PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK Twelfth Edition with foreword by Paul Buthod Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma Eugene F. Megyesy PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC. P.O. Box 35365 + Tulsa, Oklahoma 74153Copyright © by Eugene F. Megyesy Copyright 1972, 1973 by Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems — without permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control ‘Number: 2001 130059 ISBN0-914458-213 COPYRIGHT: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001 Printed and bound in the United States of America, NOTE: This new edition of the Pressure Vessel Handbook super- sedes ll previous editions, effective July 1,200] ‘The changes over the previous Eleventh Edition have been made necessary by the revision of Codes, Standards, Specifications, ete FOREWORD Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry ‘are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature in the field of code requirements and design equations, First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the applicable code, Then he must search the literature for techniques, used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company catalogs for use in the design equations. Mr. Megyesy has recognized this ‘problem, For several years he has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational methods, He has been presenting this information first in the form of his “Calculation Form Sheets” and now has put it all together in cone place in the Pressure Vesiel Handbook. 1 believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry and that readers will find it extremely useful. Paul ButhodPREFACE This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas, ‘echnical data, design and construction methods readily available for the designer, detailer, lyoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels. Practical men in tis industry often have difficulty finding the required data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature or advanced studies. The author's aim was to bring together all of the above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form. ‘The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII Division T have been utilized as well as those generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the ‘author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice. In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook, rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding, since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category. ‘Allarge part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged. ‘The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor ‘Séndor Kalinszky, Sénos Bodor, Lészl6 Félegyhézy and J6zsef Gyérfi for their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of ‘Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted the author to include material from their publications. ‘The author wishes also to thank all those who helped to improve this new edition by their suggestions and corrections. Suggestions and criticism conceming some errors which may remain in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute 19 the further improvement of this Handbook. Eugene F. MegyesyASME CODE vs. THIS HANDBOOK ‘The ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELCODE- 2001, Sect. VIN,Dis.1 The American Society of Mechanical Engi- nears set up a Commit in 1911 for te Purpose of formulating standard rules for Jheeonstuction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels that wil perform ina safe Sndrelablemanner. ‘The Code comprises these ules. ts seope includes vessels: 1. made ofnonferous materi, castiron, High alloy and carbon steel, 2. made by welding, forging, bracing, nd 5. applying awide variety of consiruction methods and dtl It includes all vessels where the question a sfey is concemed. PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK - 2001, Twelfth Edition ‘The Handbook covers design and con- struction methods of pressure vessels: 1 made of earbon steel, 2. made by welding 3. applying construction methods and details which are the most economical and practical, which arein accordance with the Code rules, and thus gener- ally followed by the industry. ‘The vast majority of the pressure vessels today fall into this category. For construction rules and details which are excluded from the scope of the Hand- bbook, references are made tothe applicable Code paragraphs to avoid neglecting them, “The Code - as itis stated in paragraph UG- 2. — "does not contain rules to cover all Getails of design and construction . .." "where details are not given, it is intended