AGMA 901-A 92 MH Ob67575 COO3L4O ITS am AGMA 901-A92 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary eo Design of Minimum Volume Gears AGMA, INFORMATION SHEET ‘Shect is NOT an AGMA Standard)prrght by the Ameri sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 AGMA 901-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO3}4) 63) a AGMA 901—A92, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA standards are subject to constant improvement, revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA Technical Publication should be sure that the Publication is the latest available from the Association on the subject matter. [Tables or other sof-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted intheir entirety. Credit lines should read: Extracted from AGMA 901-A82, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Deaign of Minimum Volume Geare, ‘with the permision of the publisher, the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314), ABSTRACT; ‘Asimple, closed-form procedure is presented as a first step inthe design of minimum volume spurand helical sgearsets. The procedure includes methods for selecting geometry and dimensions, considering maximum pies ‘esietanoe, bending strength, and souffing resistance. It aleo includes mothode for eolecting profilo Copyright ©, 1992 by American Gear Manufacturers Association Published by American Gear Manufacturers Association 1600 King Street, Sulte 201, Alexandria, Virginia, 22314 ISBN: 1-5589-679-4 an Gear ManufacLurers AssociationAGMA S01-A 92 MM 0687575 0003142 776 mm 1.1 Procedures... 4.2 Exceptions 2 Definition and symbots 21 Definitions... . 22 symbols 3 Input variables... 3.1 Materials and heat troatmont . 32 Design life 8:3 Aspect ratio. 3.4 Input powor 35 Combined derating factors, Ca ad « 8.6 Geometry factors... : 87 Gearratio......... 38 Cutter profile angle 89 Tool selection . 3.10 Selecting a helix angle 3.11 Factor of safety .. 4 Preferred number of pinion teeth : 1" @ eon oe i 6 Design audit... ee ceeeceseeseeteeteeseeees voce 7 Coneiteratins for improved tating eee 1“ 7.1 Improve bending fatigue resistance . fees 1“ 7.2 Improve pitting fatigue resistance vee vetecteeeeeee 15 7.8 Improve scuffing resistance... 6.6... eee ceccescesteeeeeseeeee 15 7.4 Profile shit : 15 78 SUMMALY eee eee eee eee tees eee eneeeeceececreeeneennetes 15 Tables 1 Symbols used in equations... eee 2 2 Allowable contact strass numbers for steel gears. 4 3 Allowable bending stress numbers for steel gears .. 8 4 Typical application factors, Cy and Ki . 68 5 Typical load distribution factors... 7 6 Effects of holic angle in parallel chaft goaring - 1" pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011AGMA 9OL-A 92 MM 0b87575 0003243 bO4 me Contents (cont) Page Figures Two branch double stage gearing : Preferred number of pinion teeth a Preferred number of pinion teeth for spur gear (unmodified) . .. . . w 2 Preferred number of pinion teeth for spur gear (modified) wae 3 Prefered ruber of pinion tah or pur gar wher redesign ‘should be considered .... anons 13 nnexes Profle shift. Ratio spt for minimum volume ati spt for an existing two stage box Example problems .....- References and bibiography . moom>E pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011AGMA SOl-A 92 MM OLS7575 OOO3L44 SuO mm FOREWORD [The foreword, footnotes, and annexes are provided for informational purposes only and should not be ‘construed ae.a part of AGMA 901~A92, A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears} Gear design is a process of synthesis where gear geometry, materiale, heat treatment, manufacturing methods, and lubrication are selected to meet the performance requirements of a given application. The designer must design the goarset with adequate pitting resistance, bending strength, and scuffing resistance totranemit tho required power for the design life. With the algorithm presented here, one can select materials and heat treatment within the economic constraints and limitations of manufacturing facilities, and select the gear geometry to satisfy constraints on weight, size and configuration. The gear designer can minimize noise level and operating temperature by minimizing the pitchiine velocity and sliding velocity. This Is done by ‘specifying high gear accuracy and selecting material strenuths consistent with maximum material hardness, o obtain minimum volume gearsets with teeth no larger than necessary to balance