SAT® Math Workbook Fourth EditionRELATED KAPLAN TITLES FOR COLLEGE-BOUND STUDENTS AP Biology AP Coleus AB & BC ‘AP Chemistry AP English Language & Composition AP English \teroture & Composition AP Envirorenental cence AP European History AP Humon Geogrepty AP Macroeconomics/Microeconomics AP Physics BEC AP Psychology AP Stasis AP US. Government & Politics AP US History AP World History ACI Stotegies, Proce, and Review ACT Promier ACT English and Reading Workbook ACT Math ard Science Workbook ACT Stotegies for Sper Busy Students SAT Strategies, Pact, and Review SAT Premion 12 Practice Tests forthe SAT SAT 2400 SAT Critical Reading WorBb0k SAT Waring Workbook SAT Comprotensive Yoenbutary SAF Suotegies for Super Busy Students Frankenstein: Kaplan SAT Score-Rosing Classic the Toles of Edgar Alar Poe: A Kaplan SAT Score-Raising Clic 1, Jekyll and te. Hyde: A Kaplan SAT Score-Rassng Classic The Scarlet Letter: A Kaplan SAT SeoresRaking Classic ‘The Wor ofthe Words: Kapfan SAT Soore-katsing Classic ‘Wuthering Heights: A Koplan SAT Score-Rotsing less SAY Score-Roisng Dictionary SAT Subject Test Biology CAS SAT Subject Test Chernisty SAT Subject Fest: literature SAT Subject Tes: Matera Level 3 SAT Subject Test: Mathematics Level 2 SAT Sct Tear: Poss SAT Subject Test Sponish SAT Subiect Test: US. History SAT Subject Test: Word History| | How to Use This Book Section One: The Basics ‘Chapter One: How to Prepare forthe SAT. (Chapter Two: Intoduction to SAT Math ‘Section Two: SAT Math Practice Chapter Three: Number Oporatons Practice Set : ‘Answers and Explanations .. i (Chapter Four: Number Properties Practice Set. Answers and Explanations Chapter Five: Averages: Practice Sot Answers and Lxplanations Chapter Sie Ratios and Rates, Practice Set Hy Answers and Explanations .. CChaptor Seven: Percents, Practice Set Angwers and Explenations .. CChepter Eight: Powers and Roots Predice Set Answers and Explanations Chapter ine: Graphs. Practice Set Answers end Explanations Table of Contents 21 ZB 29 an .MChapter Ten: Basic Algebra. . Predict Set oes eres ‘Answers and Explanations .. Chapter Even: Advanced Algebra ratte Set... pnsiers and Explenations « .. Chapter Twelve: General Word Probiems. Practice Set... Serre ‘Answers and Explanations .... (Chapter Thtteen: Logic Word Probler Practice Set ‘Answers and Explanations « Chapter Fourteen: Lines and Angles Practice Se Answers and Explanations Chapter Fiteens Tangles... Practice Set Answers and Explanations Chapter Sixteen: Quadrilaterals and Cther Polygons Practice Set Answers and Explanations Chapter Seventoes Ciel, Practice Set Answers and Explanations Chapter Eighteen: Multiple Figures... Pradive Set Aitswers and Bxplanations ... ‘Chapter Nineteen Cocrdinate Geometry. Practice Sot an ‘Argness and Explanations... Chapter Twenty: Solids. Practice Set Answers and Explanations 93 95 98 2108 +107 10 27 219 ws 134 1% 137 13 15 148 151 2153, 160 167 159 AS Wy 2181 184 187 788 191 195 197 200 20s 207 208‘Section Three: Important Math Concepts for the SAT Chapter Twenty-Cne: 100 Essential Math Concepts... 213 Section Four: Practice Tests end Explanations Chapter Twrenty-Two: Prectce Test A, 235 Answer Key... : = 248 Answers and Fxplnations 249 Chapter Twenty-Thee® Practice Test 8 263 answer Key... uN : 16 ‘rswess and Belanations am Compute Your Score Le SL = 287 Note for Intemational StudentsAVAILABLE ONLINE FOR ANY 7EST CHANGES OR LATE-BREAKING DEVELOPMENTS: ‘kaptestcam/publishing ‘The matetal in this book is up-to-date atthe time of publication, However, the College Board may have insttuted changes in the test after this book was published. Be sure to carefully cad the materials you receive when you cagister forthe test. there are ‘any important late-breaking developments—oF any changes or corrections to the Kaplan ‘est preparation mater n this bookve wil post that information online at kaptest. com/publishing FEEDBACK AND COMMENTS kaplansurveys.com/books We'd love to hear your comments an suggestions about this book. We invite you to fl out our online survey form at Kaplansurveys.com/books. Your feedback is extremely helpful as we continue to develop high-quality resources to meet your needs. For customer sence, please contact us at booksupport@kaplan.com.sat Math Workbook How to Use this Book This book wl prepare you forthe math youl See on the SAT. Many of you ore intimidated by math on the SAT, Thete is meth up to Algebra I with symbols, shapes, and formulas to fear and ‘master. Never fear; Well show you the Kaplan math strategies that wil help you get your highest score. Well also make vou proctice, practice, precce. Wel, “make” is a stong word, We ask you nicely (o practice, practice, practice. Once you know the Math section as wel as we do, youl be ready, willing, and able to ace it Keplan hes helped students improve their scores on standardized tests for more than 60 yeas. Pis, we are @ HUGE company, No other test prep company has out lng history, and our expert. resouroes, We know the SAT like the backs of our many hanels. This is bow we strongly suggest you use this book: Take a Practice Test Take one ofthe practice tests Before you work through the chaptes. This wil give you a bench ‘atk scot. so you an se how much improvernent you make ater you complete this book fe doesn't take long to take a practice test-under an hour-and i's worth i Become Familiar with the SAT Math Section educate youre about the Math section-ahat kinds of questions ae on it, how's scored, and how best to approach it. This will get your brain into SAT Math mode. Youl also want to master the strategies we offer for tacking Gridins—the question type that students most fear. Using Kaplan's techniques, you will eam how to maximize your dime and