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no conPOTHBnEHHIO
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5JKOBJJeB A. n •• MaTBeeB B. B.; ÜTB. pe.it. nucapeHKO C.- 2-er. H3,ll.,
nepepal'S. u .iton.- Kuee: HayK. .llYMKa, 1988.- 736 c. - ISBN
5-12-000299-4.
B cnpaeoqHHKe npuee.iteHbl cse)leHHll no ocHOBHblM eonpocaM Kypca
conpoTHBJleHHJI M3TepH3JIOB .11.JIJI BblClllHX TeXHH'leCKHX y11e6HblX sase.11.e·
HHH, a T3KlKe .ll3HHble no pesynhT3T3M paC'leTa Hau6onee THDH'lHblX 3JJe·
MeHTOB KOHCTpyKU.HH.
nnll HHlKeHepHO·TeXHHqeCKHX paÓOTHHKOB p33JIHqHblX COeU.H3JlbHO•
CTeií, npaKTnqecKall ,llel!TeJJbHOCTb KOTOpblX CBll33H3 e pacqeT3MH Ha npoq-
HOCTh, CTy,D;eHTOB BblClllHX TeXHH'leCKHX yqeÓHblX 33Be,lleHHA, npeDO,ll3B3•
TeJ!eA H acnHpaHTOB, S8HHM310!D;HXCJI sonpocaMH conpoTHBJleHHll MaTepHa•
.noB H CTpOHTe.T.lhHOH MeX3HHKl1.
Hn. 1114. Ta6n. 62. Bttl'SJ!Horp.: c. 724-725.

0TBeTCTBeHHblA pe,D;aKTOp
8K8AeMHK AH YCCP r. c. nucape11uo

CTe'laTaeTCll no nOCT8HOBJleHHIO ;yqeHOfO COBeTa

MucTHTyTa npo6neM npoqHoCTH AH YCCP
e perneHHIO pe,D;aKU.HOHHOA KOJIJierHM cnpaso•rnoA JIHTepaTyphl AH YCCP

Pe1taKUHJ1 cnpaeoqeoA JIHTepaTypa

3ase.11.y10m;HA pe.11.aKUHeA B. B. flan10KOa
Pe¡¡aKTOP A. e. ellbllU,eHK.O

2105000000-509
n M22t (Ó4)-88 KY..3-20-88

ISBN ¡¡..12-000299.4 © l1S,ll8TeJlhCTBO «H8YKOB8 .11.YMK~», 1975

© l13.it3TeJlhCTBO cHayKOBa
HiMeHeHHff, ,ll;ODOJIHeHHH,
.llYMKa~,
1988
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npe)lHCJIOBHe KO BTOpOMy H3)13HHIO 8

npe)lHCJIOBHe . 9

r JI a B a l. Bee)l,eHHe 11
1.1. 06m;tte cse)leHHll o conpOTHBJleHHH MaTepttaJIOB. HsyqaeMble
OÓ'beKTbl • • • . , • . . . . . . . ~ • . . . 11
1.2. BH)lbl )le<f>opM3UHfi. noHllTHe O )lecpOpMHpOB3HHOM COCTOllHHH M3-
TepH3Jl3 13
1.3. ÜCHOBHble rHnoTe3bl 15

f JI a B a 2.- feoMeTpH'leCKHe xap8KTepHCTHKH llJIOCKHX Ce'leHHÜ. 16

2.1. CTaTH'leCKHii MOMeHT nJ1om;a)lH. UettTp TllJKeCTH nJioIUa)lH 16
2.2. MoMeHTbl HHepUHH nnocKHX ljmryp • 17
2.3. MoMeHTbl HHepmrn CJIOlKHblX ce'leHHii . • 19
2.4. MoMeHThl HHepUHH OTHOCHTeJJhHO napanneJJbHblX oceí! • 20
2.5. 3aBHCHMOCTb Me:lK)ly MOMeHT3MH HHepUHH npH nosopOTe KOGp-
)lHH3THh!X oceii . • 20
2.6. Onpe)leneHHe ttanpaBJieHHll rJiaBHblX oceí! irnepuHH. fnaBHble
MOMeHTbl HHepUHH 21
2. 7. fpa<f>H'!eCKOe npe)lCT3BJJeHHe MOMeHT-OB HHepll.HH. floHllTHe
o pa)lHyce u 9JIJJHm::e HHepUHH 23
2.8. MoMeHThI conpoTHsneHHll 26
2.9. flopll)lOK pac'leTa 27
r JI a B a 3. BHelllHHe H BHyTpeHHHe CHJlhl. MeTO)l Ce'lettuA. .3mopb1
BHyTpeHHHX CHJI. HanpllJKeHHJI B Ce'!eHHH l 02
3.1. KnaccmjJHK3UHll BHeIIIHHX CHJJ . . . • • . . . • 102
3.2. BHyrpeHHHe CHJJhl. Mero)l ce'!eHHñ. 3mopbl sttyTpeHHHX CHJJ 103
3.3. BanKH H HX onopbl IC6
3.4. BhI'!HcneHHe peaKu.Hii • • • • . • • • • 1C8
3.5. YcH.'IHll H MOMeHThl B Ce'leHHllX 6aJIKH. nocrpoeHHe 9Il!Op Q H M 109
3.6 . .Ump<jlepenUHaJ1hHh1e saBHCHMOCTH npH H3rtt6e 6aJIOK. HeKOTO-
pble oco6ettttocTH smop Q H M . 111
3.7. nocTpoeHHe 9Il!Op )lJ!ll CT3Tll'leCKH onpe)leJJHMblX p3M IJ3
3.8. DOCTpOeHHe 9Ill0p )lJ!ll KpHBblX CTepJKHeii 114
8. 9. ,UttcpcpepeHUH3JlhHble 33BHCHMOC'[H nptt H3íHÓe DJIOCKHX KpHBblX
cTepxrneí! . • . . 136
3.10. flocrpOeHHe 3ll!Op BHyTpeHHHX CHJI )lJlll npOCTp3HCTBeHHb!X
cTep;.¡rneii . 136
3.11. Hanpl!JKeHHll s ce'!eHHH . . • l 38
3.12. YcJIOBHll npo'IHOCTH H JKecTKocTH , 140
3
r JI a B a 4. MexaHH'leCKHe xapaKTepucT Hl<H MaTepRaJJa n1rn pao 11-
ll<eHHH R cJKaTuu. KoHI~eHTpauu11 uanpsiJKenuA. ,l(onycKaeMbie Ha-
np11JKeHHS1 143
4.1. HanpmKeHH!I H )le<jJopMaUHH npu pacT!l)l{eHHH u c»<aTHH • 143
4.2. 11cnhlTaHHe MaTepHaJIOB Ha paCT!l}KeHHe, C»<aTHe H TBep)lOCTb 146
4.3. TioH!ITHe o MexattHsMe o6pasoBaHH!I )le<jJopMauuA • 153
4.4. KouuenTp aum1 Han p!l}f{eHllii • • . . . • • • • . . . 156
4.5. BJIH!IHHe pasJIHQHhlX <jJaKropoB Ha MexaHllQeCKHe cBolicTBa MaTe·
pHaJ10B • . . . . . 158
4.6 . .UonycKaeMhle Hanp!1}!{€HH!I 163
f JI a B a 5. HanpSIJKeHHOe R .11.ecfiopMupoeaHHOe COCTOAHHe , 184
5.1. Hanp11}f(eHH!I B TOQKf' ÍJiaBttble DJioma)lKH H rJiaBHbJe Hanp!I·
}f(eHH!I • • . . . . . . • 184
5.2. Jluueii:uoe uanp11)1{eHHOe cocTO!IHl!e 185
5.3. TIJIOCKOe Hanp¡¡}f{eHHOe COCTOllHHe • . . • • • . • 186
5.4. Tip11Mall sa)laqa nptt DJIOCKOM HanpH}f{eHHOM cocTO!IHHH. Kpyr
uanpl!}f{eHHii . . . IE8 ~ l
5.5. 06paTHa!I aa)laqa npH DJIOCKOM Hanp!l)l{eHHOM COCTO!IHl!H 189
5.6. 06'beMHOe Hallp!l}f{eHHOe COCTO!IHHe . • . . . . . 190
5.7 . .Ue<fJopMaumi nptt o6'heMHOM HanpHJKeHHOM cocro!IHHH. Oóc6·
meHHhlii saKOH fyKa . . . • • IS2
5.8. TioTeHUHaJihHa!I 9Heprttll ¡¡e<jlopMaUHH IS4
r JI a B a 6. KpHTepHH npo'IHOCTH 196
6.1. ÜCHOBHble TeopHH npOQHOCTH . . • • . . • 196
6.2. TioH!ITHe o HeK0Toph1x noa&rx reopH!!X npoqHOCTH 200
r JI a B a 7. PaCT!IJKeHHe H ClKal He . 208
7.1. PacqeT crep)l{Hei\ na paCT!ll!(eHHe (c}f{aTHe) e yqeTOM COÓCTBeH-
Hora seca . . . . . 208
7.2. CTepJKeHb paeHoro conpoTHBJieHHll pacT!l)l{eHHIO (C)l{3TH!O).
CTyneHqaThlA cTep}f{eHb . • 209
7.3. CTaTaqecKH Heonpe)leJIHMble KOHCTpyKllHH • 210
7.4. PacqeT rHÓKHX HHTeii: • 215
r JI a B a 8. C¡¡ear . 223
8.1. CJlBHr. PacqeT Ha cpes • 223
8.2. qHCThlil C)lBllr . . . • . • • 224
8.3. HeKOTOpble npttMepbI pacqeTa Ha cpe3 226
r JI a B a 9. Kpy<1eHHe 233
9.1. HanpmKeHHll H )le<jJopMaumi npn Kpy'leHHH 233
9.2. KpyqeHHe cTep}f{Hel! HeKpyrJioro ceqeHH!I . 2:l8
9.3. PacqeT BHHTOBblX npy)l{HH 242
9.4. KoHueHTpaUH!I ttarrpH}f(eHttli npH KpyqeHHll 244
f JI a B a 10. l.farH6 249
10.1. HopMaJ1hHh1e HallpllllieHHll npH DJIOCKOM H3rtt6e 249
10.2. KacaTeJihHbie Hanpll}f{eHnll npn H3rtt6e . • 252 1
I0.3. Pacq eT Ha npoqHocTh npn H3rH6e . . 254 1
10.4. KoHueaTpaunll aanp!l)l{eHHií nptt H3rtt6e . . • • • . • . 257
I0.5. nmf><t>epeHUHaJlbHOe ypaBHeHHe H30fHyTOH OCH 6aJIKH (ynpyroii \
JIHHHH) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 261

4
10.6. Onpe)leJiemie nepeMemem1ti B 6aJrnax no Me1o:¡y 11a<1aJibHbrx
napaMeTpOB • . . • • • . . • . . . . . . • . 265
10.7. Pac'leT l'SaJIOK nepeMe•rnoro ceqeH1111 Ha npoqHOC'Tb 11 }f{eCTKOCTb 26CJ
10.8. Pac'!eT Ha H3rH6 e y'leTOM CHJ! HHepu.1111 274
10.9. K.acaTeJibHble Hanpll>KeJIH!I npH H3rH6e l'SaJIOK TOH!(QCTeHHOrO
npo<jJHJISI. UeHTp 113r116a • 275
JO. JO. o pacqeTe 6aJIOK llll ynpyroM OCHoBaHHH • • • 278
10.11. l13rH6 l'SaJIOK, MalepHaJJ KOTOpbIX He CJie)lyeT saKOHy fyKa 282

r JI a B a 11. CJIOlKHOe conporHBJ1eH11e 303

11.1. CJIOlKHblii H Kocoñ 113r116 303
11.2. l·farttl'S e paCTSI}f{eHHe\I • 307
11.3. J13r116 e KpyqeHneM • 3! l

f JI a B a 12. 06mHe TeopeMbl 06 ynpyfHX CHCTeM8X. 06m11e MeTOJl.bl

onpe){ene1rnSI nepeMemeHRit 318
12.1. Oóo6w;eHHhJe CHJibl 1111epeMemeH1111 . 318
12.2. Pa6oTa BHeIIIHHX CHJI . 320
12.3. Pa6oTa BHyTpeHHHX CHJI • • . • • • • • • • • • 321
12.4. OpttMeHeH11e Ha<iaJJa B03MO}f{Hb1X nepeMemeHttlí: K ynpyrttM CH·
CTeMaM • • . . . • • • • . . . 323
12.5. TeopeMbl o B3aHMHOCTH pal'SoT 11 nepeMemeHRii: . • . 326
12.6. 06w;11e <jJopMyJihl )lJISI onpe,lleJ1eH11SI nepeMemeHttii:. MeTOJl Mapa 326
12. 7. CTepeMemeHHH, BbJ3BaHHble 113MeHe1111eM TeMnepaTypbl 328
12.8. BhJ'IHCJieH11e HHTerpaJia Mopa • . 329
12.9. CT0TeHu11aJihHaSI 9HeprHSI )le<jJopMaUHH . • 331
12. JO. TeopeMa KacTHJihllHO. TeopeMa JlarpaH}f{a 332
12.11. TeopeMa o MHHHMyMe noTeHUHaJibHOlí: 9HeprHH 334
f JI a B a 13. CT8Tlf'leCKH 11eonpeneJIHMble CHCTeMbl 340
13.1. ÜCHOBHble 9Tallbl pacqeTa CTaTHQeCKH Heonpe)leJIHMbJX CI!CTeM 310
13.2. KaHOHH'leCKHe ypaBHeHHSI MeTO)la CHJJ 343
13.3. MHoroonopHble Hepaape3Hble óanKH. YpaBHeHHe rpex MOMeHTOB 356
13.4. Pac'leT CTa111qeCKH HeOnpe)leJIHMbJX KpHBOJIHHeÍIHblX CT!'p}lrneií 359
13.5. Onpe,!l.eJJeHHe nepeMemeHHil B CTaTHQeCKH Heonpe)leJIHMblX CH·
CTeMax • 361
13.6. o
paC'leTe npocrpaHcrseHHbIX paMHblX CHCTeM .. 363

