Journal of Asian Earth Sciences PERGAMON Joaral of Asian Earth Senses 20 (2002) 683-689 wolevierconmocitaycas Permian of Myanmar Thura Oo*™, Tin Hlaing", Nyunt Htay‘ Deparment of Geology, Univers of Yangon, Universy P.O. Kamayas Township, Yangon Myanmar No. 47, Kanha Staton Sire, Mlang Township. Yangon. Msonmar “Deparment of Geological Survey ad Minera Exploration, No. 90 Kanbe Road, Yangon P.O, Yangon Township. Yangon, Myanmar Received 12 December 2000 sep 5 July 2001 Abstract Pormo-Teassic carbonates with minor basal elastics cover extensive tracts of the Shan Plateau in the eastern part of Myanmar. These carbonates are grouped into the Pesmian Thtspin Limestone Formation and the Late Permian-Early Triassic Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation. The Thitspin Formation occurs as isolated masses, in many places faulted against older rocks. It is now known that there is ‘regional unconformity between the Thtsipin Limestone Formation andthe underlying silc-carbonates of Devonian age in Shan State, and between the Thitsipin Limestone Formation and Carboniferous meta-siliciclastics in Kayal State, Mon State, Kayin State and Tanintharyt Division. Some ofthe Thitsipin limestone is dolomitized and passes transtonally upward nto the Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation. Permian shelfearbonates occur within two diferent sequences: the silii-carbonate sequence of the Shan-Thai Block and the metasilcielasic sequence of the Mergui Terran, suggesting thatthe Permian limestones were deposited after the emplacement ofthe Mergui Terran onto the southcin margin ofthe Shan-Thai Block. This event occurred when the Shan-Thai Block was in the southern hemisphere. © 2002 Ersevier Science Lid All rights reserved, “Keywords: Permian: Tisipn: Limestone formation; Nang; Dolomite formation 1 Introduetion Rocks of Permian age are virally confined to the eastern and the southern parts of Myanmar and consist almost entirely of carbonates. They give rise to dramatic searp and ridge scenery with spectacular karstic features. ‘The scarps, which are composed largely of Permian carbonates, form a natural barrier between the Shan Plateau of Eastern Myanmar and the Central Lowlands in the west. ‘The Permian carbonate sequence of Eastern Myanmar is part of @ widespread stratigraphic unit, which extends through ‘western Thailand into northwestern Malaysia, and through western Yunnan into central Tibet. Recent advances in ‘understanding the stratigraphy of the Permian in Myanmar suggest thatthe succession may be both more extensive and locally includes more continuous stratigraphic sequences than in other areas, ‘The purpose of this paper is to summarize the distri bution, lithology and fauna of the two formations which comprise the Permian in Myanmar, and to discuss briefly the recenily identified major basal Permian “unconformity © Comesponting a. 2. Distribution of the Permian units Rocks of undoubted Permian age in Myanmar form part of a Late Paleozoic carbonate sequence which has been described as the ‘Plateau Limestone", covering the greater part of eastern Myanmar (Fig. 1). From the Myanmar— China frontier area in the northern Shan State, the Time- stones extend southwards and westwards, through Thipaw and Pyinoolwin townships into Pindaya township in the southern Shan State. In the west, along the westem ‘margin of the Shan Plateau, the unit is conspicuously and continuously exposed, together with Lower Paleozoic units, and extends southward from the Sedaweyi Dam area, Madaya township through Tonbo Range, 20km southeast of Mandalay, and Dattaw Range and the ‘Magyiye area, Kyaukse township. To the south, Permo- “Triassic carbonates, with juxtaposed Mesozoic clastic ‘extend intermittently through Lungyaw-Kinda Dam area, Myittha township and the Kubyin-Lebyin area, Thazi township. Further South, the Permian limestone, together ‘with underlying Carboniferous meta-sediments, extends from Loikaw township, Kayah State and Ps-an township, Kayin State into Mon State. Beyond these areas, Permian limestones erop out in the islands of the Tanintharyi “Archipelago. 