the piting resistance and bending strength. Gear design is not the eamo ac goar analysis. Existing gearsets can only be analyzed, not designed. While gf & i Heme s=popor 2s Qs 22 e3 R. Wasilewski z z z + Lufkin Industrion + Gear Engineers, Ine Mibum Engineering The Timkon Co. Pratt & Whitney + WeeTech Gear Corp. + Philadelphia Gear + Academic Member ++ Sewall Gear + Reliance Electric/Reeves Mobile Pulley & Mach. Works. ‘Sewall Gear 3E Software & Engrg. Cons. ‘Arrow Gear = Academic Member Falk Corporation 22 Gloason Works ‘Cummins Engine Marathon Letourneau Nuttall Gear ‘Alten-Foundry Horsburgh & Scott 2) MAAG Chieago Gear-D. O. James F.L. Smith . EL Smith Nippon Gear Cleveland Gear ‘Academic Member + Brad Foote Gear Works Det Norske Veritas Xtek incorporated ‘Academic Member IMO Deleval inc. Kiingeinberg Flender Corp. ‘Teubakimoto Chain General Motors/AGTAGMA SO)-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO3b4b 323 mm [AGMA 901-82 i Its not the intent of this information sheet to include A Rational Procedure for thocalauatonat te pat tole (oador, the Preliminary Design dum modification coefficient). itis, hawever, neces- ii sary toinformthe reader that profile shi exists, how of Minimum Volume Gears ean atect gear design, ae where f comes into play in designing a gearset. Some of the important {actors relating to profile shift are discussed in 7.4. Overhung pinions or gears are not covered by this Information sheet because of the difficulty in deter- mining an accurate value for the load distribution tactor. beginning gear designer, to provide an outline of a preliminary design procedure which will lead to & rational design for spur and helical gear pairs withi constraints such as: 2 Definitions and symbols ~ required gear ratio; , 24 Definitions ~ required torque capacity: i nea Tho torms used, wherever applicable, conform to — speeitied center distance; the following standards: ~ material selection ANSIY10.3-1968, Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Mechanics of Solids This method could be extended to other gear types ANSVAGMA 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature, @ Given the appropriate constants and factors. Definitions of Terms with Symbols " 1.1 Procedure AGMA 904-B89, Metric Usage ‘The simple closed form of the procedure allowsthe 2.2 Symbols designer to explore options with a minimum of i sothat the mportent design decisions The symbels sed in this information sheet are regarding loads, overloads, material, and tooling - ‘select it NOTE The symbole, definition andterminology used ons are not obscured by the need to Spend a in ths information sheet may differ from other AGMA. tong time calculating each possibilty publications. Thauser should not assume that famiar This information sheet willdemonsirate tothe user _symbols can be used wihout a careful study ofthese that the traditional beginning point for gear design, _—_—defntions. selecting the minimum number of pinion teeth to 3. Input variables v0ld undercut, wil rarely lead tothe best design. This clause discusses the significant parameters Asthis procedure is approximate, ilisnevessary to relatingtoapreferred gear design Itisnot intended audit the design (see clause 6). tobe all inclusive, but tobe limited by the scope of 1.2 Exceptions this information sheet. ‘The procedure described herein inoorporates major 5-1 Materlals and heat treatment decign considerations and leads toward minimum Many materials have been used in gearing, but the volume gear designs based upon the criteria mostcommontoday issteel. This information sheet chosen. For the final gear design, additional only applies to steel gearing. There are two influencing factors beyond those in this information commonly used types of heat treatment for steel sheet include shall deflection limits, sound level, gear materials, surface hardening and through cost, etc. Any ofthese could influence the design of hardening. The choloe of steel alloy must be the gear envelope and final volume. compatible with the chosen heat treatment process. pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011AGHA 903-A 92 MM Ob87575 OOO3L47 2ST mm ‘AGMA 901-Ao2 Tabla 1 - Symbols used in equations Symbols Equation ‘AGMA | ISO Terms weed ’ 1, _ | umber of power pathe 8 q K, | application tector — pitting ° C, | 2 _ | combined derating factor — piting 20 G Zyp | Biting resistance life factor 26 C, | Ky | toad distribution factor - iting 9 | 2, | elastic coeticient oinzs(nmmeps| 32 C, | 2, | operating center distance 21 c, | & | dynamic factor — piting 30 a 4, | operating pitch diameter of pinion 10 F >| net face wicth (without gap for double helical) 25 4, | Hy | Brine hardness 1 1 Z; | pitting resistance goomotry factor 1" J ¥, | bending strength geometry factor 12 K, |, | application factor—bending 31 5 1% _| rim thickness factor 31 K, Z, | pitting resistance constant 2 K ¥% | combined derating factor - bending at K, Yu _| bonding strongth life factor 27 K, | Kj _ | oad distribution factor — bending 9 x Y, | bending strength constant 39 x, | * | dynamic tactor— bending at L L | goartite 3 ™ 4, | aspect (Fid) ratio 4 tty | eg | face contact ratio. 25 mg | 4 | gearratio (ng> 1) 4 ma | % | Gear rato o high speed gearset (my 2 1) 15 1m, | normal module 25M u, | overall gear rato of double stage 15 gear drive (Mo21) 1, | total number of load cycles in gear life 3 x, | number of test in gear 6 x | numberof teeth in pinion 6 1, e_| Preferred numberof pinion tooth 4 wy | speed 3 Sq | pling resistance tactor of safety 2 5; _| bending strength factor of safety 33 P P | input power 7 Pg | — | normal diametral pitch 25 —___1__ ~ The symbol K's also used Tor the dynam factor in ISO standards. However, ts Value is the inverse (equal to 7K) ofthe value used in ANSVAGMA 2001-B3, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011AGNA SOL-A 92 MH Ob87575 0003246 15b a ‘AGMA 801-As2 Table 4 (concluded) Symbol Equation AGma | Iso Terms: Units: wnere fret @ ‘N, | number of contact per revolution = 3 ye Syp | allowable contact stress number Ibvine (Nimme) 1 sa zp _| allowable bending stress number Ibfne (Nimmz) 2 & Gyy | Contact strength [bine (Wm?) 28 at Spy _ | bonding strength levine (Nine) 29 tf 7), _| torque on high epoed shat in tbe (Nm) 7 tp Ty _ | tranemitted pinion torque, per mesh in Ibs (Nm) 8 on po | normal profile angle of cutter degrees, 1" ¥ 8, __| standard helix angle degrees 25 ‘Gubseripts/Sign convention 1 high speed (pinion) 2 tow speed (wheel) . ‘rormal (no subscript indicates transverse) 6 gear (wheel) ? Pinion , ‘operating or running 2) _|_upper sign extemal gearsets, lower sign internal gearsets 9.4.4 Surface hardening ‘Surface hardening takes place after tooth cutting, ‘uoually on gears made from hot rolled bar orforged steel. 9.1.4.4 Carburized Carburized stool is most commonly used for highly loaded, compact designs such as aircraft gears, vehiole tranemissione of all types, machine tools, industrial gear drives, mining machines and similar Uses. This material has the highest strength and greatest overtoad capacity, but carburized gears ‘must be carefully manufactured. Carburized gears ‘often result in the least expensive overalltransmis- sion design, if their advantage in small size for a sven capacity can be utlized. Few manufacturers ‘can produce carburized gears larger than 40 inches indiameter, though some can make them over 100 Inches In diameter. Secondary finishing operations after carburizing, such as tooth grinding, are often Tequired to achieve the desired tooth form. This is often requiredto eliminate the distortions caused by heating and cooling employed in the carburizing process, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 9.1.1.2 Nitrided Nitrided steel is most commonly used for small gears, finer than 10 diametral pitch (2.5 module) because the maximum case depths limited, Some large gears are nitrided to avoid the distortion inherent in he carburizing process. Typical applica- tions are industrial gear drives and small machine ‘tools. Nitrided gears have limited shock resistance. This Information sheet does not address niirided gears, as reference [5] does not provide lite factor curves for nitrided gears. 3.1.1.3 Induction and flame hardened Induction and flame hardened steels are used to achieve intermediate capacities beiween car burized and through hardened gears. These processes are difficult to control, but give good resulls when carefully controlled. This information sheet does not address Induction or flame hardened gears, as they are not recommended for inexperlenced designers. 9.4.2 Through hardening ‘Through hardened gears typically have teeth cut in pre-heat-treated gear blanks, with no further heat treatment ater cutting, The raw material can be hotAGNA 902-4 92 M™ Ob87575 0003249 O22 Ml ‘AGMA 901-A92. rolled, cast, or forged. Hardness is chosen on the basis of machinabilty, using the lowest hardness. ‘which will cary the load on the required center distance, The allowable etrees numbers shall be based onthe lowest hardness in the heat treatment specifica. tions. Typical heat treatment specifications have a 40 BHN tolerance between the minimum and maximum hardnesses. The hardest heat treatment range that can be machined without special techniques is 320-960 BHN. The normal lowest range of hardness is 180-220 BHN, because lower values are dificult to machine. Through hardened gear sizes commonly range from less than one inch to aver 20 feet in diameter. ‘Typical applications vary from instrument gears to girth gears on large mills and kins. When gears ‘cannot be of minimum size because of required ‘center distance, rigidity requirements or thermal limite, or when loads are low, through hardened gears are commonly used. Internal gears are often through hardened. ‘The selection of a proper alloy for hardenabilty and reliability as well as the quality control of the stool manufacturing and heat treatment process are beyond the scope of this information sheet. Guid- ance can be found in section 14 of [5], a2 well 2s [6] and [7]. 9.1.3 Elastic oooffictont, Cp The rating of gears also depends on the elastic coefficient, Cp. Further information can be found in ‘section 10 of [6]. The olactio coefficient for a steel pinion and gear is 2300flba/in2)p 5 (191[N/mmr2) 5) 3.14 Allowable stross numbers The allowable stress numbers for some heat frestments, surface hardness and steel quality grades are shown in tables 2 and 3. There are two grades of allowables shown in tables 2 and 3. The allowable stress numbers are valid only when the requirements of ANSVAGMA 2001-BB8, section 14 are met, ‘Table 2 — Allowable contact stress numbers for steel gears? Material Heat ‘Minimum ‘Allowable contact stress number, ssc dasignation| Stee! Through 180 BHN and less 85 000 95.000 hardened (30) (660) 240 BHN 105 000 148 000 (720) (790) 300 BHN 120 000 135 000 (830) (930) 960 BHN 145 000 160 000 (1000) (1100) 400 BHN 1155 000 170.000 (1050) (1150) Carburized and case 1180 000, 225 000 hardened (1250) (1550) section 14 are met. 1). The deta jn this table has boen extracted rom ANSVAGMA 2001-88. The matic values have bean reveed pa [AGHA 604-889. The allowable stress nurrbars are vald only when the requirements of ANSVAGMA 2001-B68, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011AGMA 902-A 92 MB Ob87575 0003350 644 me AGMA oo1-As2 Table 3 - Allowable bending stress numbers for-steel gears* Minimum Allowable bending stress number, 4; oe ee psiaee ae surface ‘Gradet Grade 2 | Steel ‘Through 180 BHN and less 25.000 33.000 hardened (170) (230) 240 BHN: 31.000, 41000 (215) (285) suo BH Soo ny (250) (825) 960 BHN 40.000 52.000 (275) (360) scooH Be Be (290) (885) Carburaea 5000 5000 and case (380) (450) hardened 7) The Sah lees es esac om ANSVAGHA Zo0|-BS. The TE VE ve Tan SOUP Rollkane'sb. te sowaioswoesanbcee vektonyatonteseqcontnssl neuron too bas er Sonne Allowable stress numbers for grade 1 through hardened steel for unity life factor are: Sac = 26 000 + 327 Hy wall) oyp =179+2.25 Hy (1M) Say =~ 274+ 167 Mp - 0.192.457 (2) Opp =~ 1.89 115 Hp 0.00105 HF ..(2M) where 5g¢ (Oy) is allowable contact stress number in pounds per square inch (newtons per ‘square mitimeter); 4a¢ (Opp) is allowable bending stress number in pounds per square inch (newtons per Hy —_ is Brinell hardness. 9.2 Design lite When evaluating gearing, itis important to know how many stress cycles the individual gears will experience during the intended tife of the equipment. Some machines will run twenty-four hours per day and operate for twenty or more years. Other machines have gears that have total ite requirements of a few hours. The gear designer pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 ‘should obtain the decign if that io appropriate for the application. Tho roquired lif in load cycles, N, will be used to determine the life factors N = 60Lng (8) where 1 isthetotalnumber of load cycles in the gear lite; L isthe if, in hours; n isthe speed, in mpm; q _[sthe number of contacts per revolution 9.9 Aspect ratio, ‘The aspect ratio, m,, also known as the pinion face width to diameter ratio, Fid, is an indicator of how ‘sensitive @ gear set is to misalignment. In this ‘algorithm the aspect ratio is input, rather than the face width. The ratio used wil affect the value for C, and K,, . This sbecause changes inthe aspect ratio change the face width of a gearset. This wil, in tum, Increase or decrease the effect of any ‘mounting errors or deflections under load. For this reason, as one changes the aspect ratio, one must appropriately atorC,, and Ky. Opinions vary regarding what is good design prac- tice for an aspect ratio. Some factors that influence ‘one’s selection are ratio, materials, shaft deflection,AGHA 901-A 52 MM 0687575 OOO31S) 780 mm AGMA 901-A92 housing deflection, housing accuracy, bearing ‘clearances, centrifugal and thormal deflections, and tooth crowning. In the absence of experienc equations 4 and § may be used. Thece will recult in aspect retios which will be conservative for most applications, Aspect ratio, m, (Pid): nes = (or spur and single helical) m= -21%c__ (for double helical without ‘a Tig +1 including the gap) (5) where No => 210 +46) "= Ny, 3.4 Input power, P Input power, F, is the total power input. If there are mutiple power paths (where b >1), each path takes a portion of the input power. This document assumes that each path receives an equal share of the input power, but in practice extra steps must be taken to approach equal load sharing between power paths. See figure 1 for an example where b = 2. 3.5 Combined derating factors, C, and K, For the purposes of this information sheet, the ‘additional factors (application factor, load distribu tion factor, dynamic factor and the rim thickness factor) that affect gearset rating are combined Into ‘one derating factor for piting resistance, Cy ,and a ‘second for bending strength, Kg. These are defined in equations 30 and 31. 9.5.1 Application factor, C, and K, Tho application factore make allowance for any ‘extomally applied loads in excess of the nominal tangential load. Thie factor mustbe based upon tho past experience of gear drive users and manutac- turers. Examples may be foundin appendix A of]. ‘Typical application factors are shown in table 4, pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 Table 4 - Typical application factors", G and Ky [Application] factor Gos Ka 1.28 Uniformly loaded conveyors Pure liquid mixors Contrfugal compressors Rotary of centrifugal pumps Driven Equipment 1.50 | Non-unformly fed conveyoro Variable density mixers Lobe compressors Reciprocating pumps: 1.78 Multi-cylinder reciprocating ‘compressors Rubber extruders 20 Reciprocating conveyors ‘Single-cylinder reciprocating ‘compressors Laundry washers Taken from appendix A of [8], for gearing driven, Figure 1 - Two branch double stage gearing Most elsctic or hydraulic motors and steam or gas turbines are considered smoothly operating drivers, while muti-cylinder engines produce medium level shock loading and single-cylinder engines produce heavy shock bads. Add a value of 0.25 to the application factor given in table 4 ifthe driver is aAGMA SOL-A 92 MM Ob87575 ‘muli-oylinder engine, or 0.50 If the driver is a single-cylinder engine, 9.5.2 Load distribution factor, Cy, and Kx, Tho load cietribution factor modifies the rating ‘equatione to reflect the non-uniform distribution of lead along the linee of contact. Reference [5] provides two methods for determining this factor, analytical and empirical. The analytical method requires knowledge of the design, manufacturing, ‘and mounting to evaluate the load distribution factor. For this reason, the analytical method is typically used only by experienced engineers and should not be used for preliminary design. The ‘empirical method requires a minimum amount of information. This method Is recommended for relatively stiff gear designs which meetthe following requirements: ~ Aspect ratio, Fid < 2.0. (For double helical ‘gears the gap is not included in the face width.); ~The gear elements are mounted between bear- Ings. Designs having overhung pinions, over- hung gears, or both, require extensive analyeie to determine the load distribution factor and are not covered by this information eheet; — Face width up to 40 inches; — Contact across full face width of narrowest member when loaded, ‘When using the empirical method, the calculated valuo of Cy and Ky depends on many items but is basically a function of net face width and alignment. Unfortunately, at this point in the design, the net face width is not known, To get an approximation forG» and K,, based on pinion torque, application factor, and aspect ratio, use equations 9 or 9M, or table 5, 0003152 617 a AGMA 901-A52 (63.000) 7m = 200 