.1
ρins 3000
H 0
Pin 1.0 · 109
ρsteel 7850
E 2.1 · 1011
α 1.16 · 10−5
∆T 40
Table 1: Data for the FE analysis
2. Then calculating the internal force at the element level using equation 6
results:
Fint = −Fs−e
The data used to run the model are in the table 1. To solve the model the
ANSYS FE code has been used with the mesh showed in figure 1.
The pipe elongation, considering fully restrained ends, has to be absorbed by

the constrain resulting in the force R along the pipe axis corresponding to an
elongation (considering pipe length of 1m):
R
Asteel · E
Reaction that can be determined by equations 6 and 5 where the substitution
of the stress relationships 1, 2 and 3 leads to:
R 1 − 2ν Pi Di2 − Po Do2
= α∆T +
Asteel · E E Do2 − Di2
The constraint reaction has two contribution one form the temperature and the
other from the pressure:
Pi Di2 − Po Do2
R = Asteel E(α∆T ) + Asteel (1 − 2ν)
Do2 − Di2
the stress induced by the reaction is in the present example decomposed in the
table 2
ANSYS Results
Using the script file testpipe59.mac one with fully restrained ends and the
other with free elongation condition.
3
Reaction Self-Equilibrated Total
P D 2 −P D 2 Pi Di2 −Po Do2
E(α∆T ) (1 − 2ν) i Di2 −Do2 o Do2 −Di2
o i
7 8
−9.744 · 10 −7.111 · 10
−8.0855 · 108 1.7778 · 109 9.6923 · 108
Table 2: Composition in the axial direction of the stress
Figure 1: Mesh
4
σx 1.7778E+09
σr 0.0000E+00
σh 3.5556E+09
εth 4.6400E-04
εpr 3.3862E-03
Table 3: Stress in the case end cap
Figure 2: Axial stress with KEYOPT(8)=0 end cap
Capped Ends In this case considering not present the outer pressure the
developed stresses are showed in table 3 with the resulting deformation for the
thermal and pressure components. The pipe is stretched due to the effects of
the end cap internal pressure and the temperature. The reaction force of the
restraint is a compressive force and its value is:
Theory ANSYS
R = −2.2861 · 108 -2.2861E+08
The resulting axial stress on the pipe summing up the pressure, temperature
and reaction force effects is
Theory ANSYS
σxT ot = 9.9623 · 108 9.69E+008
The result of the ANSYS simulation is in complete agreement with the above
calculations as is showed in figure 2 where the steel axial stress is reported
5
σx 0.0000E+00
σr 0.0000E+00
σh 3.5556E+09
εth 4.6400E-04
εpr -5.0794E-03
Table 4: Stress in the case “free-end-cap”
Figure 3: Axial stress in the free cap ends
Ends without Cap In this case the pressure deformation effect is a contrac-
tion of the pipe while the temperature produce an elongation. The net effect is
a contraction resulting in a pulling reaction force whose value is:
Theory ANSYS
R = 2.740 · 108 2.7404E+08
The only action, along the x coordinate direction, is the tensile reaction force
which induces in the steel the following total stress:
Theory ANSYS
σxT ot = 9.9623 · 108 9.6923E+08
The result of the ANSYS simulation is in complete agreement with the above
calculations as is showed in figure 3 where the steel axial stress is reported.
Code_Aster
Code_Aster does not have a specialized Beam Element for pipe simulation that
can manage external pressure load. The pressure effect has been simulated as an
6
initial strain and a temperature load using the scripting feature of Code_Aster
that enable the user to use python language in the .comm file.
Capped Ends In the first example an initial strain, simulating the pressure
effect, has been applied plus the temperature load. the reactions are listed below
CHAMP AUX NOEUDS DE NOM SYMBOLIQUE REAC_NODA
NUMERO D’ORDRE: 1 INST: 0.00000E+00
NOEUD DX DY DZ DRX DRY DRZ
N1 2.28612E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 -2.28612E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
while the internal action are:

CHAMP PAR ELEMENT AUX NOEUDS DE NOM SYMBOLIQUE SIEF_ELNO_ELGA
M1 N VY VZ MT MFY MFZ
N1 -2.75505E+07 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 -2.75505E+07 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 -2.75505E+07 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N3 -2.75505E+07 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
and the nodal force, coincident with the internal actions are:
CHAMP AUX NOEUDS DE NOM SYMBOLIQUE FORC_NODA
N1 2.75505E+07 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 -2.75505E+07 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
The initial strains, εx = 3.386 · 10−3 , are considered as an external load

applied to the ends of the structure whose amount are P = 2.01 · 108 N exactly
the difference between the reaction, R = 2.28612 · 108 , and the nodal force
F = 2.75505 · 107 . These considerations are supported by the strain values
reported below:
CHAMP PAR ELEMENT AUX NOEUDS DE NOM SYMBOLIQUE DEGE_ELNO_DEPL
M1 EPXX GAXY GAXZ GAT KY KZ
N1 -4.64000E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 -4.64000E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
M2 EPXX GAXY GAXZ GAT KY KZ
N2 -4.64000E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 -4.64000E-04 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
Simulating the pressure effect as an additional temperature load can be done

using the following formula:
1 1 − 2ν Pi Di2 − Po Do2
∆TP =
α E Do2 − Di2
The reactions are as expected identical to the previous results:
7
N1 2.28612E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 -2.28612E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
while the nodal forces in this case are coincident with the reaction due to
the absence of the external forces leading to the following internal actions:
N1 -2.28612E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 -2.28612E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 -2.28612E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N3 -2.28612E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
The resulting stresses are drawn from the internal action:

CHAMP PAR ELEMENT AUX NOEUDS DE NOM SYMBOLIQUE SIPO_ELNO_DEPL
M1 SN SVY SVZ SMT SMFY SMFZ
N1 -8.08551E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 -8.08551E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 -8.08551E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 -8.08551E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
It is plain that it does not take into account the self-equilibrated stress field
induce by the internal and external pressure that has to be summed to the stress
induced by the reactions, stated in other form the axial force is a compressive
force not the “effective pulling force” that takes into account the pressure action.
Open Ends In this case the pressure effect is simulated by the following
equation:
R −2ν Pi Di2 − Po Do2
= α∆T +
Asteel · E E Do2 − Di2
The reactions are:
N1 -2.74042E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 2.74042E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
that results in a traction inside the pipe as results from the list of the internal
action that follows:
N1 2.74042E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 2.74042E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
8
Figure 4: Axial stress in the cap ends case for simply supported conditions
N2 2.74042E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N3 2.74042E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
leading to the correct value for the internal stress:
N1 9.69227E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 9.69227E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 9.69227E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 9.69227E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
Simply Supported Pipe

The same calculations, of the previous section, have been performed let the pipe
to move along its axis.
ANSYS Results
ANSYS confirm to handle the pipe stress in the correct way as the figures 4 and
5 show respectively for the cap ends and open ends conditions. The axial stress
is calculated in both cases accordingly to the theory.
Code_Aster Case
Due to the workarounds needed in Code_Aster Beam Element, to deal with
internal/external pressure different results are obtained considering cap or open
9
Figure 5: Axial stress in the open ends case for simply supported conditions
ends.
Cap Ends Both workarounds have been analyzed for simulating the pressure
effect
Initial Strain Considering the pressure as an initial strain load it gener-

ates an external load that, in the isostatic conditions as the one in this case,
transfers the load to the structure. The cap ends condition lead to the following
null reaction:
N1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
while the internal actions are:

N1 2.01062E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 2.01062E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 2.01062E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N3 2.01062E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
the initial strain equivalent load induces, as expected, a pulling force inside
the pipe leading to the following stresses, equivalent to the whole pressure effect,
as reported in table 2, and not only to the axial component as expected:
10
N1 7.11111E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 7.11111E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 7.11111E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 7.11111E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
Thermal Load The simulation of pressure effects as thermal expansion

give rise to a null stress state as it is expected:
N1 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
Open Ends For open ends too both workarounds have been tested
Initial Strain In this case, simulating the pressure effect with initial strain
load, lead to a compression effect on the isostatic structure, leading to a null
reactions with the following internal actions:

N1 -3.01593E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 -3.01593E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 -3.01593E+08 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N3 -3.01593E+08 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
and stresses:
N1 -1.06667E+09 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 -1.06667E+09 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 -1.06667E+09 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 -1.06667E+09 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
Thermal Load The simulation of pressure as thermal load give more sat-
isfactory results. In fact the displacements shows a contraction of the pipe due
to the pressure effect:
CHAMP AUX NOEUDS DE NOM SYMBOLIQUE DEPL
N1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 -2.30768E-03 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 -4.61537E-03 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
11
and the resulting stress state is null as in the following:
N1 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
N2 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N3 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 -0.00000E+00
Flexural Response
Further tests have been performed to study the response, of the FE model, to
loads generating bending in the pipe. To this aim a 120m long straight pipe
has been considered, with the same mechanical characteristics of the previous
section, with fully restrained condition in the vertical plane and two different
conditions in the axial direction
1. free end displacements in the axial direction
2. restrained end displacements in the axial direction
The loads considered was the gravity, the internal pressure as 1 · 109 P a and no
temperature load.
The following example would simulate the response of a straight pipe to a
vertical load as gravity. In some condition the contribution of the axial stress
in carrying the vertical loads is significant and must be taken into account,
this result in considering the equilibrium of the pipe referred to the deformed
configuration and not to the undeformed one. In condition under examination
the resulting strains are usually still in the range of small deformation so the
analysis should consider ”large rotation and small deformation”.
Code_Aster
In Code_Aster considering the material as linear elastic, “COMP_ELAS” op-
tion of the solution phase, only the beam element “POU_D_T_GD” can handle ge-
ometric non-linearities, both large rotation and large deformation, [2], although
in the present examples the large deformation option is not essential.
The vertical loads considered are the pipe steel weight and the insulation
weight as listed in table 1. Code_Aster has no specific element to simulate
submerged pipe and the pipe steel weight is simulated as gravity load using the
following command:
GRAVITY=AFFE_CHAR_MECA(MODELE=PipeFEM,
PESANTEUR=_F(GRAVITE=-9.81,
DIRECTION=(0.,0.,1.,),),);
while the insulation weight is simulated by linear distributed pressure using the
following command:
12
INSUWE=AFFE_CHAR_MECA(MODELE=PipeFEM,
FORCE_POUTRE=_F(TOUT=’OUI’,
FX=0.0,FY=0.0,FZ=-Wins,),);
Free Ends
The deflection of the pipe for the present case is listed below:
NUMERO D’ORDRE: 1 INST: 1.00000E-01
N1 1.96639E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.41270E-19 0.00000E+00 2.18563E-18 0.00000E+00
N2 -2.05766E-02 0.00000E+00 -4.55424E-02 0.00000E+00 2.25819E-02 0.00000E+00
N3 -4.28868E-02 0.00000E+00 -1.71584E-01 0.00000E+00 4.04861E-02 0.00000E+00
N4 -6.76689E-02 0.00000E+00 -3.60148E-01 0.00000E+00 5.40491E-02 0.00000E+00
N5 -9.48932E-02 0.00000E+00 -5.94612E-01 0.00000E+00 6.36072E-02 0.00000E+00
N6 -1.24044E-01 0.00000E+00 -8.59710E-01 0.00000E+00 6.94962E-02 0.00000E+00
N7 -1.54347E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.14153E+00 0.00000E+00 7.20510E-02 0.00000E+00
N8 -1.84946E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.42749E+00 0.00000E+00 7.16055E-02 0.00000E+00
N9 -2.15041E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.70635E+00 0.00000E+00 6.84931E-02 0.00000E+00
N10 -2.43977E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.96818E+00 0.00000E+00 6.30467E-02 0.00000E+00
N11 -2.71306E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.20436E+00 0.00000E+00 5.55989E-02 0.00000E+00
N12 -2.96814E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.40758E+00 0.00000E+00 4.64827E-02 0.00000E+00
N13 -3.20523E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.57187E+00 0.00000E+00 3.60311E-02 0.00000E+00
N14 -3.42670E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.69256E+00 0.00000E+00 2.45776E-02 0.00000E+00
N15 -3.63670E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.76631E+00 0.00000E+00 1.24559E-02 0.00000E+00
N16 -3.84065E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.79112E+00 0.00000E+00 2.43678E-17 0.00000E+00
N17 -4.04460E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.76631E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.24559E-02 0.00000E+00
N18 -4.25461E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.69256E+00 0.00000E+00 -2.45776E-02 0.00000E+00
N19 -4.47608E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.57187E+00 0.00000E+00 -3.60311E-02 0.00000E+00
N20 -4.71317E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.40758E+00 0.00000E+00 -4.64827E-02 0.00000E+00
N21 -4.96824E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.20436E+00 0.00000E+00 -5.55989E-02 0.00000E+00
N22 -5.24153E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.96818E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.30467E-02 0.00000E+00
N23 -5.53089E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.70635E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.84931E-02 0.00000E+00
N24 -5.83184E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.42749E+00 0.00000E+00 -7.16055E-02 0.00000E+00
N25 -6.13784E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.14153E+00 0.00000E+00 -7.20510E-02 0.00000E+00
N26 -6.44086E-01 0.00000E+00 -8.59710E-01 0.00000E+00 -6.94962E-02 0.00000E+00
N27 -6.73237E-01 0.00000E+00 -5.94612E-01 0.00000E+00 -6.36072E-02 0.00000E+00
N28 -7.00461E-01 0.00000E+00 -3.60148E-01 0.00000E+00 -5.40491E-02 0.00000E+00
N29 -7.25244E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.71584E-01 0.00000E+00 -4.04861E-02 0.00000E+00
N30 -7.47554E-01 0.00000E+00 -4.55424E-02 0.00000E+00 -2.25819E-02 0.00000E+00
N31 -7.68130E-01 0.00000E+00 -9.93900E-20 0.00000E+00 4.06535E-21 0.00000E+00
the vertical reaction is:

N1 5.48147E-06 0.00000E+00 1.91664E+06 0.00000E+00 -3.80451E+07 0.00000E+00
N2 -2.77790E-05 0.00000E+00 2.18036E-06 0.00000E+00 -7.78586E-07 0.00000E+00
.........
N30 4.76188E-05 0.00000E+00 6.54851E-07 0.00000E+00 5.76675E-06 0.00000E+00
N31 -1.04353E-04 0.00000E+00 1.91664E+06 0.00000E+00 3.80451E+07 0.00000E+00
while the nodal forces are:
13
N1 5.48147E-06 0.00000E+00 1.85275E+06 0.00000E+00 -3.80451E+07 0.00000E+00
N2 -2.77790E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.27776E+05 0.00000E+00 -7.78586E-07 0.00000E+00
N3 -6.77833E-06 0.00000E+00 -1.27776E+05 0.00000E+00 -3.25963E-06 0.00000E+00
N4 -6.78358E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.27776E+05 0.00000E+00 -8.35210E-06 0.00000E+00
N5 6.86479E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.27776E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.30422E-05 0.00000E+00
.........
The internal action are listed in table 5 were due to results symmetry only
the first half of the pipeline has been reported.
As a further comparison the Euler type Finite Element has been used, and
the deflection is listed here