1367.912102/ - see font mater © 2002 Elsevier Science LA. Al rghs reserved '$1367-0120(01100074-8Oo era. Jourel of Asan Earth Sciences 202002) 683-689 ‘Thantwin(Satween) river 2-1 Disbation map ofthe Permo-Trianic carbonates in Myanmar (1) Karine, (2) Myiisin, (3) Zin Tan. (4) Seda Dar, (5) Tips, (6) ‘Mandalay, 1) Tonka Range, 8 Pyinokvin, (> Data Range (10) Magyiye are, 11 Langyam (12) Kubyin-Lebymarea, (13) Nwabangy, 1) Tht (15) Line-Sin area, (16) Ywangan, (17) Tangy (1) Laika, (19) Yangon, 20) Pesan nd 21) Malamyine 3. Development of ideas on the Permian of Myanmar ‘The widespread occurrence of Paleozoic lithostatigrapic ‘units in the northern Shan State was established by La Touche (in Holland, 1908). In that paper, the Devonian—Permian carbonate sequence was described as the Plateau Limestone, as it was considered fo underlie the greater part of the plateau ‘country of Shan State. In southern Shan State, the Paleozoic carbonates were first described as the ‘Great Limestone Zone’ by Middlemiss (1900), a very generalized term in Which much of the Early Paleozoic and some Mesozoic lime- stones were lumped together. Later, the Plateau Limestone was subdivided by La Touche (1913) into two sections: Lower Plateau Limestone, a lower dolomitic limestone of Devonian age: and Upper Plateau Limestone, an upper ealei- tic carbonate of Permo-Cazhoniferous age. Following La Touche’s nomenclature, Brown (1931), and Brown and Sondhi (1933a,b) reported Permian fossil-bear- ing Upper Plateau Limestone in the southern Shan State, Lt Touche’s twofold division of the Plateau Limestone then became invalid because of the discovery of Triassic fossils 3n the dolomitic part of the Lower Plateau Limestone at [Na-Hkan by Sahni (in Fermor, 1933), In 1959, the Plateau Limestone of La Touche was reviewed by Pascoe (1959) ‘who suggested it consisted of three units: a lower dolomitic division (Devonian); a middle division with frequently1. oer a / Journal of Arian Barth Sciences 20 (2012) 683-689 3s fossiliferous limestones of Early and Middle Permian age: and an upper dolomiti division (Trias). Brunnschweiler (1970) recognized only two formations within the Plateau Limestone: the dolomitized Devonian Shan Dolomite Formation, with the Padaukpin Limestone and Wetwun Shale Members, and the undolomitized Permian Tonbo Limestone Formation. Later, the Permo- Triassic limestone and dolomite exposed neat Kala, south- erm Shan State, were subdivided by Gramann etal. (1972) inwo three: the Fusulina Limestone: the Thigaungdaung Limestone; and the Kondeik Limestone, based mainly on the study of foraminifers and aramonites. ‘Amos (1975) elevated Brunnschweiler’s Shan dolomite tothe status of a group, eplacing the previous name Plateau Limestone by “Shan Dolomite Group’. His Shan Dolomite Group consists of two formations; the Maymyo Dolomite Formation and the Nwabangyi Formation. He applied the name Maymyo Dolomite Formation to those dolomitzed carbonates lying above the Zebingyi Formation or other Silurian rocks, and included small patches of undolomitized rocks within the formation, such as the Padaukpin Lime- stone and Wetwun Shale. His Nwalbangyi Dolomite Forma- tion comprises all dolomitized carbonates of Permian and Triassic age. He defined the This 48 an undolomitized unit of Early wo Late Permian age within the Shan Dolomite Group. Later, Garson et al (1976) subdivided the Permo-Trassic limestone and dolo- mite of southem Shan State into three distinct formations: the Thitsipin Limestone Formation, the Nwabangyi Dolo- mite Formation and the Nattek Limestone Formation According othe stratigraphic poston, lithology and faunal ‘assemblages, some ofthe proposed names are considered tobe synonymous, such asthe Hionbo Beds of Datta (1900), the Pyinnyaung Limestone, the Thamakan Limestone and the Taunggyi-Hopong-Huamsing. Limestone of Midalemiss (1900), te ealitic Upper Plateau Limestone of La Touche (1913), the middle calcitic division of Pascoe (1959), the TTonbo Limestone Formation and Moulmein Limestone of Brunnschweiler (1970), the Dattawtaung Limestone Forma- tion of Naing (1978), the caletie par of the Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation of Amos (1973) andthe Titsipin Lime stone Formation of Garson etal, (1976). However, the name Thitsipin Limestone Formation snow prefered because ofits realistic and more complete description n Limestone Formation 4. The Permian type-sections, southern Shan State Though the whole sequence has been regarded as lime- Stone, the prevailing rock type is dolomitic limestone and/or olostone, and fossiliferous true