r JI a B a 14. Pac'leT llJIOCKHX KPHBbfX 6pyc&ee 392

14.1. Onpe)leJJeHtte HanpSI:lKeHHii B 6pychSIX l'SOJJhIIIOÍI KpHBH3HhJ 392
14.2. Pac'leT Ha npoqHOCTb • • 397
14.3. Onpe,D.eJJeHHe nepeMemeHttil 397
r JI a B a 15. Pac'leT TOJICTOCTeHHblX UHJIHH)l;poe H spam8IOIUHXCS!
AHCKOB 410
15.1. ToJJcTOCTeHHhJii UHJIHH)lp, no)lBep*eHHbJii: BHyTpeHHeMy 11 na·
py:lKHOMy ,D.aBJieHHIO . • • . 4JO
l5.2. Pac1JeT coc-rasHhJX UHJIHHJJ.pOB . . . . . 415
l5.3. TeMnepaTypHble HanpSI:lKeHHS! B TOJJCTocreHHbJX UHJJHH)lpax 417
15.4. Pac'leT spamaIOmttxc¡¡ .D.HcKOB • • • • . 421

p JI a B a 16. Pac'leT TOHKOCTeHHblX ol'SoJJO'leK 428

16. l. Pacqer TOHKOCTeHHbJX o60JIOQeK no l'SeaMOMeHTHOÍI TeopHH 428
16.2. Pacnop11ble KOJJbUa B o6ono'lK8X 432

s
rn a B a 17. Pac'leT KoHCTpyK~Hit no ape)l,eJ11>t1blM lOCTO!IHHllM . 439
17.1. ÜCHOBH1>1e nOH!ITH!I o npe)leJJbHOM COCTO!IHllH 439
17.2. PacqeTY npu pacT!liKeHHH u CiKaTllH 440
17.3. PacqeT npu 1<pyqeuu11 441
17.4. PacqeT npu uaru6e . 443
r JI a B a 18. YcTOH'IHBOCTb ClKaTblX CTepJKHeil . 447
18.1. YcToliqHaoe ll HeycToliquaoe ynpyroe paa11oaecue • 447
18.2. <I>opMyna 3finepa )lJl!I onpe)leneHH!I KpHTHqecKoii: 11arpy3Kll
ciKaToro cTepiKH!! • 448
18.3. BnH!IHHe ycJIOBHH SaKpenneHH!I KOHUOB CTep1KH!I Ha BeJJHqHHY
KpHT!l'leCKOH CHJlbl . 450
18.4. o DOTepe ycTOH'lHIJOCTll npu HaDp!liKeHll!IX, npeBbllllalOUJ.HX
npe,D;eJI nponopuHoH a!lbHOCTH MaTepnaJla . 453
18.5. PacqeT CiKaTblX CTep:¡¡rneii: Ha ycTOH'IHBOCTb e DOMOlIJ;blO K09<jJ-
<fJuuueHTOB yMeHbllleHH!! OCHOBHOfO )lonycKaeMoro 11anp11iKeHH!I 455
18.6. Bb16op MaTepuana H pauHoHaJJbHOli <jJopMbl nonepe'IHblX ceqe-
HHli CiK3TblX CTepiKHeli • 458
18. 7. CTpo,D;oJ1bHo-nonepeqH1i1li usru6 458
f JI a Ba 19. Ynpyrue KOJie6aHHR • , 510
19.1. KJ1accmtiuKauu11 MexaHH'lecKux KoJ1e6aHHK • • • • • 510
19. 2. Cuo6o,ll;Hhle KOJle6aHH!I CHCTeMbl e O,ll;HOH CTeneHblO CB060)lbl 513
19.3. Bb1HYlKJl.eHHble KOJle6aHH!I CHCTeM e O)lHOH cTeneHblO CH060llhl
npu rapMOHH'lecKoM BOOOYiKlleHHH • • • • 515
19.4. Cao6o,D;HbJe Kone6aHH!I CHCTeMbl e O)lHOH CTeneHblO CBOt'.iO)lbl
e yqeTOM conpOTHBJleHH!I, nponopunoHaJlbHOfO CKOpOCTH 517
19.5. B1i1uylKJl.eHHble KOJle6aHH!I CHCTeMhl e O)lHOH CTeneHblO CH060)lbl
e y'!eTOM conpoTHBJleHH!I, nponopuHOHaJlbHOrO CKOpOCTH 518
19.6. neMJt<fJupyIOJUa!I CDOC06HOCTb MaTepuaJla 521
19. 7. KpHTH'lecKa!I cKopocTb BpameHH!I BaJla • . • 524
19.8. CBo6o,D;Hble KOJie6aHH!I ynpyrux CHCTeM e HeCKOJlbKHMH CTene- ~
H!IMH CH060)lbl • . • . . . . 525
19.9. CTpo,D;oJlbHble u KPYTHJlbHble KoJ1e6aHH!I cTepiKHeli .

1
532
19.10. flonepe'!HbJe KOJle6aHH!I npll3MaTH'!eCK!IX CTep1KHeH 535
19.11. 3aKo!I coxpaHeHH!I 9Heprirn npu KoJ1e6aHH!IX • • • • 539
19.12. HeKoTop¡,¡e npH6nuiKeHHbJe MeTOJlbl onpe)leneHH!I co6cTBeHHbJX
qacTOT Kone6aHHH ynpyrux CHCTeM . • . • • • • . • 540
19.13. 06m;uli MeTO)l pac'!eTa KOJJe6aHHH MeXaHHQeCKHX CHCTeM e yqe-
TOM pacce!IHH!I 9HeprHH 547
f JI a B a 20. ConpoTHBJleHlte MaTepuaJIOB JJ.eiÍCTBHIO DOBTOpHo-nepe-
MeHHblX Hanp!llKeHHH 579
20.1. 51BJleHHe ycTaJJOCTH MaTepuanoB • • . • 579
20.2. MeTO)lbl onpe)leJJeHH!I npe)lena BbJHOCJIHBOCTH. nuarpaMMbl
ycTaJJOCTH . • . • . . . . . . . . 581
20.3. BnHllHHe "ª npe)leJI BblHOCJlllBOCTH KOHCTpyKTHBHO-TeXHOJIOrH·
'!eCKHX <jJaKTopoB . . • • . . . . . . . 585
20.4. PacqeT Ha npo'IHOCTb npu noBTOpHo-nepeMeHHblX HarpyaKax 590
20.5. noH!ITHe o Ma!lOUHKJIOBOÜ ycTaJJOCTH MaTepuanoB • • . 596
r JI a B a 21. Pac'!eT Ha YJlª!>flYIO Harpy3KY • 606
21.1. PacqeT Ha YllªP npu oceaoM )lelicTBHH Harpy3KH • 606
21.2. Hanp11iKeHHe npH CKpyquaaIOIUeM y)lape • • • 610
21.3. PacqeT Ha YJlªP npH usru6e • • 611
6
r JI a B a 22. OcHOBbl MexaHHKH pa3pymeHHH fi 16
22.J. 06¡¡¡He llOHHTfül , 616
22.2. XpynKoe paspy!lleHHe • • • 617
22.3. CHJIOeble KpHTepuu paspy!lleHHH 619
22.4. YGeT nnacTHqecKolí: sOHhJ . . . . • • 623
22.5. MeTO)lHKa 9KcnepuMeHTaJJbHOro onpe)leJieHH!! B513KOCTH pa3py·
!lleHHH KOHCTPYKUHOHHblX MaTepttaJIOB 625
r JI a B a 23. KoHT3KTHble HanpmKeHHH 627
23.1. ÜCHOBHbie nOHHTll!! H <l>OPMYJibl )lJI!! onpe)leJieHIHI KOHTaKTHblX
HanpH»<eHuli u )le<jlopMauulí: • . • 627
23.2. CTposepKa npoqHoCTH npH KOHTaKTHbJX Hanpm1<e111rnx • 631
fl p H JI O iK e H H H 614
1. <l>H3HKO·MexauuqecKHe CBOHCTB3 MaTepH3JIOB (JlJJH opHeHTHpO-
soqHblX pacqeTOB) • • . • 644
2. Kos<l><l>HuHeHTbl KOHUeHTpauuu HanpH}f{eHHH H qysCTBHTeJJbHOCTH
K KOHueHTpauHH Han pHiKeHHH 680
3. <l>yHKUHH Kpb1nosa S, T, U, V 706
4. <l>yHKUHH KpblnOsa )lJJH pacqeTa 6anOK noCTOHHHOro ceqeuHH Ha
ynpyroM OCHOBaHHH 717
CTepeqeHb Tal'Snuu 720
11cnoJJb3oBaHHaR JIHTepaTypa 724
CTpe)lMeTHb!Ü yKa3aTeJlb 726
 nPE.D,"1CnOBl-1E KO BTQPOMY 113.D,AHHIO

l1s,llaHHbIH B 1975 r. «C"n;:>1BO'IHHK llO corrpoTHBJieHHIO MaTepHaJioB:o,

ll KOTOpOM B OTJIH'!He OT llO,ll;OÓHbIX crrpaBO'IHHKOB rrpHBe¡¡eHbl He TOJJbKO
OKOH'!aTeJibHble pacqeTHble <l>opMyJibl, Tal'SJJHllbl H rpa<jJHKH, HO H TeopeTH'le-
CKHe OCHOBbl rro yqe61rnKy r. C. CTKcapeHKO, B. A. ArapeBa, A. JI. KBHT·
KH, B. r. norrKOBa, 3. c. YMaHCKOro t.CorrpoTHBJieBHe MaTepHaJIOB))
(BToporo H TpeTbero us¡¡auuli), rrpKol'SpeJI rrorryJll1puocTb KaK B Harneii
CTpaBe, TaK H sa pyl'Se)KOM. ÜH Hs¡¡aBaJJCll B 1979 r. Ha HC!laHCKOM
H <jJpaHUYSCKOM ll3b1Kax, a B 1985 r. - Ha rropTyraJibCKOM, a TaK)Ke BTO-
pHqHo Hs¡¡a¡.¡ Ha HC!laHCKOM H <flpaHUY3CKOM l!SbJKax.
B CBll3H e l'SoJÍ.blllHM crrpocoM, a TaK)Ke uaKOIIHBlllHMHCR sa noCJie¡¡ttHe
ro.!(bl HOBblMH ¡¡aHHblMH llO eorrpoCaM corrpoTHBJJeHHÍI MaTepttaJJOB BOS·
HliKJia Heol'SXO)lll\IOCTb B rrepeHSJ(aHHH crrpaBO'IHHKa Ba pyCCKO\I ll3b1Ke.
B npeitJiaraeMOM H3)laHHH aBe.D.eHa Me)K,1tyttapo¡¡Ra11 'CHCTeMa e¡¡1rnHrr (Cl1),
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Haeu6 (p11c. 6) aaKJJIO'laeTCH B 11cKp11aneHHH oc11 npHMoro cTep>KHH
HJJ 11 B H3MeHeHllH KpHB113Hbl Kp11eoro crep)KH!I, Dpo11cxoAHW.ee np11 1 3·
r116e nepeMem.eHlle KaKoii-n1160 T04Kll OCH CTep)l{HSI Bbipa)KaeTCH BeKtopcM,
H34aJJo KOToporo COBMem.eHO e nepBOH3'13JlbHblM IlOJJO)KeHHeM T04KH, a
JWHeu - e IlOJJO)KeHlleM TOH me TO'IKll B Aecj>opM11poaaHHOM CTep)l{He.
B npHMblX crep*H!lx nepeMe111.eu11H TOtJeK, uanpaeneHHble nepneHAllKY· ~
JJS!pHo K HatJaJJbHOMY nono>KeHlllO OCll, Ha3b!Ba!OTCH npoeu6aMU. 0603Ha• .\
'IHM npor116bl 6yKBoii w, a ua1160JiblIIllH 113 HllX - 6yKaoü f. ITp11 113r116e
TaK*e npo11cxoii,11r noeopor ceqeu11ii crep)l{HH BoKpyr oceii, ne*aw.11111
B IlJIOCKOCTSIX Ce4eHllH. Yrnb! noaopora CeqeHllH OTHOCl!TeJJbHO CBOllX Ha•
4aJJbHb!X IlOJIO)KeHllH o603Ha'lllM 6yKBOii q¡.
Ha H3r116 pa6oTalOT 6aJJKll MeJKii,y9Ta>KHb!X nepeKpb!TllÜ, MOCTOB, OCH
)KeJie3HOAOpO>KHblX earoHoB, JIHCTOBble peccopb!, BaJibl, sy6bff llleCTepeH,
cn11ubl Konec, pb!'lar11 11 MHorHe ,apyr11e ii,eran11.