stengths—even if you dont lean one single thing about linear algebra or multiple fgure geometry. fs all in your approech. Do the Practice Sets Remember the part about force practcc? This iit ach of the 18 Practice Sets is devoted to 2 common SAT Math concep. Each chapter begs wi an introduction that wil femarize you with the broader topic, and includes a ist ct in-lepth topics you can reference atthe back ofthe book (see 190 Essent! Math Concepts). The practice questions are followed by detaded answer explanations to help you understand what you'e doing vrany and what you'e doing ight. ln ‘order to simulate test conditions we recommend thal you tne each practice set, use a calculator where appropriate, and have plenty of scrap paper an hand. KAPLAN)sat % | Math Workbook KAPLAN Test Again Wis time to put tal to use and take another practice exam. How much better did you do? 20 points? 30 points? More? Evaluate Your Strengths and Weaknesse Read through the answers and explanations forthe questions you got wrorg on both of your practice texts, Go back to the Book and review any seclions you fea! shaky on. This is where 100 Essential Math Concepts comes in handy. It provides a comprehensive review of 100 of the most commonly tested SAT Math tpice-and you cen go beck to it over and over again| SECTION ONE | The BasicsSection One; The Basics | 3 Chapter One: How to Prepare for the SAT Here is a breakdown of the entire SAT, from stato finish, FORMAT AND TIME The SAT is 3 hours and 45 minutes long ‘The Math Section There ere two kinds of questions on the Meth section: Regular Math questions, which are strightionvard mesiple-choice questions, with five answer choices; and GrideIns, which require YOU to write your response ia link gid, Grcsins test the same math concents as Regular Matt _questions—they'e just a diferent kind of question ‘wath questions will be aranged in oreo fealty. The fst few questions in a set wil be faily easy, the middle few questions a litle harder, ancl the last few the most dificult, Keep this in mind as you work. The Critical Reading Section ‘The Citical Reading secon contains three types of questions: Sentence Completion questions tas your ability to see how the pars of a sentence relate ta cach other. They arc bas fikinthe-bink questions. About haf the tine youll have to film one blank, and half the time youll have to fl in tho. Both typas test vocabulary and reasoning skis Sentence Completion quostons wil aso be arranged in order of eifclly. The fist few questions ina set willbe feiy casy, the middle fev questions a file harder, end the last ew the most if fcuk. Keep this in mind 2s you wark. Short Reading Comprehension questions test your ably to understand a shart piece of writing Vou are given a short passage of around 100 words, and ere asked « couple of questions about the ten. arta)Seaton One: The Basie Chapter One Long Reading Comprehension questions test your aby to understand a longe pve of wet ing. The passages here area few pargrephs log. Youle asked about such tings asthe main idee, contextual references and vicabulry. There wil be several reading passages in total: of those, one wil be a s2t of ty related readings, which you'l be asked to compare and contrast Reading Comprehension questions are not aenged in order of dict. The passages ate al time-consuming to read, s0 you need to keep moving ata good pace. if you find yours spend- ing foo mucirime on a Reading Comp question sip it ond come back oi later. The nt ques- tion may be a lot easier ‘Most Reading Comprehersion questions test how well you understand the passage, some make you draw conclusions, and some test your vocabulary. The Writing Section | “The Whiting secon is bioken to two pars: an essay (hat you compose) and multiple-choice Hf questions, The essay tests your aby to organize and cornmuricate ideas clearly in response 10 2 given topic (2 prompt). The multiple-choice question test your gasp of grammer, usage, and wocabulay “The essay assignment comes is. n fact it isthe very fist section on the test You have 25 rinutes for that. As forthe malple-choice questions tat come in ater sections, tase wil est teeter you can recogniza-and a most cases fi-grarmatica, diction, or structural eors in sentences and in paragraphs Experimental Section : ach test wil have an extra 25-minude Math, Citta Reading, or Wating section tha s not iu included in cellting your personal coare. This secon is used to evaluate new test questions and to calibrate the test. The experimental section is nt labeled and may appear at ey pat in i ‘the test. Approach every section asi it counls towards your scare, even if you suspect that is the | ‘experimental section GENERAL SAT STRATEGIES ‘ ow that you know some basics about how the testis sel up, you can approach each section i twth a plan. Kepler has a soven ctep method for handling all SAT questons: i 1. Think About the Question Fist 2. Pace Yourself ' Roows When @ Question is Supposed to Be Easy oF Hard 4, Move around within 2 Section 5. Be 2 Good Guessor 6, Be a Good Grider 7. Twertinute Waming: Locate Quick Paints Note: These stops work forthe mukiple-choice questions inthe Wiling section, But there 52 di ferent approach we suggest you take with the essay KAPLAN)Section One: The Basics How to Prepare for the SAT 1. Think about the Question First ‘eore you look at the answer choices, consider the question. The people iho wrt the SAT put distactors among the answer choices. Distactors are answer choices that look ight but arent. Ifyou jump into the answer choices without thinking about what you looking fr, you're much roe licely to fallin atest writer's trap, So always think for second or tao about the question— before you look atthe