calcitic limestone is less Well represented. In the northern Shan State, the Permo- Triassic dolomitic carbonate sequence has been deseribed 8 the Maymyo Dolomite Formation, overlying Devonian Silici-carbonates. In the southern Shan State, the Permo- Triassic carbonate sequence has been described as the ‘Thitsipin Limestone Formation and the Nwabangyi Dolo- mite Formation, 4.1, Thitsipin Limestone Formation ‘The name Thitsipin Limestone Formation was first used by Garson et al, (1976) for a limestone with a Permian fauna ‘exposed around Thitsipin village, Ywangan (Ye-ngan) town- ship, southern Shan State, Te formation is composed of five ‘main lithofacies; poorly bedded, brownish grey oligomictic conglomerate facies (Lithofacies 1), thinly laminated, yellow ish brown to brownish grey argillaceous floatstone—pack- stone and calcareous silly shale facies (Lithofacies 1, ‘massive grey wackestone—floatstone facies (Lithofacies Il) thick-bedded, grey packstone—grainstone facies (Lithofacies IV), and massive or poorly bedded dark grey cherty wack: stone floastone facies (Lithofucies V). AL tbe type locality, the formation has faulted contact with Ordovician rocks and Lithofacies IIT forms the lower part of the formation, as Lithofacies 1 and Hare missing. In the vicinity of Linwe village, Ywangan township, the basal conglomerate (Litho- facies 1 is missing, and the formation rests on the Devonian ‘Zebingyi Formation with Lithofacies If atthe base. Lithofa- cies II contains Barly Permian brachiopods, fenestllids and a few fusulinids. Some part ofthe formation hss been partially dolomitized o a pale grey o pale blue fine-grained dolostone. In samples collected by Dr Aye Ko Aung in 1994 and authors jn 2000 from weathered and dolomitized Lithofacies II, exposed near the Sin village, 1 km southeast of Linwe village, some brachiopods: Hustedia nakornsrii, Dielasma ovoidale, Spiriferelina cristata, Cleiothyridina deroissy, Cleiothyridina sp. A. indet, Actinoconchus paradoxus, and Riynchopora nikitini and few Permian corals, Waageophy!- Jum spp. were identified (Oo, 1997b). To the east of Linwe and Sin village, the formation passes transitionally upward into the Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation. Inbrief, the limestones are characterized by the presence of ‘great numbers of fusulinids, bryozoans, corals and brachio- ‘pods. Based on the fusulnid assemblages described by Amos (1975), Garson et al. (1976), Sein etal. (1998), Min (2001), and Oo (2001), and in accordance with the classification of fusulinacea biozones by Ross (1995), we can recognize the following biozones in the Thitsipin Limestone Formation, ‘The Pseudoschnwagerina zone (early Early Permian) charac- terized by the Pseudoschwagerina sp., Pseudofisulinela sp. Pseudofusulina sp. and smaller Paleotextulsrids; Parafusu- lina zone (ate Barly Permian) characterized by the Paraf sulina cf. katiaensis; and Neoschwagerina-Verbeekina zone (early Late Permian) characterized by the Yangehienia sp. Schubertellasp., Verbeekina sp...Pachyphloia sp. Tetrataxis sp. and Polydiexodtina sp. 4.2. Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation Dolomitized carbonate rocks, exposed in the vicinity of [Nwabangyi village, Ywangan township, were described as the Nwvabangyi Dolomite Formation by Garson etal. (1976)T Over /Joural of Asan Earth Sciences 20 (202) 83-689 86 Fig. 2 at sstscome sorfacal shattering and brescation, Garson et 970 ee cntomeie 2 Be ibe pace floatstone facies tities VD: _ a dai spepaphic wackestone facies (ithotaces VID} micas woe eet oucrone facies With scare foraminifers, gastropods and Bowe potas VHD and thinly amine, grey. ui Sor ite packsine-ransone feces (Lota. ccs) Th SS wp afrmably in he Easy on tek Ltestone Formation ‘Tease Na ids and nnsuaiacean genera ne er pat of Nwabangy! Limestone Formation Fee far. 1916; Brinnimana ota, 1978; Whitaker (Garson inet ca, 197) the Poenfsulin—Codo- sojetans sone te Late Pein) ca Be identi char- 1 Hemigordins ren, I recheli, HL. parvus, Fea ee ec Rak 5. lone ay tase ons i Te ac Bedanimann els 1975; Tein etal 1984: Gy, 1994). 