N1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 4.25790E-36 0.00000E+00 1.83789E-35 0.00000E+00
N2 -2.03175E-02 0.00000E+00 -4.70844E-02 0.00000E+00 2.27304E-02 0.00000E+00
N3 -4.06349E-02 0.00000E+00 -1.75573E-01 0.00000E+00 4.07580E-02 0.00000E+00
N4 -6.09524E-02 0.00000E+00 -3.67326E-01 0.00000E+00 5.44186E-02 0.00000E+00
N5 -8.12698E-02 0.00000E+00 -6.05547E-01 0.00000E+00 6.40483E-02 0.00000E+00
N6 -1.01587E-01 0.00000E+00 -8.74785E-01 0.00000E+00 6.99828E-02 0.00000E+00
N7 -1.21905E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.16093E+00 0.00000E+00 7.25582E-02 0.00000E+00
N8 -1.42222E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.45122E+00 0.00000E+00 7.21103E-02 0.00000E+00
N9 -1.62540E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.73423E+00 0.00000E+00 6.89751E-02 0.00000E+00
N10 -1.82857E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.99988E+00 0.00000E+00 6.34884E-02 0.00000E+00
N11 -2.03175E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.23945E+00 0.00000E+00 5.59862E-02 0.00000E+00
N12 -2.23492E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.44554E+00 0.00000E+00 4.68045E-02 0.00000E+00
N13 -2.43810E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.61209E+00 0.00000E+00 3.62791E-02 0.00000E+00
N14 -2.64127E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.73442E+00 0.00000E+00 2.47459E-02 0.00000E+00
N15 -2.84444E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.80917E+00 0.00000E+00 1.25409E-02 0.00000E+00
N16 -3.04762E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.83430E+00 0.00000E+00 1.61447E-15 0.00000E+00
N17 -3.25079E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.80917E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.25409E-02 0.00000E+00
N18 -3.45397E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.73442E+00 0.00000E+00 -2.47459E-02 0.00000E+00
N19 -3.65714E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.61209E+00 0.00000E+00 -3.62791E-02 0.00000E+00
N20 -3.86032E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.44554E+00 0.00000E+00 -4.68045E-02 0.00000E+00
N21 -4.06349E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.23945E+00 0.00000E+00 -5.59862E-02 0.00000E+00
N22 -4.26667E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.99988E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.34884E-02 0.00000E+00
N23 -4.46984E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.73423E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.89751E-02 0.00000E+00
N24 -4.67302E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.45122E+00 0.00000E+00 -7.21103E-02 0.00000E+00
N25 -4.87619E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.16093E+00 0.00000E+00 -7.25582E-02 0.00000E+00
N26 -5.07937E-01 0.00000E+00 -8.74785E-01 0.00000E+00 -6.99828E-02 0.00000E+00
N27 -5.28254E-01 0.00000E+00 -6.05547E-01 0.00000E+00 -6.40483E-02 0.00000E+00
N28 -5.48571E-01 0.00000E+00 -3.67326E-01 0.00000E+00 -5.44186E-02 0.00000E+00
N29 -5.68889E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.75573E-01 0.00000E+00 -4.07580E-02 0.00000E+00
N30 -5.89206E-01 0.00000E+00 -4.70844E-02 0.00000E+00 -2.27304E-02 0.00000E+00
N31 -6.09524E-01 0.00000E+00 -4.39371E-36 0.00000E+00 -4.81482E-35 0.00000E+00
The data shows no interaction between axial and vertical force in fact the
displacement in the x direction of the node N31 is exactly the contraction in-
duced by the fictious temperature that simulates the pressure effect.
The results can be summarized in terms of maximum deflection at the pipe
middle vertical and moment reaction at ends in the following table:
14
N1 2.09188E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.85263E+06 0.00000E+00 3.43587E+07 0.00000E+00
N2 2.09188E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.85263E+06 0.00000E+00 3.43587E+07 0.00000E+00
N2 5.43863E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.72411E+06 0.00000E+00 2.72415E+07 0.00000E+00
N3 5.43863E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.72411E+06 0.00000E+00 2.72415E+07 0.00000E+00
N3 7.54675E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.59541E+06 0.00000E+00 2.06362E+07 0.00000E+00
N4 7.54675E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.59541E+06 0.00000E+00 2.06362E+07 0.00000E+00
N4 8.63934E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.46688E+06 0.00000E+00 1.45428E+07 0.00000E+00
N5 8.63934E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.46688E+06 0.00000E+00 1.45428E+07 0.00000E+00
N5 8.92228E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.33867E+06 0.00000E+00 8.96021E+06 0.00000E+00
N6 8.92228E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.33867E+06 0.00000E+00 8.96021E+06 0.00000E+00
N6 8.58382E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.21083E+06 0.00000E+00 3.88712E+06 0.00000E+00
N7 8.58382E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.21083E+06 0.00000E+00 3.88712E+06 0.00000E+00
N7 7.79451E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.08329E+06 0.00000E+00 -6.77791E+05 0.00000E+00
N8 7.79451E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.08329E+06 0.00000E+00 -6.77791E+05 0.00000E+00
N8 6.70746E+04 0.00000E+00 -9.55967E+05 0.00000E+00 -4.73558E+06 0.00000E+00
N9 6.70746E+04 0.00000E+00 -9.55967E+05 0.00000E+00 -4.73558E+06 0.00000E+00
N9 5.45853E+04 0.00000E+00 -8.28746E+05 0.00000E+00 -8.28686E+06 0.00000E+00
N10 5.45853E+04 0.00000E+00 -8.28746E+05 0.00000E+00 -8.28686E+06 0.00000E+00
N10 4.16656E+04 0.00000E+00 -7.01530E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.13319E+07 0.00000E+00
N11 4.16656E+04 0.00000E+00 -7.01530E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.13319E+07 0.00000E+00
N11 2.93352E+04 0.00000E+00 -5.74242E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.38704E+07 0.00000E+00
N12 2.93352E+04 0.00000E+00 -5.74242E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.38704E+07 0.00000E+00
N12 1.84455E+04 0.00000E+00 -4.46834E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.59022E+07 0.00000E+00
N13 1.84455E+04 0.00000E+00 -4.46834E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.59022E+07 0.00000E+00
N13 9.67891E+03 0.00000E+00 -3.19293E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.74267E+07 0.00000E+00
N14 9.67891E+03 0.00000E+00 -3.19293E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.74267E+07 0.00000E+00
N14 3.54878E+03 0.00000E+00 -1.91631E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.84433E+07 0.00000E+00
N15 3.54878E+03 0.00000E+00 -1.91631E+05 0.00000E+00 -1.84433E+07 0.00000E+00
N15 3.97887E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.38866E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.89518E+07 0.00000E+00
N16 3.97887E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.38866E+04 0.00000E+00 -1.89518E+07 0.00000E+00
.......
Table 5: Free ends internal action
15
Code_Aster Theory
Middle deflection PUO_D_T_GD -2.79112E+00
Middle deflection PUO_D_D -2.83430E+00
End Vertical reaction 1.91664E+06
End Moment reaction -3.80451E+07
Maximum Axial Force 8.92228E+04
Restrained Axial Ends