14
 On11caHHb1e Bbillle npocTeiill!He 11e<tiopMaU11ll CTepLKHll 11aioT npe11crns-
Jie1rne 06 113Me11eHHH ero qiopMbl H pasMepOB B UCJIOM, HO HHqero He TOBOpl!T
o c1 eneH11 11 xa paKTepe iJecpop1ttupo6a1tHOi!O cocmoHH uR MaTepttaJia. l1ccJie-
J\OBaHHll noKa3b!BaIOT, qTo 11ectiopM11poBaHHOe COCTOl!Hlle TeJia l!BJil!eTCl!
HrpaBHOMepHblM 11 113MeHl!eTCl! OT ToqKH K TOqKe. Tip11 9TOM 11ectiopM11po-
B3HHOe COCTOl!Hl!e B ToqKe TeJia nOJIHOCTblO onpe.z¡eJil!eTCll ll!eCTblO KOJI-
no¡.¡e¡.¡maMU iJecpopMa~uu: TpeMl! OTHOCllTeJibHbIMll JIHHeiiHblMll 11e<I;opMa·
UHHMll Ex, ey, Ez H TpeMSI OTHOCl!TeJ!bHblMll yrnOBblMll 11e<f>opMaUHHMll YxU•
'\'xz, Yuz·
1.3. OcHoeHble nmoTe3bl

Jl.•TlI nOCTpOel!Hll T€0p1111 conpOTllBJI€HHll MaTepHaJIOB npHHHMalOT pll.zt

r11n0Te3 o CTpyKType 11 CBOHCTBax MaTep11aJIOB, a TaK)KC o xapaKrepe 11e-
ctiopMau11ii.
l. I'unomesa o cnAoumocmu 1ttamepuaAa. ITpe11nOJiaraeTCH, qTo Mare·
p11aJI noJIHOCTblO 3anoJI11HeT aa1111MaeMblH HM o6'beM. AToMHCTHqecKaH
reopHlI JlllCKpeTHOrO cTpoeHl!ll BeIUeCTBa BO BHl!Mal!He 11e npHHHMaeTCll.
2. I'unomeaa 06 oiJ¡.¡opoiJ¡.¡ocmu u uaompon¡.¡ocmu. ITpe.z¡noJiaraeTcH,
qTo CBOiÍCTBa MaTepHaJia 0111111aKOBbl BO BCex TOqKaX 11 B Ka)K.z¡Oii T04Ke -
so acex HanpaaJieHHl!X. B HeKoTOpbIX cJiyqa¡¡x npe11noJIO:lKeH11e 06 11a0Tpo-
n1111 MaTepHaJia 11enp11eMJieMo. TaK, aHHSoTponHblMll l!BJil!IOTCl! 11pesec11-
Ha' CBoiicTBa KOTOpoii Bl(OJlb 11 non&peK BOJIOKOH cymeCTBel!l!O pa3Jil!qllbl,
a TaK)l{e apM!!pOBaHHble MaTep11aJibl HJlll TaK 11a3b!BaeMble KOMil03HUllOHHblC
MaTep11aJibJ.
3. I'unomeaa o 1tta11ocmu i!ecpopMa~uu (rHIJOTesa OTHOCHTeJibHoii )l{eCT-
KOCTH MaTep11aJia). Tipe)II!OJiaraeTCSJ, qTo 11ectiopMau1111 MaJibl IJO cpaBHeHHIO
c pasMepaMH 11e4iopM11pyeMoro TeJia. Ha 9TOM ocHoBaHHH I1peHe6pera10T
113MeHel!Hl!Mll B paCIJOJIO)KeHHll BH€1UHHX CHJI OTHOCl!TeJI&HO OT)leJibHblX IJ8C·
Teii TeJia I!pll 11e<PopMau1111 11 ypaBHel!llll CTaTHKll COCTaBJil!IOT llJ!ll He)le·
<f¡opMHposaHHoro TeJia. B HeKOTOpbIX CJiyqa¡¡x oT !lroro I!pHHUHIJa I1p11xo·
llllTCH OTCTyIJaTb, qTo oroBapHsaeTCl! oco6o.
4. I'unomeaa o cooeptueHHoa ynpyeocmu Mamepua11a. Bce TeJia I1pe11-
I10Jiara10TCl! a6coJIIOTHO yI1pyr11MH. B 11eiiCTBHTeJibHOCTH peaJibHble TeJia
MO)KHO Cql!TaTb yIJpyrHMll TOJ!bKO 110 OI1pe11eJieHHblX BeJIH411H HarpysoK,
11 9TO 11eo6xo1111Mo Y4HTb1BaTb, np11MeHl!H qiopMyJihl coI1poTHBJieHHH Ma·
Tep HaJIOB.
5. I'unomeaa O AUHeaHoa 3U6UCUMOCmU Me:¡¡ci}y iJecpopMa~UJlMU U Ha·
epysKaMu. Tipel(IJOJiaraeTCll, 'ITO )IJIH 60JlblllllHCTBa MaTepHaJIOB CI!paBe)I·
JlllB 3aKOH fyKa, ycTaHaBJillBa!OIUHtl I!pl!MO IIPOIIOPUllOHaJibH) !O 3aBHCH-
MOCTb MClKllY 11ectiopMaUl!l!Mll 11 11arpyaKaM11.
KaK cJie)ICTBHe rHIJOTes o MaJioc111 11eqiopMau11ii 11 o JJ11HeliHcf1 saEH·
CllMOCTll Me:iK11y 11ectiopM8Ulll!Mll 11 ycHJilll!Mll I!p!! pell!el!Hll ÓOJ!bll!llHCT!la
aa11a q coI1poTHBJie1111H Marep11aJioB I1p11MeHHM npu¡.¡~un cynepnoau~u:1
(I1p11HUHIJ Hesas11c11Mocr11 11eiicTBHll 11 CJIO)l{€HHH c11JI). HaI1p11Mep, yc11JIHll
B JII060M 9JieMeHTe KOHCTpyKUHll, Bb13BaHHble pa3Jil!qHbJMll ctiaKTOpaMH
(HeCKOJ!bKllMll CHJiaMH, reMIJepaTypHbIMll Bos11eiicTBl!l!Mll), paBHbl cyMMC
\YCHJI lit!. BblSBaHHblX KalK)lb!M 113 !lTllX qia KTOpOB, 11 He saBl!Cl!T OT nopll)IKa
11x IIPHJio:lKeHHll. Eho lKe CI1paae11Jiuso 11 B oTHoll!eH1111 11e<tiopMau11ii.
6. I'unomeaa n11ocKux ce<teHuií. Tipe11I10JiaraeTCll, qTo MhICJieHHO npo·
11e11eHHble IIJIOCKl!e ceqeHllll, nepI!eH)lllKYJillpHble K OC!! CTep)l{HH, B npo·
uccce ero 11eqiopM11poBaHl!ll OCTalOTCll nJIOCKllMH 11 I!epneH)lllKYJillpHblMll
K OC!!.
8TH, a TaK)l{e HeKoropble 11pyr11e fHIJOTe3hl IJ03EOJ!l!!OT pell!aTb Wll·
pOKllH Kpyr aa11aq IIO pacqeTy Ha I1p04110CTb, :H<eCTKOCTb 11 ycTOH411BOCTb.
PeayJI&TBThl TaKHX pacqeToB o6h!qHo xopoLUo cornacy10rcl! e .J(aHHbIMH &KC·
nep11MeHTa.
 fJlABA 2

tEOMETPH"IECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH
nnOCKHX CE"IEHHA

ConpoTHBJieaue CTep*fül paaJIH'lHblM BH,[(aM ii.e<PopMauuft qacTo aaau·

CHT He TOJJbKO OT ero Marep1rnJJa H pasMepoa, HO H OT oqepTaHHH OCH, <Pop•
Mbl nonepe'lHblX Ce'leHHH H HJI pacnoJJO)KeHHH OTHOCHTeJJbHO HanpaBJJeHHH
ii.eiiCTBYIOillHX HarpysoK. PaCCMOTpHM OCHOBHble reoMeTpH'leCKHe xapaKTe·
pHCTHKH nonepe'lHblX ceqeHHH CTep>KHH, OTBJJeKaHCb OT cpH3H'l€CKH:x!
CBOHCTB usyqaeMoro o6'beKTa. 3THMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH HBJIHIOTCfl: nJJO·
man.u nonepeqHblX ceqeHHH, CTaTH'leCKHe MOMeHTbl, MOMeHTbl HHepuuu,
MOMeHTbl conpoTHBJieHHH, pan.HYCbl HHepuuu.

2.1. CTBTM'leCKMA MOMeHT nno~BAM·

1.1.eHTp TR>KeCTM nno~aAM

PaccMaTpHsa¡¡ npoHSBOJJbHYIO q,urypy (nonepeqHoe ceqeHue cTep)l{HH),

CBHSaHHYIO e CHCTeMOH KOOp,ll,HHaT xOy (pHC. 7), no aHaJJorHH e Bb!pa)l{e•
HHe.M P.JJH MOMeHTa CHJJbl OTHOCHTeJJbHO KaKOH·JIH6o OCH MO)l{HO COCTaBHTb
Bblpa)l{eHHe P,JJH MOMeHTa nJJOilla,[(H, KOTopoe Ha36t•
y
saeTCH cmamui1.eCKUM MoMeHmoM. TaK, npousaeii.eHue
r-.r--~x--df 9JJeMeHTa nJJO!lla)IH dF Ha paCCTOHHHe y OT OCH Ox
Xc e
dSx= ydF
y
Ha3blB3eTCH CTaTuqeCKHM MOMeHTOM 9JJeMeHTa nJJomaii.u
OTHOCHTeJJbHO OCH Ox. AHaJJOfH'lHO dSy =xdF :..._ CTa·
0 ~--~~__,_,.
X
TH'leCKHH MOMeHT 9JJeMeHTa nJJOillaP,H OTHOCHTeJJbHO
OCH Oy. npocyMMHpOBaB 9TH npOHSBeP,eHHH net BCeH nJJO•
Puc. 7 maii.H, noJJy'IHM cmamui1.ecKue MOMeHmbl n1tou¡aau cooT•
aeTCTBeHHO OTHOCHTeTeJJbHO oceii X H y:

Sy=~xdF. (2.1)
,,
PaaMepHOCTb CTaTH<recKoro MOMeHTa - e,ll,HHHua P,JJHHEI B Ky6e (HanpttMep,
3
CM ). nycTb XC H Ye - KOOp,ll,HHaTbl UeH1 pa TH)l{eCTH <Purypbl. npoP,OJJ)KaH
aeaJJorHIO e MOMeHTaMH CHJJ, Ha OCHOBaHHH TeepeMbl o MoMeHTe paBHO-
ii.eiicTBYIO!lleii MO)KHO aanucaTb CJJen,y10mue Bblpa)l{eHHH:

Sx = Fyc; Su= Fxc, (2.2)

rii.e F - nJJorua.[(b q,urypbl.

Koop,ll,ttttaTbl ueHTpa THMeCTH

Sy Sx
Xc=p; Ya=p· (2.3)

16

í
•
 nm1 BEil'IHCJieHHH CTllTH'leCKHX MOMeHTOB CJIO>KHOll qrnryphl ee paMÍH·
B3!0T "ª npOCTble 'l3CTH (puc. 8), l(Jlll K3)1{l(OH HS KOTOpblX HSBeCTHa IlJIO·
w.a.ztb (Fi) H Il'OJIO)l{eHHe ueurpa Tl!)l{eCTH (X¡, y¡). CTaTH'leCKHe MOMeHTbl
eceií qrnryphl OTHOCHTeJibHO oceii Ox H O!} COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6YllYT
n
Sx = F1Y1 :E Fiyi;
+ FaYz + ··· + FnYn = i=I
n (2.4)
Sy = F1x1 + F 1x 2 + ·••+ FnXn = :E F 1x 1•
i=I
113 4JopMyJI (2.3) H (2.4) onpe,!leJIHeM KOOp.ztHH3Tbl ueHTpa TH:iKeCTH CJIO)IC•
Hoii <f¡uryphl:

Sq Sx
Xc=--¡¡-= n Yc=p= ll
(2.5)
\' F ~F
"""' ¡ "-1 '
•=I !=I

y ,Y
.df ~
~1--"x_-df t o '"' X

y -<::J
"'
X b
o
Puc. 8 Puc. 9 Puc. !O

2.2. MoMeHTlol 11HepL\1tH nnocKMX cp11ryp

Oce6blM, u.11u 9K6amopua.11b1tblM, MoMe1tmoM

u 1t e p lf u u n.110U{aiJu tjJuey pbl 1ta3bl6aemcR u1tmeepa¡¡ npoU38eiJe1-1uú
9/leMe1tmap1tblX n/loU{aiJoK 1ta KBaiJpambl ux paccmoR1tuü om paccJtampu-
BaeMoú ocu. TaK, MoMeHThl HHepuuH npouseoJibHOÍI• qrnryphl (pHc. 9)
•THOCHTeJibHO oceü X H y COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbl

Jx = ~ yª dF; J y=~ x 2 dF. (2.6)

p ,,

TIOJibSYHCb &THMH <j¡opMyJiaMH, Bhl'IHCJIHM MOMeHThl uuepuuu l(JIH

npOCTeHlIIHX <j¡uryp.
n p H M o y r o JI b H H K (pHC. 10). Y'IHTblBaH, '!TO &JieMeHTapHaH
nJIO!ll3llK3 df = bdy, H8XOl(HM
h/2
bh3
JX =
S
,,
y 2 dF = S
-h/2
t¡ 2 b dy = 12 .

t1
IJI~i
l' l.' l'l!. ______.,..._ _
•.- ------·- ...
l • Q
....
J
 T pe y ro JI b Hu K (puc. 11). YqHTblB8H, qTQ
b b
b (Y)= h (h - y), dF =h (h - Y) dy,

MOMeHT HHepUHH OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH X Bbip33HM KaK

JX =
S y2 dF = hb s
h

y2 (h - Y) dy =
bh3
12 .
,, o
K p y r o B o Ji e e K T o p (puc. 12). YqttTblB3ll, qro dF = pdlfdp
Hy = p sin q:>, onpen.eJil!eM MOMeHT HHepUHH OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH x:

s s~
11 ,

lx= y2dF= p2sin2q¡pdq¡dp= ~' [cfi-a)- sln2fi-;sin2a].