5, Permian formations elsewhere inthe Shan Plateau ‘and searps jn State, calitic Thitsipin Limestone is Jn natn el all ors slong the Nem in contrast, dolomitic carbonates of the jomite cover extensively the broad rolling tera, ’some eran comls and Triassic ammonites rararee monde from the Maymyo Dolomite (Bréi- have been rot Sin 1989), This faunal evidence suggests Tarte aymyo Doone not of Devonian ge only, but tar ae eit may be dloitzed Thisipin Limestone or Nwabangyi Dolomite Formations found only River valli Maymyo Dol emia conformity as four nthe Magyiye area. The Lithfacies ofthe Thitsiin neste Bears Sotina-bedring sty imestone a joc dered fom the aaleing woking Lae Siluin-Esrly Devonian Zebingyi Formation (fer UN Tea 197), ‘To the west, the Nwalabo-Panlaung fault and Pyinnyaung scarp fault separate Jorassic—Cretaceous racks on the west from Permian carbonates on the east. In places, thrusting of Permian carbonate on the Jurassic~Cretaceous rocks has been observed, and the younger beds are seen isoclinally folded beneath the limestones. Just south of the Sedawgyi Dam, Permian limestone is found juxtaposed with older metasediments and is stightly ‘metamorphosed to marble, The limestone is composed of Lithofacies I, ILIV and V, and locally bears a few Permian sinaller foraminifers, Ammodiscus sp. Elomospira sp. Cribrogenerina sp. and Endothyra sp. (Lwin, 1996). In this area, Lithofacies 1 is composed mostly of orthoquartzite pebbles in » ferruginous sandy matrix. In the Tonbo Range, fusulinid-bearing limestone is faulted against Ordovician cephalopod-bearing black limestone along high angle reverse faulls. Here, the rocks are composed dominantly of Lithofacies IIl and 1V. and contain Sehwagina sp. and Paraschwsagerina sp. Some parts of the rocks have been dolomitized: fusulinids are found as white calcite spots, but only a few are still identifiable. The Timestone grades "upward into well-bedded Newabangy Dolomite Penmian carbonates exposed along the Dattaw Taung Range, east of Kyaukse, include both the Thitsipin Limestone and the Nwabangyi Dolomite Formations. ‘The Thitsipin Limestone here contains Lithofacies J, Il, IV and V. The ‘conglomerate (Lithofacies 1) has been found as a basal unit Cf the formation, exposed at the southern end of Dattaw ‘Taung Range and in the Magyiye area (Fig. 2), Kyaukse township. The facies is composed of poorly bedded, brownish grey polymictie conglomerate with well-rounded limestone pebbles and rounded flat pebbles of siltstone and argilaceous limestone, derived from the underlying Zebingyi Formation of Late Silurian to Early Devonian age. ‘The N-S tending limestone of the Dataw Taung Range ‘swings southwest through the Nwalegauk Hill to the Than ddawmywat ill, where it grades into wemolite-bearing marble (Thein and Win, 1969; Thein et al, 1984). Thein and WinTF. Oo eta. our of Ason Earth Science 20 (2002) 083-649 on (1969) described some relict fossils including bryozoans, rugose corals, and Syringopora sp fom the marble. In adi ton, few bryozoans have becn reported in phlogopite-bear- ing mathe. The marbles are massive to thick bedded, buish 10 white, fne- to medium-srained, locally banded and field wemolite, andalusite and phlogopite ‘On the east Side ofthe Pan Laung Fault inthe vicinity of the Lungyaw and Kinda Dam area, 2 linear north-south estemely rugged, craggy and precipitous range is eomposed manly of Lithofaces I, TV and V ofthe Thitsi- pin Limestone Formation, and Lithofacies VIL and VIIL of the Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation, bearing scarce forami- nifers, gastropods and corals. To the east, beyond the ange, the broad relatively low rolling hills are underlain by the Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation, where a few Late Permian and Early Triassic foraminiers have been described by Garson etal. (1976), and Myint (1990). There are several inegularly shaped patches of dolomitization im this area: some relict microfossil intemal structure is observed in thin-sections due to incomplete dolomitization (Myint, 1990). To the eat, beyond the undulating grassland which characterized this dolomite i the type area of the Thitsipin Limestone Formation ‘The structure just 0 the east of Lebyin is an overturned synclie, with beds dipping wes (Ivanhoe Myanmar Holding id, unpublished ror), The Thitsipin Limestone Formation and Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation are found along the axis. of the syncline. Here, the Thitspin Limestone Formation comprises Lithofaces HI, IV and V, but Lithofacies T has tot been observed. A Sakmarian brachiopod