t MPL “@) P0590) nN OT 7M) n Ta = (8) where > isthe numbor of power paths; ‘tpy_ the speed of high speed pinion, in rpm: T, isthe torque on high speed shaff, in in-Ibs. (Nem); Tp,_ is the transmitted pinion torque, per high ‘speed mesh, in in-tbs (Nm); Fs the nput power. In hp (kW). Beal 1+ nfoaomn( 22)" * ms (9) ry fy «14 wy[onsoone (BE (9M) % (Once the pinion operating pitch diameter, 4, is known, @ more accurate approximation of load distribution factor can be found with equations 10 or 10M. Cu = Ky = 14 m,(02+003 Ky = 1+ wy (02400012 4) Do not use equations 9, 9M, 10, 10M, ortableS fora final design audit, but rathor follow the procedure given in clause 6. See 5] for a complete diccuseion. (10) (10M) ‘Table 5 - Typical toad distribution factors TG Cu and Ky, (Pinion torque) x (Application factor) intbs (Nm) m= 025 | m-050 | mm =075 | m,=1.00| 5000 (650) 1.40 115 4.25 1.30 50000 (5600) 1.16 1.25 1.80 1.40 500000 (56 500) 120 1.35 1.50 1.65 5.000000 (665 000) 140 1.70 1.90 210 Copyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011AGMA SOL-A 92 MH 0L87575 COO31S3 553 mm AGMA 901-As2 8.5.3 Dynamic factor, C, and K, Dynamic factors, C, and K; , account for internally ‘generated gear tooth loads which are induced by non-conjugate meshing action of the gear teeth. Externally applied dynamic loading or resonance ‘operation is not applicable tothe dynamicfactor and. is usually accommodated in the application factor. Dynamic factors are essentially dependent on gear pitch tine velootty and gear quality. For simplicity, this information sheet uses C, = K, = 0:7 asafirst approximation, which is conservative for most appli- cations. See [5] for a more detailed explanation of dynamic factor. 2.5.4 Rim thicknass factor, Ky ‘Where the rim thickness Is not sufficient to provide {ull support for the tooth root, the location of bending fatigue failure may be through the gear rim, rather than at the root fillet. The rim thickness factor, Kp ‘adjusts the calculated bending stress number for thin rimmed gears. {In general, this factor can be takon as unity the rim section below the tooth is at least 20% greater than the tooth height, unlees keywaye, eplines, oF ‘notches are presentinthe bore. Otherwise, coo ap- pendix C of [6] for a more detailed analysis, 3.6 Goometry factors, Land J Geometry factors for pitting resistance, 1,and bend- ing etrongth, J, aro approximated by the following equations. Geometry factore for epur gears: 1 Shes ome on) Js 0B wf12) Geometry factors for helical gears: 1+ 0.00682, Te A te Wat (13) F= 050 wA(14) where (4) upper sign is for extemal gearsete, lower sign is for internal gearsets; 4. is the normal profile angle in degrees. $038. pyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Assocation sal Zul 30 14:36:13 2011 Equatione 13 and 14 above assume y = 15° and will change for other values of y. Values of J = 0.45 for spur goars and J ~ 0.50 for holioal gears are starting points that can normally be achieved through good design procedures when selecting profile shift and tooling. J factors as lowas 0.20 and es high as 0.75 are not uncommon, but usually are not found in optimum designs. 8.7 Geer ratio ‘The gear ratio , m,n input that must be known. In many eituations the ratio ie eo large that there ‘shouldbe more thanone stage. Whenthe gear ratio ‘approaches or exceeds 6:1, it may be more ‘economioal to add a escond etage. To optimize the design, one must first optimize the overall ratio eplt between the various meshes. This subclausc provides two methods for optimizing the ratio aplit; ‘one based on minimum volume anda second based on preexisting housing designs. Ineither case, internal clearances between rotating ‘and stationary parts must be maintained. Also, adequate room must be available for bearings with ‘enought capacity for the application. Both methods balance the rating of each inesh by equalizing the piting rating of each pinion. 3.7.4 Minimum volume gearseta ‘One method is to eplit the ovorall ratio to minimize tho oum of the solid rotor volumee. Thie method is dlioouseed in [9] and annex B. The “minimum vol ume” goar ratio of the high speed geareot of a two ‘stage gearbox with & power branches io given by: Ca)aesy )-arm ont (18) where Gis the load distribution factor for piting re- sistance ~ high speed mesh Gna _ is the load distribution factor for pitting re- sistance — low speed mesh; 1, isthe geometry factor for piting resietance high speed mesh;