F a o
y

Puc. 11 Pnc. 12 Puc. 13

no AR p H"' M M o M e lt m o ,lt u lt e p tf u u nAOUfaOU cpueyplX om·

1tocumeAb1to oa1t1toa mo'll'U ( noA10ca O) Ha.3bl8aemcR u1tmeepaA npouSBeoe-
1turl 9AeMeHmap1tlXX nAoUfaOoK Ha KSaiJpam1X ux paccmo1mua p om noA10ca
(puc. 9):

Jp = .\ p 2 dF. (2.7)
,,
EcJIH qepea noJIIOC npoaen.eHa cucteMa asattMHo nepneHp,HKYJillpHb!X oceA
x, y, ro p 2 = x 2 +,y . Ma <f¡opMyJJ (2.6) H (2,7) mMyqHM
Jo= J x+ J Y• (2.8)

K p y r (puc. 13), YqHTb!Ball, qro dF = 2npdp, noJil!pHb!Ü MoMeH'f

HHepuHH 6yn.eT
,
. r1r'
HJIH
Jp = S
F
\
p 2 dF = 2l"I • p3 dp
O
=T

Ha cjlopMyJJol (2.8) BHl!HO, qro n.JIH Kpyra

Jp r1d'
lx=!y=<¡=54·
,,
18

,
J
,,1
01'.leTHM, qTo BeJJHqHHbl oceBblX H IlOJJHpHblX MOMeHTOB HHepuHH acerna
IlOJJO;.KHTeJJ bffhl,
l1, e H m p o 6 e ,¡e H "' M M o M e H m o M u H e p ~ u u HG3bl6aemcR
uHmeepa11 npoU88eae¡.¡uü s11eMeHmapHblX n110U{aaoK Ha ux paccmoRHUR om
KoopauHamHblX ocea x, y:

lxu = S xy dF. (2.9)

,,
B saBHCHMOCTH oT noJJoJKeHHH oceif ueuTpoóeJKHbiil MOMeHT HHepuuH
MO)l{eT Ób!Tb IlOJIO)KHTeJJbHhlM HJJH OTpHuaTeJJbHblM, a TaK)l{e paBHb!M uymo.
ÜCH, OTHOCHTeJibHO KOTOpbIX ueHTpoóe)l{HbIH MOMeHT HHepuuu paaeH Hymo,
Ha3b1Ba!OTCH 2/la6Hb/MU OCRMU UHep~uu. ,Uae BS3HMHO nepneHJIHKyJJHpHhle
OCH, H3 KOTOpbIX XOTH 6¡,¡ O,ll.Ha HBJl!!eTCH OCblO CHMMeTpHH ipuryphl, 6ynyT
ee rJiaBHhlMH OCHMH • .3ro CJJe.n.yeT H3 roro, 11TO B 9TOM CJJytiae Ka)l{,D.Oi! IlO•
JJO)KHTeJibHOÜ BeJJHtIHHe xydF coo1aeTCTByeT TaKaH *e OTPHUaTeJJbH8H
y y
'Ni
X
D
(Íf
X

:.., ; ID J
X
'
b
o X

Puc. 14 PHc. 15 Puc. 16

BeJIHq¡rna no Jlpyry!O CTOpouy OCH CHMMeTpHH (puc. 14) H HX cyMMa no

BCeÜ IlJIOIU8JlH l}lurypbl paBHa HYJJIO. ÍJJ3BHble OCH, npOXO,D.HlllHe 'lepes
ueHrp Tl!)l{eCTH CetieHHH, H3Sb1B3IOTCH 2/la6Hb/MU ~eHmpallbHbl.MU OCRAIU,
PasMepHOCTb MOMeHTOB HHepuHH - eJIHHHU8 JlJIHHbl B tietBeproif CTeneHH
(HanpuMep, CM 4).

2.3. MoMeHTW 11HepL\MM cno>KH1o1X ce'leHMA

Dpu BbltIHCJ!eHHH MOMeHTOB HHepuuu CJJO)KHblX Ce4eHHii nocJJe,D.H ne

00bl4HO paa()uaa!OT Ha OTJleJJbHble npoCTble '13CTH, MOMeHTbl HHepuuu KO·
TOpblX HSBeCTHbl. Ms OCHOBHoro CBOHCTBa HHTerpaJJa CYMMbl CJJen,yeT, qTo
MOMeHT HHepuHH CJIOLKHOH l}luryp1>1 paBeH cyMMe MOMeHTOB HHepuHH COCTaB·
HblX ee '13CTeii. Onpe,D.eJJHM MOMeHT HHepuHH CJIO)KHOi! qmrypbl (pHC. 15)
OTHOCHTeJJbHO OCH X, pas6HB ee Ha npOCTb10 '13CTH 1, 11, 111, HMe!OmHe CO·
OTBeTCTBeHHO nJiomaAH F 1, F 11 , F 111 :

J X= s y2 dF + s y2 dF + s y2 dF,
F¡ l'IJ l'III
HJJH-
J X =JIX +JII+¡III
X X '
(2.10)

3aMeTHM, 'ITO B cJJyqae, Kor¡¡.a B ceqeHHH HMeeTCH OTBepcrHe, nocJJenuee

~A06Ho CtIHTaTb qaCTblO qrnrypbl e OTpHuaTeJJbHOi! IlJJOl.U3JlblO. TaK, MOMeHT
HHepuHH OTIÍOCHTeJJbHO OCH X Ce4eHHH, noKasaHHOfO Ha pHC, 16, 6yn,eT

1 u ·bh3 nr'
1 x=Jx- 1x =12-4·
19
 2.4. MOMeHTbl MHep"'"" OTHOCHTenbHO napannenbHblX ocel4

nycTb H3BeCTHbl MOMeHTbl HHepUHH qrnrypb! OTHOCHTeJibHO ueHTpam,-

Hb!X oceil y: x,
lx= S y 2 dF; 'Jy= .\ x 2 dF; Jx 11 = S xydF. (2.11)
F F F

Tpe6yeTCll onpe.neJIHTb MOMeHTbl HHepuuu OTHOCHTeJibHO oceil X¡, Y1· na-

paJIJieJibHblX ueHTpaJibHblM (puc. 17):

Jx, J
= y~dF;
F
Zy, = s
F
x¡dF; (2.12)

Kc upilHH3Tbl Jll06oñ TQqKH B HOBOñ CHCTeMe

y, x, y X1ÜY1 MOLKHO Bb!p33HTb qepes Koop.D,HH3Tbl B npe-
JKHeií CHCTeMe xOy TaK:

x1 = x + b; y 1 = y+ a. (2.13)
X TaK KaK CfaTH'leCKHe MOMettTbl TIJ!Olll3.[(H OTHOCH-
TeJibHO ueHTpaJibHblX oceií paBHbl HYJllO, cpopMy-
Jibl (2.12) e y<JeTOM (2.13) OKoHqaTeJibHO MoryT
Ób!Tb npe.n,CTaBJieHbl B Btt.n,e
o, x,
lx,=lx+a2f;} (2.14)
Puc. 17 +
J y, = J y b2 F·'
+
J x, 11 , = J xy abF. (2.15)
CJie.n,oBaTeJibHo: 1) MO.Me1tm u1tep~uu om1tocume.111J1to .11106oü ocu pa6e1t
MOMe1tmy u1tepquu om1tocume.111J1to ~e1tmpa.111J1toü ocu, napa.11.11e.111J1toü iJa1t-
1toú, n.1110c npou36eiJe1tue n.11ou¡aiJu cpueypbl 1ta KBaiJpam paccmoR1tUR Me:J1CiJy
oCRMu;,2) ~e1tmpo6e:J1C1tblil .M0Me1tm u1tep~uu om1tocume.111J1to .11106oü cucme-
Mbl npRMoyeo.111J1tblX oceú paBelt ~e1tmpo6e:J1C1t0My MOMe1tmy u1tep~uu omHo-
cumC.111J1to cucme.Mbl ~e1tmpa.111J1tblx oceü, napa.11.11e.111JHblX iJaHHbl.M, n.1110c npo-
U88eiJe1tue n.11ou¡aiJu cpueypbl Ha KOopiJuHamw ee ~eHmpa mR:J/Cecmu 1l Hoewx
OCRX. Heo6XO.[(HMO IlOMHHTb, qTo KOOp.D,HH3Tbl a, b, BXO.[(!llUHe B cpopMyJiy
(2.15), CJie.n,yeT IlO.[(CT3BJil!Tb e yqeTOM HX 3HaKa.

2.5. 3aBHCMMOCTb Me>KAY MOMeHTBMM HHep"'""

np11 noaopore KOOpAHHBTHWX oceif

nycTb H3BeCTHbl MOM~HTbl HHepuHH npOii3BOJlbHOH cpurypb! OTHOCH•

TeJibHO Koop.n,uHaTHhIX oceií x, y(puc. 18):

Ju= Sx 2
dF; J xy = S,, xy dF. (2.16)
F

Tpe6yeTCll onpe.n,eJIHTb MOMeHTbl uuepuuu OTHOCHTeJibHO oceil X1, Y1· IlO•

BepHytblX OTHOCHTeJI bHO oceií X H y H3 yroJI (,( npOTHB '13COBOH ctpeJI KH,
cqutal! IlOCJie.[(HHH IlOJIO)KHTeJibHblM:

J x, =
,,sYi dF; Jy = \
1
,, x~dF;
.\
(2.17)

KoopJ¡uuaTbl nponSBOJibttoü 9JieMeHtapuoií nJiomaJJ.KH B HOBoil CHcteMe j 1

1

20 i 1
IC¡Ü/IJ MClryT 6b!Tb npe,llCTaBJieHbl qepe3 KOOp,llHH3Tbl npexrneA CllCTeMbl
xOy cJie,nyJOll.lllM 06pa3m1:
x1 =OC= OE +AD= x e.os a--¡-- y sin a., }
2 18
y 1 = BC = BD- EA= ycos a-xsin a. < · )
ÜKOH'l3TeJlbHO H3XO,[lllM

J x, = J x cos 2 a+ J Y a - J xy sin 2a; }

sin
(2.19)
J y,= J Y cos 2 a.+ J x sin a+ J xy sin 2a.,
1
J x,y, = J >y cos 2a. - (Jy- Jx) sin 2a.. (2.20)
2
ÜTMeTJ:lM, '!TO cjlopMyJihl (2.19) 11 (2.20), noJiy'leHHble np11 noaopoTe
Jll06ol!: CHCTeMbl npl!MoyrOJibHblX ocel!:, eCTeCTBeHHO, cnpaBeJlJIHBbl JlJlll
ueHTpaJibHb!X ocel!:. CKJia.Zlh!BaH no'IJieHHo Bb!pa.lKeHHH (2.19), HaXOJlHM

JX1 + J Yt = J + J Y =
X J p•
,, y

Pac. 18 Pac. 19

CJie,[loBaTeJibHO, npu noBopome npRMoyeo11bHblX oceil cyMMa oceBblX MoMeHmoo

UHeptfUU He U3JleHflemcfl u paeHa nOllflpHOMY MOMeHmy UHepquu OmHOCU·
me11bHO Hatta11a x;oopauHam.
Dp11 noaopoTe c11cTeMbl ocel!: Ha yroJI a. = 90° 11MeeM

J x, = J y; J Y¡ = J x: J x,y, = -J xy•

2.6. OnpeAeneHHe HanpaaneHHll rnaaHwx oceA HHepL\HH.

rnaa11we MOMeHTbl MHepl,\HH

Ha1160J1bWHi1. npaKTH'lecKHH HHTepec npeJlCT8BJIHIOT rJiaBHble ueHT·

paJibHble OCll, OTllOCHTeJlbHO KOTOpblX ue111po6e:lKHbJi!: MOMeHT l!HepUHH
paaeH HYJIJO. 06o3Hll'IHM rnaauble ueHTpaJibHble ocH 6yKaaM11 u, v. Ü'le·
BllJlHO, J Utl = Ü.
JlJill onpe.D.eJieHHll noJJoJKeHHH rJiaBHblx ueHTpaJJbHhlx ocel!: npoH3·
BOJlbHOH HeCllMMeTpH'IHOH qmryphl Heo6XO,[lllMO 1¡eHTpaJ1bHbJe ocn X, y
noaepHyTb Ha T3KOH yroJI ªº
(pHC. 19), np11 KOTOPOM ueHTpo6e.lKHhlH MO•
MeHT 11aepu1rn OTHOCHTeJlbHO Hoeoro no.1o:>KeHHH oceii CTaHeT paBl.blM
HYJIIO:
J x,y, = J uu =O,
Ha cjlopMyJihl (2.20) noJiyqaeM
Jy-Jx
J x,y, = J xy cos 2a.0 - 2 sin 2a.0 =O,

21
') '
 (2.21)

DoJiytJaeMble ns (2.21) ,[lBa 3H8'leHHll yrJia a.0 OTJIH'laIOTcll Ha 90°

H onpe,lle.'!l!IOT noJio.>KeHHe rnaBHhlX oceiL KaK JierKo BH,[leTb, MeHbIIIHli
H3 9THX yrJIOB no a6COJllOTHOi!: BeJIH'lHHe ne npeBhlIIIaeT n/4. 06bl'lHO nOJib·
syioTCll MeHbIIIHM yrnoM. OpoBe,[leHHYJO no)( 9THM yrnoM (noJIO)KHTeJibHbIM
HJIH oTpnuareJibHb!M) rJI8BHYIO ocb o6bt'lHO o6osHatJatOT 6yKBOH u. HanoM·
HllM, 'lTO OTPHUaTeJI bHh!H yroJI a.o OTK.18.'l,hlB8eTCll OT OCH X no XOJIY 'l8CO·
BOÍi crpeJI KH.