assemblage, including Orbieuloidea sp. Reetiulatia sp. and Spinomar- nia prolica, were idented from Lithofacies I by Oo (49972). The Spinomartinia protifea assemblage suggests that an early Early Permian age can be assigned tothe basal clastic subunit ofthe Thitsipin Limestone Formation. East of Taunggyi, several Permian limestone outcrops have been recorded, just above the massive, white and arey, breciated dolomite (Brown and Sondhi, 1933a). At the milepost 23/2, beyond the brown-srey and white, sandy shales, there occurs the fossiliferous. limestone where Middlemis (1900) and Brown and Sondhi (1933a) reported 4 Permian fauna From the western margin of the Shan Plateau, Carboni ferous meta-siliciclastics with local Permo-Triassie earbo- hate sequences extend southward into Kayah and Kayin Slates and further to the south in the Mon State and to some islands of the Tanintharyi Archipelago. Permian rocks were first reported from the Mavslamyine (Moulmein) and Kyeikkami, Thanphyuzayat area, Mon State by Oldham in 1856 (in Fermor, 1922) and described as part of the ‘Moutmein System. They comprise a group of massive lime= Stones with reddish sandstone and mals, resting uncon- formably on the Carboniferous Taungayo Group. Brunnschweiler (1970) separated out the limestone sequence from the upper part of Oldham's Moulmein System and named it the “Moulmein Limestone", Thete is ro obvious difference between the Thitsipin limestones, and the Moulmein Limestone exposed at Nagaweiksa Tsung, rnear Loikaw, Kayah State, and Ziwekabin Taung Range, near Pa-an, Kayin State. ‘The basal Lithofacies I with Early Permian brachiopods rests unconformably on Carbo- niferous metasediments (Htay, 1980). A Spinomartinia prolfica assemblage was identified from the base of the ‘Thitsipin Limestone (Moulmein limestones) exposed at Zwvekabin Taung, near Pa-an. The limestones are interpreted as patch-reefs rather than extensive reefs 7. Permian rocks in the Sagaing Fault zone To the west of Ayeyarwady River, Permian limestones bearing fusulinids, bryozoans and corals have been reported inthe vicinity of Karmine, Pha-kent township, along the Meza River valley, Tigyaing township, at Zin Taung, Kantbalu ‘township, and in the Sheinmaga area, Wutlet township, all within the Sagaing Fault zone, The limestones are massive ‘o poorly bedded, creamy-white and grey containing Schwa- gerina sp. Parafusulina sp., Rugososchwagerina sp. and Cribrogerinerina sp. characteristic of the Neaschwagerina— Verbeekina zone (Thein et al, 1982; Nyunt, 1993), 8, The Lower Permian unconformit in Myanmar In Shan State, the Permian carbonate lies unconformably fon silic-carbonate sediments of Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian age (Amos, 1975). In the Dattaw Taung. and Magyiye area, the basal conglomerates (Lithofacies 1) of the Thitsipin Limestone Formation yield Styolina-bearing slightly metamorphosed silty limestone pebbles which are derived from the underlying Zebingyi Formation. 1 the Line monastery campus, the basal conglomerate is missing: however, Lithofacies TT at the base rests on Silurian-Devo- tian rocks. The unconformable relationship of Permian lime- stone with the underiying Carboniferous meta-siliiclastic of the Mergui Group (homotaxial with Mawehi Group and Taungnyo Group) in the Kayah and Kayin states has been| discussed above. In the eastemmost part of the country, the ‘Thitsipin Limestone Formation, underlain by the pebbly imudstone of the Mergui Group has been observed by [Nyunt Htay near the Myanmar~Thai frontier. 9. Tectonic significance ‘The occurrence of Permian carbonates resting. uncon- formably upon both Early Paleozoic silici-carbonates of the Shan—Thai of Sibumasu Block, and the Carboniferous ‘metasiliciclastis (Mergui or Taungnyo or Mawehi gr0ups)xe 0 et a. / Journal of Asian Earth Slenes 20 (2002) 683-689 Fig. 3. (A) Early Permian and (B) Late Permian pleogeographic recon structions of ShanThat Block ed Merpu Terrane on the map by Kobsy {2 (1998) (1) Mergusitsrtone asin wih subearine slope deposits ‘manne lea amici: (2) pat of Austin covered by ice-sheet (G) warmater surface coments (3) cold-water ssrface curent: HM, Higher Himatay:,ndchin:L,Lhwst: N, Norther Chi 8, Southern (Chinas ST, Shan-Thai Block T Souther Tibet, TM, Thsl- Malia amd WB, Westem Burma, ‘of the Mergui Terrane, indicates thatthe emplacement of