QUESTREVIEWCENTER

1550EspanaBlvd.Cor.LacsonAve.,Sampaloc,Manila

NOTESONCRIMEDETECTIONANDINVESTIGATION

CDI-3:SPECIALCRIMEINVESTIGATION

INTRODUCTION

SpecialCrime Investigation deals with the

studyofmajorcrimesbasedontheapplicationofspecialinvestigativetechnique.
Thestudyconcentratesmoreonphysicalevidence,itscollection,handling,identificationandpre
servationincoordinationwiththecrimelaboratory.SpecialCrimeInvestigationinvolvesaclosere
lationshipbetweentheproberinthefieldandthecrimelaboratorytechnician.Theyworktogethera
sateam,reactingtoandextendingoneanother’stheoriesandfindingsbothworkingpatientlyandt
horoughlytosolveacrimefromtheirinvestigativediscoveries.Thepresentcriminaljusticesyste
m inourcountry,thecourtreliesmoreonphysicalevidenceratherthanextra-judicialconfession.

HOMICIDEINVESTIGATION

HomicideInvestigationistheofficialinquirymadebythepoliceonthefactsandcircumsta
ncessurroundingthedeathofapersonwhichisexpectedtobeunlawful.

PrimaryJoboftheInvestigator
1.Todiscoverwhetheranoffensehasbeencommittedunderthelaw.
2.Todiscoverhowitwascommitted
3.Whocommitteditandbywhomitwascommitted 4.Whenitwascommitted
5.Andundercertaincircumstanceswhyitwascommitted

ResponsibilitiesofaHomicideInvestigator
1.Whencalledupontoinvestigateviolentdeath,hestandsonthedeadman’sshoestoproduc
ehisinstinctsagainstthosesuspects. 2.Theenthusiasm
andintelligencetheinvestigatorbringsinthecasemarksthedifferencebetweenamurdererb
eingconvictedandsetfree.
3.Ifheinterpretsacriminaldeathaccidentalornatural,aguiltypersonissetfree.
4.Rememberthatthepoliceisthefirstlineofdefenseintheeffectiveapplicationofcrimina
ljustice.

MistakesintheHomicideInvestigation
1.Themistakesofthehomicideinvestigatorcannotbecorrected.
2.Thehomicideinvestigatorshouldnotcrossthethreebridgeswhichheburnsbehindhi
m.Itisimportantthatcompetentpersonneladequatelyhandlethecase.

ThreeBridges:
a.Thedeadpersonhasbeenmoved
b.Thecadaverisembalmed
c.Thebodyisburnedorcremated

BasicGuidefortheInvestigatortolookuponistoestablishthefollowing:
1.Corpusdelictiorfactsthatcrimewascommitted 2.Methodofoperationofthesuspect
3.Identityoftheguiltyparty

TitleEight
CRIMESAGAINSTPERSON
(DestructionofLife)

Art.246.Parricide–Anypersonwhoshallkillhisfather,mother,orchild,whetherlegitimateorilleg
itimate,oranyofhisascendantsordescendants,orhisspouse,shallbeguiltyofparricide.

Penalty:ReclusionPerpetua(20yearsand1dayto40yearsimprisonment)todeath.

Elements:
1.Thatapersoniskilled.
2.Thatthedeceasediskilledbytheaccused.
3.Thatthedeceasedisthefather,mother,orchild,whetherlegitimateorillegitimate,oralegiti
mateotherascendantorotherdescendant,orthelegitimatespouse,oftheaccused.

Art.247.Deathorphysicalinjuriesinflictedunderexceptionalcircumstances–Anylegallymarriedper
sonwho,havingsurprisedhisspouseintheactofcommittingsexualintercoursewithanotherperson,s
hallkillanyofthem orbothofthem
intheactorimmediatelythereafter,orshallinflictuponthemanyseriousphysicalinjury,shallsufferthep
enaltyofdestierro.
Ifheshallinflictuponthem
physicalinjuriesofanykind,heshallbeexemptfrompunishment.
Theserulesshallbeapplicable,underthesamecircumstances,toparents,withrespectt
otheirdaughtersundereighteenyearsofage,andtheirseducer,whilethedaughtersarelivingwi
ththeirparents.
Anypersonwhoshallpromoteorfacilitateprostitutionofhiswifeordaughter,orshallother
wisehaveconsentedtotheinfidelityoftheotherspouseshallnotbeentitledtothebenefitsofthisa
rticle.

Penalty:Destierro(prohibitiontoentertheplaceorplacesdesignatedinthesentence,norwithin
theradiusthereinspecified,whichshallbenotmorethan250andnotlessthan25kilometersfrom
theplacedesignated.

Art.248.Murder–Anypersonwho,notfallingwiththeprovisionsofArticle246,shallkillanother,shallbeguilt
yofmurderandshallbepunishedbyreclusionperpetuatodeath,ifcommittedwithanyofthefollowingatten
dantcircumstances:
1.Withtreachery,takingadvantageofsuperiorstrength,withaidofarmedmen,oremployin
gmeanstoweakenthedefenseorofmeansorpersonstoinsureoraffordimpunity;
2.Inconsiderationofaprice,rewardorpromise; 3.Bymeans
ofInundation,fire,poison,explosion,shipwreck,strandingofvessel,derailmentorassaultup
onarailroad,fallofanairship,orbymeansofmotorvehiclesorwiththeuseofanyothermeansin
 volvinggreatwasteandruin;
4.On occasion ofanyofthecalamitiesofan
earthquake,eruptionofavolcano,destructivecyclone,epidemicorotherpubliccalamity;

5.Withevidentpremeditation;
6.Withcruelty,bydeliberatelyandinhumanlyaugmentingthesufferingofthevictim,oroutraging
orscoffingathispersonorcorpse.

Penalty:Reclusionperpetua(20years&1dayto40yearsimprisonment)todeath.

Elementsofmurder:
1.Thatapersoniskilled.
2.Thattheaccusedkilledhim.
3.ThatthekillingwasattendedbyanyofthequalifyingcircumstancesmentionedinArticle248.
4.Thekillingisnotparricideorinfanticide.

TREACHERY
Plainandsimple,thereistreacheryiftheoffendedpartywasnotgivenopportunitytomakeadefe
nse.

MEANINGOFPREMEDITATION
Premeditationistheactofmediatinginadvance;deliberationuponacontemplatedact;adesignf
ormtodosomethingbeforeitisdone.
TheessenceofpremeditationisthattheexecutionofthecriminalactmustbeprecededbyCOOL
THOUGHTandREFLECTIONupontheresolutiontocarryoutthecriminalintentduringthespac
eoftimeSUFFICIENTtoarriveatacalmjudgment.
Thereisnoevidentpremeditationwithoutproofofplanning.

EVIDENT–Cleartotheeyeorjudgment.
ART.249.Homicide–Anypersonwho,notfallingwithintheprovisionsofArticle246(Parricide)s
hallkillanother,withouttheattendanceofanyofthecircumstancesenumeratedinthenextprece
dingarticle(Article248),shallbedeemedguiltyofhomicide.

Penalty:Reclusiontemporal(12years&1dayto20yearsimprisonment)

ART255.Infanticide
Thekillingofachildlessthanthreedaysofage,whetherthekilleristheparentorgrandparent,any
otherrelativeofthechild,orastranger.

Penalty:
1.Thepenaltyprovidedinparricideandmurdershallbeimposed.
2.Ifthecrimepenalizedinthisarticlebecommittedbythemotherofthechildtoconcealdishonor,s
heshallsufferthepenaltyofprisionmayor(6years&1dayto12yearsimprisonment)initsmediu
m andmaximum periods.Ifcommittedbymaternalgrandparentsoreitherofthem,the
penaltyshallbe reclusion temporal(12 years&1dayto20years
imprisonment).

HOMICIDEINVESTIGATIONPROCEDURES

CriminalInvestigationofhomicideisadiscoveryprocess.Theinvestigatorseekstodiscoveran
ddocumentsuchfactsastypeofdeath,identityofthedeceased,causeofdeathandmotivationa
ndidentityoftheperpetrator.Inordertoresolvethesefundamentalquestions,theinvestigation
willfocusonthecadaver,crimesceneandpostmortemexamination.
Thecadaverisoftenofprimeimportanceasaninvestigativefactor.Thevictim’sbody

canrevealmuchthroughexaminationofwoundsandothertypesoftracingcluesthatmaybepres
ent.

EstablishingtheFactsofDeath
Thefirstessentialstepofthehomicideinvestigationistoestablishthatthevictimis,indee
d,dead.Police officers do nothave the
legalauthoritytopronouncedeath,onlyphysicians/medicaldoctorcanestablishthefactofdeat
h.Forthisreason,thepoliceofficershouldneverassumedeathunlesstheconditionofthevictim’
sbodydemonstratesdeathinatotallyobviousmanner.

A.Death–deathisdefinedastheabsenceoflifeinalivingmatter.

B.KindsofDeath
1.SomaticDeath–ClinicalDeath
Itisacomplete,continuous,persistentcessationofrespiration,circulationandalmo
stallbrainfunctionsofanorganism.Itisusuallypronouncedbyaphysicianorotherme
mbersofthefamily.
2.MolecularDeath-CellularDeath
Itisthecessationoflifeoftheindividualcellsinthewholebody,whichoccursoneatati
meaftersomaticdeath.
3.ApparentDeath–StateofSuspendedAnimation
Itisthestateoftemporarycessationofvitalactivitiesofthebodyorvitalprocessesweredepre
ssedtotheminimum
compatiblewithlife.Thisconditionisnotactuallydeathalthoughclassifiedunderthekindsof
death,becausethepersonororganismisstillalivealthoughitseemsthattherearenosignsofl
ife.

C.SignsofDeath
1.Cessationofrespiration
2.CessationofHeartBeatingandCirculation 3.Coolingofthebody
4.Insensibilityofthebodyandlossofpowertoremove 5.Changesintheeyes
6.Changesintheskin

IdentifyingtheCadaver
Establishingtheidentityofthevictim
isimportant,itwillprovidetracingcluestothemotiveandidentityoftheperpetrator,withtheidentitykno
wn,theinvestigatorcanfocusattentiononthevictim’sbackgroundandestablishapossiblemotivethro
ughsuchinformation.Victimsencounteredinindoorsceneswillnormallyhaveidentifyingdataontheb
ody,orsuchdatawillbeavailablethroughoutthecrimescene.Inoutdoorscenes,suchevidenceisnorm
allynotasreadilyavailable,sincethevictim isremovedfrom thepersonalenvironmentandalso
outdoorscenemaynotbediscoveredforlongperiodoftime;thusevidencemaybedestroyedbyelements
ofnatureorwillbelost.Iftherearenoidentifyingpapersonthevictim’sperson,fingerprintshould be used
as means ofidentification.
Iffingerprintidentificationisunsuccessful,theinvestigatormustrelyonothermethodstoestablishidentity
.
Dentalstructuresarehighlyresistanttodestruction,andarefrequentlyusefulwhentheo
therportionsofthebodyaretotallydecomposed(ForensicOdontology).Theskeletalremainsof
thevictim
mayalsohelptodetermineidentity,aswellasyieldothertypesofinformation.Ifbonefracturesar
enoted,theymaybeusedtoidentifythedeceased,butifonlycorrespondingmedicalrecordscan
belocated.Thewidthsofthepelvicbonesareexcellentindicatorsofthevictim’ssex;Determinati
onofthevictimsagemaybemoredifficult,inthatthevictimspastthe

ageofeighteenyearshavegenerallyachievedtheirmaximumskeletalgrowth.However,generalage
determinationcanbeestablishedviadentalstructure.

A.PointsTakenintoConsiderationwhenFindingHumanDeadBodyElsewhere:1.
Placewherethebodywasfound 2.Dateandtimewhenfound
3.Causeofdeath
4.Timewhendeathoccurred
5.Approximateage
6.Possibleoccupation
7.Completedescriptionofthebody

B.PointstobeConsideredinIdentifyingaPerson 1.Face
2.Eyes
3.Nose
4.Head
5.Conditionofhair
6.Mouth
7.Bodybuilt
8.Height
9.Weight
10.Complexion
11.Handsandfeet
12.Teeth
13.Clothing
14.Ornamental
15.Personalbelongings
16.Identificationfromspouse,parents,relativesandfriends
17.Filesfromthepoliceandotherlawenforcementagencies
18.Occupationalmark
19.Race
20.Tattoomarks
 21.Deformities
22.Birthmarks
23.Physicaldefectsleavingpermanentresultssuchasamputationandimproperunion
ofthefracturedbones
24.Moles
25.Scars
26.Tribalmarks
27.Sexualorgan
28.Bloodgrouping

DeterminationofTimeofDeath(DeathEstimates)
Adeterminationofthetimeofdeathshouldbeattemptedinallhomicideinvestigations.Thisfacti
ssignificantbecauseofitsinvestigativeimportanceincorroboratingordisputingalibis,orinesta
blishingthevictim’smovementspriortodeath.Determiningdeathisnotanexactscience.

POST-MORTEMCHANGES

1.POST-MORTEM
LIVIDITY(LivorMortis)–Discolorationofthebodyafterdeath;settingofbloodinthedependentportionsofth
ebodyfollowingdeath).
Itisareddishpurpletopurplecolorationindependentareasofthebodyduetoaccumulationofbloodinthesm
allvesselsofthedependentareassecondarytogravity.Thispoolingofbloodbeginsimmediatelyafterdeath
andbecomesfixedinapproximately8-12hours.Theinvestigatorcanpressontheskininthedependentregi
onsandiftheskinblanches,deathhasprobablyoccurredlessthan12hours.Thisbecomesfixedafterawhile
andcantellifthebodyhasbeenmoved.Thisisnotareliableindicatoroftimeofdeath.Thisisabetterindicatoro
fwhetherthebodyhasbeenmovedsincedeath.

TheColorofLividitymayIndicatetheCauseofDeath:
1.Carbonmonoxidepoisoning/cyanide–cherryredtopinkishcolor
2.Asphyxia–darklividity
3.Phosphorouspoisoning–darkbrown

TYPESOFLIVIDITY
1.Hypostatic–Bloodisstillinfluidform
insidebloodvessel;changeaspositionofthebodychanges.Bloodremainsfluidintheblo
odvesselfor6-8hours.

2.Diffusion– Coagulatedinsidebloodvessel;Changeinpositionwillnotchangeitslocation.

ImportanceofPost-MortemLividity
1.Itisasignofdeath
2.Itenablestheinvestigatortoestimatethetimeofdeath
3.Itdeterminesthepositionofthebodyafterdeath 4.Itmayindicatethecauseandmannerofdeath

CharacteristicsofPost-MortemLividity
1.Itoccursinthemostextensiveareasofthemostdependentportionofthebody.2.Itinvolve
sthesuperficiallayeroftheskin,lungs,intestines,kidneys,andbrain.
3.Colorisuniforminthetissues.
4.Itisnotelevatedfromtheskin,lungs,intestines,kidneysandbrain.
5.Thereisnoinjurytothetissues.
6.Thecolormayappearanddisappearinthetissuesbyshiftingthepositionofthebodyint
heearlierstagesofdeath.

2.POSTMORTEMRIGIDITY(RigorMortis)
Stiffeningofthebodywhichoccurs2-6hoursafterdeathandischaracterizedbyhardeningofthe
muscles;thechemicalreactionthatcausesrigidityinthemusclegroupsorstiffeningofthebodyaft
erdeathduetothedisappearanceofAdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)fromthemuscle.
-Rigormortisdisappearswithdecomposition.
-Coldand/orfreezingwilldelaytheonsetofrigormortisaswellasprolongitspresence-Involves
allmuscles the same time atthe same rate.Itappearsfirstinthe
smallermusclessuchasthejawandthengraduallyspreadtoupperandlowerextremities.-Insta
ntaneousrigiditycanalsobefoundfollowingingestionofcyanideandstrychninepoison.
RigorMortishasdurationof24to48hoursinthePhilippinesandothertropicalcountriesa
nd36to48hoursduringsummerinthesame.

3.ALGORMORTIS(Coolingofthebody)
Thebodycoolsfollowingdeathatapproximately1.5degreesFperhour,undernormalcondition
sandassumingthebody’stemperatureatdeathis98.6degreesF(37degreesC).

FactorsAffectingAlgorMortis:
1.Illness
2.Clothes
3.Obesity
4.Roomtemperature

4.ONSETANDSTAGEOFDECOMPOSITION
Decompositionistheactionofbacteriaonthedeadbody.Theonsetofdecompositionis1to2daysafterdeat
handthenfinallythedeadbodybecomesskeletalremainsinmonthsconsideringthefactorsthatinfluencet
herateofputrefaction.

5.LIFECYCLEOFFLIES
Theeggsofovalaidbythefliesonthedeadbodywillhatchtoformmaggotswithin24hours.
Themaggotswillfeedvigorouslyonthedamageddeadbody,thentransformintopupalstagean
dfinallyintoadultflieswithinafewdays.

6.CHANGESINTHEBLOOD
Thebloodremainsfluidinthebodyafterdeathafter6-8hours.Afterwhichitgraduallyclott
edorcoagulatedinaslow processuntil12hourswhereinthelividityisalreadyfullydeveloped.

7.CHANGESINSTOMACH
Itusuallytakesthreetofourhoursforthestomachtoemptyitscontentsaftermeals.
ExaminationoftheCadaverattheCrimeScene
Externalpostmortemappearancesareveryinformative.Theareasofthebodyshowinglividityindicate
the position afterdeath.Wounds and
theirappearanceareparticularlysignificantastheyoftenassistinreconstructingthecircumstancesof
acrime,thenatureofthemurderweaponandthemannerofitsuse.
Defensewoundsaretheresultofaperson’sinstinctivereactionofself-protection.Itmaybefoundonthe
handintheeffortofthevictim
tograspthewoundinginstrumentorbyraisingthehandtoprotectthevitalpartsofthebody.Absenceofde
fensewounddoesnoteliminatethepossibilitythatthevictimmadesomeformofdefense.

CommonExternalInjuriesSustainedbytheVictimfromHomicidalAttack
a.Contusion–aninjuryinthesubstanceoftheskin,discolorationofthesurfaceduetoextrava
sationofblood.Thisisduetotheapplicationofabluntinstrument.
b.Hematoma–thisistheextravasationofbloodinthenewlyformedcavity.
c.Abrasion–anopenwoundcharacterizedbytheremovaloftheepitheliallayeroftheskinbro
ughtaboutbythefrictionagainsthard,roughobject.
d.Incisedwound–producedbyforciblecontactonthebodybysharpedgeinstrument.e.Stab wound –
produced bythe forcible application andpenetrationofasharpinstrument.
f. Puncturedwound–penetrationofasharppointedweapon
g.Laceratedwound–tearingoftheskinduetoforciblecontactofabluntinstrument.

EvidencetoShowtheFatalEffectsoftheWound

1.Amountofhemorrhage
2.Sizeoftheinjurysustained
3.Organsandpartsofthebodyinvolved 4.Mechanicaleffectsonvitalorgans

GunshotWounds
Allgunshotwoundsresultfrom
theentryofaprojectileintothebody,andthefrequentpresenceofundispersedexplosivegases.
Therelativesizeandappearanceofthewoundwillbeaffectedbythedistancefrom
whichtheweaponwasdischarged.Generally,thecloserthedischargedtotheskin,thegreaterth
edamage.Thisdamageisduetoexplosivegaseswhichprecedetheprojectileatcloserange.Ins
omeinvestigationsinvolvingfirearms,adeterminationofwhetherthedeathwasahomicidal,sui
cideoraccidentalisdifficult.Inmakingsuchdetermination,thedistanceofthedischargeisofgre
atimportance.Majorityofsuicidalandaccidentalgunshotcases,arm’slengthdischargesarein
volved.Accordingly,ifthewoundindicatesdischargebeyondthevictim’slength,homicideisindi
cated.
Thelocationofthewoundmayalsoservetoruleoutsuicide.Ifthewoundislocatedinanareaoftheb
odythatisrelativelyinaccessibletothevictim,homicideisindicated.Itisalsounusualfora suicide wound
to be inflicted in an area
otherthantheheadofchest.However,therehavebeenanumberofsuicidecasesinvolvingwoundsinextr
emities.Thepresenceorabsenceofa“suicidenote”isapoorindicatorofsuicideorhomicide.

TwoTypesofWounds:
1.entrancewound(POE)
2.exitwound(POX)
Determinationwhetherthewoundissuicidal,homicidal,oraccidental
A.Evidencetoprovethatgunshotwoundissuicidal: 1.
Thefireisusuallyincontactornearcontact,asshownbythepresenceofburning,singeingandt
attooingoftheareaaroundthegunshotwound.
2.
Thepresenceofusuallybutonegunshotwound.Inmostcases,afterashot,especiallyatt
hehead,thevictimcannolongervoluntarilyacttoinflictanothershot.
3.
Portionsofthebodyinvolvedarethoseaccessibletothehandofthevictimutilizedincom
mittingsuicide,hewillnotthinkofthedifficultwayofendinghislifeunlesshehastheintenti
onofdeceivingtheinvestigators.
4.
Historyofdespondency,familyproblemwhichmaycausehimtocommitsuicide.B.Evidenceto
showthatthewoundisaccidental: 1.Usuallythereisbutoneshot.
2.Thereisnospecialareaofthebodyinvolved 3.Testimonyofthewitnesses

C.Evidencetoshowthatthewoundishomicidal:
1.Thesiteorsitesofthewoundofentrancehasnopointofelection.
2.Thefireismadewhenthevictimisusuallysomedistanceawayfromtheassailant3.S
ignsofstruggle/defensewoundmaybepresentinthevictim.
4.Theremaybedisturbanceofthesurroundingontheaccountofthepreviousstruggle.5.
Woundingfirearmisusuallynotfoundatthesceneofthecrime
6.Testimonyofthewitnesses

DEATHBYHANGINGANDSTRANGULATION

Determinationwhetherhangingissuicidal,homicidal,oraccidental

1.Hanging–isastateofinjuryordeathofthebodywherebytheligaturetightenedaroundtheneck
bythesuspensionofthebody.

A.SuicidalHanging–indeathbyhanging,itisusuallysuicidalunlessprovenotherwise.Som
eevidencetoprovearethefollowing:
1.Accessiblematerialsusedforligaturelikerope,rolledbeddings,orwires.
2.Identificationofthefibersfromtheropeinthehandsofthevictim.
3.Evidenceofmovementoftheropeonthebeam
oranchoragefromupwardanddownwardasthebodyhasbeensuspended.
B.HomicidalHanging
1.Presenceofdefensewoundinthebodyofthevictim.
2.Presenceofbloodstainsandotherinjuriestothebodyofthevictim.
3.Presenceofsignsofstruggleintheclothing,furniture,beddings,andothers.
4.Natureofthewindow,curtains,anddoors. C.Accidentalhangingisnotcommon.

2.Strangulation
 Strangulationbyligatureisusuallyhomicidalandisdonebytyingtheligaturearoundthen
eckandthetwoendspulledintheoppositedirectioninsuchamannerthattightenstheligature.Li
gatureusedmayberope,chain,wires,vines,rolledclothing.
SUICIDES

WaysofCommittingSuicide
1.Bycut-throat
2.Bypuncturingtheleftbreast
3.Bygunshot
4.Byhanging
5.Bydrowning
6.Bypoisoning

ACCIDENTALDEATH
Isdeathwhichoccursbeyondtheswayofoneswillandalthoughitcomesaboutthroughs
omeactofwill,liesbeyondtheboundsofhumanforceableconsequences.HowAccidentalDeat
hsOccur
1.Examinationofthebodyrevealedmarkedtearingofthewearingapparel,burnsofdifferent
degreesontheskinsurface,woundsofalmostanydescriptionandalmostthewholebody
isaffectedbytheinjury.
2.Historyofathunderstormthattookplaceinthearea.
3.Evidenceoftheeffectsoflightingarefoundinthevicinity,likedamagestohouse,tress,etc.
4.Metallicarticlesarefusedormagnetized.
5.Absenceofwoundorotherinjuriesindicatingsuicidalorhomicidaldeath.
6.Fusionofglassmaterialsintheneighborhoodonaccountofextremeheat.

ELECTROCUTION
AccidentalElectrocution
1.Presenceofhighvoltagewireatthesceneofdeath.
2.Bodysurfaceinjuriesasprobablysiteofentranceandexitofelectriccurrent.

3.Deathdevelopssuddenlyasvictimnotabletogetawayfromtheplaceofelectrocution.4.Absence
ofevidencetoshowsuicidalorhomicidal.

ROBBERYINVESTIGATION

Article293–RobberyinGeneral
Anypersonwho,withintenttogain,shalltakeanypersonalpropertybelongingtoanother
bymeansofviolenceorintimidationofanyperson,orbyusingforceuponanythingshallbeguilty
ofrobbery.

ElementsofRobbery
1.Thattherebepersonalpropertybelongingtoanother;
2.Thatthereisunlawfultakingofthatproperty; 3.Thatthetakingmustbewithintenttogain;and
4.Thatthereisviolenceagainstorintimidationofanyperson,orforceuponthings.

Howrobberywithforceuponthingsiscommitted?
 Themalefactorsshallenterthehouseorbuildinginwhichtherobberywascommittedbya
nyofthefollowingmeans:
1.Throughanopeningnotintendedforentrance
2.Bybreakinganywall,roof,floororbreakinganywindowordoor.
3.Byusingfalsekeyorpicklocks
4.Byusingfictitiousnameorpretendingtheexerciseofpublicauthority
5.Bybreakingofdoors,wardrobes,closetsoranykindoflockedorsealedfurnitureorrec
eptacle
6.Bytakingsuchfurnitureorobjectsawaytobebrokenorforcedopenoutsidetheplaceof
robbery.

GeneralTypesofRobbers
1.Amateurs–motivatedbygreed,thedesireforathrillandself-testing.
2.Professionals–arethosepersonwhoworkedasrobbersasatrademakingittheirlivingand
havingnoothermeansofincome.

Note:Robbery–Thisisthetakingorpersonalpropertybelongingtoanother,withintenttogain,b
ymeansofviolenceagainst,orintimidationofanyperson,orusingforceuponanything.

TwoKindsofRobbery:
1.Robberywithviolenceorintimidation;and 2.Robberywithforceuponthings.
a.Belongingtoanother–personfrom whom
propertywastakenneednotbethelegalowner,possessionissufficient.Thepropertymust
bepersonalproperty
andcannotrefertorealproperty.
b.Nameoftherealownerisnotessentialsolongasthepersonalpropertytakendoesn
otbelongtotheaccusedexceptifcrimeisrobberywithhomicide.
c.Takingofpersonalproperty–mustbeunlawful;ifgivenintrust–estafa.
d.Astorobberywithviolenceorintimidation–fromthemomenttheoffendergainspos
sessionofthethingevenifoffenderhashadnoopportunitytodisposeofthe
same,theunlawfultakingiscomplete.
e.Astorobberywithforceuponthings–thingmustbetakenoutofthebuilding.f. Intentto
gain– presumed from unlawfultaking–intenttogainmaybe

presumedfrom theunlawfultakingofanother’sproperty.However,whenone
takesa propertyunderthe claim ofownership
ortitle,thetakingisnotconsideredtobewithintenttogain.(U.S.vs.Manluco,et.al.,28Phil.360)
g.Whenthere’snointenttogainbutthereisviolenceinthetaking-gravecoercion.h.Violenceorin
timidationmustbeagainstthepersonoftheoffendedparty,notuponthething.
i. Generalrule:violenceorintimidationmustbepresentbeforethe“taking”iscomplete.
Exception:whenviolenceresultsin-homicide,rape,intentionalmutilationorany
oftheseriousphysicalinjuriesinpar.1and2ofART.263,thetakingofproperty
isrobberycomplexwithanyofthiscrimeunderART.294,eveniftakingis
alreadycompletewhenviolencewasusedbytheoffender.
j.
Useofforceuponthing–entrancetothebuildingbymeansdescribedandART.299and302(Offe
ndermustenter).Theotherkindofrobberyisonethatis
committedwiththeuseofforceuponanythinginordertotakewithintenttogain,
thepersonalpropertyofanother.Theuseforceheremustrefertotheforce
employeduponthingsinordertogainentranceintoabuildingorahouse.
(Peoplevs.Adorno,C.A.400.G.567).
k.Whenbothviolenceorintimidationandforceuponthingsconcur–itisrobberywithviolence.

RobberyandTheft,compared.
a.Bothrobberyandtheftinvolvedunlawfultakingasanelements;
b.Bothinvolvepersonalpropertybelongingtoanother;
c.Inbothcrimes,thetakingisdonewithintenttogain;
d.Inrobbery,thetakingisdoneeitherwiththeuseofviolenceorintimidationofperson
ortheemploymentofforceuponthings;whereasintheft,thetakingisdonesimplywithoutthekno
wledgeandconsentoftheowner.

InvestigativeTechniquesinRobberycases:
a.Theinvestigatormustinitiatesimilarpreliminarystepsuponreachingthecrimescene.
b.Determinethepointofentranceandpointofexitbytheperpetrator.
c.Determinethevalueofstolenarticles. d.Thefullanddetaileddescriptionofthestolenarticles.
e.Gatherphysicalevidence.
f.
Determinethemodusoperandioftheperpetratorasitwouldgiveleadsintheidentificationandar
restofthesuspect.
g.Fullanddetaileddescriptionofaget-awayvehicleifany,orvessel,boatincasesofpiracy.
h.Coordinatewithotherlawenforcementagencies. i. Exploitinvestigativeleads.
j. Writtentestimonyofthecomplainantwitness.
k.Accumulatecluesandtracesatthesceneofacrimewhichwillservetoidentifytheoffender.
l.
Developinformantsinthelocalunderworldwhoareawareoftheactivityofrobbery,particularlyth
eactivityofthesemi-skilledamateurgroups.(usuallytheaddict-robber)m.Conductasurveillan
ceoflikelyfencesanduncoverandtracebackstolenpropertyfromitsreceivertotherobber.
n.Conductsurveillanceofknownburglarstoascertainiftheyarepresentlycommitting

robbery.
o.Accumulateinformationonvarioustypesofrobber,theknownandnewcomerswheth
ertheyareinoroutofprison,whethertheyareactive.
p.Bealertonamodifiedmodusoperandi.
q.Incaseswherehomicideiscommitted,followthepatternofhomicideinvestigation.

PhysicalEvidencetobecollected:
1.Footprints
2.Fingerprints
a.Areasofbreak
 b.Closets–printsmaybefoundindoorandjams c.Doorknobs
d.Dressers
e.Piecesoffurniture
f. Bottlesandglasses
g.Walls
h.Tools
i. Desks
3.Clothing–sometimestherobbersexchangetheirownjacketswiththatonefound.4.Ifa
window
wasbrokenineffectingentry,glassparticlesmaybepresentsinthetrousercuffsandpock
etsofsuspect.Samplesofbrokenglassshouldbecollectedforpossiblefuturecomparis
onintheeventthatasuspectispickedup.
5.Paint-ifacrowbarhasbeenusedtoforcethewindow,paintmayadheretothetool.Paintsamplessho
uldbetakenforfuturecomparison. 6.Toolmarks
7.Tools
8.Observedoddbehaviorpatternsinthecrimescene 9.Cordsandropesused
10.Firearmsused
11.Meansofescape

Anti-Piracyandanti-highwayrobberylawof1974(P.D.532)

Piracy–anyattackuponorseizureofanyvessel,ortakingawayofthewholeorpartthereo
foritscargo,equipmentorthepersonalbelongingofitscomplementsorpassengers,irrespectiv
eofvaluethereof,bymeansofviolenceagainstorintimidationofpersonsorforceuponthings,co
mmittedbyanypersons,includingapassengersormemberofthecomplimentsofsaidvesselsin
Philippinewaters.

HighwayRobbery/Brigandage–theseizureofanypersonforransom,extortionorother
unlawfulpurposes,orthetakingawayofthepropertyofanotherbymeansofviolenceagainstorin
timidationofpersonsorforceuponthingsofotherunlawfulmeanscommittedbyanypersonoran
yPhilippinehighway.

Anti-CattlleRustlingLawof1974(P.D.533)
CattleRustling–Isthetakingawaybyanymeans,methodsorscheme,withouttheconsentofthe
owner/raiser,oranyoftheaboveanimals(cow,carabao,horse,muleorotherdomesticatedme
mberofthebovinefamily)whetherornotforprofitorgain,orwhethercommittedwithorwithoutvio
lenceagainstorintimidationofanypersonorforceuponthings.Itincludesthekillingoflargecattle
,ortakingitsmeatorhidewithouttheconsentof

owner/raiser.

Anti-fencinglawof1979(P.D.1612)
Fencing–istheactofanyperson,who,withintenttogain,forhimselforforanothershallbu
y,possess,keep,acquire,concealed,sellorinanyotherway,dealonanyarticles,items,objects,
oranythingofvaluewhichheknowstohavebeenderivedfromtheproceedsofcrimeorrobberyor
theft.
Fence – includes any
person,firm,organization,associationorcorporationorpartnershipandotherorganizationwh
o/whichcommitstheactoffencing.

Article267–KidnappingandSeriousIllegalDetention

Elements:
1.Thattheoffenderisaprivateindividual;
2.Thatthekidnapsordetainsanother,orinanyothermannerdeprivesthelatterofhisliber
ty;
3.Thattheactofdetentionorkidnappingmustbeillegal;
4.Thatinthecommissionoftheoffense,anyofthefollowingcircumstancesispresent:a.Thatthekidnap
pingofdetentionlastsformorethan3days
b.Thatiscommittedsimulatingpublicauthority
c.Thatanyseriousphysicalinjuriesareinflicteduponpersonkidnappedor
detainedofthreatstokillhimaremade;or
d.Thatthepersonskidnappedisaminor,female,orapublicofficer.

Anyprivateindividualwhoshallkidnapordetainanother,orinanyothermanner
depriveshimofhisliberty.

Theperpetratorshallsufferthepenaltyofreclusionperpetuatodeathif:
1.Thekidnappingordetentionshallhavelastedformorethanfivedays.
2.Committedbysimulatingpublicauthority.
3.Anyseriousphysicalinjuriesshallhavebeeninflicteduponthepersonkidnappedordetainedo
rifthreattokillshallhavebeenmade.
4.Thepersonkidnappedordetainedshallbeaminor,femaleorpublicofficer.

Thepenaltyshallbedeathwherethekidnappingordetentionwascommittedforthepurp
oseofextorting ransom from thevictim
oranyotherperson,evenifnoneofthecircumstancesabovementionedwerepresentinthecom
missionoftheoffense.

ImportantfactorsinKidnappingCases: 1.Thesafereturnofthevictim
2.Identificationandapprehensionofthesuspect

InitialInvestigativeProcedures:
1.Thoroughinterviewofthevictimifalreadyreleased. 2.Searchofthecrimescene
3.Interviewofthepossiblewitnesses 4.Checkingthemodusoperandi
5.Possibleidentificationthroughthephotographicfiles
6.Coordinationwithotherlawenforcementagencies

Kidnappingwhereransomisinvolved:

PhaseI.
Whenacomplaintisreceived,thefamilyofthevictimisrequestedtoremainintouchtoacc
umulateinformationneeded.Thefollowingtypesofinformationmustbetaken:1.Howthedema
ndwasmade
2.Requestthefamilytorefrainfrom
divulgingthecontentsoftheletter,noteorcalltoanyoneexcepttothepoliceauthorities.
3.Emphasizetheimportanceofnewsblackoutasessentialtothevictim’ssafety
4.Obtainandpreservetheransomnoteforlaboratoryexamination.
5.Determineifthefamilyintendstopaytheransom,investigatorsshouldavoidgivingthe
opinionastoransompayments
6.Findwaysandmeanstoverifyifthevictimisstillalive. 7.Conductfamilybackgroundinvestigation
8.Conductcovertinvestigationofhouseholdhelpers
9.ArrangeforwiretappingoperationsinaccordancewithRA4200
10.Establishpossiblemotives

PhaseII.Afterthevictimhasbeenreturnedorthebodyhasbeenlocated.
Afterthevictim
hasbeenreturneddeadoralive,theinvestigationchanges,anall-outinvestigationareconducte
dinaccordancewiththesecondobjective,toidentifyandapprehendthesuspects.Investigative
procedureincludes: 1.Thoroughinterviewofthevictim.Alldetailsshouldbeobtained.
3.Reinterviewallwitnesses
4.Conductsurveillance
5.Determinewhetherthekidnapperisfamiliarwiththevictims,residentialarea,habitsa
ndfinancialstatus.
6.Ifthevictimisdeadfollowthepatternofhomicideinvestigation

PointerstobeconsideredinKidnappingCases:
1.Rememberthatkidnapforransom
gangmustbetreatedaswitty,experiencedanddangerousarmedcriminals.
2.Anyslightestmistakeonthepartofthepolicewouldmeandeathofthevictim
3.Initiatesecrecydisciplinenotonlyonthevictim’sfamilybutalsowithinthepolice.4.Experienced,tr
ustedpersonnelmustbeutilized 5.Equippedwithsophisticatedcommunicationsystem

ProblemsintheInvestigationofKidnappingCases:
1.Outoffear,thefamilyofthevictimdoesnotwanttocooperatewiththepolice.
2.Thecaseisonlyreportedafterpayoffoftheransom moneyorthevictimhadbeenfounddead.