that the Manufacturer... shall provide de- tails of design and construction." Details of design and construction not covered by the Code are offered by the Handbook including: Design of tall cow- ers, wind load, earthquake, vibration, ec- centric load, clastic stability, deflection, combination of stresses, nozzle loads, re= action of supports, lugs, saddles, and rect- angular tanks. "The Code is not @ handbook." "It is not intended that this Section be used as a de- sign handbook’ as itis stated in the Fore- word of the Code. ‘The aim of this Handbook is to be easily handled and consulted, Tables, chars elimi nate the necessity of caleulations, Geom- etry, layout of vessels, piping codes, API storage tanks, standard appurtenances, painting of steel surfaces, weights, mea: Surements, conversion tables, literature, definitions, specification for vessels, de- sign of steel structures, center of gravity, design of welded joints, bolted connec- tions, boiler and pressure vessel laws, chemical resistance of metal, volumes, and surfaces of vessels, provide good service- ability. "The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals, Addenda, which also inchide revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions ‘The Handbook is updated and revised in three years intervals, reflecting the changes ‘of Code rules, new developments in the de- sign and construction method, and in- become mandatory six(6)monthsafterthe | cludes the revisions ofits squress date of issuance, except for boilers and pres- ‘ure vessels contracted for prior tothe end of the 6 month period. (Code Foreword)ae THE ASME CODE ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 ‘An internationally recognized Code published by ‘The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. PRESSURE VESSEL - is a containment of solid, liquid or gaseous material under internal or external pressure, capable of withstanding also various other load- ings, BOILER - is a part of steam generator in which water is converted into steam under pressure, RULES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION - Boiler explosions around the tum of the century made apparent the need for rules governing the design and con- struction of vessels. The first ASME Code was published in 1914 ISSUE TIME - The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals (2001 and so on). Addenda, which also include revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions become mandatory 6 months after the date of issuance, except for boilers and pressure vessels contracted for prior to the end ofthe 6 month period, (Code Foreword) SCOPE OF THE CODE- The rules of this Division have been formulated on the basis of design principles and construction practices applicable to vessels de- signed for pressures not exceeding 3000 psi. Code U-1(4) ‘Vessels, which are not included in the scope of this Division, may be stamped with the Code U Symbol if they meet alithe applicable requirements of this Divi- sion, Code U-2(g) ‘THE DESIGN METHOD - The Code rules concerning design of pressure parts are based on the maximum stress theory, i.e. elastic failure in a ductile metal vessel occurs when the maximum tensile stress becomes equal tothe yield strength of the material. OTHER COUNTRIES' Codes deviate from each other considerably, mainly be~ cause of differences in the basic allowable design stresses. The ASME Code's regulations may be considered to be at midway between conservative and unconservative design, COMPUTER PROGRAMS - Designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are solely responsible for the application of these programs to their design. (Code, Foreword) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION NOT COVERED - This Division of the Code does not contain rules to cover all details of design and construction. Where complete details are not given, itis intended that the Manufacturer shall provide details which will be as safe as those provided by the rules ofthis Division, Code U-2(e) PARTI PART IL PART IIL PARTIV PARTV CONTENTS Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels . Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels Measures and Weights ... 