answers, 2. Pace Yourself ‘The SAT gives you a lt of questions ta answer in a short period of time. To get through a whole section, you cart spend too much ime on any one question. Keep moving though the tst ata good speed Ifyou run ito @ hard question, cic & in your test booklet, skip and come back totlate if you have time. 3. Know When a Question Is Supposed to Be Easy or Hard Some sections wil have their multiple-choice questions avanged in order of eficulty, to other words, the questions get harder 6s you move through the problem set. Here's a breakdown: ‘ranged Easiest to Hardest? Regular Math Yes feb Yes Citcal Reading | Sentence Completions Yes ~___| Short Reading Comprehension | Long Reading Compichension No Writing Essay N/A Usege No | Sentence Conection Ne 1 Paragraph Conecions io As you can see, al question se in Math are arranged in oider of diculy, as are sentence ‘completions in Verbal. As you work though a section thats organized this way, be aware of where you are in a set. When working on the easy questions, you can generally trust your frst impulse—the obvious answer is fikely to be right. As you get to the end of the se, you need to be more suspicious of “obvious” answers, because the answer should not come easily. If it does, look at the question again because the obvious answer is Rely to be wrong. t may be one of those disractors—a wrong answer chaice meant to tick you. Hard SAT questions are usually tough fortwo reasons: + Their answers ae not immediately obvious. + The questions do not ask for information in a straightforward way. PLAN) ser]section One: The Besics fq Chapter One Heres an easy question: ‘What is the value of x7 — 2x when x= =2? as B) -4 (0 (D) 4 © 8 If you plug -2 into the equation, it ends up being -2%-2(~-2) =. This reduces to 444, which uals 8 the coe answer, (2), probably jumped ight et at you. This question would key be at the bepnning ota practice set Easy questions ere purposely designed with obvious answer choices. ere isan example of «harder question: 7 4 titer mixture of water and molasses is 60 percent molasses. IE and ; liters of water are added, approximately what percent ofthe new mixture is molasex? (a) 40% (B) 50% (0) 63% (D) 649% (F) 68% Fit find the asnount of molasses inthe orginal niture. There are 7.5 Titers of the entre, of sch 60 perentis molasses so thee are O75 = 45 liters of molasses An addtional 1.5 100, liters of water is added yo now the mixture is 7.5 + 14 liters, of which 4.5 liters és molas- ses, Petcent-Por le, son this case, “2 100H = 50% So (B) isthe comect anes. Tis question would appaar atthe end of a question set. Fox one thing, the answer choices are far more dificul In addon, the question requies severel steps to reach a solon. 44, Move Around Within a Section On test at sctioal, you probably spend more time on the hard questions than you do on the easy ones, since hard questions ae usually worth mare points. Oo not do this on the SAT. {Easy questions are worth 26 many paints as the tough ones, so do the easy questions fist, Dott rush through them jes to get othe hard ones, All the questions are worth the same number cf points, so you want to rack up panis 25 much as you cen. f you work too quilt through the easy questions, you might carelessly—and neediessy=make a mistake. When you fun into @ ‘cucstion that locks tough, crea tin your test booklet and skip it forthe time being. (Make sure you skip ther on your answer gid too.) APLAN,Section One: The Basics How to Prepare for the SAT ‘Then, if you have tine, go back wit AFTER you have answered the easier ones, Sometimes, after you have answered some easier questions troublesome questions can get ease, t00, 5, Be a Good Guesser ‘You may have heard there's @ penalty for guessing on the SAT. That's net quite accurate. There's ‘0 penalty for guessing—there's 2 penelty for a wrong answer, Tha's rot the same thing Here's how & works: If you get a mulipla-choice quesfon wrong, you lse a faction of a point. F you get a Grin ‘wrong, you lose nothing. The factions you lose on muliplechoice questions are meant to offset ‘he points you might get “aceidentaly"f you guess the correct answer. So then, if you can eliminate one or more wrong answers, you turn the odds in your favor, and youll actually come out aheed by guessing. “Take a look at this question: ‘Herman's test scores in a certain class were 78, 84, 85, 90, andl 92. What isthe average {arithmetic mean) of Herman's tost sonres? (ays (B) 75 (©) 86 (D} 90 (E) 10 Chances are, you reaagnized thet choice (A), 15, wos wrong You then locked atthe nest answer choice, and then the nent one, and so on, eliminating wrong answers to find the correc answet, ‘A aithimetic mean must be between the smallest and largest numbers being averaged, Choice (8) is less than the smaiast number. Choice (E) i lager than the largest number. That leaves vices (C) and (P), You may recognize that choice (0), 90, is towards the larger end of the set ‘and is not the ansner. That leaves the correct answer, choice (C), 86. This process s usually the best way to work through maltple-choice questions. you stil dont know the right answer but ‘an eliminate one or moe wrong answers, you should guess. 