V
y

a ó /} e
Jx>Jy J,>Jy J,<Jy J,<Jy
Jxy<O J,,y>O J,,<O J,,>O
d.>o d 0 <0 d 0 <0 d 0 >0

Pnc. 20

Ha pnc. 20 npnBe,[leHbl HeKoTopble npnMephl o6osHatJeHHH rnaBHb!X

oceii B COOTBeTCTBHH e YK838HHb!M npaBHJIOM. Ha'laJibHble OCH o603H8tJe•
Hbl 6yKB8MH X H y. 3HatJeHHll I'Jl3BHhlX MOMeHTOB HHepUHH MO.lKHO noJiy•
'lHTb H3 06111.Hx cjlopMyJI (2.19), npHHllB a. = a.o:

Ju= Jxr:.os 2 a.0 + J y sin 2 a.0 - J xy sin 2a.0 ;} (2.22)

J 0 = Jy cos 2 a.0 + Jx sin 2 a.0 + Jxysin 2a.0 •
CJIO.lKHM H Bb!'lTeM nocJie,[lHHe Bblpa.>KeHHll. e yqeToM (2.21) 6y,[leM HMeTb

Ju+Ju=Jx+Jy;
1
Ju-Jv=(Jx-Ju)cos2a. 0 -2Jxysin2a.o=(Jx-Ju) cos 2<:1.o

PeWHB COBMecTHO noCJJe,D.HHe ypaBHeHHll OTHOCHTeJibHO Ju H Jv, IlOJIY'lHM

1
l
(2.23)
l 1

Ü'leBH,[\HO, Ju> J V npH J X> J y.

Y'lHTb!Ball, 'lTO e cooTBeTCTBHH e (2.21)

V+
2
1 41 xy
cos 2eto =±Y1 + tg2 2a.o = ± 1 -(-Jx----"J-u-)ª •

22
lllilpa.>KeHHll (2 .23)

Ju=~
Jv =
,[1.Jlll r Jl8BHhlX MOMeHTOB MOlKHO 33 nHC8Tb B BH,[le

~
[(Jx+Jy)±V(Jx-Jy)2 +4J;Y];

[<Jx + Jy) =1= VCJx-Jy) + 4J!YJ. 2

l (2.24)

npaqeM BepxHHe 3H8KH CJle,[lyeT 6paTb npH J X> J y H HlllKHtte - npH J X < J y.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, cjlopMyJihl (2.21), (2.23) H (2.24) no3BOJillJOT onpe.D.e·
JIHTb ílOJIOiKeHHe fJ18BHblX oceii H BeJIH4HHY rJiaBHbIX ueHTpaJibHhlX MO·
MeHTOB HHepUHH.
EcJIH Tenepb BMeCTO npOH3BOJlbHOH H848JlbHOH CHCTeMbl ueHTpaJib·
HhlX oceif xOy npHHllTb CHCTeMy fJl8BHhlX oceií, TO cjlopMYJibl nepexo,[la
K noBepHyThlM OCllM (2.19) H (2.20) ynpoCTllTCll'

J X = J U cos 2 a+ J U sin 2 ' a·} (2.25)

JY: = J 0 cos2 a+ Ju sin2 a,
1
Jx,y, = 2 (Ju - Jv) sin 2a. (2.26)

ÜTMeTHM, qTo fJl8BHble MOMeHThl HHepUHH OÓJ18,[l8IOT CBOHCTBOM 9KC·

TpeMaJibHOCTH. B 9TOM JierKo y6e,llHTbCll, npoJ1mpcpepeHUHposaB Bhlpa.>Ke·
HHll (2.19) no nepeMeHHOÍÍ a.
CTJIOCKOCTH, npoBe,[leHHble qepe3 OCb crepJKHll H fJl8BHhle OOH HHep·
UHH ero nonepeqHoro ce4eHHll, H33hlB3IOTCll e11aBHblMU n11ocx;ocmflMU uHep·
quu.

2.7. ípaq>HlfeCKOe npe,qcraaneHHe MOMeHTOB HHepqHH·

noHllTHe o PªAHYCe H :!JftftHnce HHepqHH

Bhl4HCJleHHe MOMeHTOB HHepuaH no cpopMyJI3M (2.23) - (2.26) MOlKHO

33MeHHTb HX rpacpaqeCKHM onpe,[leJieHHeM: CTpH 9TOM npHHllTO p33JIH43Tb
,[lBe 38,[l34H: npHMYIO H o6parHylO.
CTpH peWeHHH npl!MOH 33,[l3qH onpe,lleJllllOTCll MOMeHTbl HHepUHH OTHO·
CHTeJibHO npoH3BOJlbHOH ueHTp8JibHOH CHCTeMbl oceii X, y no H3BecTHblM
fJl8BHblM MOMeHT3M HHepUHH Ju H J¿. 06paTHall 33,[J.348 COCTOHT B 0ThlCK3HHH
fJl3BHbIX MoMeHTOB HHepUHH no H3BeCTHbIM MOMe!lT8M HHepUHH Jx. J y H J xy
OTHOCHTe.ilbHO npOH3BOJlbHOÍÍ ueHTpaJibHOH CHCTeMbl oceii X, y.
I l p ll M 3 ll 3 3 ,[la q 3. Ünpe,[leJIHTb MOMeHThl HHepUHH J X• J y, J xy
OTHOCHTeJlbHO oceií X H y (pac. 21, a) no Ju H Ju OTHOCHTeJibHO fJl3BHblX
oceli, ttanp3BJieHIJe KOTOphlx H3Be<:TllO. J{Jlll onpe,[leJieHHOCTH nOJIOJKHM J.,> Jv.
Bb16epeM npl!MoyrOJibHYIO CHCTeMy K00p,llHH3T B HeKOTOpoií reoMeTpH4e·
CKOH nJIOCKOCTH (pac. 21, 6). Ilo OCH 3ÓCUHCC 6y,[leM OTKJl3)\b!Bafb oceBbie
MOMeHTbl HHepuHH Joc (Ju, Jv, Jx. Jy H T. 11.), 3 no OCH Op,llHH8T-
ueHTpo6e.lKHble Ju.o ( J xy a T. n ) •
B COOTBeTCTBYJOIUeM M3ClllT36e OTKJl8,[lblB3eM B,[lOJlb OCH a6cuacc orpe3KH
OA H OB, paBHhle rJiaBHbIM MOMeHT3M Httepuaa. ÜTpe3oK AB ,[leJIHM nono·
1
Jl3M, T3K 'lTO BC = AC = 2 (Ju - Jv)· 113 T04KH e OílHCbIBaeM P3.D.HYCOM

e A oxpyiKHOCTb, Ha3bIB3eMyIO Kpyco.M UHep4uu. Tor ,[la ,[1.Jlll onpe,aeJieHHll

MOMeHTa HHepuHH OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH x,
npoBe,[leHHOH ílO,[l yrnoM K fJl3BHOÍÍ a
oca u, H3 ueHTp3 Kpyra npoBOJIHM no.D. yrnoM 2a JIY'l CDx. IloJioJKHTeJibHhle
¡yrJihl OTKJl3,[lbIB3eM npOTHB 'l3COBOH crpeJIKH. IlpH 9TOM OK83hlB3eTCll, lJTO
ºPl\HH3T3 TO'lKH Dx Kpyr3 p3BHa ueHrpo6e){\HOMY MoMeHry m1epuHH Jx1;•
23
a a6cuncca - oceBoMy MOMeHTY 1rnepUHH JX OTHOCHTeJlbHO OCH X. 4ro6bJ
noJiy'IHTb SHaqenne MOMeHTa HHepuHH J y OTHOCHTeJibHO OCH y, nepneH.[\HKY·
JillpHOH K OCH X H, CJie,[lOBaTeJibHO, npoBe,[leHHOH IIOJI IIOJIOiKHTeJibHblM yrJIOM
~=a+ n/2 K rJiaBHOH OCH u, npoBO.[\Hlll HS uenrpa Kpyra JIY'I CDy DO,[l
yrJIOM 2~ = 2 (a+ n/2). JlerKo BH,[leTb, 'ITO OH l!BJ!lleTCll npo,llOJiiKeHHe\I
JIY"ª CDx. A6cuttcca TO'IKH Dy paBna MoMenry nHepunn Jy, opJIHHara
K yDy - uenrpo6eiKHOMY MoMeHTY Hnepunn e o6paTHblM SHaKoM (-J xy), 'ITO
cooTBeTCTByeT uenrpo6eiKHOMY MOMeHTY HHepunn OTHOCHTeJ!bHO oceÍI, IIOBep·
nyr1>1x na 90º. OnieTnM, 'ITO .D.BYM BsaHMHO nepnen.D.HKYJillpHb!M ocl!M
COOTBeTCTBylOT ,[lBe TO'IKH Kpyra (Dx H Dy), JieiKaruHe Ha O,[lHOM ,[lHaMerpe.

Joc
o
u
Jv
J
Jx
Ju
a
PHC. 21
ó
l
1
1

y
V

q
ó

DpoBe,[leM H3 TO'IKH Dx l)Cb X, napaJIJieJibHYIO COOTBeTCTBYIOIUeH OCH

na pnc. 21, a. To'IKa M ee nepece'leHHll e KpyroM Ha3b!Baercl! no/110coM
Kpyea UHepi¡uu (rJiaBnal! To'IKa HJIH cpoKyc Kpyra nnepunn). JlerKo noKa·
saTb, 'lTO JIHHHll, coe,[lHHlllOIUal! DOJllOC e JIJ06oii TO'lKOH Kpyra, ,ztaeT Ba·
npaBJICHHe ocH, npe,llCTaBJieHHOH na ,ztnarpaMMe ,[lannoii TO'lKOH. B 'lacrno·
cTH, JIHHHll MA ,[laeT nanpaBJieHne rJiaBnoii ocn u. Jlnnnll MB napaJIJieJib·
Ha rJiaBHOH OCH v.
06parnal! 3a,[la'la. 11sBeCTHbl MoMeHTbl nnepunn Jx, Jy, lxy
IlJIOIUa.llli Ce'leHHfl 6pyca OTHOCHTeJlbHO CHCTeMbl uenrpaJibHblX oceii x, y
(pnc. 22, a). Onpe,[leJIHTb nOJioiKentte rnaanblx oceü Hnepunn H BeJIH'lHHY
r JiaBHblX MOMeHTOB HnepUHH. .l(m1 onpe,[leJieHHOCTH nocrpoenHll npHMCM
J X> Jy li J XY> Q,

24
l1 1
' '
 lJ reoMeTpHqecKoii nJIOCKOCTH (pHc. 22, 6) cTpoHM T04KH Dx H Dy,
LOOTU<'TCTBYIOlll.He MOMeHTaM HHepUHH OTHOCHTeJlbHO oce1i X ll y. A6cUHCCb!
", '·' To•1eK llBJilllOTCll oceBbIMH MoMettraMH HBepuntt: OK x = J x; OK. y = J y;
op;¡HH3Tbl - ueHTpo6elKHble MOMeHTbl HHPpUHH J XI/• npwleM K.xDx = J xy;
KyD,1 = -Jxy· TaK K3K o6e ToqKH npHH3)lJielKaT OilHOMY )lHaMeTpy, To
coe)lHHHB HX, noJiyqHM ue11Tp Kpyra HHepUHH H3 KOTOporo onHCb!BaeM e,
oKpylKHocTb pailHYCOM

CDx = CDy =
l / ( JX
JI
-
2
J y) + Jxy •
2
2

nepeceKa1om.y10 OCb a6cuHcc B ToqKax A H B. QqeHH.D:Ho, qTo a6cUHCCbl

9THX ToqeK (OA H OB) llBJilllOTCH HCKoMbIMH rJiaBHbIMH MOMeHT3MH HHep-
UHH Ju H J v•

J•ó \V IJ, Jq5

B
o o
Jv
J
J,
1- Ju _/
a ó

Juó Juó
V

A Joc A Joc
o
J.
Jx
J,
• 1
¡•
• 1 1 Jv
'
tJ e
PHC. 23

.Um1 onpe,neJieHHll HanpaBJieHHll rJiaBttblx oceii nocTpoHM cjloKyc Kpy-

ra HHepUHH. e
9Toií (leJlblO H3 ToqeK Dx ll Dy npone,neM JIHHHH, COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO napaJIJieJibHO yKa3aHHb!M OCllM, .no nepeceqeHHll e KpyroM B Toq-
Ke M. Coe,!lHHHB aaTeM cjloKyc e ToqKaMH A H B Kpyra, noJiyqHM HanpaB-
JieHlle fJl3BHb!X oceií u H V (pHc. 22, 6). fpacjJHqeCKoe pellleHHC o6paTHOH
aa,naqH COOTBeTCTBeHHO Jl:Jlll qeTb!pex CJiyqaeB, HSo6pa:lKeHHb!X Ha pHC. 20,
noKasaHo Ha pHc. 23, a, 6, o, e.
MoMl!HT HHepuHH cjlarypb! OTHOCHTCJlbHO K3KOH·JIH60 OCH MOJKHO npe,!l-
CTaBHTb B BH,!le npoH3BeJ¡eHHll nJiom.aiIH cjJHrypb! Ha KB3,!lpaT HeKoTopoii Be-
JIHqRHbl, Ha3b!BaeMoii paauyco.M UHept.fuU:

JX= s
F
Y2 4F = Fi~. (2.27)

f)le ix - pa,!lHyC HHepUHH OTHOCHTCJlbHO OCH x.