321 Design of Steel Structures soe 447 ‘MiscellaneousPART L DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL 1 Vessels Under Internal Pressure ... ‘Stressesin Cylindrical Shell, Definitions, Formulas, Pres- sure of Fluid, Pressure-Temperature Ratings of American, Standard Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges. Vessels Under External Pressure ‘Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required Cylindrical Shell, Chart for Determining Thickness of ‘Cylindricaland Spherical Vessels under External Pressure when Constructed of Carbon Stee Design of Tall Towers ind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Becentric Load, Elastic Stability Deflection, Combination, of Stresses, Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate method), Design of Base Ring (ap- ‘proximatemethod), Design of AnchorBoltandBaseRing, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers, Vessel Supports. ‘Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two ‘Saddles, Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in ‘Vessels Due to Lug Support, Lifting Attachments, Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains. Openings Inspection Openings, Openings witho Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforcement of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings. Nozzle Loads Reinforcement atthe Junction of Cone to Cylinder Welding of Pressure Vessels .. c ‘Welded Joints, Butt Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal ‘Thicknesses, Application of Welding Symbols Regulations; Specifications. Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to Various Plate Thisknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Containing Flammable and Combustible Liq- tuids, Properties of Materials, Description of Materials, Specification forthe Design and Fabrication of Pressure \Vesels, Fabrication Tolerances. 15 31 153 159 170 181DESIGN R 10. Materials oFFosgn Gomis 4 1, Welded Tis. ra 12 Piping Codes. xe 1B, Rectangular Tanks a M. COtEH nse zi 15. Migeetameous Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe ana Engagement, Drill Sint for Pipe Tap, Bend Slog a a ing, Prefredoeton,CommonBorsanura 16, Painingof Stee Suracs 2 IN REFERENCES THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK "CODE" STANDS FOR A BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SE = BOILER, AND PRESSUR {CTION Vill, DIVISION | AN 2001 EDITION B STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS Pressure vessels are subject zo various loadings, which exert stresses of different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and con- struction of the vessel components. LOADINGS (Code UG-22) a. Internal or extemal pressure 'b. Weight of the vessel and contents ¢. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, 4. The attachment of internals, vessel supports, lugs, saddles, skirts, legs ©. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations £ Wind pressure and seismic forces {g. Impact reactions due to fluid shock hh, Temperature gradients and differential therinal expansion i. Abnormal pressures caused by deflagration. STRESSES (Code UG-23) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS 'S, = Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See properties of materials page 186-190.) 4 Tensile stress ‘The smaller of S, or the value of factor B determined by the procedure described in Code UG 23 (6) (2) . Lingitudinal compressive stress ©. General primary membrane stress induced by any combination of Joadings. Primary membrane stress 155, plus primary bending stress induced Sie Gabor) by combination of loadings, except as provided ind. below. [& General primary membrane stress 1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b, induced by combination of earth- or c. This rule applicable to stresses, quake or wind pressure with other exerted by intemal or external pressure loadings. Seismic force and wind or axial compressive load on a cylinder. pressure need not be considered to | act simulta neously.4 ‘STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL Uniform intemal or external pressure induces i the longitudinal sear two times larger unit stress than in the caeumferental seam because of the geometry ofthe cylinde A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, ete.) are not factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling only. The Code provides the methog of design to meet this requirement, When other loadings are present, these combined [oadings may govern and hewier plate will be required than the plate which was satisfactory to resist the circumferential buckling only’ “Toe compressive stress cue to external pressure and tensile stress due to internal pressure shall be determined by the formulas: mt FORMULAS CX ‘CIRCUMFERENTIAL TONGITUDINAL cD Soin jane har | 2D Sa Sor cr i NOTATION Mean diameter of vessel, inches Internal or external pressure, 3S Longitudinal stress, ps Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi ‘Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance excluded, inches zl EXAMPLE Given = 96inches Po. 15x96 P= ipa 5 BEES sa40 os {> Oasinches 15 x96 oP BES Lao ot au 2 x 0.25 Fortowets under internal pressure and wind Joad the critical height above which compres- sive stress governs caa be approximated by the formula: aoe £2 were H = Cita neigh of owe, INTERNAL PRESSURE |. OPERATING PRESSURE ‘The pressure which is required forthe process, served by the vessel, at which the vessel is normally operated. 2. DESIGNPRESSURE ‘The pressure used in the design of a vessel. It is recommended to design a ‘vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psior 10 percent, whichever is the greater, will satisfy this requirement. The pressure of the fluid and other contents ofthe vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page 29 for pressure of fluid. 3, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKINGPRESSURE ‘The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be: (@) in corroded condition (b) under the effect of a designated temperature (©) in normal operating position at the top (G under the effect of other loadings (wind load, external pressure, hydro- static pressure, et.) which are additive tothe internal pressure. When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the maximum allowable working pressure (MAW) code 3-2, ‘Acommon practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure ‘vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc. See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges. See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. ‘The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very often. It means the pressure at which the weakest element of the Vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel: (@) isnot corroded (new) () thesemperature does not affect its strength (room temperature) (cold) and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into consideration. 4, HYDROSTATIC TESTPRESSURE ‘At least 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure ar the design pressure (o-be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine the maximum allowable working pressure. [the stress value of the vessel material atthe design temperature is less than at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased, proportionally. Hydrostatic test shaltINT. PRESS, 16 15 x me lene Se tte Vesiels where the maximum allowable working pressure limited by the flanges, shall be tested at a pressure shown in the table Primary Service saute Rating | 15010] 3001] 4001] 6001] 90016] 1500 | 250015 HiySosate Shel Tort resure 42s_| 1100 [1450 [2175 | 3250 | s400_ [9000 Hydrostatic test of multi-chamber vessels: Code UG-99 (e) ‘A Preumatic test may be used in lea of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 Proof tests to establish maximum allowable Working pressure when the strength of any part of the vessel cannot be computed with satisfactory assurance of safety, prescribed in Code UG-101. 5. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES ‘The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials are given in table on page 189, The maximum allowable compressive stress to be used in the design of cylindrical shells subjected to loading that produce. longitudinal compressive stress in the shell shall be determined according to Code par. UG-23'b, ¢, & d. 6, JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page 172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176+ ‘The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most frequently used types of shell and head, The formulas of cylindrical shell are siven for the longitudinal seam, since usualy this governs, ‘The stress in the girth seam will govern only when the circumferential joint efficiency is Jess than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when besides the internal pressure additional losdings (wind load, reaction of saddles) are causing longitudinal bending or tension. The reason for itis that the stress arising in the girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of the stress in the longitudinal seam, ‘The formulas for the girth seam according pa PR pa —25E TSE + OP R-0n ‘See notation on page 22. NoTES ”is i » FT tf INTERNAL PRESSURE if EXAMPLES FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS | |_| DESIGNDATA: E= 1.00, joiaeffciency of seamless. NOTKTION | ee opps din prese a : 6 atc ev | ST gaint B= Stes nie tn Pong pemeormmsivaie lel ae | | $7 gabe arciaatee 5 Sem aa ie. Steet 5: Be shee |e SIEM nag 17> mepind lian pee so SOMES pe Os i amet | Be Biemameyalpocvmines {= SOTA trae altace oy CA! = Comotion tiwance inches a, 0 [2S inches corrosion swan wth estes aida i i ove SBSDESIONDATAABOVE A CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM) ee | an Dame te xinam sloatie t | Determine therequited thickness, ‘working preseure P for 0.500 in. thick A [Prenat Serer een icin ne cnaditon &, ee 0.284 in. ec en oS 95x10 eee 1 Usa the es in the fe sm ie ovring, Se ni 4806x0500 receding page. +04. om in 2 When the wall thickness exceeds one half ofthe nse ae SES SAS Un 0S0in pie 3 5 SEBDESIONDATAABOVE SEEDESIONDATAADOVE SPHERE ang HEMISPHERICAL HEAD aoe ee mee [Et anemeinanaos | Darnbntrneieensense 2SEt ota hemispherical head, working pressure, P for 0.3125 in thick i SSPE ook, roxas : out. | *23<20}000%0.85 02% 00 pa2X20000X085%0.3125 5, elt Fh end to she ie han te eSency . 840203125 SEAS sca 2 Magrath nto Px 1Srmal'besppied a Use 03125in- pate c 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD SSE DESIGNDATA ABOVE Co eS Detmin te egoied ies ofa Pesan » - Dette madam ate ~~ ase : Setar Peg ia 4] * a + 0.20 10029525, in, | seamless head, when it is in ted CS WSE=OF Be07 ee y it 2X 20,000 X 10X 0.250 ssi a Te spo ea ie le ema sca gui | 19s Gara inksectak suse Sess 00350 ‘ b= ba Un037Sin ik had20 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION 'P = Design pressure of max. allowable working pressure ps ress value of material psi, page Inside diameter, inches angle, degrees Le Inside radius of di joint efficiency, page 172 ‘Wall thickness, inches R= Inside radius, inghes cA. inches 109 7 = Inside knuekle radius, inches Corrosion allowance, inches ‘One half ofthe included (apex) \ CONE anv CONICAL SECTION ‘“Teosa(SE—O6P)| PD 2SEt cos a D+i2cos a (Code Appendix I 1. The half apex angle, @ not greater than 20° 2 Whenatis greater than 30" special snalysiis required » (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) When Yin = 16% E "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD P: SEL OaaSL FOL ‘When the min, tensile strength of material exceeds 70,000 pai see Code UG-32(e) VALUES OF FACTOR “M™ a it EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA B= Be ees sie acs of ah P= 100 psi design pressure nches inside diameter ‘S = 20,000 psi stress value of 4 required wall thickness, inches SAS15¢70 pate 300 a= 30°One half ofthe apex angle B= 085 cticlony Feperexamined CA. = 0.125 inches coroston allowance Joints * incorroded condition greater with = 1.00, jointefficiency o seamless the corrosion allowance heads SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE 0s 30°= 0.866 Determine the required thickness, | rofa cone 100 96.25 ‘PRUE ,000 X08S-XTO) 978 Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick cone, when the vessel is in new condition, 2X20000X 085X0500X 0856595 sca onasin. | PSPS osooxasos vas | ‘Use 0,500 in, plate (ee pestonpata anove SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE | Lir= 164 | Determine the required thickness, eof a | seamless ASME flanged and dished head. | 0.885 100%96.125 F000 .0=0.1 x 105 025% CA O.125in O55T in, Us20,5625in plate Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.5625 in, thick seamless head, when the vessel is in new condition. a 885 X 96 +0.1 X 0.5625 2 psi SEEDENGNOATRABOVE Knuekleradusr= 6in.Lr= % =16 o73 em be | Determine the required thickness tof a | seamless ASME flanged and dished head. Te] hal ro aas ae) aaoP anal ™]acel |e latent thick seamless bead when the vessel is z in| Incorroded condition. HFT SF ae! al acl Yael Ah aad I ill coc ‘Exz0.000-02 100-7! oa So > m3 20.000 1005625194 ps Lie [.s0] s0|°*hrasl! [us 163 CA pe P96 125 x1.75+02 «0.437514 P fo Ci = Mu pas]? sa sl fr scol fas Phra Shr Use 0.5625 in, min thick head + TARITUR ALLOWED RATIO': L = D+ (ee nave on frag sar) SEEDESEDATAAEOVE Rares aes ae Determinethe maximum allowable working pressure, P for a 0.5625 in, NOTE: When the ratio of Lis greater than 63, fnon-Code construction) the values ofores 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD PD 2ske 29E+18P 1.8 || Determine the required thickness rofa seamless ellipsoidal head 10096 For elipoidal heads, where dhe ratio of the major and rminor tx othr than 2, so Code Appendix I-40 ; ‘ DNOUHDOX TDK TO OE 4c 0.125, D364: ‘Use 0.375 in. min. thick head 2 - INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS DESIGN DATA = 1.00, jointeffcieney ofseamless 100 psi design pressure heads NOTATION {$= 20,000psi stress value of R= 48 inches ouside radius = Joint eiciency, page 172 |” SA 515-70plate@ 500F D= 96 inches outside diameter P= Desig pressure or max, allowable f= Outseraur tes | £ = 085 efficiency of spotexamined 1 = Required wall thickness, inches s sn is of ieril psi, D = Ouse dame, aces joints of shell and! CA. = 01128 inches corrosion allowance 189 PRP Cal = Canoson allowance, inches a | SEEDESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘ CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)’ | Determine the required thickness, ¢ | ofa shell i ; a Determine the maximamallowabe t PR SE in | Wotking pressure, P for 0.4375 in. thie Ft, | ‘" SE+04P Pe R Ohi BOOWX0RS-0AXTOH O78 | shell when the vessel isin new condi- 0.125 in, + 204 Se ecnereremeeel spok seagate | PaReon osars 1m pare 6 | Use: 0.4375 in. thiek pate 2. When the wall thicknes exceds one al ofthe inside | ‘adler or P exeets 0385 SE, the formulassivende | || the Code Appendit 1 shall be apled L ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE . ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD | Head furnished without straight flange. | Determine the required thickness, tof | Determine the maximum allowable fn oe |, , hemispherical head. orkigpresute, Por 3135 in shck 1 soe PO P Fy pe 10048 gig, | eas when the vessel isin new aE + OH | | ergmpateneroncr ote | conan | | rer esse a For heads without a sraigh fang, ase the eff i a i SPinebeadto shel janet tele inan the effcensy | 266i. 48-08 X03125, ss ‘ofthe seas inthe head ‘Use: 0.3125 in. min thick head 22. When the wall thickness exceeds 0.356 Ro Percents (0,6 SE the formas given inthe Code Appendix 1.SSshal be pple. c ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.375 in. thick head, when itis in new conditrs 24 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS EXAMPLES dt THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED RATIO : L-t=D. (Gee note on facing page) UDESIGNDATA Treads NOTATION on [B= 100ps design presare Ro 88 nes ouside ais P = Design pressure or max. allowable a= One half ofthe incloded (apex) | $= 20,000 psi stress value of a= soeonehnifettic eagle orang pressure pa Stele, depres SA Sipe S00 @ = a onehalfortieapexanle ss Whe of sera) a ae > Di tae dpe oats eenorrersamines Regu wal ines, ches = Hin tie, age ca lis ‘ate | 2= P00: jointeiciency ofseamtess _CA. = 0.185 inches corrosion allowance = Ouse radu nebes emotion allowance nc SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE, 7 CONE anv CONICAL SECTION Ce Determine the maximum allowable. Determine the required thickness, ¢ working pressure, P for 0.500 in, thick Sane at cone in new condition, Tea ceroIn| =paowera |p “SORGaxoasnH em : in, | p-2%20000%085%0500%0.866 ee aa 96 ~(085X0.500 0.866) x t 04ST in. Di o_ 1. ‘The half apex angle, a not grester than 30° ‘Use: 0,500 in. thick plate erat ccuiataiee as SG aaemeamed SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ur 168 E ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD Determine the required thickness, tof a a (TORISPHERICAL WEAD) seamless ASME Hanged and dished | Determine the maximum allowable ea working peste, Por 625 nhc ‘When “ie es seamless head, when the vessel is in puc0885X100X96__5 95, | cottoded condition. 20}000% L008 100 5625-0125 =04375 1 O88SPL po SEL | SE+O.8P ‘UseL-oH || 2A cntsin |p 2UOMXLOXOASTS 95 5 ; Osi8in : When “Less Than 16% I Use: 0.5625 in. min. thick head | [SeeDEsIGNDaTa Bow SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE PLM. 2SEt | Knuckle radius r= 6 in, Lir Kauckle radius r= 6 in. L/r= © =16 When the min. tenstestength | tee PLM | po 28 || & of material exceeds 70,000 ps. BERPORUD | P°ME=HH=OD |) | Me=1.75 from table M=1.75 from table, fee Code 06-326) | | Determine he required hickoes ots | nine the maximum allowable ‘VALUES OF FACTOR M [Rea SSS ASME Flanged and dished | working pressure, Pfora 0.3625 in. al asl be] bee ete 10096115 | thick seamless head when the vessel is ae Pal ol eal aaeP al lead Tel eal] | maa lXQIs —onvin | Inconel contin raps] stash eat] loaf Palla] sca apps, | ro fXEAIMRLOX OATS pg ra] = in] haa) hel al> | in be nso) |o.sol lias soll 10d] | eo 5625in min wierd | aol eae 8L gol 4 sel S® 9 ally | NOTE: When the ratfo of Lis greater than 16 , (non-Code construction) the values oF L May be eaeulated by the formula: M='¥@ +i)26 2 INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES a NOTATION ion a DESIGN DATA P_ = Internal or extemal design pressure psi E=joint efficiency P = 300 psi design pressure Essjoint efficiency = Inside ameter of shel, in, @ = 26 in. inside diameter of shell faximum allowable stress value of material, psi $ =17,100 psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate {= Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. }}) = 4/345 in required thickness of seamless shell for pressure. ‘n ee thickness lca Sf corrosion allowance, in. 1, = 0.3125 in. actual thickness of shell (, =Minimum required thickness of seamless shell for pressure, in. | ICKN 4, = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. Aetna be lemeeecascaietameneecemeara a CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS t= dVO13 PSE This formula shall be applied: 1, When d does not exceed 24 in. 2. td is not less than 0.03, nor greater than 0.25 3. The head thickness, 4, is not less than the shell thickness, 1, VCPISE C= 0334/1, © min. = 0.20 Ia value of 4/,ess than 1 is used in ‘calculating tthe shell thicknes shall be D 24min. nor less than 1.251, [heed not be greater than 1 ss, = <1 ths ‘maintained along a distance inwardly from the inside face ofthe head equal to at least ar, bolted flat heads, covers, blind flanges Code UG-34; other types of closures Code UG-35 | Use 1.25 in, head | The ratio of head thickness to the diameter of the shel is satisfactory t= d VOIS PSE = 24 (0:13 x 30077,100x1 = 1.146in. Checking the limitation of 0.052 mw SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE 0.243 C= 0.33 = 0.33 ————= 0.26 i 03125 = d (OBE = 24 NO 26x 300/17 T0OKT = 1.620in, Use 1.625 in plate Using thicker plate for shell, lesser thickness will be satisfactory for the head, 0.375 in. 471 in. Use 1.635 in. plate ‘The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 «af, from the inside face of the head EXOT = 6 ina —_ PRESSURE — TEMPERATURE RATINGS || PRESSURE OF FLUID i STATIC HEAD Class 150 Ib. | 300 Ib.|_ 400 1b.| 600 1b.| 900 Ib,|_ 1,500 Ib.| 2,500 Ib] Hydrostatic test, 450 | 1,125] 1,500 2,225] 3,350] 5,575 | 9,275 |[F} The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the yressure, psig | pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or at bottom Pp ) PSS | of the vessel and is due to the height af the fluid above the point at which the Temperature, F [ MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE PSIG) | pressure is considered. =20t0 100 | 285 | 740 | 990 [1,480 | 2,220] 3,705 | 6,170 f, The static head when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the 200 260 | 675 | 900 | 1,350 | 2,025) 3,375 | 5,625 |p vessel: 400 200 | 635 | 845 | 1,270 | 1,900} 3,170 | 5,280 | pater . 600 140 | 550 | 730 | 1095 | 1640] 2,735 | 4'560 |P | Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch for Different Heads of Water 650 125 535 71S | 1,075 | 1,610] 2,685 | 4,475 ea 700 10 535 710 | 1,065 4,440 4 a pa So RHEE EE eS 750 95 505 | 670 | 1,010 | 1,510} 2,520 | 4,200 D 866 9.53 9S 1039 1082 1126 1169 1212 1256 Pee ee ee Sey | eu Q am aa a 805 | 1,340 | 2,230 XD 2165 BO 252 WIS 2338 2381 2425 2468 25.11 25.55 900 50 | 170 | 230 | 345} SIS) 860 | 1,430 © 2598 2641 2685 2728 27.71 28.14 2858 29.01 2944 29.88 | NOTE: One foot of water at 62° Fahrenheit equals .433 pound pressure per square A105 (1) A 350 Gr. LF2 (1) A 350 Gr. LF6 Cl. 1 (4) A216 Gr. WCB (1) Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding to A515 Gr. 70 (1) A516 Gr. 70 (1) @) A537 CL.1.@) Certain Pressure in Pounds per Square inch NOTES: (1) Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800 ° sure, 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 ae pap @) Not to be used over 850 °F, | : pr 9 23 46 69 92 lis 9 162 185 208 (3) Not to be used over 700 °F. 10 231 254 «277 300 323 346 369 393 416 439 | @ Not to be used over 500 °F. 2 42 485 S08 531 S54 517 60 6A? TO | Fangs: ofANSIBIGS sal pot bewedforhigherratingsexcetwheeit || 2 @3 He HS fea Mb BI BI BL Sra Sot is justified by the design methods of the Code. 90 1155 1178" 120.1 1224 1247 1270 1293 1316 1339 1363 Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressed H 1386 1409 182 1455 Lars 1501 1524 1547 1370 1593 ‘as gage pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated a eae fer fod Here Eaagte neat aiteck acto nd ee shown. mie a % 2079 21022125 2148 217.1 2194 2217 240 2263 2286 emperatures are those on th inside of the pressure-contaning shell of the NOTE: One pound of presqure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water flange. In general, itis the same as that of the contained material Gor Fownbelt Thetatee: to End the foot head of wales for any pressure not Flanged fittings shall be hydrostatically tested, given in the table above, multipy the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309.30 31 For quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various TABLES. materials and at a different degree of radiographic examination. A Stress values at temperature ~20° to $00 °F. SAS3B SA285C SA 515-60 SA 515~ SA 516-60 SA 516-70 BIE, 13,345, 14,535 17,000 100% J. E, 15,700 17,100 20,000. B Ratios of Stress Values 13,343_[14535_[ 15,700 [17,000 _[17,100_[20,000 i345 [ 1.09 118 127 | 1.28 | 1.49 14,535_[ 0.92 = 1.08 iy} das 7137 15,700__[ 0.85 0.92 = 108 [1.09 [1.27 17,000 | 0.79. 0.86 0.93 = 1.01 | 1.18 17,100 | 0.78 0.85 [0.92 0.99) = 17] 20,000 | “0.67 0.73 10.79) 0.85__| 0.86 = ‘Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head ‘materials. ‘Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. EXAMPLE: | 1. For a wessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required| thickness 0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 Ibs. 2, What plate thickenss will be required, and what will the weight of the vessel be using SAA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination: In case 1. The stress value of the material 17,000 In case 2. The stress value of the material 15,700 ‘The ratio of the two stress values from Table B=1.08 In this proportion the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel will be increased, 0.4426 « 1,08 = 0.4780 in. 12600 x 1.08 = 13608 Ib. EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN PRESSURE ‘When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and stamped with the maximum allowable external working pressure. It is recommended that a suitable margin is provided when establishing the ‘maximum allowable external pressure to allow for pressure variation in service. Code UG-28((). ‘Vessels intended for service under external working pressure of 15 psi and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of this Division are also satisfied. Code UG-28(1). This shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature be- low minus 20°F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code UCS-66(c)(2) or Code UHA-51(b) to avoid the necessity of impact test. Vessels with lap joints: Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket: Code UG-28(i). TEST PRESSURE Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall ‘be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic test is not practicable, to a pneumatic test. Code UG-99(f). Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1% times the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(f). Pneumatic test: Code UG-100. The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for Pressure Vessels Section VII, Div. 1, The charts on pages 42-47 are excerpted from this Code.Cis 32 3B EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION ‘Extomal design pressure, pig. ‘Maximum allowable wordng pressure, ps Outside diameter, in. aioe ‘the lengthy in of vessel section between: 1." circumferential line ona head at one-third the depth ofthe 2, eaangent ne, & jackets '. cone-to-cylinder junction or knuckle-to-cylinder junction of a toriconical head or section, ie + = Minimum required fal tceress in nee: CYLINDRICAL SHELL. Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints is Peso of sci PRR epg mee "SREB Liar = Move horizontally to the line representing D,/1, From the point of intersection move ver= {ieally to determine the value of factor 4. 4, Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43.47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable temperature line*. 5. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B. Compute the maximum allowable working pres- VESSEL 7 sure, Py If the maximum allowable working pressure is t smaller than the design the design ‘the ves. For values of A falling to the left of the applicable température line, the value of P an be calculated by the formula: DAE 3D.) When the value of Do/t is less than 10, the formulas given in the°Code UG-28(0\2) ‘shall be anplied, eed RIN Pe VESSEL WITH STIFFENING RING DESIGN DATA P = 1S pee. external design pressure D, = 96 in, outside diatmeter of the shell Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft. 0 in. = $76 in. Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material of shell SA - 285 C plate ‘Temperature 500° F E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi. @ $00 °F (see chart ‘on page 43) Determine the required shell thickness. [Assume a shell thickness: 1 = 0.50 in. (see page 49) Length £= $92 in, length of shell $76 in, and one third of the depth of heads 16 in.) L/D, = 592/96 = 6.17 D,/t= 96/0.5= 192 (00007 from chert (page 42) determined by the procedure described on the facing page. ince the value of is falling tothe left ofthe applicable temperature-line in Fig, CS-2 (pg. 43), P, = 2AE/S(D/1)= 2x 0.00007 x 27,000,000]3 x 192* 6.56 psi Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is smaller than the design pressure P stiffening rings shall be provided. Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads, Length of one vessel section, L= 200 in(Length of shell 192 in. plus one third of depth of head 8 in.) L/D,= 200/96 2.08 Do/t= 96/0.5= 192 ‘A= 0,00022 from chart (page 42) {B= 3000 from chart (page 43) determined by the procedure described on facing page. Py = 4B/3(D./1) = 4 x 3000/3 x 192* 20.8 psi. 48-0" Tan-Tan Since the maximum allowable pressure Pe is ageater than the design pressure P, the assumed thickness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory. See page 40 for design of stiffening rings. ey=eSHLEIN