For the present case the center line beam deflection is listed below:
N1 2.79796E-32 0.00000E+00 2.51703E-35 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
N2 1.20714E-05 0.00000E+00 -7.34947E-03 0.00000E+00 3.45595E-03 0.00000E+00
N3 -1.67498E-06 0.00000E+00 -2.35151E-02 0.00000E+00 4.54176E-03 0.00000E+00
N4 -2.58435E-05 0.00000E+00 -4.20760E-02 0.00000E+00 4.70555E-03 0.00000E+00
N5 -4.95773E-05 0.00000E+00 -6.05342E-02 0.00000E+00 4.51065E-03 0.00000E+00
N6 -6.85372E-05 0.00000E+00 -7.79180E-02 0.00000E+00 4.17622E-03 0.00000E+00
N7 -8.14849E-05 0.00000E+00 -9.38494E-02 0.00000E+00 3.78751E-03 0.00000E+00
N8 -8.84148E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.08181E-01 0.00000E+00 3.37768E-03 0.00000E+00
N9 -8.97811E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.20857E-01 0.00000E+00 2.95963E-03 0.00000E+00
N10 -8.62049E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.31853E-01 0.00000E+00 2.53839E-03 0.00000E+00
N11 -7.83673E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.41162E-01 0.00000E+00 2.11590E-03 0.00000E+00
N12 -6.69701E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.48779E-01 0.00000E+00 1.69293E-03 0.00000E+00
N13 -5.27227E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.54705E-01 0.00000E+00 1.26977E-03 0.00000E+00
N14 -3.63367E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.58937E-01 0.00000E+00 8.46534E-04 0.00000E+00
N15 -1.85248E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.61477E-01 0.00000E+00 4.23272E-04 0.00000E+00
N16 8.39977E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.62323E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.85359E-18 0.00000E+00
N17 1.85248E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.61477E-01 0.00000E+00 -4.23272E-04 0.00000E+00
N18 3.63367E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.58937E-01 0.00000E+00 -8.46534E-04 0.00000E+00
N19 5.27227E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.54705E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.26977E-03 0.00000E+00
N20 6.69701E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.48779E-01 0.00000E+00 -1.69293E-03 0.00000E+00
N21 7.83673E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.41162E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.11590E-03 0.00000E+00
N22 8.62049E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.31853E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.53839E-03 0.00000E+00
N23 8.97811E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.20857E-01 0.00000E+00 -2.95963E-03 0.00000E+00
N24 8.84148E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.08181E-01 0.00000E+00 -3.37768E-03 0.00000E+00
N25 8.14849E-05 0.00000E+00 -9.38494E-02 0.00000E+00 -3.78751E-03 0.00000E+00
N26 6.85372E-05 0.00000E+00 -7.79180E-02 0.00000E+00 -4.17622E-03 0.00000E+00
N27 4.95773E-05 0.00000E+00 -6.05342E-02 0.00000E+00 -4.51065E-03 0.00000E+00
N28 2.58435E-05 0.00000E+00 -4.20760E-02 0.00000E+00 -4.70555E-03 0.00000E+00
N29 1.67498E-06 0.00000E+00 -2.35151E-02 0.00000E+00 -4.54176E-03 0.00000E+00
N30 -1.20714E-05 0.00000E+00 -7.34947E-03 0.00000E+00 -3.45595E-03 0.00000E+00
N31 1.11918E-31 0.00000E+00 -3.92288E-33 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
The ends reaction now show a considerable higher horizontal force due to
the axial restrain:
N1 -3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 1.91664E+06 0.00000E+00 -7.85448E+06 0.00000E+00
N2 -1.46627E-05 0.00000E+00 7.09115E-08 0.00000E+00 -2.70084E-08 0.00000E+00
........
N29 -2.25306E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.41757E-06 0.00000E+00 -2.60537E-07 0.00000E+00
16
N30 -1.17421E-05 0.00000E+00 6.56946E-07 0.00000E+00 7.60891E-07 0.00000E+00
N31 3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 1.91664E+06 0.00000E+00 7.85448E+06 0.00000E+00
The same is for the nodal force:

N1 -3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 1.85275E+06 0.00000E+00 -7.85448E+06 0.00000E+00
N2 -1.46627E-05 0.00000E+00 -1.27776E+05 0.00000E+00 -2.70084E-08 0.00000E+00
N3 9.35793E-06 0.00000E+00 -1.27776E+05 0.00000E+00 -2.25846E-08 0.00000E+00
N4 -6.67572E-06 0.00000E+00 -1.27776E+05 0.00000E+00 4.83997E-08 0.00000E+00
while the internal action are reported in table 6 where only the first half
pipe internal action are reported due to results symmetry. As in the previous
section the same analysis has been performed using the POU_D_E element
getting the following displacements:
------>
N1 -2.16840E-19 0.00000E+00 -2.68544E-36 0.00000E+00 3.58186E-36 0.00000E+00
N2 1.62289E-18 0.00000E+00 -4.70844E-02 0.00000E+00 2.27304E-02 0.00000E+00
N3 2.24193E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.75573E-01 0.00000E+00 4.07580E-02 0.00000E+00
N4 -1.15443E-18 0.00000E+00 -3.67326E-01 0.00000E+00 5.44186E-02 0.00000E+00
N5 2.47616E-18 0.00000E+00 -6.05547E-01 0.00000E+00 6.40483E-02 0.00000E+00
N6 3.09520E-18 0.00000E+00 -8.74785E-01 0.00000E+00 6.99828E-02 0.00000E+00
N7 2.71039E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.16093E+00 0.00000E+00 7.25582E-02 0.00000E+00
N8 3.32943E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.45122E+00 0.00000E+00 7.21103E-02 0.00000E+00
N9 3.94847E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.73423E+00 0.00000E+00 6.89751E-02 0.00000E+00
N10 4.56751E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.99988E+00 0.00000E+00 6.34884E-02 0.00000E+00
N11 5.18655E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.23945E+00 0.00000E+00 5.59862E-02 0.00000E+00
N12 5.80559E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.44554E+00 0.00000E+00 4.68045E-02 0.00000E+00
N13 5.42079E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.61209E+00 0.00000E+00 3.62791E-02 0.00000E+00
N14 -9.87118E-19 0.00000E+00 -2.73442E+00 0.00000E+00 2.47459E-02 0.00000E+00
N15 -1.37193E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.80917E+00 0.00000E+00 1.25409E-02 0.00000E+00
N16 -7.77983E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.83430E+00 0.00000E+00 3.26499E-16 0.00000E+00
N17 -7.16079E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.80917E+00 0.00000E+00 -1.25409E-02 0.00000E+00
N18 -6.54175E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.73442E+00 0.00000E+00 -2.47459E-02 0.00000E+00
N19 -5.92271E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.61209E+00 0.00000E+00 -3.62791E-02 0.00000E+00
N20 -5.30367E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.44554E+00 0.00000E+00 -4.68045E-02 0.00000E+00
N21 -4.68463E-18 0.00000E+00 -2.23945E+00 0.00000E+00 -5.59862E-02 0.00000E+00
N22 -4.06559E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.99988E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.34884E-02 0.00000E+00
N23 -4.45040E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.73423E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.89751E-02 0.00000E+00
N24 -3.83136E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.45122E+00 0.00000E+00 -7.21103E-02 0.00000E+00
N25 -3.21232E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.16093E+00 0.00000E+00 -7.25582E-02 0.00000E+00
N26 -2.59328E-18 0.00000E+00 -8.74785E-01 0.00000E+00 -6.99828E-02 0.00000E+00
N27 -1.97424E-18 0.00000E+00 -6.05547E-01 0.00000E+00 -6.40483E-02 0.00000E+00
N28 -1.35520E-18 0.00000E+00 -3.67326E-01 0.00000E+00 -5.44186E-02 0.00000E+00
N29 -1.74001E-18 0.00000E+00 -1.75573E-01 0.00000E+00 -4.07580E-02 0.00000E+00
N30 -1.12096E-18 0.00000E+00 -4.70844E-02 0.00000E+00 -2.27304E-02 0.00000E+00
N31 -2.16840E-19 0.00000E+00 -1.05118E-35 0.00000E+00 -1.48809E-35 0.00000E+00
and as it would be expected no difference with the free ebds case in the
17
vertical plane has been evidenced. The whole data can be summarized in the
following table:
Code_Aster Theory
Middle deflection POU_D_T_GD -1.62323E-01
Middle deflection POU_D_T_GD -2.83430E+00
End Moment reaction -7.85448E+06
ANSYS
For the present case the command SSTIFF,ON NLGEOM,ON is used to con-
sider the large rotation and small strain case using the submerged dedicated
pipe element PIPE59.
Free Ends
The results are reported in terms of axial force, bending moment and vertical
displacements respectively in figures (6), (7) and (8) while the reactions at ends
are listed below:
***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****
LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 8
TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0
THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z SOLUTIONS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
NODE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.17584E+07 0.0000 -0.35128E+08 0.0000
121 0.0000 0.17584E+07 0.35128E+08 0.0000
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 0.35168E+07 0.0000 0.48429E-06 0.0000
The following summary table can be written:
ANSYS Theory
Middle deflection -2.586
End Moment reaction 0.35128E+08
Axially Restrained Ends