6. Be a Good Gridder Don't mate mistakes fing out yout answer gid, When time is shor, i's easy to get confused skipping around a section, and going back and fort between test booklet and grid. If you mist a single question, that wil throw your entre gc of Even if you discover the mistake, you'l ‘waste valuable time fing i. You can lose a ton of points this way, so make sure you keep tack of Your gr LAN,Section One: The Basics 8 | Chapter One KAPLAN To avoid mistakes om the answer gid: + Inyourtest bootet circle the answers you cheose. By citing your answers, youl have ‘an easier ine checking your gid against your book later. + Gidfve or move answers at once, Dont tanser your answers to the gid ater very question Transfer your answers after every five questions, of, inthe reading comprenen- ‘Son questions, atthe end of each passage. That way, you wont keep brezkng your cor- ‘entrain 10 mavk he gid, You'’ save time end improve accuracy. ‘There is one exception to tis rule: When time is tunning out a the end ofa section, start gtid- ing one by one so you don't get caught at the end with ungridded answers. = Cice the questions you stp. Put a big cre in yout test book around the numberof any questions you stp, 0 they be easy to lcate when you go back later. Als, you realize later that you ecadentaly skipped a box onthe gid, you can more easily chec your grid ‘againct your book to where you went wong, + ‘ite in your booklet. Take notes, cle ha questions, enone things, etcete Proctor collect boollets atthe end of each testing session, but the bocktets ave not ‘examined ot reused 7. Two-Minute Warning: Locate Quick Points when you stat run out of tine locate and answer any ofthe quick pints that remain. For example, some Ctical Reacing questions wil ask youwhat e specie word means within #p2s- sage. These can be done atthe lst minute, even you havent read the passage CHAPTER ONE SUMMARY “The SAT Wing section has two parts: a witlen essay and matiple-choioe questions on usage, sentence conections, and parogeph corrections. The Math section tests math up through ‘Algebra Wand has muitplechoice and gid-n questions. The Creal Reading secon has thee finds of questions: sentence completions, readng comprehension, and critical reading. “There are general SAT stateies that work fora question types (except maybe the esse: 1. Think About the Question Before You Look at the Answers 2. Pace yourself 3, Knew When @ Question s Supposed to Be Easy or Hard 4. Move Around Within a Section 5. Be a Good Guesset 6, Be a Good Gridder 7, Two-Minute Waming: Locate Quick PointsSection One: The Basics | 9 Chapter Two: Introduction to SAT Math ‘The fist thing you should know about SAT Mathis how ifs set up. if you can go in to the test sowing what to expect it wil gue you a surefre leg up—i for nothing else, because there won't bbe any surprises jn fac ina lat of ways, SAT Math can be kind of prictble, despite the recent changes to the test. Yoor after year, test-makers ack the same kinds of questions, and throw in the sare kinds of vaps, 30 it pays to be able to see them coming. As we've discussed before, there are te scored math sections, to 25-minute sections and one 20-minute section. These ‘ice sections ave composed of Muttiole Choice and Gren questions. There may also be an “experimental” math section that won't be scored, but you wor't be able to pick out, co treat ‘every section asi counts towerd your score MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS ‘This isthe kind of question you are most key fanibar with. lis simply a question followed by five answer choices, The conect answer is right infront of you—you just have to pick it out. Just lige on any other section of the SAT, the key to working quicky and elfen through the Math section is to think about the euestion before you start looking forthe answer. Kepla has devel- ‘opel afvestep method for tacking al SAT Math questions: 1. Read the queston. 2. Estimate the éticuty of the question. 3, Skip or do? 4, Look for the fastest approach, 5. Moke an educated guess 1. Read the question, This is obvious Ifyou try to solve the question without knowing al the facts, nat only will you be unable to assess the dficlty of the question, you'll also most likely come up with the wong ansaerSection One: The Basics 10 | Chapter Two 2. Estimate the question's difficulty. Lets tak about the topic of cficulty fevel ogpin. As wes the case wit the old SAT, all sas of math questions wil start off with basic questons and then gradually increased in difialy. When dealing with a hard question, you are more ikly to encounter a tap. Aso be aware tat hard questions dont count for ary more points than easy ones. so don't be afraid to kip around trithin a seeton and tackle al ofthe questons you're cornfortble wth: In other words, dont get yung up on a question you cat answer. Mave on and spend the tne on @ question you can answer. 3. Skip or do? {fa quesion leaves you seriously scratching your head, crc it and move on. Spend your ime con the questions you can do, and then at the end of the section, you have more time, come back tothe dificult ones, Remember, e28/ questions are wor as much as hard ones. 4, Look for the fastest approach. ‘All the information you wi need to answer the question is right there infront of you You never teed outside knowedge to answer @ question. Your jab i to Figure cut the bast way to use that information. There's mare than one Way 9 use gen information, Lock for shorts. Sometimes the most obvious way of finding 2 solution is as the longest way. Take the following question: ‘At acertain diner, Joc orders 3 doughnuts and a cup of coffe and is charged $2.25. Siella orders 2 doughnuts and a cup of coffee and is changed $1.70. What isthe price of ? doughnuts? (a) $055 (e) $0.60 10) $1.10 (B) $1.30 (B) $1.80 “The cost of doughnuts and cotfee could be venslated into two ditinctequetions using the vere ables and c. You could stat by finding cin tens of ¢, then you could plug the values ito the other equation. {Fyou stop for a minute, ad look for o shores, youl gee that there’ a faster way: The der fence in pice between tree doughnuts and a cup of coffee and two doughnuts end a cup oF cafloo i the pre of one doughnut, So the cost of