the Mergui Group onto the southern margin of the Shan—Thai Block pre-dated the deposition of the shallow marine Permian limestones. Related to the inferred amalgamation of the Mergui Group and Shan-Thai Block, three major events have ‘been distinguished, which affected both the environment and caused biotic changes. The first ofthese principal events ‘occurred in the early Early Permian, when crustal thicken- ing of the southem margin ofthe Shan~Thai Block oceurred ddue to overthrusting by intraeratonie basin sediments of the ‘Mergui Group (Fig. 3a). Short-term regression, followed by 2 trans-regional trangression resulted in the deposition of thick shelf-carbonates on the Shan~Thai Block, following the opening ofthe the Meso-Tethys sea-floor. ‘The second tectonic event was characterized by a prolonged period of deposition on the Shan—Thai Block, which drifted from the southern to the northern hemisphere, passing through the equatorial region (Fig. 3b). The high diversity of the fauna inthe limestones, indicate that during the Late Early Permian the Shan~Thai Block was near the paleo-cquatorial region, Referring to the supposed Permian _migration pathway’ of Shi and Grunt (2000), the occurrence fof cool-temperate Sakmarian brachiopods and the low- diversity fusulinids in Lithofacies II indicates that cold, deep-water currents from the Gondwanan Realm reached the Shan—Thai Block during the Early Lower Permian, ‘There was a high diversity of fusulinids during the Late Lower to Early Upper Permian when the Block was inthe warm tropical region, ‘The third event occumed when the Shan-Thai Block collided with the Indochina Block in the middle Triassic which caused the elevation of the westem part of the ‘Shan—Thai Block and subsequently resulted inthe cessation of earbonate-sedimentation. 10, Concluding remarks Itis evident thatthe Permian Thitsipin limestones overlie the Devonian siici-clasties and carbonates uneonformably in the Shan State, and the Carboniferous meta-sediments in Kayah, Mon and Kayin states, and Tanintharyi Division ‘The Thitsipin Formation is composed of five main litho- facies (Lithofacies I-V), and the poorly bedded, brownish grey oligomictic conglomerate facies (Lithofacies 1) was locally observed as a basal unit of the formation at Dataw ‘Taung and in the Magyiye area. The pebbles were derived from the underlying Devonian formation. Therefore, the base of the Thitsipin Limestone Formation rests on Early {o Middle Paleozoic units with a regional unconformity. At the base of the thick carbonates of Thitsipin Limestone. there is a basal unit of thinly laminated, yellowish brown to brownish grey argillaceous floatstone-packstone and caleareous silty shale facies (Lithofacies I) which bears early Lower Permian brachiopods, Spinomartinia protifiea assemblage. This assemblage can be compared closely with the Spinomartinia proljica assemblage described by Shi ct al (1997) from the upper part ofthe Singa formation, on the ‘main Lankawi Island, off northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, the Ko yao Noi of southern Thailand, the Nam Loong n0.1 :mine beds of western Peninsular Malaysia, the upper Phuket Group of southem Thailand, the upper Dingjiazhai Forma tion of westem Yunnan, the upper Pondo Group of the Lhasa Terrane, central Tibet, the Tashkazyk Formation of southeast Pamir and, the Callytharra Formation and equiva lents of western Australia. In the Thai-Malaysia Peninsular region, the Spinomartinia prolfica assemblage was described from the pebbly mudstone sequences and no str tigraphic break between the Carboniferous and the Permian hhas been described, ‘The presence of dolomitization in the Thitsipin Lime stone of southem Shan State, and the occurrence of Permiait corals in the dolomitic limestone of northern Shan Stale suggest that part of the Maymyo dolomites, which covetTF. Oo ea Soural of Asan Earth Setences 20 (2002) 83-689 69 the plateau country of the Shan State may be Thitsipin Limestone Formation, extensively dolomitized, rather than the Nwabangyi Dolomite Formation only. Acknowledgements, We wish to express special thanks to Dr A.H.G. Mitchell, ‘of Ivanhoe Myanmar Holdings Lid forthe idea of doing this study, arrangement for accommodation during the tield work and discussion and advice for this paper. 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