Ha cjlopMyJibl (2.27) CJie.nyeT, qTo

. JI y·
lx= Jx (2.28)

25
AHaJIOfHqHo pa,!lHyc HHCPUHH OTHOCHTCJibHO OCI! y
. 11 TY
'u= JI T. (2.29)

fJiaBHblM UCHTpaJibHblM OCHM HHepuHH COOTBeTCTByIOT rJiaBHble paJlHYCbI

HHepuHH

T.: J;
lu= V -p; lv= V -p·
nocTpOHM Ha fJiaBHblX llCHTpaJI bHblX OCHX HHepUHH DJIOCKOH CjJHrypbl
(2.30)

9JIJIHDC e noJiyoCllMH, paBHblMH rJiaBHbIM pa,nHycaM HHepUHH, OTKJia)lblB8H

np H 9TOM B,noJI b oc H u OTpes KH. paBHble i ;,
a B)IOJlb OCH V - OTpesKH, paetthle iu
(pHc. 24). TaKoii 9JIJIHnc, HashlaaeMhlH
9 JI JI H n e o M H H e p u H H, 06J1a.11aeT
TeM saMeqaTCJibHhlM CB"OHCTBOM, qTO pa-
.11HyC HHepUHH OTHOCHTeJibHO JII06ol!: ueH·
TpaJibHOi!: OCH X onpe,neJilleTCH KaK nep-
neH,nHKYJIHp OA, onym.eHHhli!: Hs ueHTpa
9JIJIHnca O Ha KacaTCJibHylO K HeMy, na·
paJIJieJibHylO K OCH x. )J.Jill noJiyqeHHll
ToqKH KacaHHll .nocTaToqtto npoeecTH na·
paJIJieJibHO ,naHHOi!: OCI! X JII06yl0 xop.ny.
ToqKa nepeceqeHHll 9JIJIHnca e JIHHHei!:,
coe,nHHllIOW.eii ueHTp O H cepe,nHHy 1wp.11bt,
PHc. 2 HBJIHeTCH TOqKoi!: KacaHHll. HsMepHB oTpe·
4 soK OA = ix, Hai!:,neM MoMeHT HHepUHH
no cjlopMyJie

2.8. MoMeHTW conpOTHBneHHll

O e e B w .M M o M e H m o M e o n p o m u B 11 e H u 11 HOC1J1Baemc11
omHoweHue .Mo.MeHma UHepquu omHocume11bHO éJaHHOU ocu K paccmoHHU/O
iJo Hau6011ee yiJa11eHHof1 mo'lKU nonepe'lHoeo ce'teHufl:
Jx
Wx=-- · (2.31)
Ymax
3
PasMe~HoCTb MOMeHTOB conpoTHBJieHHH - C)IHHHUa .D:JIHHhl B Ky6e (MM ,
CM 3 , M ).
npaKTHqeCKOe SHaqeHHC l!Me!OT MOMeHThl <'OílpOTHBJICHHll OTHOCHTCJ!b•
HO rJiaBHblX UCHTp3JibHblX oceii, KOTOpble o6hl'IHO H33blBaIOTCll npoCTO
.MoMeH maMu conpomue11eHu11.
l. llJill npllMoyroJibHHKa (pHC. 10)
Jx bhª
(2.32)
Wx= h/2=6;
Jy hbª
Wy = b/2 =5. (2.33)

2. J{Jill Kpyra (pRC. 13)

Jx nr3 mi3
WX = W1/ = W = f =4 = 32 • (2.34)

26
 3. Jlm1 Tpy6tJaToro ce'leHHll e BnyTpeHHHM !1 H napylKHhlM D JlHaMeT·
paMH
Jx n (D 4 - d4 ) nlJ'
Wx = Wy = W = D/2 = 32 D =~ (1 - a. 4 ), (2.35)
r¡¡e
d
a.=75· (2.36)

ll o A 11 p H bl .M .M o .M e H m o M e o n p o m u B A e H u ¡¡ HUBbiBaem-
cfl omHotueHue nOARpHoeo .Mo.MeHma UHep4uu K paccmoRHUJO om noA10ca
éJo Hau6oAee yéJaAeHHou mo•mu ce'teHUfl:
Jp
Wp=-· (2.37)
Pmax
B KatJeCTBe noJ11oca npHHHMaeTcll ueHTP Tl!:lKecTH nonepe'lHoro cetJe·
HHll CTeplKHll.
J • .llJill Kpyra (p11c. J 3)
Jp nrª nd8
Wp=-¡=2=15· (2.38)

2. .llJill Tpy6tJaToro ce'leHHll

Jp nD8 ,
Wp = D/2 = 16(l -a.). (2.39)

2.9. nop11AOK pBClfeTB

CTpH aHaJIH3e reoMeTpH'leCKRx xapaKTepHCTHK nJIOCKHx cjrnryp J1106oll

CJIOJKHOCTH BaJKHeihneli sa,natJeli llBJilleTcll onpe,neJieHRe noJio:lKeHHll
rJiaBHhlx oceli R BeJIH'lllH rJiaBHhlX MoMeHTOB HHepu1111. Mo:iKHO peKoMeH·
,noaaTb CJ1e,ny10111.11li nopll,noK onp'e¡¡eJieHHll noJiolKeHHll rJiaBHhlX oceli
H BeJIR'lHH rJiaBHhlX ueHTpaJibHblX MOMeHTOB HHepUHH CJIO:lKHoro npocjJHJill,
COCTOllID.ero H3 n,poCThlX tJacTeli, xapaKTepHCTHKH KOTOphlx JierKO onpe·
,neJIHTb.
l. CTpoBo,nRM npott3BOJibHYIO npHMoyroJihHYIO CHCTeMy oceli. Pas-
6HBaeM cjmrypy Ha npocTble tJaCTH R onpe,neJilleM no cjlopMyJiaM (2.5) noJio·
:lKeHHe ee ueHTpa I'lllKeCTR.
2. CTpoBO,[lHM Ha'laJlbHYIO CHCTeMy UeH;rpaJihHhlX oceli X, y TaKHM
o6pa30M, 'lT06hl H8HÓOJiee npocTO MOlKHO ÓhlJIO BhI'lRCJIHTb MOMeHTbl HHep·
UHH 'laCTeii cj>Hryphl OTHOCHTeJlbHO 9THX oceli. JlJill 9Toro onpe,[leJilleM MO·
MeHThl HHepUHH .qacTeli OTHOCRTeJibHO CBOHX UeHTpaJibHhlX oceíí, npoBe·
.11.eHHhlX napaJIJieJibHO OCllM X H y, HCnOJib3Yll np11 9TOM ¡popM]Jlhl nepe·
xo,[la K napaJIJieJibHblM ocllM (2.14) H (2.15). TaKHM o6paaoM, noJiyqaeM
8!!3'leHHll J X• J y H J xy•
3. Onpe,lleJilleM no cjJopMyJie (2.21) yroJI naKJioHa rJiaBHhlX ue11TpaJ1h·
HblX oceli, npH'leM OCb, npoBe,[leHHYIO no,[l Mel!bWHlll yrJIOM (noJIO)KHTeJib·
l!b!M HJIH oTpHUaTeJlbl!hlM), o6o3Ha'laeM 6yKBOli u, B nepneH,[lHKYJillpHyIO
K Heli - 6yKBOli V.
4. CTo cjJopMyJiaM (2.24) onpe):{eJIHeM 3Ha'leHHll fJiaBHhlX UeHTpaJibHhlX
MOMeHTOB HHepUHU Ju H J V•
n p H M e p. Onpe.lleJIRTb noJ10:1KeH11e rJiaBHh!X ueHTpaJibHhlx oceli
¡¡ Bb!'lHCJIHTb rJiaBHhle MOMeHThl HHepuHH Jl:Jlll nonepe'lHOro Ce'leHHll
(pHc. 25, a), KOTopoe COCTOHI' H3 HepaBHOÓOKoro yroJIKa N2 14/9
(fOCT 8510-86) 11 waeJIJiepa N2 24 (roer8240-72).
 P e w e H H e: llepes uettTpbl TH.lKeCTH C1 11 C 2 y roJIKa H WlleJ1nepa
npoBO,[lHM uettTpaJibHble OCH X¡' Y1 ll Xg, Y2· na paJIJieJI bHble HX CTopottaM.
f1ocKOJlbKY X2 - OCb CHMMeTpHH II!BeJIJiepa, º"ª
H OCb Ya HBJllllOTCll ero
rJIBHHblMH UeHTpaJibHblMH OCHMH. fJiaBH3ff ueHTp3JibH3ff OCb Yo y fOJIKa
o6pasyeT c ero 11ettTpaJ1bHOil oCbIO x1 yroJI a .
.llJIH yroJIKa F¡ = 22,2 CM2; J x, = 146 CM 4 ; J 444 CM 4 ; J Yo= y,=
= J mio= 85,5 CM 4 ; tg a= 0,409; a= 22° 15'; KOOp,llHH3Tbl uettrpa Tll•
.>KeCTH xe = 4,58 cM, Ye = 2, 12 cM.
,llJIH IIIBeJIJiepa F = 30 6 CM 2 ' J = 2900 CM 4 ' J = 208 CM4' J =O•
2 ' ' X1 ' Y! ' X2Y1 '
K00p,llHH3Tbl uettTpa TH.lKeCTH Xe =
2,42 CM; Ye= 12 CM.
HaA.neM fJlaBHblH MOMeHT HHepuaH J Xo H ueHTpOOe)KHblil MOMellT HHep·
UHH J x,y, yrOJJKa:

J x 0 = J max ~~ 444 + 146 - 85,5 = 504,5 CM 4 ;

ó
N"24

j
l
a

l¡
Pttc. 25

J -J J -J
J X1Y1 -_ Xo 2 Yo •
Sin
( 0º
2 9 -a -
) _ Xo
2
Yo
sin 2a. =
504,5 - 85,5 4
- 2 • 0,701=146~7 CM • 1

PacCToHHllff Me>K.D.y uettTpaJib!lblMH OCHMH yroJIKa H WBeJIJiepa paBH!ill

Me>K,ny OCSI M ll X¡ ll X2
12,00 +
2,12 = 14,12 CM;
Me>K,ny OCHMH Y1 H Ya
14,00 - 2,42 - 4,58 = 7,00 CM.

Qnpe,[leJJHM KOOp,ll!!H3Tbl UeHTpa TH>KeCTH C BCeil qrnryphl B CHCl'eMe

Koop,nttttaT Xg, Ya:
22,2. 7,00
22,2 +
30,6 = 2 •94 CM;

22,2 . 14,12
Ye= +
22,2 30,6 = 5•94 CM.

