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    Sequence and Series Part1

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    es Pe le ee CHAPTER Learning Part ‘Session 1 * Sequence * Series * Progression Session 2 * Arithmetic Progression Session 3 © Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression Session 4 * Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression Session 5 + Mean Session 6 ‘* Arithmetico-Geometric Series (AGS) * Sigma (2) Notation * Natural Numbers Session 7 = Application to Problems of Maxima and Minima Practice Part + JEE Type Examples '* Chapter Exercises | Avinant on Your Mobil | | Exercises with the [| symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free. | 4 —7 Textbook of Algebi.t 208 The word “Sequence” in Mathematte ce means it has itentified first membe 1 commodity like sequ er, second membe ate depreciate values of ee Session 1 ear, machinery a ary English, A collection of objects third membe lamount deposits in the and so on. The bank fora Sequence, Series, Progression Sequence A succession of numbers arta rding to some well-de \ged in a definite order or red law is called a sequence or a function of natural numbers (N) with et of real numbers (R) [complex numbers set of real numbers (complex numbs sequence (complex sequence). A sequen codomain is the (C)} Hf range is it is called a real or 1 ne Niscalled a A mapping f:N —>C, then f(r sequence to be denoted it by {f. F2) FB oo} = Astor sooo} = Utah ‘The nth term of a sequence is denoted by Tyan, dns A(t) My €UC Remark The sequence a, ay a, For example (i) 1,3,5,7, «isa sequence, because each term (except first) is obtained by adding 2 to the previous term and T, =2n-1,ne€N. is generally written as {a,}- or MT, = Tyo = Taya 2h (ii) 1, 2,3, 5, 8, 13, .. is a sequence, because (except first two) is obtained by taking the s preceding two terms. Or WT, Trea = Ta t+ Trym (iii) 2,3, 5, 7,11, 13,17, 19, wnnot express T,,n€ N by an algebraic isa sequence. Recursive Formula ‘A formula to determine the other terms of the sequene of its preceding terms is known as recursive ten formula, For example 1 T=1 and Ty, =6T,.neN Then, T)=6T, =6-1=6 T,= 61; =6-6=36 216 T,=6T, =6-36 ‘Then, sequence is 1, 6, 36, 216,. Types of Sequences There are two types of sequences 1. Finite Sequence aid to be finite sequence, if it has finite quence is described by A sequen number of terms. A finite s 853,835.00 48y OFT), Te, Myon Ty Where NE NV. For example 0 3,5,7,9% 37 4374 (ii) 2,6, 18, 54, .., 2. Infinite Sequence A sequence is said to be an infinite sequence, if it has ite number of terms. An infinite sequence is des or inf by a4,43,45,. For example, Os. 39 27 hand 2°48" 16° (ii) ie! Chap 03 Sequences and Series 209 i Or series A sequence i sid tobe proresin, its terms increases jnasequence, the sum of the directed terms is called a (respectively decreases) numerically. series, For example, The following sequences are progression forexample, I 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16.8 a sequence, then its 1111 peice, 1+44+7+10+13 + 16 +... is a series 13,57, oie ee ingeneral fT;,Tz,Tay--n.Tarse- denote a sequence, then the itt symbolic expression T, +7, +T3 +...+T, +... is called a (ii) 4-=, =. (iv) 1,8,27,256,, series associated with the given sequence. 3°9° 27 ach member of the series is called its term. 8-42-14... naseriesT, +7, +Ts +...+7, +... the sum of first n terms 7 is denoted by S,. Thus, ‘The sequences (iii) and (v) are progressions, because Sp2T th +Ty +...4T => 7 =D Th iu>|-2)> IfS, denotes the sum of n terms of a sequence. "s wtstyty Then, 1 =(T, +T, +75 +...+T,) 309 «27 —(Ty +T, +...+Ty-1) =Th Thus, and ial>I-ai>ial>i-al>] i " 1 Types of Series ie. a>arzoirds, There are two types of series 1. Fini . Remark Finite Series All the definitions and formulae are valid for complex numbers As 1 of te it inthe theory of progressions but it should Be assumed (not a having finite number of terms is called a finite fe) one eon. aL progressions butt sho sere For example, ()34547494..421 Texamplé 7, IF f:N—9R, where f(n)=0, =—"—, (2n+1)?? (il) 246418 +544... +4374 a : write the sequence in ordered pair form. 2 Infinite Series Sol, Here, a, = Aseries having an infinite number of terms is called an Gane infinite series, On putting n = 1, 2,3, 4,... successively, we get For example, ieee 22 Owtety ty Give 9 "Gari 35 a5*y ees edt te uty, ean 8! aay a 2 4*s : FonABRPPPPNGRBBRESL SC ETE Pro . 9°25" 49°81 gression Now, the sequence in ordered pat form ie Whe t ‘a sequence can be described by an explicit (: 1N(,2) (43) (4 4 ferms of a sequence can be described by an explicit Wal as\oe ‘mula, then the sequence is called a progression. 210 Textbook of algebra | Example 2. the Fibonacci sequence is defined by = 0p, Qy = Op) +On-2,>2 Find 2 for n=12,3,4,5 and > 1 Example 3. if the sum of n terms of a series is 2n* + 51 for all values of n, find its 7th term, Sol. Given, $, =2n? + 5n = Sy) =2(n 1)? +5(n—1)=2n? +n 3 = (2n? + 5n)~(2n? +n —3)= 4m +3 1 Hence, T) = 4x7 + Gdn 1 Example 4. (i) Write ze +2) in expanded form. 3,4 1,2 a 1424344. (iy Write the series 5+ 54545 n42 — in sign, form. Sol) On putting r = 1.2.3 4,..0min(r? +2), we get 3,6, 11, 18,...(n* +2) Hence, Sr? +2)=34 6411+ 18-+...4(n! 42 ree (ii) The rth term of serie: Hence, the given series can be written as Exercise for Session 1 _Arist term of a sequence is 1 and the (n+ 1) th term is obtained by adding (n + 1) to the nth term for all naturd ‘numbers n, the 6th term of the sequence is (a)7 (21 _2-The first three terms of a sequence are 3, 3, 6 and receding it, the 8th term of the sequence is (b) 13, (27 each term after the second is the sum of two terms (a) 15 (b) 24 (39 (63 3 (o)3 @7 4,8 for a sequence {27}, Sp =2n + Sn, where S, is the sum of n terms, the value of ay is oer (oer (a7 © thay =2,0) =3+ 81 and ay =2.2,_+ + 5forn > 1, the value of y a, is (@) 130 ae (©) 190 ee (6) 220 _| srithmetic Progression (Ap) | | : Types of Progression progressions are various types but in this chapter we will | qudying only three special types of progressions which are following, || Arithmetic Progression (AP) } eamettc Progression (GP) 3 Harmonic Progression (HP) | Arithmetic Progression (AP) | anarithmetic progression is a sequence in which the diference between any term and its just preceding term (ie, erm before it) is constant throughout. This constant iscalled the common difference (abbreviated as CD) and is generally denoted by Or Anatithmetic progression is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a fixed number. This fixed number iscalled the common difference of the AP. Afinite or infinite sequence {t,,t2,t3,---sts} or(ty,t),t5,...} is said to be an arithmetic progression (AP) ift, ~t,_, =d, a constant independent of k, for £=23,4...,.nork =2,3,4,...as the case may be : The constant d is called the common difference of the AP. tt ie Remarks |. Htabe the first term and d be the common difference, then 28 can be writen as 84 at 2nd + (01) ns EN. 2 ltweadd the common difference to any term of AP, we get the next following term and if we subtract it from any term, We get the preceding term. ZF Wecommon diference ofan AP may be positive, "0, "Negative or imaginary. Constant AP common difference ofan AP is equal t022°0 5. Increasing AP common difference of an AP is greater than er 6. Decreasing AP common difference of an AP is less than 7 Imaginary AP common difference of an AP is imaginary d=t)-t =ty-t — Algorithm to determine whether a sequence is an AP or not Step I Obtain t,, (the nth term of the sequence). Step Il Replace n by n—1int, to get t,-1 Step Caleuat, =f, fof n, the given sequence is an n AP. Ift, ~t,-» is indepen AP otherwise itis not mple 5. i ANT, 3,5, 7,0. tif, mem +20", defined by ty = 5n+4iis an AP, also find its common difference Sol. We have, ty =5n +4 On replacing n by (n — 1), we get th-r=S(n-1)+4 = ty =5n-1 * fy ~ typ = (5m + 4)~(5n 1) =5 Clearly, ty ~ f,-1 is independent of n and is equal to. So, the given sequence is an AP with common difference 5. pal 7. Show that the sequence defined yy t, = 3n? +2 is not an AP. Sol. We have, t, =3n? +2 On replacing n by (n-1), we get (nah +2. Clearly, ty ~ fy -1 is not independent of n and therefore it is not constant. So, the given sequence is not an AP. 212 Textbook of Algebra | Example 8. Find first negative term of the sequen 3 an expression of frst deree 20,194,184,172, the tem of aseauenceis an exsession fet ae ees wemeenabion =f -)=U0# 8A 9*8) gay rhe given sequence is an AP in which first term, a3, HE i i ae ee ant © Common difference or $ 4 _ Az constant = Come gonsier the above and common difference, d=. Let the nth term oft given AP be the first negative term. Then, t,<0 = at(n-1)d<0 = arrn-0(-2)<0 = 80-3n+3<0 General Term of an AP Let ‘a’ be the first term, “d’ be the common difference and * I” be the last term of an AP having ‘n’ terms, where n € N. Then, AP can be written as a, a +d,a +2d, sta 2d I-41 a oe i n>a7? (i) nth Term of an AP from Beginning = n=28 1st term from beginning =1, =a =a +(1—1)d Thus, 28th term of the given sequence is the first negative 2nd term from beginning =) =a+d=a+(2-1)d term. 3rd term from beginning 3 =a+2d =a+(3-1)d 1 and I.Examplé 9. If the mth term of an AP is 7 and the nth term from beginning =¢, =a+(n—1) dW ne N rth term is, then find mnth term of an AP. m Hence, n th term of an AP from beginning t,=a+(n-1)d=I [last term] Sol If Aand B are constants, then rth term of AP is (i) nth Term of an AP from End : 1 elst-0-4 Given, t= => Am+ B= ~@-a and t= = Ant B= G-)d m i From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A=. and B=0 na Wnen bed i Ist term from en 2nd term from end = 1’, Ys stad Jil g[e ale 3rd term from end nth term from ent Hence, n th term of an AP from end rmnthterm= fgg = Arn + B= mn 40-1 t,=1-(n-1)d=a [first term] Hence, mn th term of the given AP is 1 , Now, it is clear that eee Pewter #4 Example 10. iF] x -1), 3and] x — 3|are first three 7 eee ~€rms of an increasing AP, then find the éth term of on A? . Sol. Case I For x <1, ie. Ina finite AP, the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is always same and is equal to the Ievis~Gr-y ‘onsecutive terms of an AP. then agg, *he8 IM paniculata bandcarein as ney “*—1,3and3— x are in AP, sum of first and last term, re Tacwan n A x,3 and3— x are in AP. ai - ; Sette sal ot om 's also called the general term. a ton - i a _ eta stn ae mn siference bed, then Then, fist three eee We boty ~ Oty ~ 2d, which It ina sequence mien 7" ina sequence the terms an alternative, cost “éhtemien eaative, then cannet be a at peeee cane tort ee “Soren dence tA? l= whee sctistemoae Cae Ferl n®—n~300<0 2 (4) ocncins 7 and taking last two members, nin 1)>300 1y 1 s n+) >s00+ (+3) 200+ np 14 VBE 2° 2 » n>168 (ii) From as. (and Gi, we get 16b nai? UExamph€ 2. te, 02,a5,a4and as ae in AP with comimon difference #0, find the value of Ya, when im S41 a,05,a),a4 and as are in AP, we have 4,40, =a; +44 (ety tt a +5 | ta tay tay tay 4 +24 4=10 Sa- hm of a Stated Number of |, [rms of an Arithmetic Series More than, sae W 200 yr ago, a class of German School Children insahked 0 Tind the sum ofall integers from 1 t0 10 “lusive. One boy in the class, an eight year old names Cani'®: One boy in the class, an eight yé a Fredrick Gauss (1777-1855) who later established *Putation as one of the greatest Mathematicians Chap 03 Sequences and Series 213 announced the answer almost at once. The teacher overawed at this asked Gauss to explain how he got this answer. Gauss explained that he had added these numbers in pairs as follows (14 100), (2 +99),(3 +98), ‘There are *“ =50 pairs. The answer can be obtained by multiplying 101 by 50 to get 5050. Sum of n Terms of an AP Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘d’ be the common difference, ‘I’ be the last term of an AP having n terms and S, be the sum of n terms, then S, =a+(atd)+(a+2d) +. +(l-2d) +(I-d) +1 Ai) Reversing the right hand terms S, =1+(1-d) +(I-2d) +...+(a+2d) +(a+d) +a On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2S, =(a tl) (atl) +(at) + +(a+D +(at) +(atl) =(a+1) +(a+1) +...upto n terms =n(a +1) ii) i) n S$, =" (ath 2" ) Now, if we substitute the value of ! viz., =a +(n—1) d, in this formula, we get [ata+(n=1)d] Flea (nad) a+ (n-1) a} If we substitute the value of a viz, I=a+(n-1)d or a=I-(n-1)d in Eq (ii), then S, = S[al-(n-1) dl 2h (n-1) d} If we substitute the value of a +1 viz, ty +t, =a4+1 in Eq, (ii), then n San ttn 2 ) Corollary I Sum of first n natural numbers je 1424344440 a=1andd Here, s=2pa-14(n=1)-1] 2 anintt) 2 PEE EE eb ee teeta ee Ree CEH 214 Algebra Corollary II Sum of first n odd natural numbers ota Wt Important Results with Proof 1. IfS,,f, and are sum of n terms, nth term and common difference of an AP respectively, 2-14(n-1)-2) of first m terms is S,, then sum of next then [n22] [n22] [n23] Proof Saath tte tts taba the = Sp =Sp-a tte te =Se Set but d=t,-t,) = (Sy ~5y-1)-(Sn-1 ~Sp-2) 4=S,- 25,1 +Sy-2 2. A sequence is an AP if and only if the sum of its n terms is of the form An? + Bn, where A and Bare constants independent of n. In this case, the nth term and common difference of the AP are A (2n~1) + Band 2A, respectively. Proof As S, = An? +Bn Sp: = A(n=1)? + B(n-1) t,=Sp—Saa =(An? + Bn)—-[A(n-1)? + B(n-1)] = An? ~(n~1)?]+B t, =A(2n-1)+B ina Al2(n=1)-1]+B A(@n-3)+B Now te =f) =[A(@n—1) +B]—[A (2n~3) +B] =24 Hence, the sequence is an AP. Conversely, consider an AP wi common difference d. {a constant] ith first term a and Ce *[2a+(n-1)d) 2 sum of first m terms = where, A Hence, S, = An’ + Bn, where A and B are const, independent of n. Hence, the converse is true. Corollary *: S, = An’ +Bn o ty =A(2n-1) +B t, =A (replacing n° by 2n ~ 1) + coefficient of n 2 =n? +2n | -7(Qn-1)+2 “14 | | “lane 2 98a | —9en-p-4 8 | = 18145 | 4 Qn~1)-1=8n-5 4 in? +bn +c, where S, denotes the sut ‘n terms of a series, then whole series is 10 an AP. It is AP from the second term onwaris Proof As S, =an’ +bn+c for n> 1, we get Sn-1 =a(n—1)? +b(n=1) +c forn2? Now, = th =S, Syn ty =a(2n~1) +b,n22 f-1 =a[2(n-1)-1]) +8, n23 > ty-1 =a(2n-3) +b,n23 ty ~tn-1 =2a= constant, n>3 ” ty -t =ty ty =H, ty = But tz ~t, =(S) -S,) -5, =S, -25, =(4a+2b +c) -2(a+b +0) =(@a-e) [eS h-hh 4ts-t Hence, the whole series is not an AP. It is AP fo" the second term onwards, Chap 03 Sequences and Series 215 Ratio of Sums is Given ! Example 14, The sums of n terms of two arithmetic atio of the sums of mand n terms of an Progressions are in the ratio (7n+1):(4n+ 17), Find the vgwen by ermsof'an AP ratio of their nth terms and also common differences. Sm _ Am? + Bm Sol, Given, 5,25) =(7n + 1):(4n +17) Sn An? + Br Here 7,B=10=4andD=17 where A. Bare constants and A #0, f _ 7m Wel _Mn~6 2 Uy 4Qn-1)+17 Bn +13 Am? + Bm ( ) k, t Goat (An? + Bn) k c 4 = ~ Sms =[A@2m=1) + Bk Hence, ty) =(14n~6):(6n + 13)andd:d’=7:4 1 on oe (A@n- 1+ Blk {Example 15, the sums of terms of two APs ae in fn -A@m-+B ype ie ratio (3 ~ 13):(5n+ 21). Find the ratio of their 24th t, AQn-1)+B terms. Sol. Given, S, : Sy = (3n — 13):(5n + 21) | Example 13. The ratio of sums of m and m terms of Tiel adapts 4h AP ism? :n?. The ratio of themth and nth terms is Pee et tee taal a (a) @m-+1):2n~1 (b) m:n Fy S(@x24=1)¥21 2562 ) @m-1):2n-1) (d) None of these eee areata Sol. (¢) Here, (-4=1B=0] | Example 16. How many terms of the series ag) apt 20+ 195+ 185+... must be taken to make 300? ty (2n=1) a tah, stem —:lan—) Explain the double answer. 2. If ratio of the sums of n terms of two AP’s is Sol. Here, given series is an AP with first term 10 and the given by 7 common difference, d ae 8, _ Ag+ B Wey ook Let the sum of n terms ofthe series be 300 Sn G+ D Then, 5. =5 Ra+(n—nap where, A, B,C, D are constants and A, C #0 2 (an + B)k, 5 =n(Cn+D) = 300 = fpxansee-n(-3} = ‘A (2n-1) + B]k, ty =[C(2n—1) + D]k a {60-n +1} Sd =ty ty. =2A, d= ty ~ tt =2C 1, A@n-)4B 44 dA = 61m +900=0 nu C@n=N+D dC = (n= 25)(n ~36 biatl iar ao 2 sum of 25 terme = Sum of Sterns 300 5, B 7 4 0 not defined J. Sum of 25 terms = Sum of 36 terms = Then, Er ap and gg nee Explanation of double answer - Here, the common difference is negative, therefore terms Remark g0 on diminishing and ty, = 20 + (31 ~ »(2) oie, 31st i f gante ot ~ 3 tent a Ly term becomes zero. All terms after 31st term are negative. where, a bc, dare constants and a ¢ #0, then ‘These negative terms (ts, fy 95 f54) when added to a(°t ‘+ o positive terms (26, 27. fay: £29: fy9)s they cancel out each Sn ‘ther ie, sum of terms from 26th to 36th terms is zero. Sr” (Seva Hence, the un of 25 terms as wel as that of 36 terms i 300. ae a Sl 216 Textbook of Algebra but given ae ty thay + has + lan + tay = 225 | Example 17. Find the arithmetic OOS : gt tig) Ct # ys) = 225 onsstng of 10 terms, ifthe sum of the terms, | a ute Os tHe #8 ‘occupying the even places is equal to 15 an cc + ta) dd places is equal to 12; iS 1 ha of those occupying the odd p 3 Ce Sol, Let the successive terms of an AP be fy t2,f3-- to» he 2 By hypothesis, 7 | example 20. 1F (14+ 345+ ..+ DIE 34 54.49 Fly tty tte tho =2 Pest ee _4 1), where each set of parentheses 7 ae Contains the sum of consecutive odd integers as = ty thy =6 shown, then find the smallest possible value of = (a+) +(a49d)=6 p+qtr (where, p>6. P= \> oe 7 a+ 10d =6 0 ‘Sol. We know that,1+3+5+...+(2n-1)= a= and ntytitn tend Ths the en equation can be wtlen (> ay] 5 pei) ,(gt1y (rt Zz) ~ faswed (es) fee) (es = ttt =5 = (p+ +(g +1 = (r+ = eter i= 2) ‘Therefore, (p + 1,q + 1,r + 1)form a Pythagorean triplets = dat 8d=5 ore pe ie7 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we getd = + anda ‘The first Pythagorean triplet containing a number > 7is é : (6,8, 10), Hence, the APs 2,3,13,2.21, S pHRg eRe ace > ptqtr=21 eee ne pplé 18. if N, the set of natural numbers is partitioned into groups S; ={1}, S = {2,3}, Properties of Arithmetic Progression 53 ={4,5,6},..., find the sum of the numbers in So 1. If a;,a2,a3,...are in AP with common difference d, Sol, The number of terms in the groups are 1, 2, 3, then a, +k,a, +k,ay +k,.., are also in AP with ‘The number of terms in the 50th group =50 common difference d ‘The last term of Ist grouy The last term of 2nd group = 3 = 1 +2 ‘The last term of 3rd group = 2. Ifay,a,a5,... are in AP with common difference d, then ayk,a,k,a5k,...and 91,2 43 in AP ate 2k, a) Boge ate also i d ‘The last term of 49th group =14243+..449 (#0) with common differences kd and £, First term of Sth group = 1 +(1+243+..+ 49) respectively, — =14 2a + 49)= 1226 fay, a),a5,..and by, by, bs,... are two AP's with 1 common differences d, and d,, respectively. Then, Sun = 2 far t226 + (60-1) x1} 1 £bs, a) £ bs, a) bs, .. are also in AP with common difference (d, +d,). (a de) 7 4. Ifa, a9, a5,...and by, by,by,.vare two AP’s with ample 19, Find the sum of fst 24 terms of on Ap common differences dy and d, respectively, then tritits,.., iF itis known that 40y,49b,,05b5,... and thts tho tts +tag +tyy =225, eee Nb bs" Sol. We know that, in an AP the sums. hen. > =25« 250 2525 are not in AP; oo ofthe terms equidstan Com besinning and end is alvays same and equal” pt?" 42+@2>~v are in AP, then tothe sum of finan ae # +a Then. ty + to = ts + tay = thy + ty eee ere wee: ‘ i jitter numbers in AP whose sum is given ate to be ole asct~ it 06+ band if five numbers in AP vihose sum is given, are to be taken as ct 2a ~, quiet Bcc + 2p ete f ral, (21 +1) numbers in AP whose sum is ¢ to be taken as(r© N). F Werf Bronte BLO Bg hee rb ; Remark A sum of three numbers = 3a Sum of r+ 1 numbers = (2r 49) a 2. From given conditions, find two equations in wand and then sole them, Now, the numbers in AP can be obtained. 7-1 four numbers in AP whose sum is given, are to be taken as cc 3B.ct~ i, 0. +B, +38 and if six numbers in AP, whose sum is given are to be taken as 0-5, —3B, a+ Boe + 3B, 4 +58, ete. Ingeneral_If2r numbers in AP whose sum is given, are tobe taken as (r € N). (27-1) Bot = (27 = 3) Bron 3B, By a+fo+3B,..0+@r—3)Ra+2r-DB Remark 4. Sum of four numbers m ofr numbers = 2ree 2. From given conditions, find two conditions in wand and then solve them. Now, the numbers in AP can be obtained. Sp are the sums of | Example 21. 1 57 ‘terms of p AP's whose first terms are 1,2,3,...p and common differences are 1,2, 3,.... (2p -1) respectively, 1 np (np +1). show that $+ 5,534.4 Sp SOL 12.4. pare in AP. Then, 2,22, 2°..42p are also in AP. o) {multiplying 2 to each term) and 1.3.5, (2p ~ 1)are in AP. Then, (n= t)-16(n = 1) = 1) Snel — (2p ~ Have also in AP 7 {multipying(n ~ 1)to each term] From Eas. (i) and (i), we get 21H (n= 1,224 (m= 1) 3.294 (HDS 2p +(n 1) (2p tare also in AP. [adding corresponding terms of Eas Ai) (and Gi] Chap 03 Sequences and Series 217 From Eg (iti), FRt se Dah FR2e(n— YI} 2 pa ¥(n= 15h» 2 "ap ¥(n= (ap ~ Dare abo in AP multiplying ® to each term {mutiplying each term) we in AP. be $,.S5 BSA 445 =P TS 21 tocr a(n yale Beep +(n= D(2p— Bf tae(n-nale Step +(n- Deep of *E fase(n— Wap +(n- H12p— 0) * = Lap (np + "P (amp +2)= mp (mp +1) Aliter Here, §,=142+34..uptonterms= "20 5.224548 +.uptom terms = 2 (2-2+(n— 19) (+n 2 Similarly, 5, =34+8+13+..upton tems= "G2*D) ee Now.5, +5545, 4.45, mnt), nGn+1) ; nn) 2 2 = 2 e9n58 + capo perm) +(1+1+1+...upto p terms)] upto p terms ="[2entip- -3[20 +P vamp] PP int m(p—1)+ 1]= Amp (np + Fin +n (p- 1+ 1}= np (ap +1) 1 Example 2 Let ot and B be roots of the equation x?-<2x+ A=0 and let y and 8 be the roots of the equation x? - 18x+B=0. Ifa 0 {here, sum of, By, 8 is not given) Given, = ma +d=20R=A “ and y48= 1876-8 = 2a 45d = 1878 =B lil) ry 218 Textbook of Algebra From Eqs. (i) and (i). we get | Example 23. The digits of a positive integer having three digits are in AP and their sum is 15. The number obtained by reversing the digits is 594 less than the original number. Find the number. Sol. Lt the digit inthe units place be a~d, digit inthe ten's place be a and the digit in the hundred’ place be a +d. ‘Sum of digits =a-d+a+a+d=15 [given] = 3a=15 “ Original number =(a~d) + 102+ 100(a +d) Na +99d= 555+ 99d and number formed by reversing the digits ja +d)+10a + 100(a - d) Ia = 99d = 555 ~ 99d Given, (555 + 99d) ~ (555-99) =594 => 198d d= Hence, original number 555 +99 x3=852 Exaffiple 24. if three positive real numbers are in AP ‘ach that abc =4, then find the minimum value of b. Sol. 4, b.¢ ate in AP. oO Let -D.b=Ac=AtD ‘Then, a=b-De=b+D Now, abe =4 (6- D)b(b+ D)=4 > b(b- D')=4 > wep deb b> (ay or b> (ay? of bis(2y' O afte distinct integer | Example 25. If 0,b,c,d are distinct in egers form an 2 increasing AP such that d =a’ +b’ +c’, then find ty, value of atb+¢+d. Sol. Here, sum of numbers ic, +b +e 4d is not ven Let beat Dic=a+2D.d=at3D.V DEN ‘According to hypothesis, a+3D=a' +(at DY +(a4 2D) => 5D' +5(2a~1)D 43a" ~a=0 a p= 32a= Ht yo (aa HF ~ 206 10 ~ (2a 1) V(- 24a — 160+ 9) - 10 Now. ~ 24a" ~ 16a +9 20 > 2a’ + 16a~9 <0 1_ V70 1, V70 = ~1 MO cas hy so se = a=-10 (eae When a = 0 from Eq, (), D= 0, 3 (not possible *e De 5 fora From Eq. (i), 4 fe DEN = =hd Then, atb+e+d=-140414222 Chap 03 Sequences and Series @ Exercise for Session 2 te LAE Ti miterm of the series 25 + 29 + 33+ 37 +...and3+4+6+9 +134 ...are equal, then n equals i (b) 12 (13 sangre Teta 2a Se BAC 88 a 2, (0)20(6r +3) {ayo (b)-1 (e)- 12 AFT the 9th term of an AP is zero, the ratio of its 29th and 19th terms is (a) 4:2 (by2s4 (13 (a4 Ina certain AP, 5 times the Sth term is equal to 8 times the 8th term, its 13th term is (a4 (a3 3 219 _5-te pth qth and rth tems ofan AP area,b and c respectively, the value ofa(q ~r)+ B (FP) + e(P a) I8 (@t 1 0 5 \_6-The 6th term of an AP is equal to 2, the value ofthe common diference ofthe AP which makes the product ay2aas leastis given by @e ws 2 m5" 2% a 8. ‘The sum of three numbers in AP is 3 and their product is 8, then sum of squares of the numbers is 1 5 The sum of first 2n terms of an AP is c.and the sum of next m terms is B, its common difference is @A=* (ao (b) 10 (ce) 12 (a2 9. tt, denote th sum an tems of an AP, Say ~35y then he rato 2 equal (ao (b) 6 (16 (9) 12 40. The sumof he producs ofthe ten numbers + 1:2, 23,24, Staking two atte, i (a)- 65 (b) 165, (c)- 55 (9) 95. 11. Honea 0for all, the value of 1 1 1 fect is Jer Yate oe + en 1 oa o—— 0-9 OR ORT a= e OF le \ f ‘ | I | | ' | i | Session 3 ; ion (GP) Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progressio (GP) ratio of GP may be positive, negative o Geometric Sequence or The commen imaginary. Geometric Progression (GP) eB ao of GPs eval 10 ni then GP tow ‘i Constant GP. A geometric progression is a sequence, if the ratio of any Feaar ratiof GP isimaginary eal: then GP stn term and its just preceding term is constant throughout. raerinsee ‘This constant quantity is called the common ratio and is 2s imaging Decreasing GP generally denoted by 'r. 8. Incrons tO pe increasing or decreasing / >0. Ir <0, tems or For GF efernatively positive and negative and so nether increasing nor decreasing. [A geometric progression (GP) is a sequence of numbers, icreasing nor decreas whose first term is non-zero and each of the term is Te __@ —2<0_ obtained by multiplying its just preceding term by a derst et cre constant quantity. This constant quantity is called Fesut Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasig common ratio of the GP. Let y,t3,t3,--styi ths tosts.-be respectively a finite oran | Example 26. infinit nce. Assut none of t;'s is 0 anc o 11 finite sequer Assume that of ty si 50 and that _ 2, 4, 8, 16, ti BLES a =r, a constant (ie., independent of k). c 9 im fii =2,-6,-18,... _fivy 8, - 4, -2 Fork =2,3,4,...,n or k=2,3, 4,...as the case may be. We then call {t,}"_, or {t,} {2 as the case may be a (WS, - 10,20, ui 5, 5, 5, 5,. Fat aa geometric progression (GP). The constant ratio riscaled M4) V1421 —242).5 the common ratio (CR) of the GP. Sol. () Here, a=1 =2_4_8 ie. th and r= "377 2 ie. a=landr=2 “1 Increasing GP (a>0,r > If t, =ais the first term of a GP, then i) Mere a=9) Mine ty =ar, ty =ty r=ar’ ty =tyr=ar?,..., 1a ty tay rar"! ndr=2 212329 sod aga b ada nd ie anor It follows that, given that first term a and the common ratio 3 : r, the GP can be rewritten as Decreasing GP(a>0,01) 2. in aGP, no tern can be equal io'0 4. ina GP, the terms are alternatively posite and negative then its common ratio is always negative, 7 at 4. tle muitipy the common ratio with any term of GP, we get he next following term and if we divide vide any term by the PEPE ee comman ratio, we get the preceding term. oY . Increasing GP(a<0,0. defined imaginary) for all values of n€ N is a GP. Also, find byt 3 its common ratio. Sol, We have, ty = (On replacing n by n ~ 1, we get Clearly, is independent of n and is equal to 4 So, the given sequence is a GP with common ratio 4 8. show that the sequence defined | Exam by t=2.3" +1is not a GP. Sol, We have, t, =2-3" +1 On replacing n by (n ~ 1) inf, we get atled 2 or +3) 3 (23° (2-3" +1) (se (2:3 +3) 1s Clearly, -!% is not independent of n and is therefore not constant. So, the given sequence is not a GP. Chap 03 Sequences and Series 221 \ General Term of a GP ' Leta be the ist ten, be the common ratio and’ Be | the last term of a GP having "1! terms. Then, GP can be rt t written as a.ar.ar’, - | \ (- nth’ Term of a GP from Beginning | sar’! } ' i | ! Ist term from beginning =", = 2nd term from beginning = ¢2 =a 3rd term from beginning =! =ar* =ar’~" » beginning nth term from beginning =t, =ar"~',.ne N 1, =ar"? [last term] Hence, n th term of a GP from beginning | ' ! (i nttTerm of a GP from End 1 {st term from end. 2nd term from end =t", = 3rd term from end. Now, it is clear that fy xt’, =ar* or txt, =axLVISkSn ie. ina finite GP of n terms, the product of the kth term from the beginning and the k th term form the end is independent of k and equals the product of the first and last terms. Remark 1 rth term is also called the general term, If last term of GP bet, and CR is r, then terms of GP from 3, tin a GPs heTetms are alternatively positive and negative then its common ratio is always negative. — N qo > y 222 bexthook of Algebra Athan Feepresont jad and bast torn of a GP espectiey We et. then commen saturate ore ( [sind = ~ Lis not poss, blots ue thee conras atin terms of GP, the then first term = a=sin0 = } and common ratio Wnparteutan diate ane in GP, then Pe Soe BP eae Monee, Be? ave ako i GP. (oy! = 162 2 TExample 29. 1f first term of a GP is a, third term is b Hienee. (c) is the correct answer. anid (14 1th term is ¢. The (2+ 1th term of cs © Pexémple 32. the 102sth term in the sequence 1,2, wel? we abe ‘Ud, 88888888, .. is A MET SLO. We, te a 4 fa) 2° 22, Poems Let common ratio © r fo2" 2? Bae gee bear =r A Sol. The number of digits in each term of the sequence are 1, : 2, 4,8, wu which are in GP. Let 1025¢h term is 2", Alo, coat at ‘Then, $8) TOD choos bon LA2EA48H FD COIS STHZH ASEH GE faney ar = a(rry a(<) é : 2 4 38 n-ry YOM k : cg CaM are 2 et) WE oy Hence, (d) is the correct answer. @-1) TExamyple 30. the (om+n)th and (m~n)th terms of a s@Vareee +2 442) _GPare p and q, respectively. Then, the mth term of @-1) the GP ts Pa 1e1asse 1 xe 1026 > 1024 - °(%) ovpq 7 P52! nsi>10 Ip n>9 0 OG (d) None of these [which is always satisfy Eq. (i) Hence, (b) is the correct answer. 0 [Example 33. If «,b,c are real numbers such that Se 3(@ +b? +7 +1)=2(a+b+c+ ab +bc + ca), then © ab,c are in ratio, then Inn 4 From Eqs. @) and (i), we Beant we get W (@) AP only (6) GP only | ; Sida eee ie (©) GP and AP (d) None of these ma (pq Sol. Given, 3(a* +b? +c? +1)=2(a+b +0 +ab+ be +c0) > tn = Pg = _2(a" + +0? — ab— be — ca) + ence (is the core answer (a +b? +c? —2a-2b-2e +5) VExample 31. 1f sind, V2 (sin0 + 1), 6sind +6 are in > ab +(e) +(~ ay | GP, then the fifth term is Ma~ 1)" + (6-1)? +(e = 1) =0 (@ 81 @)BW2 —(€)162 dy 162V: aah = and 7 62 > and @—1=6-12¢-12 Sol, {Y2 (sin + 1) = sin (osin0 +6) ° =< 2 [(sin0 + 1)2(sin0 +1) ~osind] <0 Pere are in GP and AP. Hence, (c) is the correct answer. oo . dee) See sum of a Stated Number of Terms of a Geometric Series ne of chess was invented by Gi ‘The gam 'y Grand Vizier Sissa pen Dhair for the Indian king Shirham. Pleased with the Toone the king asked the Vizier what he would like as eward. The Vizier asked for one grain of wheat to be placed onthe first square of the chess, two grains on the cond, four grains on the third and so on (each time doubling the number of grains). The king was surprised of the request and told the vizier that he was fool to ask for so litle. ‘The inventor of chess was no fool. He told the king “What Shave asked for is more wheat that you have in the entire kingdom, in fact it is more than there is in the whole world” He was right. There are 64 squares on a chess board and on the nth square he was asking for 2"~! grains, if you add the numbers ie. S=14242? +29 +... 42% 42% “ On multiplying both sides by 2, then 28242? +23 424 4.42% 42% ii) On subtracting Eq, (i) from Eq. (ii), we get = 18, 446,744, 073, 709, 551,615 grains ie, represent more wheat that has been produced on the Earth. Sum of n Terms of a GP Leta be the first term, r be the common ratio, [be the last term ofa GP having n terms and 5, the sum of n terms, cn 5, satartar?+..tbatel @) Por On multiplying both sides by r (the common ratio) 1S, =ar+ar? tar? + ve belen ii) r On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we have 1 ead Now, t, =ar""! Then, above formula can be written as 5, <2") when 1), 7 a-r) when 7 > a(r"-1) (r-1)’ 223 Chap 03. Sequences and Series If =1, the above formulae cannot be used. But, then the GP reduces to a,a,a, Sn Sum to Infinity of a GP, when the Numerical Value of the Common Ratio is Less than Unity, i.e. It is a Proper Fraction Ifa be the first term, r be the common ratio of a GP, then rn times =na +ata+ an Let-1

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