one doughnut canbe figured out by subtece ing the two cost, $2.25 ~ $1.70 = $0.55. Nofie that tha’s choice (A)? ‘Don't get cought in the trap! This is one of those “distractor” answers ‘welve been talking about. $0.55 is the price of ‘one doughnut butf you read the question carefully you" see thet it’s asking fr the prce of two doughnuts, which ig $1.10. Choice (C) is the conect answer ‘There are abo special Kepan stateges you right use:Section One: The Basics Inuioduction to SAT wath; 17 Picking Numbers This strategy says that instead of aways tying to wrap your head around abstract variables, pick nurnbers for them. This way you end up making your calesatons with real numbers and you can realy ‘see! the answer, For example: Jf n Velcro tabs cost p dollars, then how many dollars would q Velcro tabs cost? «a2 1 te) e @ a * (y= Mm ) & ™ Plug in some numbers far those variables. Lets say » = 2, p = 4, ancl = 3. Then the question becurnes, “if two Velero tabs cost $4.00, how many dollars would three Veicro tabs cost? That answer is simple--$6,00. So now that you have a “solution” to work with, piug the numbers into ‘the soluvon and see which answer choice gives you 6. The answer is (C) by the way. tt’s the ‘only ansiver that yields 6, in the event that more than one answer choice gave you 6, you would pick out another set of numbers. in general, we recommend that you avoid using one oF zero, 25 these often yield a fow ‘possibly corsect” answers. Here's another exemple where picking numbers is effective: If sskitts cost d dollars, how much would s— 1 skirts cast? (A) del {B) ds d © Fl my #0{ Section One: The Bess I 12 | chapter Two | ‘| t i Fist pick numbers forthe variables 5 and d, Try 10 use numbers tht wal keep the question | simple, inthis case maybe 3 and 15. Now plagthe numbers into tho exiting equation to find { the values, If skis cost $15, then each individual skirt must cost $5, s0 2 skits would cost $10. E Finally, plug 3 and 5 into the answer choices-to see.which one will-give you 10. When you do : 15 shot you eae hat © ils 10. 0) s 28) which nubs “SE=9 152 Ae 30. P= 10, : Backsolving \With some math questians i's easier to work backward from the answer choice than to try and trudge trough the question, Basia, with backsolving, you ae plugging the answer choices ack into the question unt you find a solution This method warks best when the question isa complex ward problem and the answet choices are numbers, or when your only other choice is +p sel up makiple algebralc equations. ‘A music club draws 27 patrons. IEthere are 7 more hippies than punks in the lub, ‘how many patrons are hippies? (Ay 8 (B) 10 (14 (0) 17 : 4F) 20 “ry ench of the answers as a substitute forthe number of hippies in the cu, Pugin in choice (© ges you 14 hippies i the club. Since there are 7 more hippies than punks, thete are 7 punks in the cub, but 14 47 < 27, So 14 doesiit work You know the solution has to be higher, 0 you can eliminate (A) (8), and (C). Already you've upped you're odds of geting 0 the ight answer. Now, i you plug in (D) you see that t gives you 17 hippies and 10 punts. 17 + 10= 27, Eureka, that’s the ight anowes. ts @ good idee to stat with later (C), because its the median choice. Since the answer choices ate aleys listed in increasing or decreasing order, if choice (C) is too lage, youll know to move to smatier choices. I fs too small youll move to the bigger ons. This wil definitely save you time, Here's one more example of badksobving, for good measure “Two packages have combined weght of 120 pounds. Ifthe weight of one package is Hy the weight of te other package, how many pounds does the lighter peckage weigh? a2 @) 6 (© 20 (0) 24 @) 30Section One: The Basics Introduction to SAT Math} 13 lugging in (©), 20, gives you 80 pounds as the weight of the heavier package, fra total weight ‘of 80 + 20, or 100 pounds. That ttl is too small. Now you know thatthe weight ofthe packs age must be greater than 20 pounds, so you can eiinate (A), (), and (C) immecate Plugging in (0) gives you 96 pounds a the weight of the heavier package and 24 as the weight of the smaller package, for a total of 120 pounds. (D} i the answer. GRID-INS Just to reassure you, Grids test the same math concepts as Multiple Choice questions, The only ifference is that with Griding, there are mo answer choles. You have to fil in your own in 3 special grid that looks lke this: koi| ojala) HOE joke Grids can realy help you gain points because there's no irong-anster penalty Ifyou get an answer wong you don't gain any points, but you cont lose points ether. So we advise that you never leeve a Grd.in blank, because: you have nothing to lose, You'll nesd to make sure to filln the gids correctly. See how there are boxes across the top ‘where you can write in the answer and then bubbles where you HAVE TO fil in your answer? So here's the deal: The computer reads only the bubbles. So why bother writing in the answer, oti ask? Good question. Because wting in the ansuver can help ensure that you grid tho right, ‘rurmber of symbol in each column, In other words, it won't get you any ext points i you waite the answer before you gridit, but youre likely 10 make fewer mistakes if you domatd accuracy means points! Don't get nervous ithere seems to be more than one right answer. For example, ifthe question asks for a wo-igtitoger that isa multiple of 2,3, and 5 there's more than one right answer (50, 60, 90...), Dont panic if thete's more than one answer. It doesn't mean your answer is wrong. The computer is programmed to accept multiple answers in a caze Uke thatu Section One: The Basics Chapter Two Placement : ‘You can start wring your answer in ay of the boxes, but we recommend you always stat yout