TAYLOR’S THEOREM FOR

FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES

AND
JACOBIANS

PRESENTED BY

PROF. ARUN LEKHA

Associate Professor in Maths
GCG-11, Chandigarh
Statement:
Taylor’s Theorem in two variables
If f (x,y) is a function of two independent variables x and
y having continuous partial derivatives of nth order in
some neighbourhood of the point (a,b) and if (a + h, b +
a) is any point of this neighbourhood, then there exists
some  in (0,1) such that
f (a+h, b + k) = f (a,b) + df (a,b) + ½! d2f (a,b)+…
1/n-1! dn-1 f(a,b) + 1/n! dn f(a+h,b+ k)
Where
n
    n   
d   h  k  and d  h  k 
 x y   x y 
Remainder after n terms denoted by Rn
Where

1 n 1    n
Rn  d f (a  h, b   k )   h  k  f (a  h, b   k );
n! n!  x y 

Statement of Maclaurin’s Theorem (Two Variable)

2
    1   
f ( x, y )  f (0,0)   x  y  f (0,0)   x  y  f (0,0).......
 x y  2!  x y 

n 1 n
1     1    
  x  y  f (0,0).  Rn where Rn   x  y  f (x  y ), 0    1
n  1!  x y  n!  x y 
• Using Taylor’s Theorem, find the approximate
value of log [(1.03)1/3
+ (0. 98)1/4 – 1]
Solution:
Let f (x+h, y + k ) = log [(x+h)1/3 +(y+k)1/4 – 1] (1)

Putting h = 0 = k in (1), we get

f(x,y ) = log (x1/3 + y¼ - 1)
1 2 / 3 1 3 / 4
x y
f x  1/ 33 , fy  1 / 34 1 / 4
x  y 1 1/ 4
x  y 1

f(x+h,y+k)=f(x,y)+(hfx+kfy)
log [(x+h)1/3+(y+k)1/4-1)=log (x1/3+y1/4-1)

 1 2 / 3 1 3 / 4 
 x y 
  h, 1/ 33 ,  k 4 
 x  y 1 x  y 1 
1/ 4 1/ 3 1/ 4
 
 
Put x = 1, h = 0.03, y = 1, k = -0.02
log [(1.03)1/3 + (0. 98)1/4 – 1] = log (1+1-1)
 1 1 

 3 4 

 (0.03).  (0.02). 
 1  1  1 1  1  1 

 

= log 1 + 0.01 – 0.005 = 0.005
DEFINITION OF JACOBIAN

If u, v, w are the function of x, y, z having first order partial

derivatives w.r.t. x, y, z then the determinant
u y z
x y z
 (u , v, w) (u , v, w) v v v
J 
 ( x, y , z ) ( x, y, z ) v y z
w w w
x y z

is called Jacobian of u, v, w w.r.t. x, y, z

CHAIN RULE FOR JACOBIAN
STATEMENT:

If u, v, w are the functions of two independent variable x and y

which are themselves functions of two independent variable r
and s, then

(u, v) (u, v) ( x, y)
 x
(r , s) ( x, y ) (r , x)
FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE OR NOT INDEPENDENT

Theorem

If n function u1, u2, u3….un, of n independent variable are

functionally dependent i.e., there exists a relation of the
form F (u1, u2…….un) = 0

iff (u1 , u 2 .........u n )

 0 identicall y
( x1 , x 2 ,....x n )
Example: Show that the functions
U = x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xz,
v = x + y – z,
w=x–y–z

are not independent of one another. Also, find the relation

between them

2x  2x 2 y 2z  2x 2x  2z 2 y 0
 (u, v, x)
 1 1 1  1 1 0
 ( x, y , z )
1 1 1 1 1 0
 2x  2x 2 y 2z  2x 2x  2z 2 y 0
 (u, v, x)
 1 1 1  1 1 0
 ( x, y , z )
1 1 1 1 1 0

Now, v2 + w2 = (x+y-z)2 + (x-y-z)2

= (x2+y2+z2 + 2xy-2yz-2zx) + (x2+y2+z2 – 2xy + 2yz-2zx)
= 2 (x2+y2+z2 – 2zx) = 2u
v2 + w2 = 2u is the required relation between u,v,w.