| i them. Wher fand mineral be used e intake perennial s used for as a barrage supplies are ‘amounts of silt mer ah “ ble, as it or treated sewage ‘ . e disposal ‘The river waters m ec a taminate and well ssupplying to the pub IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS inupply scheme drawing water direct the consumers demands during e ‘ may become difficult t pakke oceret wt devas tana in the form of a dam is, therefore, con: cm SMM Of water on the upstream side of the barrier. This pool of SEE the ustream side of the dam is known os « dam an impounding reservoir, or a river reservoir. The quality of water is not much different from that of a nat ake. The water reservoir can be used for supplying water to the society for meeting , for almost all the year round, especially during summer and months ‘of Reservoirs jepon the purpose served by a given reservoir finto the following four categories for Conservation reservoirs Control reservoirs reservoirs. reservoirs. categories are tho the reservoirs may reservoirs, while the last storage reservoir. These categories are discussed se or Conservation Reservoirs. A city water fy, or a hydroelectric project drawing water fail to satisfy the consumers demands di high flows, it may become difficult to carry floods. A storage or a conservation during periods of peak flows, and can as and when the need arises.ee ercnsre THROVGH stoR, we RESERVOIRS 363 a retard i dasin over @ucharged. The advantay basin are iQ Cont of the gate Fomtatlation is saved gay There BE RO EAteH Gnd Hence. the possiditi: Pilon ewer operation is eliminated ROK Feservoir fevel wall be au | qationally, aod can be successfully we _pertoament habitation can be allowed o Tehervoirs are, therefore, preferred os Rentrol, while retarding basins are preferred small rivers. In Whe Dood crest downstream, can be better controlled and $9 Ba nat to cause their coincidence. This is the biggest & remerwoir and outweighs its disadvantage ing costly and ‘error in installation and ope + Reservoirs. A reservoir planned and constructed to Dut various purposes together is called a multipurpose i one purpose, incidentally serving other pur Salled &@ multipurpose reservoir, but will be called $0, ps if Purposes also in addition to its main purpose. Hence, a Protect the downstream areas from Moods and also to con. ‘supply, irrigation. industrial needs, hydroelectric purposes, reservoir. Bhakra dam and Nagarjun Sagar maltipupese projects of ladia Reservoirs, A distribution reservoir is a small storage ‘within a city water supply system. Such a reservoir can be Ril's gurtain rele and can be used to supply water even the inflow rate during periods of maximum demands (called ). Such reservoirs are, therefore, helpful in permitting treatment plants te work at a uniform rate, and they ‘of ne demand or less demand, and supply water from ‘Gritical periods of maximum demand ‘and Area-Blevation Curves of a Reservoir Site be or use of a reservoir, the main function of a reservoir is ‘Ae Stabilize the Mow of water, Therefore, the most unpor ieiatie ofa reservoir ia wothing but its storage capacity. The Tpikes, is determined from the contour maps of the ‘dam site is carried out, and a contour map, such The area enclosed within each contour can be capac actually city computations is to actually NE 5 on or 20. The areas of the ar 30, are then interpolated .d to assume that — . e cal distance proportion te their vertical Tesereair at 200 m contour if A)KILO DATEL TE Rey donne 2 BeservOF 12.4. Hare Jokes 125 mae Pemee cogsy These wee nennns OS THE omme essen Fuity | ' \m Men RESERIOIR EVE. { FS aun. nigh as ER SURFACE mE ohm Fig 125. Suorape vones of teservene variiiun elevation to which the reservar water wurlace wilh rise during ‘icrating conditions, (Bee Pig. 125) It ie equivalent to the elevation of suillwsy creat or the lop Of the spillway gates, lor most of the cases ; 1151 Minimum Pool Level, The lowest water surlace elevation, jas (0 be kept under normal operating y 1 jut) Sevel See Fig, 2-6), This level may . ‘west cuties in the dam or may be guided bry the mintznum head requared fem efficient functioning of turbines, 115 Useful and Dead Storage, The volume of water stored ina ‘stwcce the minimum pook and normal pook levels is called the “ates sured in the reservoir below the minimum pook level is SlraRe and It 8 nak Of much se in the operation of the “lorage may be subdivided inte conservation storage and 14 4 10ullipurpose reservoir, 1254 Maximum Poot ‘lasts water te dacharped gee tatOP SURPACE WATER THROUGH STORAGE RESERVOIRS 369 s.feamarot-af mach importance in conservation reservoirs, but the available or Newt mitigation ix veduced, ax given by the following we : storage for Mood mitigation = Useful Storage + Surcharge Storage ~ Valley Storage corresponding to the rate of inflow in the reservoir DESIGNING RESERVOIR CAPACITY Yield and Reservoir Yield runoff from a catchment ix known as the yield of the catchment ‘of one year ix considered for determining the yield value. The expresned as the volume of water entering /passing the outlet 8 thus known as the catchment yield, and is expressed in Fela Of the catchment upto the site of a reservoir, located at the iver, will thus indicate the quantum of water that will ur Whe Fesorvoir, and will thus help in designing the capacity of the WAI alee help to fix the outflows from the reservoir, since the swpon the inflows and the reservoir losses. ‘water that can be drawn from a reservoir, in any specified Ba the rewervoir yield, naturally depends upon the inflow into sFemervoir losses, consisting of reservoir leakage and reservoir 4 ‘W The reservoir, ie. the carchment yield, is represented by ‘ whereas, the outflow from the reservoir, called the "tepresented by the mass demand line or the mass curve of ‘curves devide the reservoir capacity, provided the reservoir -weparately accounted qevervoit are however, quite wusceptible of variation in Wy Uhorefore vary throughout the prospective life of the data of rainfall or runoff in the catchment +s therefore vwnlue of the catchment yield. Say for example, in 35 yenrs, the minimum yield from the catchment ‘ae say 100 Miha.m; whereas, the y be ins high as say 200 M.ham, The ‘would be wa to whether the reservoir eapacity should “or 200 M. ham yield, If the reservor capacity 18 ham yield, then eventually the reservoir will @F 100%; but ifthe capacity is provided ighen eventually the rerervorr will be filled up Seavce in 98 yours) with a dependeility of about , avin medin is generally adopted and dertue (), Buch a8 50% to 75%," may be ghar Ue entgn elt The vel Wh? sent on record is however, called the ean be ws the p Tabor ener YH9k wo compre vo whe irrigation yy percentage valve Laer |HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES 876 |. Water available in excess of the firm retin . ia ~~ <- as the secondary yield, |; ween during able eA secondary water, and sold to the Indu lable basis’ The power commitments to domestic consume, "NODE, 4 ‘oF my ries ‘on ong jn’) rs must homer vw based on the firm basis, and should not exceed the power whncin Can be prod with the firm yield, unless thermal power is also available to suppot = hydroelectric power The arithmetic averay we of the firm yield and the secondary yield ix Called the average yield, 12.6.1, Computing the Design or the Dependa| The dependable yield, corresponding to determined from the past available data of t! rainfall data of the reservoir catch, long runoff data is used to work oui pen ' lependability percentage p into the dependable runoff value by using the ting the yearly rainfall with the yearly runoff, 't is, however, an adopted practice in Irrigation Departments to plan reservoir projeet by computing the dependable yield from the rainfall data, butte cart river gauging as soon ag the site for the reservoir is decided, and then correlate the rainfall-runoff observations to verify the correctness of the assumed cmPirical relation between the rainfall and the runoff. "i of such observations, the i . es, initially assumed Yield value may have to The procedure which ig adopted to compute the dependable rain a ve re eeaailty pe “entage p is explained below, and has been further 'n solving Example 120. \«) The available rainfal) yeurs . the descending order of magaituaer foe oe (i) The order number Mm given'by the etuation rte mo N aoe ‘e then computed, and rainfall value tabulated data will represent the (4) If the com, rainfall valuew fraction value ig(Eqn. 12.4) is not an integer, the mean y: alue of yield corresponding taken as yield for 75%, dey Pendability, given as Mm with 75% dependability ~ 2T242M m" Ans. tge) with 75% dependability of yield corresponding lity, given as 6. Khosia’s formula. Driefly discussed below made in India to connect the " a teasethas Green D : and worked out certain per ‘central provinces, bly for the entire rainfall with the whet coySeiaaeernersoicn wre rc rom main ad-catehients The inberniodinte Aypue were called wierag meh NA rll wereniogse wore woen Ie arent ngs wa i valaes of Faritalla, ae shawn in table 160. Thy 1 & in the shape af curves, ae ah Fig ih) Table 144, Valuer af Wn Ah Merernbawer Banadl Povventagea fi haath eatehmente devignated 4s ayer Average | Bud fire Tv) a ao ‘i ow) 4 mo) ow | 98 o4 ue wa a6 a7 we a8 ie 4 a4 we] ode wae | we ane ej ame | one | wi ee ioe wee | ee | ie wan | me We ae | Oe ey wo | one “aa ws we | tee | at oo | sno |368 HYDROLOGY AND WareR — iS) Ratlow's tables. Mr. T.G. Barlow, the first cy... ™™™ Electric Survey of India. carried out investigations .. ~s \y under 130 square kin in U.P. State of India. On : he dinded catchments into five Classes and assigned differen: ravnfall that become runoff ‘over long " Fe RESOL - = Periods) for each cians. «; = indicated in table 12.7. eG 2 3 1 . : ' 1 A = 2 8 Fiat, partly coltivated stiff soits - 3 ec Average catchment wt ‘ > ‘Hilts and plains with little cultivation = s ® Vecy hilly and steep catchment with little or coltivation with K values of table 12.7 Runoff PercentagesCE WATER THROUGH STORAGE WENERVON 12.10. Values of m to be wand in Ra (12.8 Deneription of the cateRamens partly ciptivatest stiff voile ‘aoe laine with Uitte cultivation derived his formula for cate hat areas | where rainfall is le 100 em 126 where P is the rainfall in em infall P less than 200 cm lareas, with rainfoll (P) equalling or exceeding 2 = 30.48) cm areas with rai em 127 where P is the rainfall in em. pon the recent research work ‘and useful formula. It can be eo) for the region of its oriai” This 128) where Q = the yield in cm P= the rainfall in cm Ti, = mean annual temperature of the annual rainfall for the catchment of a proposed ‘be 99 cm. The catchment are has been estimated Phe catchment arco. contributi nd Calculate the annual design catchment yreld 's formula. connecting une aesien raintall @ area. » with the P= 99m (giver) Ta = 20°C (Bve”) em = 0,894 fr if gien extshamant of 100000." ° goaM.m? Ans. Dependable Flow over a water er”. This ves for the sla dink cu as Gischarge-freaven®RAGE RESEE Hs) Baily How being equaiic snmnth Reeve ropolacynr ef duration curve nf indicates a stream with a highly varvabie d:scharge whe Gndicates s small variability of flow and also « slow ‘to the rainfall. A flat portion on the lower end of the base flow. A flat portion on the upper end ofthe carve having large flood plains, and siso of rivers hacing lange of occurrence of the flow gets hrddes an a flow ‘500 m/s in a stream will, thos, have the same B), irrespective of whether wt ercorred © Taney oe ‘handicap of such curves, must be Kept i sind white— pest) corresponds to 20 hh. 30= 26.2 ham - & 0. RL (66 qe towest sill level ie dead storage level ist spy Net water demand = Crop water req 15% x 250 ham = 2 (250 + 37.5) ham 2875 hem 30 ham (computed above © Grous reservoir storage required = Live storage + Dead storage = 287.5 + 30 3175 ham Dependable yield = 0.29 m (depth) = 0.29 m x (20 x 10° m*) - 580 ham ‘The gross capacity of the reservoir is fixed at the lesser of the gross storage te meet the demand (ie 3175 ham) and the dependable yueld e580 am) Hence, the reservoir capacity = 317.5 ham. Ans. 128 Relation between Inflow, Outflow, and storage Data for a Reservoir The inflow to the reservoir and the outflow from the reservoir are the only tws facters which govern the storage capacity of 2 reservoir. Since the inflow to (he reservoir is variable, water is stored in the reservoir to cater to the required ethan from the reservoir, particularly during the critical periods in non-monsoon ‘mon. Naturally, if more outflow is required, more capacity has to be provided ‘As a matter of fact, after assessing the monthly or annual inflows into the ‘and representing it by the mass inflow curve, the demand pattern is ‘Specified. The reservoir is then usually designed to meet this specified demand, outflow curve. capacity, the reservoir inflow, and the outflow from the reser- by the storage equation, given by: Inflow - Outflow = Increase in storage Reservoir Storage = Inflow - Outflow Capacity from the Annual Inflow snd Outflowfor » large number of youre » reservoir with 2 given petween times t= 02 tat ¢ (i the time t, and hemee, the an ian a jarea under the fre, oy into © time ¢¢) 16 equal to the ordinate of ‘second eo te mre tng Adjustments for the P s scales and units of the two curves must be mate while plotting. It ws evident that a mass curve will con- tinuously rise, as it is the plot of the accumulated inflow Periods of no in- flow would be repre- ‘sented by the horizontal = limes on the mass inflow 5 curve. To differentiate = 3 such 2 mass curve of usually called as the flow mass ‘curve and is an integral of the flow hydrogrph Fig. 128(@) andi. < may also be called the aii time is a measure of the al ™ mass curve has b : by accumulating theENT OF SURFACE WATER THROUGH STORAGE RESERVOIRS ining Reservoir Capacity for a Given Demand ws curve of inflow and the demand line can be used to d te he orege capacity. In Fig. 12.10, it is evident that the demand | tinue dren | ra x to the high points Ay, Az, A... of the mass curve, represent the rate of ’ " | from the reservoir, Assuming the reservoir to be fall wi it intersects the mass curve ( ull whenever the 385 mab Points F), F ...), the maximum departure | une ByCa-) between the two curves represents the reservoir capacity just a to satisfy the demand. " 10; PT ATWHICH RESERVOIR 18 FULL MAX ORDMATE B,C, = 1950 Hams, ‘se00 Ha" ts < ATWHEHRESRISFUL eas oe ¥ MAX OROINATE 8)C) ’ “1 t z OA 00 wares gfe /\ aa st iveanbe 19580 tw5t 98219831954 wSS 088 ———= me (year) Fig. 12.10, Fi 12.10 has been drawn for a demand of 2,000 hectare- metres/year. The = departure ordinate (ie. the maximum of B,C, ByC2..) works ‘out to be ‘eenynact@Fe-metres/year, which represents the required storage capacity for the tangents A)B), and ApBo, ete., aa wetway na have sufficient works out to be 600 hectare-metres, and Tt can also be observed that:average annual yield o n annual yields, and is equal - 9928 _ 194.1 em of runofl 1.241 mx CA in m® = 1.241 mx (1675 x 10%) = 2078.68 Mm’, Now, to utilise the source fully, ater, and the yearly demand 2079 Mm? To determi required * drawn om the high point ‘213; and the maximum dep 1065 Mm’,OF SURPACE WATER THROUGH STORAGE RESERVOIRS 388 be sees from this curve, that from O to C 1, the slope of the inflow curve sss an tt of the demand curve, indicating that the inflow Si lesbinean ihe sites aod the reservoir is emptying From C; to Dy, the slope of the inflow cure a eaied pos pe of the inflow curve a dem: reservoir is filling. The vertical intercept C; C ten the inflow curve at C; to the demand curve at C, represents os iki 5 initial tp meet the demand from O to C). At Dj, the reservoir level is the same oa 0. After Dy, and upto A;, the slope of the inflow curve is steeper than that “oe demand curve, and as such, the reservoir is still rising, Point Ay represents <1 fll reservoir level. Vertical intercept A,A represents the storage between the satis water level corresponding to the point O and the full reservoir level. The a! minimum storage capacity of the reservoir to meet the demand is thus given ty the vertical intercepts C,C and A,A . Max. withdrawl from storage + Max. stored in storage = 437 + 628= 1065 mem. Ans. ‘The emptying and filling processes are also shown in Fig, 12.14 ; filling scour when the slope of the inflow curve is more than that of the demand curve, ond vice versa. 121, Fixation of Reservoir Capacity Analytical pacity \ytically using Sequent Peak The — peak algorithm is a simple and straight forward analytical pro -_ ‘computing reservoir capacity, and is used as an ‘excellent alternative ‘mass curve method of determining reservoir capacity the reservoir is sumed to be full at the beginning red to pase the dry period is estimated. If the e point, and if there is no well defined sub- to repeat the given data for one age determination. Also, the demand rate med in mass curve the Tecomes non-uniform due to season Gehan. The sequent peak algorithm technique helps Xe to device simple the reservowr Mathematical solution to the problem of computing between time (#RY, an months) peak algorithm (Fig. 12-15) \#® plot oiaeran Sumulative inflow minus cumulatives Sutflow on Y-axis. The Bae ce Yano, corresponding to each month equals to {E Inflow == = [2 (Iinflow-Out- ieee jo also SEQUENT PEAKS inet inflow FIRST PEAK7 HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ENGIN»), i is ie. first peak of cumulative 5.) A, in this plotting (. natal aie ; while subsequent ridge points Ay, Ay, A, «: called sequent peaks. = Similarly, the first trough point B; is called the ata while subsequen trough points By, By, ete. may be called the sequent troug! The difference between the first peak and first trough Spl oka lot, evidently, represent the reservoir storage required under " al in and is called the normal storage ; whereas, the ee a _. ‘ween any sequent peak and the just following trough will repres maximum storage required for the reservoir. The normal and maximum storage through sequent peak algorithm is cai lated ax follows this be ‘2) Estimate the monthly volumes of all the outflows from the reservoir T? should include lonnes fr ‘3) Compute the cumulative values of Inflows (4) Compute the cumulative values of outflows, '5) Compute the values of cumulative inflow minus cumulative outflow “e (E Inflow ~¥ Outflow), (6) Plot graph by taking months (time) on X-axin, and ¥ (/ = 0) of step (5! on Yoaxis, on an ordinary graph paper, plot peaks and t t peaks ent nel mu and troughs. The second and subsequent peal ‘0M evaporation, seepage, and other losses date will | | ‘1) Convert the monthly inflows into the volume units for the period « a o rae ethod ‘ll becese ees oar ogi Example period of 15 mone] inflows at a table) tn the table algorithm, ing example 12.8.+ te cae af came paee Bow g. exons wiseABSORPTION pool level (ie. maximum one minimum pool level will ensure a all not noel be allowed to go below nod which may occur after the re rmal pool level and the miximum p el reaches the normal pool level, ¢! water discharged over the spi stream safe carrying capacity of he rate of inflow. The water shall, al pool level and the maximum © flood subsides, and the excess w ‘in fall up to the normal pool y od For irrigation, we generally: nd from middle of November to | eavy rains during monsoon ( { the monsoon season, the " Kharif crops and constant ; monsoon, a large reservoir eas water but also serves to 6 monsoon, the irrigation den nly for power generation, steadily and will be allowed monsoon season, say reservoir is full up to no level and the maxi After the water is constantly z the lowest, this time, show starts m