angnes in the fist (6) box. keeps confusion to 3 minimum, and it so ensures that your “now ill alveys ft Yul note that there's no oval for zero i the fst ealran, so you'l ave to stat 2 2e0 answerin the second colar, Fractions aiding actions can get itl tidy. you lok at the id, youl see the (/) in, which sepe- rates the numerator fiom the denominator, in two of the four ‘columns, This means you have. Tite options when giding 3 traction, Basically, you cen express your answer as a fraction in any form that fis. In thor weds, you dont have to reduce @ fraction to its simplest frm, but a ftacion tke 32/64 wont fit in the id, You can ether reduce itto 1/2 or 5. the fraction is 00 big to ft in the gid and can't be reduced, it doesn't necessarily mean your answer is wrong, a just means you can only express iin the form of 2 decimal ‘prother potenti!preblem i gidding a mited number you ty to grid 4 1/2, twill be read as 121/2, which in mixed uambers is ectuly 20 1/2. So when deaing with mized numbers, you must either change it toa regular acon (Inthe case of 4 1/2 it would be gridded as 9/2) conver i to a decimal before gidding, seus gen ses Decimals owl's concentrate on decimals for @ minute. Try forthe seke of consistency, to startin the fist box. ifthe number stats with 2 decimal pint~no problem there's a bubble fo that in the fist column, Thete's no need to puto zero before a decimal les than one. It's not a good idea for several reasons Fist, there's ro Ze in the first cole, so you'd have to start ging in the sacand column. Second, you might end up running out of room. For example, when grkiding 5, you don't need to gfd 0.5. A simale 5 wil suffice. ‘When gidding decimals, dont shorten or round up your decimals. you get an answer thats 2 tepesting decimal, such as 333333533... (you get the point), don't be tempted 10 gd 3 or (33, Wite out the longest version of the answer that wil itn the gid, n this case its 333. How would you gid 45454545...Section One: The Basics Introduction to SAT Math 6 eSceeooeoel o. SeeHeoog| (RSTST Eel ie Hopelully you gidded in 454, Ifthe answer isan infinite but nonrepeating derimnal, the 1.485736... da the same thing: Write ‘out the longest version of the answer that wil ft which in this case would be 1.42, Remember, rounding up 55 nat necessary, although the answer is acceptable my bee a f By the way, these are al good examples of why we recommend that you start gidding to the for fet inthe fist box, CALCULATORS AND THE SAT If you didi Knew, you can breath a sigh of rlef-yes, yout allowed to use your calevatar on the SAT—but you don't ever need a calculator to solve an SAT Math question. Actually, statistically speaking, students who Use a calculator score an average of 10-20 points higher than tose who omit but don't let that tempt you into blindly using your celulator every chance you get Using yous calaator wll not aways make problem sobving ease. SAT Math questions testa lot mare than your abllty to do computatians. The trick is Featning when to use the calculator and wihen to. leave it alone. Arla)16 | chapter Two Section One: The Basics Choosing a Calculator ‘You might be thinking to yourself," wonder what kind of calculator | should bring tothe SAT?" Well we say, "Good question," and forunately we have the answer. These are the Kinds of cele lotr that are allowed: + Fourfunction calculator (one that simpy adds, sublecs, multiples, and divides), not recornmended by the Colege Board + Scientific calculator (able to pertorm slightly more complex operations with radicals, expo- nents, etcete2) + Graphing calulator (able to perfor end cisplay grephing functions) “astto make sure that if’ crystal clear, these are the kinds of calculators you should NOT bring: + Calculates with readout scien chatacters above one inch high or an angled readout screen + Laptop, potzble, or handheld computer + Coleatr with a typewtitr keypad + Calculator that uses 2 wall outlet, makes noise, or has paper tape + Pens input device + Pocket orgaizer + Cel phone clelator So then what kin of calculator dacs Kaplan recommend? We recommend you use one that you're comfortable with. calculator with features such as tigonometric end power fonctions ‘may allow rapid sing of problems that would otherwise be time consunting.f you dor't have ‘one already, buy one immediately and practice using it betwecn nity and the day of the test When to Use Your Catculator Calculators ate partceary helpful on the Grid‘in questions. Since Gridins dont give you answer choices to choose from, ifs especialy important to be sure of your work, Calculators can help you check your work and avoid careless eros. They can also help you speed up attmetic The things you have fo be the ono ta decide vic questons a calculator vl speed up and which ‘ones it will slow down. You also have ta remember that a calculator will never be able to tell you how to set up @ ques- tin, Infact tng to use a calculator when its nat appropiate can realy mess things up. A Rood rule of thump is to alnays think the question through end foo for he fastest way to approach it before you just stat punching numbers into the calculator. For example, the folowing question would be a disaster you mere fo just immeditely reach fr your calculator: “The sum ofall integers between 1 and 44, inclusive; is subtracted from the cum of all the integers between 7 and 50, inclusive. What isthe result Using your clevatorto find the cum ofthe first set the stm ofthe second set and then sub- tracing hem wc take a tong time. Also, punching in those numbers, (its 252 keys), youreSection One: The Basies Introduction to SAT Math likely to ita wrong key and to have to start over The whole process could be vey tne con- suring, end as you can see is nt all that accurate, either. There's a large margin fr err. These. has to bea better way. Ifyou stop and work it out youl realize that each number in the fist set is 6 fewer than a core- sponding number inthe second set (1 and 7,2 and 8, 3 and 9, etcetera). Since the fst set uns from 1 10.44, there must be 44 pars of numbers, and each pai of munbers has a dference. FG. Therefore the cfference between the sums of the fist set and the sum of the second set must be 44 6, which equals 266, the correct answer. The only part of that question you should have used a calculator for (if you couldn't doit in your head) was the last step, muting 44 and 6, Clean, easy, and no tine wasted The Other Most Common Calculator Mistake COrder of eperatons:othervvse known as PEMDAS, Testtakers have a habit of forgeting about it as soon as they get a hold of a calculator. f you just punch in the numbers inthe order they're in on the page, it doesrit gurantee 2 correct answer. You have to follow the order of operations, This may seer like 2 simple ener, but it can cost you @ lt of pons. For quick reste, here's the order of operations: Parentheses Exponents Mulipcation Division Addition Subtraction Suppose you wanted t ind the value ofthe action © 5 in decmel form. The fan stends for 6 diided by the product of 4 and 9, or 6 diided by 36, which equals 2 you simply enter the numbers in as they appear on the page, however, youl end up with © divided by 4, times 9, which equals 13.5, not the conect answer. WRAPPING {T UP So now you'e ready to start practicing. nthe following chapters youl ind 18 practice sets designed to help you ace the SAT Math section, The sections ae set up by topic, so you can go through them in order or skp around. We recommend you go through all of them, Practice never hurt anyone, Don't forget about the handy reference guide atthe back of the book, SAT Math in 2 Nutshell. It can help you through any rough spots, By te end ofthis book, youl be prepared to teke on any SAT Math question that may come your way. Just rememberwe believe in you, 0 you should too. antayy| SECTION TWO | SAT Math PracticeSection Two: SAT Math Practice | 21 Chapter Three: Number Operations Being able to perform hasic number operations is fundamental for SAT Math. These questions spectfaly rest concepts suchas finding suns, ferences, products, quotients, the order of operations (Parentheses, Expanents, Mutipicaion/Division,Adéiion/Subtracton), and properties 6 numbers. The basic properties of number operations are as falows: Distributive Property ab+c)=ab+ac ‘Commutative Property ob=be endo +b=b +0 Associative Property 1) = (9b}e (for maliplicatony 0+ ©+9=(@ 40) +¢ (lor addtion) This might seemn tke 2 ley, we understand, but RELAX! You know this stuf, These are the bulling blocks of math—concents you've been working wih for years. So here's your chance to brush up fm the easy shifl—the fst step to a higher score, For further reading, check oul these topics in Chapter 21 1. Number Categories 2, Adding/Subactng Signed numbers 3. Mutiplying/Dividng Signed Numbers 4, PEMDAS 6. Exponential Gow 7, Union and intesaction of Sets 18, Reducing Fractions 19, Adding/Sebtacting Fractions 20. Multiplying Fractions 2). Dwiding Fractions 22. Converting Mod Numbers and improper Fracions 23, Reciprocals 24. Comparing Fractions 5, Fractions ancl DecimalsSection Two: SAT Math Practice 22 | chapter Three Chapter Three Practice Set Answer Sheet 1L®OODO 9% OOOO L@OGOOD WODOOOO 3 ODOOSO LL. Grid-in below 4 OOO 12. DOOD 5 ®OOOO 13. Gridinbelow 6, Grid-in below 14. Grid-in below L OOOOH 5. DOOOH COOH 6 OGCOOH 4 éSection Two: SAT Math Practice | Number Oper 7 PRACTICE SET 4, Which ofthe following is equal to 25(27 + 29 + ay Basic (A) 25(27 +29) +31 1. Which ofthe following is less than 22 (8) 25(27) 429431 ° (C) 25(27) + (29+ 319028) id (D) 25+ (27)(29)(31) {B) He {R} 25(27 + 29) + 25(29 + 31) (©) on67 5. .osoory= (D) 0.1666 (0) 10400075 3 (B) 109079 OF (© 10879 (0) 0.104)8.79 (©) 109)0.0079 2 Which ofthe following lists three fractions fn ascending order? 9 A 3 s 8s Rie = ale 3. Which ofthe following is not equal 10 i] 4 ws © {B) -= (By Oe (b) = =ry a 10, ne Section Two: SAT Math Practice Chapter Three ofthe following is closest in value to the decimal 40? (A) 8) © (p) w ‘Sot X isthe set of all prime numbers, and set ¥ js the set of all integers from 1 10 10 inclusive, “Which ofthe following is complete and accurate fist of the intersection of Xand Y2 fA) (1.3.5.7) (B) 13.3.7) (c) (2.35.71 (D) (13579) @) 23579) If the first term in a geometric sequence is 7, and the third term is 63, what is the ninth term? (a) 367 (8) 567 (©) 2209 (D) 45,927 (e) 165,274 ‘The union of sets 4, B, and Cis (12,3; 4,5. 6,7 the intersection of Sels A, B, and Cis {9}, empty set) and Set A= (1,2, 3,4). IFSet B contains a gresice number of ements than does Set C, what is the largest possible value of the sum of the ele~ ments of Set B? 32. The first term in a certain geometric sequence is x and the fourth term in the sequence is 27, where scis a norvero number. Which of the following represents the tenth term? (A) 26x Ba (©) 154x (B) 4327s (B) 19,6838 13, {(12-H) -(0-9)} ~ {(12- 1-10) - 9) = 38, 9° 12) 48 a7 14, What isthe positive difference between the largest and smallest of the fractions above? Hard 15, Tor which of the following expressions wonld the value be preatr if 160 were replaced by 1202 4000-160 160 1+ 160 iL ml. {A) None (8) Lonly (©) Mtonly (D) Land tt (B) Tend ty 16. MEW, , and zare all integers greater than 2, ‘which of the following i greater? (A) x yztw (B) (et yerw (xh ker) () e+ O24) @ (x4 Plerw)| ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Basic LD We are asked viich of the five values i less thas 1 a Choice (A): Since G = 0.1668 (the bar indicates thatthe 1 6 repeats), 0.1667 > %. No good. 31x31 Choice (8): y= Gaeg = B No good. (Choice (C): 0.167 > 0.168. No good. Choice (0): 0.1666 is less than 0.16666, Thal means itis 1 less than @, so this isthe corect answer. 