In the case of the restrained ends it is possible to compare the numerical solution
with an analytical one. The governing eqution are:
EJ · y IV − N · y II = q(x)
18
N1 3.01872E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.33112E+06 0.00000E+00 5.25827E+06 0.00000E+00
N2 3.01872E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.33112E+06 0.00000E+00 5.25827E+06 0.00000E+00
N2 3.01874E+08 0.00000E+00 -5.17830E+05 0.00000E+00 1.65208E+06 0.00000E+00
N3 3.01874E+08 0.00000E+00 -5.17830E+05 0.00000E+00 1.65208E+06 0.00000E+00
N3 3.01873E+08 0.00000E+00 -2.01445E+05 0.00000E+00 2.49206E+05 0.00000E+00
N4 3.01873E+08 0.00000E+00 -2.01445E+05 0.00000E+00 2.49206E+05 0.00000E+00
N4 3.01873E+08 0.00000E+00 -7.83660E+04 0.00000E+00 -2.96536E+05 0.00000E+00
N5 3.01873E+08 0.00000E+00 -7.83660E+04 0.00000E+00 -2.96536E+05 0.00000E+00
N5 3.01872E+08 0.00000E+00 -3.04861E+04 0.00000E+00 -5.08841E+05 0.00000E+00
N6 3.01872E+08 0.00000E+00 -3.04861E+04 0.00000E+00 -5.08841E+05 0.00000E+00
N6 3.01872E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.18600E+04 0.00000E+00 -5.91432E+05 0.00000E+00
N7 3.01872E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.18600E+04 0.00000E+00 -5.91432E+05 0.00000E+00
N7 3.01871E+08 0.00000E+00 -4.61403E+03 0.00000E+00 -6.23563E+05 0.00000E+00
N8 3.01871E+08 0.00000E+00 -4.61403E+03 0.00000E+00 -6.23563E+05 0.00000E+00
N8 3.01871E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.79519E+03 0.00000E+00 -6.36063E+05 0.00000E+00
N9 3.01871E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.79519E+03 0.00000E+00 -6.36063E+05 0.00000E+00
N9 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -6.98573E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.40927E+05 0.00000E+00
N10 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -6.98573E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.40927E+05 0.00000E+00
N10 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -2.71927E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.42820E+05 0.00000E+00
N11 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -2.71927E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.42820E+05 0.00000E+00
N11 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.05906E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.43557E+05 0.00000E+00
N12 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.05906E+02 0.00000E+00 -6.43557E+05 0.00000E+00
N12 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -4.12561E+01 0.00000E+00 -6.43844E+05 0.00000E+00
N13 3.01870E+08 0.00000E+00 -4.12561E+01 0.00000E+00 -6.43844E+05 0.00000E+00
N13 3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.59959E+01 0.00000E+00 -6.43956E+05 0.00000E+00
N14 3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.59959E+01 0.00000E+00 -6.43956E+05 0.00000E+00
N14 3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 -5.94313E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.43999E+05 0.00000E+00
N15 3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 -5.94313E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.43999E+05 0.00000E+00
N15 3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.50812E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.44013E+05 0.00000E+00
N16 3.01869E+08 0.00000E+00 -1.50812E+00 0.00000E+00 -6.44013E+05 0.00000E+00
.....
Table 6: Restrained ends internal action
19
Figure 6: Free end axial internal force graph
20
whose solution, in the case of constant distribuited load, is:

r r
N N q·x
y(x) = A + B · x + C · sinh( · x) + D · cosh( · x) +
EJ EJ 2N
where N is the axial force.
The restrained axial ends results are reported in the figures respectively for
the axial force, bending moment and vertical displacements. The reaction forces
for the ends are listed below:
PRINT REACTION SOLUTIONS PER NODE
***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 7
TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0
THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z SOLUTIONS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
NODE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
1 -0.30183E+09 0.0000 0.17584E+07 0.0000 -0.73074E+07 0.0000
121 0.30183E+09 0.0000 0.17584E+07 0.73074E+07 0.0000
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 0.35168E+07 0.0000 -0.55879E-08 0.0000
The following summary table can be written:

ANSYS Theory
Middle deflection -.149413 -.16196761
End Vertical reaction 0.17584E+07 1916635.2
End Moment reaction 0.734E+07 7961868.
21
22
Conclusion
At the conclusion of the simple test example the following consideration can be
drawn:
1. ANSYS is able to correctly handle the effect of internal and external pres-
sure giving rise to the correct stress distribution on the axial, radial and
circumferential directions in both, cap and open ends;
2. The two different condition of with and without cap have no effect on the
stress on the pipe steel section on the case of restrained ends, the axial
total stress is the same in the two conditions what is different it is the
reaction absorbed by the constrains
3. Code_Aster can simulate the condition of open ends leading to a cor-

rect stress state for both, fully restrained and simply supported boundary
conditions if the pressure effects are induced by an equivalent thermal
expansion load
4. Code_Aster, in the condition of cap ends, cannot represent correctly the
stress state and some pulling force have to be fictitiously applied to gen-
erate the correct stress state
5. Code_Aster, in condition of isostatic structure, as in the simply supported
one, obtains the correct stress state if the pressure effect is represented by
a thermal load in the open ends situation.
23
Free End
Code_Aster ANSYS
Middle deflection -2.79112E+00 -2.586
End Vertical reaction 1.91664E+06 0.17584E+07
End Moment reaction -3.80451E+07 0.35128E+08
Maximum Axial Force 8.92228E+04 7.6905E+04
Axial Restrain
Code_Aster ANSYS Theory
Middle deflection -1.62323E-01 -.149413 -.16196761
End Vertical reaction 1.91664E+06 0.17584E+07 1916635.2
End Moment reaction -7.85448E+06 0.734E+07 7961868.
Maximum Axial Force 3.01872E+08 3.02E+08 3.02E+08
Table 7: Final comparing table
6. For the flexural examples the results are compared in table (7) where it
is possible to highlight how ANSYS results are stiffer then the ones of
Code_Aster.
References
[1] ANSYS® Academic Research, Release 12.1, Help System, Coupled Field
Analysis Guide, ANSYS, Inc.
[2] Code_Aster Documentation, Modélisation statique et dy-

namique des poutres en grandes rotations, http://www.code-
aster.org/V2/doc/default/man_r/r5/r5.03.40.pdf
24

Pressure Effect

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Pressure Effect

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Pressure Effect on a Pipe

Pipe Stress Fields

As above highlighted the stress field is self-equilibrated and no external force

Fext + Fs−e = K · Usol (4)

Then the self-equilibrated force induced deformation (εs−e ) are subtracted to

Fint = K · Usol − Fs−e (6)

Fully Restrained Pipe

Table 1: Data for the FE analysis

The pipe elongation, considering fully restrained ends, has to be absorbed by

Table 2: Composition in the axial direction of the stress

Table 3: Stress in the case end cap

Figure 2: Axial stress with KEYOPT(8)=0 end cap

Table 4: Stress in the case “free-end-cap”

Figure 3: Axial stress in the free cap ends

while the internal action are:

The initial strains, εx = 3.386 · 10−3 , are considered as an external load

Simulating the pressure effect as an additional temperature load can be done

The reactions are as expected identical to the previous results:

The resulting stresses are drawn from the internal action:

Simply Supported Pipe

Initial Strain Considering the pressure as an initial strain load it gener-

while the internal actions are:

Thermal Load The simulation of pressure effects as thermal expansion

NUMERO D’ORDRE: 1 INST: 0.00000E+00

the vertical reaction is:

while the nodal forces are:

CHAMP AUX NOEUDS DE NOM SYMBOLIQUE DEPL

Table 5: Free ends internal action

Restrained Axial Ends

The same is for the nodal force:

The following summary table can be written:

Axially Restrained Ends

Table 6: Restrained ends internal action

Figure 7: Free end axial internal force graph

whose solution, in the case of constant distribuited load, is:

***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****

The following summary table can be written:

Figure 10: Free end axial internal force graph

3. Code_Aster can simulate the condition of open ends leading to a cor-

Table 7: Final comparing table

[2] Code_Aster Documentation, Modélisation statique et dy-

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* POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *