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Electrostatics Class 12
Electrostatics Class 12
10
1
96500
E B
E
E,B
1
q' q 1
r
r
r 1
r
1 r
0 q' | q |
1 2
1 2
' '
1 2
1 2
q' R
'1 1
q2 R2
R1
q'1 (q1 q2 )
(R1 R2 )
R2
q'2 (q2 q1 )
(R2 R 1 )
q1 q2
q'1
2
q1 q2
q'2
2
q
m
q
m
Q 2 107
n
1.25 1012
e 1.6 10 19
1018
2 106 (1012 t).(2e) t 6.25 s
1.6 1019
1 on 2
2 on 1 2
1
2 on 1 1 on 2
1 2
1
F q1 q1 F
r2
kq1q2 1 Nm2
Fe k 9 109 2 k
r2 40 C
1
k vaccum
40
( 0 )
1
0
4k
vaccum
C2
8.85 1012
N m2
0 r
(r )
electric permittivity of medium
r
0 electric permittivity of vaccum
kq(Q q)
F
r2 F 12 F21
F Q
0q
q 2
Q
2
12 21
1 2
12
kq1q2
F12 force on q1 due to q2 rˆ21
r2
kq1q2
F21 ˆr12 r̂12
r2
21 2
1
1
2
kq q
F12 1 2 3 (r1 r2 )
| r1 r2 |
F1 F12 F13 ...
kq0q1 kq0q2 kq0qi kq0qn
F ... ...
r12 r22 ri2 rn2
n
qi
F kq 0 r
i 1
2 i
ˆr
i
m1m2
FG
r2
1 q1q2 1 q1q2
F F'
40 r2 4 r2
F
K
F ' 0
1 q q
F 2
40 r
1 (2q)(2q)
F'
40 (2r)2
1 4q2 1 q2
F' F
40 4r2 40 r2
1 q1q2 42mr
mr2
40 r2 T2
1
F
d2
d’
x
Q1 q Q2
r
KQ1q KQ2q
Fq 2
0
x (r x)2
KQ1q KQ1q
FQ 2
0
1
r x2
Q1
x r
Q1 Q2
Q1Q2
q
( Q1 Q2 )2
q
Q
3
q(2 2 1)
Q
4
kQ2
T cos mg Fe
x2
Fe kQ2
tan
mg x2mg
x kQ2
sin 2
2l x mg
2kQ3l
x3
mg
1
Q2l 3
x
2 0 mg
kq2
(g eff 0) Fe
4l 2
1 µC 4 µC
10cm
2
k(1)q k(4)q 10 d
4
d2 (10 d)2 d
10 d 10
2 d cm
d 3
q a Q
(0,a)
(a,a)
a a
(0,0) q
Q a
(a,0)
2kQq kq2
2FA FR
a2 ( 2a)2
q
2Q q 2 2Q
2
2 2Q
kq q
F 1 2 3 (r1 r2 )
| r1 r2 |
FA
kq2 akˆ
1
a3
FA
kq2 ajˆ akˆ
FA
kq2 aˆi ajˆ akˆ
2 3 3 3
2a 3a
FA
kq2 aiˆ akˆ
4 3
2a
FA
kq2 aiˆ
,FA
kq2 aiˆ ajˆ
FA
kq2 aˆi
5
a3 6
( 2a)3 7
a3
F FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
kq2
F
a2
1
3 3
1
2
ˆ
1 ˆi ˆj k
f
F
L
E D
q q
O
q
F C
–q
q
A B
1 q q q2
F f 0 F f F f
40 L2 40L2
E
F
F
E
q0
E
E F qE
E F qE
E E 1 E2 E3 ....
F (21 ˆi 9ˆj)
F qE (21 ˆi 9ˆj)µN 3µC E
N
E 7iˆ 3ˆj
C
Fe
E
Fq qE q E
A
W
| Fq | | W |
mg
E 10N / C.,
|q|
B( 2m, 0, 1m)
KQ KQ
E 3 r 2 ˆr
|r| |r|
r rA rB
r ( 2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ
| r | ( 2)2 (1)2 (1)2 2
9 109 (20 106 )
E ( 2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ
8
22.5 10 ( 2iˆ ˆj k)N
ˆ /C
A B EB EA
X
2µC –2µC C
K(2µC) K(2µC)
2
( 2) (3 2)2
( ˆi)N / C
A
EA EB
2K(2µC)
Enet 2EA cos cos 45
22
K 106 9000
î N / C
2 2
E
KQx
q 2 2 3/2
(a x )
a 2 x2 a 2
1 Qqx
FE
40 a3
FE x
1/2
m m 163 ma3
T 2 2 0
k Qq Qq
4 a
3
0
( )
q
C/m
L
dq dx
( )
q
C/m2
A
dq dA
( )
Q
C/m3
V
dq dV
0 x
0
dq dx
dq 0 xdx
L L
x2
0 xdx 0
0 2 0
0L2
Q
2
qE
geff g
m
l
T ' 2
qE
g E
m
E
qE
geff g
m
l
T ' 2
qE
g
m
E
qE
mg
2
qE
geff g 2
m
l
T ' 2
geff
1 2
x
dx
K(dq) K(dx)
dE 2 2
r x r 2 x2
x y
Kdx
Ex dEx dE cos r 2
x2
. cos
1
K K
Ey
r sin .d
2
r
[cos 2 cos 1 ]
1 2 90
2K
Enet Ex
r
E Exˆi Eyˆj
K
E ˆi K ˆj
r Ex r r
Ey
1 90 2 0
K K
Ex ,E y
r r
R
Ea xis
x
kQx
Eaxis
(R x2 )3/2
2
kQx kQx
Eaxis 2 2 3/2
(R x ) R3
kQx kQ
Eaxis 2 2 3/2
Eaxis
(R x ) x2
E 0
kQx
Eaxis
(R x2 )3/2
2
dE
0
dx
d Kqx
2 0
dx (R x2 )3/2
R
x
2
2kQ
Emax .
3 3R2
2k Q
Ema x. =
3 3R2
E
R
2
E
Q
R F –q
Ea xis
x
F q Eaxis
kQqx
F
(R x2 )3/2
2
F x
2k
E
r
2k q q
E sin
r 2 lengthof arc r
2kq
E sin
2
2
r
k
E sin
r 2
k
E sin 45
r
k 1
E
r 2
k
E
r
ˆi ˆj
2K
F .q
r
q
F
F
r
2K
.q
r
Fa
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + ++
Fe q 0E Fe (q0 )
20
Fe q
a 0
m 20m
2usin 2usin
T
g q0
20m
u2 sin2 u2 sin2
H
2g q
2 0
20m
u2 sin2 u2 sin2
R
g q0
20m
F QE
a E / 20
m m
1 2
d at
2
2d 2md 4md0
t
a QE Q
Q
2A0
Q1 Q 2
P Q1 Q2
+
2A0 2A0
E EQ1 EQ2
Q1 Q2 Q Q2 Q
ˆ
n ˆ 1
n ˆ
n ˆ
n
2A0 2A0 2A0 2A0
Q –2Q 3Q
y
A B C D
• • • •
x
2Q
Q 3Q
Enet EQ E3Q E2Q
Q ˆ 3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ Q ˆ
i i i i
2A0 2A0 2A0 A0
2Q
3Q Q
3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ Q ˆ
Enet E3Q E2Q EQ i i i 0
2A0 2A0 A0
3Q Q
2Q
Enet EQ E3Q E2Q
Q ˆ 3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ 2Q ˆ
i i i i
2A0 2A0 2A0 A0
Q –2Q 3Q
EQ E3 Q
E2 Q D
Enet EQ E3Q E2Q
Q ˆ 3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ Q ˆ
i i i i
2A0 2A0 2A0 A0
• •q
KQ
E 2 ˆr
r
ˆ KqQ ˆr
F
r2
KqQ
| F | 2
r
KqQ
Fsphere 2 ˆr
r
KqQ
| Fsphere | 2
r
Kq
EA Esphere Eq 0 2 ;r CA
r
EB B ESphere Eq
KQ Kq K(Q q)
2
.rˆ 2 .rˆ .rˆ
r r r2
+Q, R
r +q 0
P
KQ KQq0
q0Eshell (q0 ) 2 ˆr ˆr
r r2
r̂
KQq0
Fshell ( ˆr)
r2
1 1 2 2
KQ1Q2
F
r2
+Q1 , R1 +Q2, R2
r
r
+Q 1 +Q 2
r R rR
Kdq
dE
r2
KQ
Enet dE
r2
KQ'
E'net 2
r
Q 4 3 Qr3
Q' r 3
4 3 3 R
R
3
KQ' KQr
E'net 2 3
r R
R R 3R
(R / 2, 0, 0) , ,0
2 2 2
(R / 2, 0, 0) R
2
(R / 2)2 02 02 R / 2 R
r R ˆ
E i
30 30 2
R R
, ,0
2 2
(R / 2)2 (R / 2)2 02 R
4 3
KQ K 3 R R
E 3 r ˆi R ˆj
R R 3 2
2
R ˆ R ˆ
i j
30 2 2
R2 R2 02 2 R
4 3
KQ K 3 R
E 3 r Rˆi Rjˆ Riˆ Rjˆ
3 6 6
R ( 2R) 0
EA 0
4
K (OB r )
3 3
3 [OB3 r 3 ]
EB OB OB
OB3 30 OB3
4
K 3 (R r )
3 3
R3 r3
EC OC OC
[OC]3 30 [OC]3
+
[a]
+ +
N
[c]
1
0
E2
E1
P
I
II
[g]
E
+q F
[+ve charge]
qE
a
m
qE
v v0 t
m
v0 E
+q F
[+ve charge]
qE
v v0 t
m
ux v 0 ,a x 0, Sx x, v x v 0
1 2
S ut at x v 0t
2
qE 1 qE 2
uy 0,a y ,y t
m 2 m
2
1 qE x 1 qEx2
y y
2 m v0 2 mv 20
y X2
0
vy qEt qEx
vx mv 0 mv 02
qEx2 2
tan
mv 20 x
y
tan
x
2
x
2
x
Y D tan
2
q
s • ds 0
E
1 q
E r
40 r3
ds
q
E • ds r • ds
40r 3
r ds
r • ds
1 q
E • ds ds
40 r2
1 q
E • ds 4
s 0 r2
ds
1 q 1 q q
• ds
E
40 r2 ds 4 0 r 2
(4r2 )
0
as ds 4r 2
q
T
0
1 q
F (T )
6 60
q
0
q
80
q
80
q
80
1 1 q 1 Q
3 8 0 24 0
q
2
q
2
q/2 q
20 40
2q q
2
80 40
q q 1 q
1 2
40 40 2 0
q
CS PS 0
1
E • ds 0
(0)
qin
E • ds 0
h
Cylindrical
E.ds
I Circular
E.ds
II Circular
E.ds
0
Surface Surface Surface
h
Cylindrical
Edscos00
I Circular
Edscos
2
II Circular
Edscos
2 0
Surface Surface Surface
h
E(2rh) E
0 20r
0
2 0
E • ds q in / 0
I circular
Eds cos
II circular
Eds cos
surface surface
A
cylindrical
Eds cos
0
surface
A
0 20
Q Q
E .ds
S1
0
0
or E0 (4r2 )
0
Q R2
E0
40r2 0 r2
total charg e Q
surface area 4R2
Q
ES
40R2
0
qin
E.ds
S2
0
total charg e Q 3Q
4
R3 4R
3
total volume
3
Q Q
E .ds
0
0
orE0 (4r2 )
0
Q R3
40r2 30 r2
Q
ES R
40R2
30
qin 1 4 3 Qr3
in.
E. ds.
0
0
.
3
r
0R3
Qr3 Qr
Ein (4r2 ) r
0R3 40R3
30
C
2
m2
E n ˆ K(4)n
ˆ
0
n̂
E 9 109 4 ( 2 106 )n
ˆ
72 103 (n)N
ˆ /C
F qE 72 103 ( 1.6 1019 )(n)
ˆ
72 1.6 1016 nN
ˆ /C
EP 0
x Qx 2x Q
2AO 2AO 2AO 2AO
Q
2
Q
2
p p qd
1 q 1 q
E1 (ˆr) r̂
40 d
2
40 (r d / 2)2
r
2
Ea E1 E2
q 1 1
Ea 2
ˆr
4 0 (r d / 2)2
(r d / 2)
q 2.r.d 2pr
or Ea ˆr ˆr
4 0 (r d / 4)
2 2 2
4 0 (r d2 / 4)2
2
1 2p
Ea ˆr
4 0 r 3
1
F
r3
F
F' .
8
1 q
E1
40 (r2 d2 / 4)
1 q
E2 2
40 r d2
/ 4
E1 sin E2 sin
q.d p
40 (r d / 4)
2 2 3/2
40 (r d2 / 4)3/2
2
1 p
EEq ( ˆr)
4 0 r3
Ea : EEq 2 : 1
1
E
r3
1
E
r2
r
.
r'
1 2p 1 p
40 r 3
40 r '3
2 1 r3
3
3
r r' r '3
r
r'
K(5C) K(5C)
2cm 6 cm
2 2
108 NC1
1 2p cos
Er
4 0 r3
1 p sin
E
4 0 r3
1 p
E Er2 E2 1 3 cos2
4 0 r3
E 1
tan
Er 2
0
1 p 1 2p
1 3 cos2 00
4 0 r3 40 r3
/2
1 p 1 p
1 3 cos2 / 2
4 0 r3 4 0 r3
(2, 2 2)
y 1
tan 2;cot
x 2
tan 1
tan cot 900
2 2
E
3
1 3
tan tan tan1
2 3 2
3
tan1
3 3 2
ˆ qE( ˆi) 0
F F1 F2 qE(i)
max pE /2
min 0 0 or
pE
p
E
qE dsin pE sin
p E
F1 F2
Fnet 0
net 0
P E
F1 F2
Fnet 0
net 0
net pE sin
dE
105 NC 1
dl
dE dE
Fq dl p
dl dl
d dW d
2
W dw pE sin d
1 sin
[cos 1 cos 2 ]
pE[1 cos ]
I pE sin
sin
d
2
I pE
dt2
I
T 2
pE
PE sin 30 Wreq U 3 104 J
1
F
r3
1
F
r3
F
F' .
8
1 2p1
U2 p2E1 cos 0 p2E1 p2 .
40 r 3
dU
F ,
dr
dU2
F2
dr
d 1 2p1p2 1 6p1p2
F2 . 3 .
dr 40 r 40 r4
1 6p1 p2
F1 . 4 so,
40 r
1 6p1p2
F1 .
40 r4
1 6p1p2 1
| F1 | . 4 and F1 4
40 r r
p
270
90
pE sin d [ pE cos ] 270
90 0
1 2p 1 2(q r)
E . 3 .
40 d 40 d3
qr
E
d3
Wp )ext Welc )p
Vp
q K 0 q
joule
columb
Wext 40µJ
V 20V
q 2µC
Wext )p 10µJ
Vp 1V
q 10µC
Wext )p
1
20µC
WA
VA
q0
Q
FE ˆr r̂
40r2
(dr)
FE
r
dr
A
+
Q
rA
Fext FE
dw Fext .dr
( FE ).(dr)
dw FE ( dr)
r
rA rA
Q
WA dw dr
40r2
Q
VA V (V 0)
40r2
Q
VA
40rA
Q
V
40r
1 q1
V1 .
40 r1
1 q2 1 q3
V2 . V3 .
40 r2 40 r3
1 qn
Vn .
40 rn
1 q1 1 q2 1 q3 1 qn
. . . .... .
40 r1 40 r2 40 r3 40 rn
1 q1 q2 q3 q
. ..... n
40 r1 r2 r3 rn
1 n
qi
V
40
r
i1 i
1 q q q q
......
4 0 1 2 4 8
1 q q q q q
4 0 1 4 16 ..... 2 8 ....
1 1 1 1 1 2q
4 0 1 1 2 1 1 4 0 3
4 4
W
q0
III B
II
I IV
25a2 0
kq
5a
9a2 16a 2
kq
5a
kq kq
V
BP' AP'
AC CP' BD OP'
a cos
r a cos
r a cos
kq kq
V
(r a cos ) (r a cos )
1 2aqcos
V
40 r2 a2 cos2
1 P cos
V 2
40 r a cos
2 2
pcos
V
40r2
1 1
not as
r2 r
A
E . dr
B
E . dr
A
E
ˆ ˆ ˆ
i j k
x y x
V V V
x y z
dV
dr
V
r
dV
dx
100
x2
dV
dx
B B
dV
A
E.dx
A
20
100
10
x2
1000 1500 500
2 3
x x x
V ˆ V ˆ V
E ˆi j k
x y z
ˆi V ˆj V kˆ V
x y z
V V V
x y 0 z
dV
dr
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
r(meter)
V2 V1 2 4
r2 r1 7 5
+ + + + + + + A
B
10 cm
V
q. mg
d
mgd 1.6 1014 9.8 10 103
V
q 1.6 1019
q
E
40r2
dV E.dr
B
A EB
O
R
dV E.dr
E.dr
v
q q
r
q
40r2 dr 40r2 r dr EA 0;EB
2
ˆr
40r2
q q
VB Vsurface
40r 40r
E.dr
q
40r
2 2
0 0
q2
V2
40r
q1
V1
40r
2
q1 q2
VC
40r
q2
V2
40b
2
q1
V1
40r
q1 q2
VB
40r 40b
2
q2
V2
40b
q1
V1
40a
q1 q2
VA
40a 40b
Q
E
40r2
Q
V
40r
Q
E
40R2
Q
Vs
40R
Qr
E
40R3
Q 3R2 r2
V 2R3
40
3 Q 3
Vcentre Vs
2 40R2 2
+ +
E
VA VB
A B
Q2
80R
3 Q2
5 40R
1 q1q2
4 0 d
q1 d q2
1 1 n n qj
. qi
2 40 i1 j1 rij
i j
q2
r1 2 r3 2
q1 q3
q1 3
r
F
F.r
q3
80cm
q1 q2
A A
60cm B
80cm
q1q3 q3q2
0.8 1
q1q3 q3q2
0.8 0.2
1 1
0.2 1
2qq 8qq 2q 8q
2
2
X 10 (9 X) 10 9 102
U
X
1 q2 1 q2
40 r 40 r
1 q2 1 q2
40 r 40 r
1 q2 1 q2
40 r 40 r
1
2
3 q2
.
40 r
3 9 109 (10 106 )2
10 102
+q
B
1
2
1
2
2eV
m
1
2
–
+
[a]
1
V
r
1 q1q2 1 q1q2
F r ˆr
40 r r 3
40 r r 2
F
E
q0
E
F qE
W P
ext
W p )ext
Vp
q k 0
VA Vb
W BA ext
q
keeping KE constant or Ki Kf
A
VA VB E.dr
B
ˆ ˆ
E ˆi V ˆj V kˆ V ˆi j k V
x x z x x z
V grad V
E
Kq Kq Kq
E = 2 .rˆ 3 r V
r r r
2Kˆr
E ˆr
20r r
VB VA 2K
KQx
Eaxis , Ecentre 0
R
3/2
2
x 2
KQx KQ
Vaxis , Vcentre
R2 x2 R
x 2
Eaxis 1 Vaxis R x2 x
20 20
R x2
2
E ˆ
n
20
VB VA r r
20 B A
E n ˆ
0
VB VA r r
0 B A
KQ KQ
r R, Eout 2 ˆr, Vout
r r
KQ
Ein 0, Vin
R
Graph of E v/s r: Graph of V v/s r:
E V
E 1/r2 Vo u t 1/r
R r R r
KQ KQ
r R, Eout 2 ˆr, Vout
r r
r
KQr
r R, Ein 3
R 3
, Vin
KQ
2R 33R2 r2
0
2
U1 U2 ..... Un
U
2
1 2
E
2
KQ2
Uself
2R
3KQ2
Uself
5R
2KP
E 3 P
r
KP
E 3
r
P
KP
Eres 1 3cos2
r3
U P.E
p E ; U P.E
dE
F P.
dr
P cos P.r
V
4 0 r2 4 0 r 3
E
S
E.dS E dS
S n
qin
E E.dS 0
.
E n ˆ
0
2
P
20
m0
m
V2
1 2
C
e
m
1 q1q2 9 109 (n 1.6 10–19 )2
F .
40 r2 (5 1010 )2
Fair
K
Fmedium
Fair F
Fmedium
F 6
K q1 q2 Gm2
r2 r2
F1 qq 40 20 8
F q1q2 1 2
F2 q'1 q'2 10 10 1
C B
Q2
Fb Fc F k
a2
Fnet FB2 FC2 2FBFC cos60
Fnet 3 F
C
AC
A
ABC .
2
2 2
ne t
A C
15 12
FA 20dyne
(3)2
12 20
FC 15dyne
(4)2
Fnet 25 dyne
1 q(Q q)
F
r0 r2
dF 1 Q 2q Q
0 0 q
dq 40 r2 2
r
1 q1q2 1 q1q2 F F
F or F'
40 r2 4 0 K r2 K 6
1 1 1 kq.1 4kq
E0 kq
1 4 16 (1 1 / 4) 3
a 1
S
1r 4
1 1 1 kq.1 4kq
E0 kq
1 4 16 (1 (1 / 4)) 5
Fe eE
A –e E
W
mg
(A)
mg 9.1 1031 9.8 V
E 19
5.57 1011
e 1.6 10 m
A –e
B –e
(B)
A
B
C
3 4
E E0 i E0 j
5 5
3 4
ES E0 i E0 j
5 5
0.2 ˆi 240
N m2
C
1
T
0
1 q
F ( T )
6 60
q
0
q
80
q
2
q q/2 q
1
2 20 40
2q q
2
8 0 4 0
q q 1 q
1 2
4 0 4 0 2 0
enc. (2 106 5 106 3 106 6 106 ) 0
1 2
1 2
0 0
Q1 Q2
E EQ1 EQ2 n̂ n̂
2A0 2A0
Q1 Q2 Q
n̂ n̂
2A0 2A0
E ; 2 0 dE
2 0 d
1 0.02 9 104
10 C / m.
4 0 2 9 109
1
F
r3
F
F' .
8
dE
105 NC1
dl
dE dE
Fq dl p
dl dl
3
p
E
270
90
pE sin d [ pEcos ] 270
90 0
1 2p 1 2(q r) qr
E . . ;E 3
40 d3 40 d3 d
W PE(1 cos )
PE (1 cos 1800 )