18 @ 8 eo Choice (2: = gy and 95 > Gps thereon, ey > & No good. 29 ‘The same thee fecions appear in each answer choice, and we need to arange these in ascending order. ‘Conver fractions to decimals, using your éolulatr: 1 025. 4 5 1 1 Jo = 03 This a ite less than =, but more then 9 3 ‘2g = 0546, This is greater than 7. The correct ascend tag ingorder is g, 79) 26: 3D Each Fraction canbe reduce to © except (D), which can- ot be slid. Section Two: SAT Math Practice Number Operations | 25 ac se the distibutive law: 25(27 + 29 + 51) = 25(27) + 25(29) + 251) = 25(27) + (29 +31)25, 5 C To getthe same quotient in a diision prablemy, the dec rmal point must be moved the sane numberof places in the same direction for both numbers. Tiss the same as tnukipying or dividing both numbers bythe same power of 10, which won't change the number of fies one gees into the other. Only choice (C) alters both decimal points the same way, multiplying each number by a factor ef 10 6 48 ‘Tum this division problem into mutipication by apphing ‘the “invert and muito’ rue: Medium me ‘We could perform the subtraction within the parentheses and then muliply, bt ifs simpler to use the distibutive 88 ‘You can use your calculator to find the deaimal equivalent cof each answer choice, and then decide wich is closest Oy, f you feel comforiabe vith the celatve cies of the ‘hoes, find the two choices that are dosest to 0.40-ane larger, one smalls, and then tind wiih of those is Goser. KAPLAN,Secon Two: SAT Math Practice 26 | Chapter Three i 5 4 Since 0.4< >, we can eliminate both and: (since 1 ‘each is gresterthan 7, both must be farther from 0.4 than 1 3 +. onthe ther hand, G < 04 (the decal equvaent 3 1 of § i 0375), end since = 3.3 na 3 < gene cn diminate 31 3 50 it comes down tog of 3. Since 0375, itis 1 (0.025 away fom 04, which is much cose than (or 3 (05, which is 0.1 away). So g isthe doses a ¢ RRemomber that 1 is NOT a prime number and that 2 is sprimein fact tis the smalest and the only even prime umber, Knowing that 2is prime, you can eliminate (A), @, and (D), Because 9 is disible by 3, tis not a prime number, so only (C) remains 10.0 Before test day, practice using the formula for geametric sequences: oy = ayr""" ,wtiee ris the ato berwecr, consecutive terms, a i the fist term, and apis the my teem. Expect it to be ait tricky at st bu, Ie most math, easier overtime. Use 0, = chr"? to solve for 65 = 717, 90 9 = 7? and £5 =r, Now sole foray. ag = 7092. Whether ris 3 or -3, 8 = 6,561 and dq = (7) (6561) = 45927. nie in some combinaton, 8 and C together contin (5, 6,7) ‘Think about the possibile, given thal B contains more clements than C does and that you're asked to mainize the sum ofthe elements in 8, Make 8 ~ (5,6, 7} and make C the empty set, Then the sum of the elements of B BS+5+7=18 We Knowing how to meke an educated guess wil help you score points cn test day. Look for eddbals to eininste, such as (B) here—the only choice without an x in it Use p= ay to soe for r: 22x 208, 50.27 = 3 andy 25. Using r=3, solve for 46° 010 = 2G), 80 010= 19,683 13. 18 Follow PEMOAS: (02-1)- 0-9) - 12-11-10) - 9] ={l--f- 9-3] =0-(- 18) 218 Le 14, .138 0F 139 0F 36 With calculator, convert each faction ta is decimal equivalent Subtredt the smalls from the largest to fn the answer 0.1588, Or you could realize that all he frac- : 1 5.8. tions ate fess than 5 except for g) So” is the largest 5 1 ‘The 7p i the traction farthest anay fom 7, so tis the smallest. Hard 15. E Instatement fe were to subtact a smaller number from 1,000, our result would be larger. Since substiing 120 for 160 inthis expression would produce greater recult, we can eliminate choices (R) and (C), which do not indude statement : i | A | 4160 Statement lis equivlent to jg. tf we were to replace 120 cach 150 with 120, our result would be 5-36 which 420 is [py Which is greater? You can easly ind out using ‘yur caer, but if you prefer, you can think of each fractions distance from |. Bath fractions ae a tny bit less 101 than 1. Imagine @ number line; Fey 1s ‘igi’ avy from i, cae while Ty 8 79 1 160 120 Tay that means 7 must be closer to 1 than +5, 7 atey fram 1, Since gy Hess than 160, 120 ‘Ad that means | 16 lie larger than 5, So if we id replace 160 with 120, we would get a smaller result Eliminate choice (0), In statement I welre diving ¥ by a faction, which isthe same as mutiplying ? by the recproca ofthe fraction. In cider to get a lnger reciprocal we need to start with @ 1 1 sts facton, Wich is smal, 1 ~ 34 oF = 35? L : 1 = 3p is smaller since is farther to te fet from 1 fn tke number fine. By replacing 160 with 120 we get a smaller facion in the denominator of our expression and, therefor, a larger reciprocal, That ges the expression a ‘anger value. So I is pat of the correct answer this is dF Ful to see, we can actualy do the math 60 = le isa = M59 Section Two: SAT Math Practice Number Operations 1 1 “hg > "sg ‘Statements | and lil are lager when 160 is replaced with 120, so the answer is choice (F), 16 E 1S possible to solve this one by picking numbers forthe variables, but i’ not necessary, Since al the variables ere ‘eater than 2, mubipying any two of them together wil produce a greater value than either vaebe alone would have. Hf you multiply out each answer choice and eliminate the parentheses, then you ge: xteew @ ztysw Oatyrryw Oxtpew © tas tyw A piece-by piece comparisin shows that choice (E) must have the gieatest value ‘APLAN,