Uettrp Tll.lKeCTH e
,ZtOJilKeH JielK8Tb "ª
npl!MOil C¡Cg, qro HeOOXO,[lHMO
npoBepHT!;> Ha pacyHKe. lfepe3 UeHTp TH>KeCTH C UpOBO,[lHM UeHrpaJibHbll

28
OCH Xe H Ye· napaJIJieJlbHbie npoee)leHHbIM paHee ueHTP3JibHblM OCllM yroJIK3
H II!BeJIJiepa. li CHCTeMe ueHTP3JibHblX oceii Xe, Ye KOOp)lHH3Tbl UeHTPOB
TlllKeCTH yroJIKa H meeJIJI epa pa BHllJOTCll:
Xe 1 = 7,00- 2,94 = 4,06 CM; Ye l = 14,12- 5,94=8,18 CM;
Xe, = -2,94 CM; Ye,= -5,94 CM.
Bbi'lHCJIHM oceeble H UeHTpo6eJKHblH MOMeHTbl HHepuHH ecero Ce'lC!_IHll
ll CHCTeMe npoH3BOJlbHblX ueHTp3JibHblX oceii Xc, Ye=
J XC= + 22,2 • 8, 18 +
146,0 2 2900 + 30,6 • 5,94 2 = 5607,6 CM 4 ;

JYe= 444,0 + 22,2 • 4,06 + 2

208,0 + 30,6 • 2,942 = 1282,4 CM 4 ¡

Jxcllc= 146,7 +22,2 • 4,06 • 8,18+30,6 · (-2,94) ·,(-5,94) = 1417,3cM4 •

Do ct>opMyJie (2.21) H3XO,llHM yroJI a~ H3KJIOH3 rJiaBHblX UeHTp3JibHblX
ocell: X H y OTHOCHTeJibHO npoH3BOJlbHblX UeHTpaJibHblX ocell: Xe H Ye:
2Jxclle 2 · 1417,3
2
tg exo = J11 - J = 1282 4 - 5607 6 -0,6fi;
e xc ' '
2a0 = -33° 20'; CXo = -16º 40'.
DocKOJibKY yrOJI exo oTpHU3TeJibHblH, rJiaetta11 ueHTpaJibHall OCb u oTKJJa)lbl·
eaeTCll OTHOCHTeJ!bHO npoH3BOJibHOH ueHTp3JibHOii OCH Xe no 'l3COBOH CTpeJIKe,
a nOCKOJ!bKY Jxe > J"e' OCb u llBJilleTCll OCbJO, OTHOCHTeJibHO KOTopoii
MOMeHT HHepUHH 6y,D.eT MaKCHM3JlbHblM.
fJI3BHhle MOMeHTbl HHepuHH onpe)leJ!HM no cpopMyJie (2.24):

5607,6+ 1282,4 V(5607,6-1282.4)ª

Ju,v= 2 ± 2 +1417,3
2
=
= 3445,0 ± 2585,6 CM 4 ;
Ju= Jmax 6030,6 CM4
= =
6030,6 • 10-3 1.i4;
J V= Jmln = 859,4 CM 4 = 859,4 • 10-3 M'.
n p o Be p Ka. ,ll.omKHbl YilOBJieTBOpllTbCll ycJIOBHll
lxe+Jue=Ju+Jv H luu=O.
B )l3HHOM CJIY'lae
J xe + J"e= 5607,6 + !282,4 = 6890,0 =Ju+ J v = 603~,6 +
+ 8j)9,4 = 6890,0 CM4;
lxc- J11
luv= esin2a 0 +Jx y cos2a0 =
9~ e e
5607,6- 1282,4
= 2 (-0,55) + 1417,3. 0,8.16=

= -1189,4 + 1184,9 = -4,5 CM 4 •

4,5
ÜTHOCHTeJ1bH3ll OII!H1'5Ka COCT3BJilleT 1184,9. JOO % = 0,4 %. 'lTO )lO•
nyCTH\10.
Ha pHc, 25, 6 noKa3aHo nocTpoeHHe Kpyra HHepUHH ,D.Jill rpacpH'le-
CKoro pellleHl!ll 9TOA JKe 33,[l3'lH.
feoMeTpH'leCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH pa3JIH'lHblX nJIOCKHX Ce'leHHA, a
'l'3KJKe ceqeHHil: npoKaTHbIX npocpHJieil: npHBe)leHbI e Ta6JI. 1-6.

29
Ta 6 JI Hu a 1. feoMeTpH'lec~ue xapaKTepucTHKH nJJOCKHX ce'leHHií

Koop,11HHaThl Kpal!m1x
TotJeK Cel.J.eHHH

Kna11,pa T ~
y
x, x,

X X
F=h 2 h
-<:: X1 = Y1 = 2
Xz Xz
y
Oca X - X a y - y -
rJiaBHhle ueH TpaJibHhle
-~

Kaa11,pa r IlOJihli!:

x/ x,

X X
H
~ F =H 2 -h 2 X1 = Y1 = z
/¡ '
11
y
l
l

Oca x - x " y - y -
1
rJiaBHbie UCHTpaJibHble

TOHKOCTeHHblií KBa11,paT
nOJ1b1ií

y
'//// '//////

5 ::.:;
X X F = 4H6 H
X1 = Y1 =2
s; "' {j
H
< 15
x, x,
11
y
ÜCH ( - X H y - y -
rJiaBHble UeHTpaJibHhle

30

' 1
 Pa¡¡nycb1 unep11u11
MoMeHTlll nnep11n11: MoMeHThl conpoT11eJ1e1mll
oceeble J x• J y: 11e»Tpol5e:>Knhlll oceehle W x• W y: noJJqpHblll
J xy; noJJllPHblll J P n npn W P H npu ceo6011uoM
ix= i(;
ceol5oAHO\I Kpyqeunn JK Kpyqeunn W K
'y-= V Jy
¡¡

h4 h2F
Jx=Jy= 12=12 hª . . h
Wx=Wu=5 lx = ly =-= =
h4 h2F y12
Jx.= 3 =3 = 0,289h
JK = Ü, 1406h 4
WK = 0,208h3

3JIJIHIIC HHepUHH -
Kpyr

H'-h 4 . i / H 2 +h1
Wx= Wu= 6H ix=iu= V 12
=0,289 VH 2 +h 1

3JIJIHIIC HHep UHH -

Kpyr

2 FH2 . H
J,,= J11==3 HSfJ = 6 wX== w11 == 34 H•{) i x=ly= Y
6~
A:1 0,408H

3JIJIHilC HHep UHH -

Kpyr

Jt
 <l>opMa
ceqeun>1
0JJ0~8,ll.b
ceqeen>1 F
i(oOp,ll.HH8Tbl KpaAHHX
TO'leK ceqeuu11
¡
--~-----.--1j-
Ksa¡¡.paT nOJibTH

F = h2-a2 h
X¡= Y1 = 2

y
I
ÜCI! X - X 11 y - y -
rAaBHb!e ueHTpaJibHhle

KsaapaT noc1asneH Ha
pe6po

X
h Y-2
F =a1 Xi = Y1 = 2 = Ta=
=0,71a

(
r
ÜCtt X - X H y - y -
1 rnaa11we ueH1paJ1bHhle
n Kna.apa1 noJihiií noc1aB·
ne11 Ha pe6po
y

F = a1 -b 2 H Y2
X¡ = Y1 . 2 = 2ª =
= 0,71a
x, x,
e Y
r, ÜCH X-X H y-y-
rJiaBHble ue11TpaJ1bHble

52 2

'I
l
 PaAttyct.i ~H1~pu,H11
J-
=V -f
r
MoMeHTW f.11epa.mt' MOMCHTf..f conpOTHBJI(' HKH
oceeble J x• J y; u.euTpofíe>Knblll ocee1.e W x• W y: non11pub1A [X
J XU; OOJIRpHblA J IJ 11 npH wIJ H npu CBOÍOJJ,HOM

V~
CBo5QAHO~ Y.pyqeffHH JK 1<py'<ellHll \\?Y.
'u=

, h4 -at
lx=l¡¡= 12 h4 -a' . .
lx=iy=
-.Vf hª+a'
i2 =
Wx=W11= 6h
h +a'
2
= 0,289 JÍh 2 +aª
= 12 F

3JTJrnnc m1epu,1111 -
Kpyr
•
Wx = W y = ~; a 3
=
hª ix ='Í¡¡ = 0,289a
= =O, l 18a3 =
24
a4 a2F = 0,042h 3
lx=l11=12=-¡z=
CTp11 cpe3Ke Bepx11ero H 3JIJilf[lC llllepu,1111 -
h4 1111lK11ero yr,10B 11a Kpyr
= 48 1
b=-h
18
w X JJ.OCTl!raeT !itaKCllMyMa

W xcp =O, l 24a 3 = O,044h 3

a4-b4
Jx=Jy= 12
H4 - h4 a2 + b2
- 48 = 12 F
H4 -h4 H4-h4
_ H =0,042 H .3n:111nc 1111epu,1111 -
24 Kpyr

7-458 33
 I'
'

<l>opMa Koop¡¡0HaTh1 KpanIIwx

ce1.1eHHH TOlleK ce'leHUH

np SIMOyrOJJbHHK

b
X1=2
F=bh
h
Y1=2
-¡ x, /'
x, .tí y x,.
-
Ocn x-x 11 y - y -
rJiaBHble ueuTpaJibHble

n 1 1,5 2 3 4 6 8 10

s 0,208 0,346 0,493 0,801 1,150 1,789 2,456 3,123

TJ 0,1404 0,2936 0,457~ 0,7899 1,1232 1,789 2,456 3,123

~ 1,0 0,8588 0,7952 0,7533 0,7447 0,7426 0,7425 0,7425

' 1
1
i '
 ll poaoAJICeHue ma6A. 1

/\~ oMeHTbl HHCp UBH

OCCBbl~ J X• J y•
ueMT~o6e11<HhrA J x !J~
OOJ!Hpfll.111 J p Jf
cso60ll.H0\1 Kpy4eHHll
f\.1oMl'lllhl conpOTl-IRJJ~HHR:
ccea1,ie IX' x· \.t'' ,,~ nonHpHblA
W1 P 11 npH cauQoAHOM
np.<
Kpy 11eHlliL W K
l K

-~~~~~~~---;-~~~~~~~-..--~~~~~-
, ""'\
hh~ Fh2
lx=TI= 12
hb 3 l b2
111=12"=12
[;/¡3 fh2
'
lx,=3= 3 \

f;/¡3 fbl
ly,=3=3
b2hl
JX•Y• = -4-
b3h3
j .t> = j X< = 6d2 =
bh 3 3 d 4 si n3 a
- - - - -
- 6 (b~+hª)
- 48
Fd 2 sin 2 a
24
Jp = ~~ (ú~ + h1)
h/b = n >1
J'K -- '-'f14
., ~K = ~b3
Docepe,!lHHe ,!lJIMllHblX ClO·
pon M3KC!IM3.%l!oe K8C8·
reJ1b11oe rranpHJKetrne
T wax = M K/Uí' K; nocepe-
,¡¡1me KOPOTKHX - Kaca-
TeJibHOe HanpmKemne
• t = '"r · s yrnax
1:, max'
t =O
h/b = n > 4
1 1
JK = 3" (n - O, 63) b4 IV K =
3 (n - 0,63) bS =
' = JK/b
B TO.K"3X .lVIHHfl"blX
CTOpOH,
33 llCKJIIOlJeIIHeM J(OH[.\OB,
M3KCHM3JlbHOe KacaTeJJ.bHoe
11anpHJKe111le tmax; no·
cepe,!\Hlle KOPOTKllX CTO·
poH - KacareJihttoe na-
n pHJKeHHe 1" = O, 7425T1118x
 .1
1 '

j
1

<l>OpMH Koop;r.uuaTbl Kpan1rn~

ceq ett11R TO'ltK cetiellHSI

OpHMoyroJJbHHK IlOJJblií

y
,.,.
~
~ B
X -<:: ·x F = BH-bh
X1 = 2
::>; ~ "' H 1 '

2
ff
'
'l0 !11 =

x. ~X,
B
y
.

Oc11 X - X H y-y-
rnaB11ble uenrpaJibf!ble

TOHKOCTeHHblH IlpHMO•
---
yroJJbH HK IlOJlblH
y
4'_ ,_. ~ B
X /
X F=26(B+H) X¡= 2
~
,,:; "' H H
x, x,
ó< 15 !11 =2
8
y
ÜCH x-x H y-y-
rJJaBnhw ueHrpaJibHble

DpH111oyro,1hHHK e Bbl• \
- l
'
pe30M

1
x,' x, 1

""'
~ W,
X1=2
b l'
X

s;
~~
b
-<::
:i::
X
F= b(H-h) H
lli1=2
r1
1

Y.
¡
ÜCH t - X H y-y-
rJlllllfl we uentpaJibnble j'
1

36
!1
J
' '
 npooo1111CeHt1e rrwñ J!. l
-
Pa,l\Hyc, Hfl<'PU.HH
"''ºMeHrbl 11Hepuru-1
~
J X' J y;
OCCBbte
MoMeHTLc conporusn~H~R:
W X• W g; no~1S1pt~t>1í\
OC<.'BbJe ix= } /
l\eHrpo6eJKHblA J x¡¡:
J p H l<Pci
w·11 H npH cao6011110M
--
v' ~;
llOJIRpHblA
Kpy•teHHH W K
JK
cao6oA,HOM Kpy4eHHtl
'Y=
'

B ff 1 - bli' Bfi3 - /;/¡3

V BftJ - bh 3
lx= Wx=
12 6H ix = l'.!.(BH-bh)
Ji 8 3 - /1b1 HBª - hb 3 ( H 8 3 - hb 3
Jg=
12 Wg=
68 iy-= l 12 (BH-bh)

1
-

ix = 0,2b9H X

lx
(;í¡:i ( B
=-¡¡ 3 1¡ + 1
)
\¡7 X = b~~ ( 3 ! + 1) X
lf3B+ H
' B+H
oB 3 ( lf \ i~. = O. 28913 X
lu=-¡¡ 3f¡+I} H )
082 (
Wlf=3"" 3 B +1
X l (3H+B
H+B

ix =
b
J
X
= !!_
12 (HS - /¡") - (H 3
WX --6H - lr 3 ) -VH2+Hh+hª =
- 12
bª b2 =0,289>':
Jy = f2 (H - Ir) \.\''y= -13 (fl - h)
X J' Ji2 + Hh +h 2

Íy = 0,289b

37

·'/
 1

l
- - - - - - - - - - 1 'l
<l>opM8 llno~aAL Koop;i.ttHaTbl 1<p11AHHX
cet1eHH~ ce~eaee F T04€K CetteHHH

OpHMoyroJlhHHK e
KpyfJlbl'>I OTBepcrHeM

y
nd2 b
X X F=bh--.r= X¡ =2

= bh ( 1 - 0,785 i~) Y1=2

h

Ocu x - x u y- y-
rJiaa11h1e ueurpanhnble

OpHMoyronhnHK e .!IBYMH
OTBepCTHHMH

ndª
F=bh-- = b
2 X¡ =2
= bh(t- I,57 :~) Y1=2
h

ÜCH X - X H y- y-
r naauh1e ueurpanhuhle

DpHMoyroJlbHHK e oo-
JIYKP yrn b!MH Bblpe3a11111
y

b
X F= bh-w2 X1=2
h
Y1=2

Ocu x - x u y- y-
rJJaau ble neurpaJibHWe

38
 PaAHYCbl 11i,epL1HH
MoMeHTbl m1epL1H1t:
oceable J x• ly;
L1eHt'pOCielKllblll J Xy;
MoMeHTbl conpornaJJeHHH:
OCCBLle W X• W g; IIOJJ>lpHLlll
W P u np" cao6o,ll.HOM
, =V?~
X F
DOJJllPHLIA J p H npu
Kpyqeuuu W K
coo6o,ll.HOM Kpy4CHHH JK 1u = vly
ii

lx = 0,?89h X

_ _!_ (bh
3
_
4) =
rrd l (bh
3
wl')
lx-4·3 16 Wx=-2h 3-15 = { 1 - 0,59 bhª
d'

d4) 2
X d1
=
bhª(
12 1 -. 0,59 bhª = 6bh ( d')
1 - 0,59 bhª l -0.785 b-h

i¡¡ = 0,289b X
1 ( hb
ly=4 3-15

hb' (
= 12
nd')

. 1-
3

0,59 ltbª
=
d' )
W Y _ -~ ( hb

=
- 2b
hb' (
T 1-
3
3
_ nd') =
16
d')
o,59 hbª X
~- 1 -0,59 hbª
di
•.
1 -0,785 bh
-
~

iJC = 0,289h X
d•
1-1,18 bh' X
.
bh3 [ fJh• [ x(1+16 :: )
lx=12 1- Wx=5 1- X
d•

+ 16 d'ª')]
1-1,57 bh
- 1,18 bhª 1d4 ( + 16 ª2)]
d' - d' ( 1
1, 18 bhª
iy = 0,289b X

Jy hbª (
=12 d )
1- 1,18 hbª
4
wu= 6hb
2
( 1 - 1,18 hb3
d')

X
fJ d'
1-1,18 hbª
d'
1- 1,57 bh
--

bh3 nr 4 bh' nr'

lx=---
12 4
W
X
=6 - -2/t
-
ix= Y~
W11 = l f - b 0, l lr 4
3
hb
J y= 12- 2 [ 0,1 lr 1 + hb' 4 [
+ .
tu=
VJy
F
~~ )']
+ nr22 ( !!2__ 3.n + nr2 2
( !:_ _ 4r
2 3.n
YJ

39
 ' 1

<l>opMa nnoll(8,ll.b K OOPJl.HH8Tbl Kp&AHHX

cc~eHHR ceqe""" F roqeK ce'leHHR

f1p¡¡ \lOYfOJJbHHK no- 1

Blp!l)'Tblll

r1 = 21 (b cosa -
- h sin a)
X X F= bh
1
y1 =2 (h cos a +
+ b sin a)
y

~ 3K3ll npllMOyro.1bP8ll
UGJJOCa

a+b
Yo=-2-
F =li
h
Y1 = -
2 1

4
l1
j

C11\1Merp11q11blif ¡¡ByraBp
'"' opin•oyro,%HHl\OB
i !

b
X¡=-
X 2
F = ah+ b (H - h)
H
Y1 =2
x, x,
b
y

ÜCI! X-X H y-y-

fJld r ttble ue1npaJihHhle

40
 fl pOrlO/lJ/CeHt,e ma61l. Í
-
MoMeHThl hHepu.uu:
ocesue J x• J y•
ueHTpo6eJKHb1n J xy;
N orveHTbl con por BJJeuufl
ccee1;.e W x• \V y•
noJl>lPH>Jn lt P 11 rp11
ix =
v.1;
Pa1111yc hl HHepuuu

F
noJrnpublA J P H npH
CB060¡¡110M Kpy'ieHlm wK
CBOÓO)\HOM KpyqeHHH JK VJY
iy= F

Jx = f; (h2 cos 2 a+ Wx=5 X

bh
{1¡2
Íx =
cosl a.+
+ b2 sin2 a) h2 cos2 a + b2 sin 2 a + b2 sm 2 a
X
hcos a+ b sm a = 12 =
¡Y = bh (ht sin2 a+
12 Wy =
bh X = 0,289 X
+ b2 cos 2 a) 6 x V h2cos2 a+b 2sin 2d
h2 sin2 a +b2 cos 2 a
- bh (b'-h 2) sin 2a
¡ xu-24 iy = 0,289 X
X b cos a + h sin a -
xyh2 sin2a+b 2cos 2a
-

lth 2 Fh 2 llh
lx = '"T2 = J2 Wx=5
lt
ix = 0,289h
J XI = -3 (a2 + ab + b2) wXI = !! (a2 + ab + b2)
3b

lx ~

- { ah3+b(ll3-hªI
Jx = ~~s + ah3
lb2 (Hª - hs) Wx=6H b (HS-h3 -
+6H )
12[ah +
+ b (H -h))
a3 h b3 ash b2
Jy =12 + 12 (H-h) Wy=-+5 (H-h)
6b
iy =
-{ª3h+b3 (H-h)
- 12(ah+
+ b(H-h))

...
 j

l
-l

cl>opua nnolll8Ab Koop~uuaT~ KpaAuux

ce<ieHKll ceqeuu,. F roqes ceqeunR

Jlnytanp

J
1
X
F = aH + 2b (e+ c 1) X1=2
B ¡
1
b= (B-a) H
2 !11 =2
J

0cH X - X H !f- y -
rJiaBHble UeHTpaJibHble

C11MMetp11•moe ceqem1e
H3 OpHMOYroJlbHHKOB

b - ' # b,_

F= BH-bh H
Y1 = 2

Ocb x - x - rnasHaH
ne 11 r pan bHa H

Cm1MeTpH•moe ce'1eH11e
IU llPHlllOyrüJJbHHKOB

1 1

H
F = BH +bh !11 =2

On x - x - rnasttas
ue11rpaJibH8H
 npoiJO!l:J/CeHUP ma6A /

Pa,l\HYChl HHep11H 1
MOMl HT! 1 HHepiuut
oces.,e J x• J ¡¡•
11e1npul5~ll<Hblil J xy;
t\1o\1eHTbl conpOTHB 1f'HHJt
OClBhle W X°' W L} [10Jl51 pHhlfi 'x'"" V JX
/i
noJIHPHbiA J () H npH
lBo6o¡¡,noM KPylleHutt J K
wD H np1 ce:>6o,l\HOM
Kpy4euu11 \fl K
{!/
~ v~IJ
F

J X= 112 [ B Hª - - - [BH 3 -
Wx-6H
1 . VJx
tx = F

-1a (ht - /¡~) 1 - _1 (/¡4 -

4a
1i:>] . VJyF
iu =

J y= 112 [B3 (H - li) + W y -68

- -
1
[ 8 3 (H - h) +
+h 1 a3 + ~ (8 4 - a4 )]

J:VIH CT3Hl:\3pTHblX l:\BY·

TaBpOB
a.,,. 1/6

BH 3 -bh 3 BH 3 -bh 3
lx= 12 Wx= 6H ix= V BH 3 -bh 3
l2(BH-bh)

Wx=
BHª+ bh3
6H
.V
tx=:
BHª+bh
12 (B H +bh)'
1

o
 1

- 1
J
1

<l>opMa nnoll\&.llb I(oop,llHH8Tbl KpaAunx

ceqeHH9 ce1.1euus ToqeK ceqeHHR
p

. -
Kpcc10m111d
Yí

X
., "" X B
<:
1 1-<
F = HB + (B - b) h
X1=2

b
"' H
x, x, Y1 = 2
71
y
•
ÜCH X- X 11 y - y -
fJl:JBHble ueHTpaJibHble
l
Kp~nos1111a TOHKOCH' H-
l
"!
Hall l

X'<>~
5y
::>;
"' X
+ (b - X1=2
b
¡
•x, -X "'
F = h~ ~) ~
h 1
b Y1=2 1
y
Oc11 X-X H y - y -
rJiaBHble ue11rpaJib1ILJe

HecHMMeTpH•tHbtH D,By-
j
TaBp HS npH \!O)' rOJib· 1
HHKOB
b1 =b-a
yb
fJJ_ b,
"l B 1 = B-a
2 11

V/,.
'~ <:> B
X1 =2 1
X
1
.,;:
"' '>:: )( F = bc1 +
+ 8 1c +
-<: 1...: + a (h+ + Be
h1)
) +b
aH 2

(2H - C1)
¡C¡
2

7/,,;, '///,
Y1 =-
D, '"' 2 aH + B c + b c1
[tx, ªi-4
x,
1 1

Yi = H-y1
y
1f¡
h= Y1 - e ¡
ÜCH X-XH y - y -
fJld BHble u,ettrpaJibHble
h1 =y; -Ci jl. ,
'. 1

44 !
 n pOOO!/?/(fHUe 11 OÚA. J
..
Pd1.t.1 y i.1 J-11 t: putnt
J\.1o\.1el!ThJ YH~ P•tVl1.
J x· J y;
OC< BtJe
r,e1 rpo5tmPbn1 !Ky·
\"..('r.'('bTbl conpoTHB.n~HllSJ:
ccrsi.1e W
w1J 11
x·
npu
lf' y: non•pHhJA
CB06V!lllt M
'x = i/;
non•pH• n J n 11 npu
Kpy4eJUIH \f/ K
CBOÓí'Jl.P• 1\.1 KPY'->('l·HiH JK ¡!J = J/'" J/
¡ -

Jx =
bH 3 + (B -
12
t) lz"
Wx=
bH3 + (B -
611
b) hª
ix= V~x
J 11 =
hB 3 + (H -
12
h) b~
w,,, =.hB" + (fl -
6B
h) b3
. VF
t11= Jg

__.

J X = /2 (hªS+/i3 (b - l5)J Wx=

h315 + l53 (b - l5)
6h
ix= v~x
J 11 = ¡~ lb 3 6+63 (h - l)] W11 =
b315 + l5ª (h - 6)
6b l11 = -V Jg
F

J
W xn = ~ (JVIH sepxm1x lx= v l x
F
1 3 Y1
J X= 3 (By¡ - B1h3 + BOJIOKOH)
3
+by¡ -b1h1)
3
W XH =
J
_! ( ,l!Jlll HfüKHHX
Y1
. -V
lg = Jy
-
F
1 3 BOJIOKOH)
J 11 = ( B c + b3c1 +
12 1
+as (h + h1 )J Wu = 68
1B3c + b3c1 +
+as (h + h1 )J
 11

'

<!>OpMa nnowaJJ.b ~ OOPJJ.HH8Tbl KpaAuux

Ce4eHHJI ceqeHliA F TO'leK CetieHHA

~ 1

C!IMMeTpll'IHblii raBp
H3 npll~toy fOJ!bHHKOB
B
X1 =2
x, r x, x,
~ x, 1
"X ~"' F = (8- b) e+ bh Y1 = 2 X
X (B-b)c 2 +bh~
(B-b) L' + bh
y
IJ1 = h-yl
Ocn x- x H y- y-
rnas111i1e uettrpaJJbHWe

HecnMMeTpH'IHOe ce'le·
H!le H3 np11MoyroJJb·
HllKOB
aH 2 +be'
IJi = 2 (a H + Oc)
y;= H-Yi =
F = aH + bi aH2 + be (2H - e)
-
2 (aff +be)

Ocb x - x- ueurpaJJb11a11

46
 rI pooo.11J1Cef1Ue ma6J1. 1

¡\~oweHTbl HHepl(HH."
ocee1>1c J X' J y;
ueuTpo(ícA<nbrll J xy;
noJlll]-'Hblll J P 11 npu
CBUÓO,llHOM KpyqeHHH
MoMeHTbl conpoTHeJieuu11
oceeble W x• W y•
noJIRPHblll W P u npu
ceoG011noM KPY"•""" WK
JK

J x = lx.- Y1•2F W lx
=, lx,
=-, -Y1'F . VJx
XB Y1 Y1 lx= F
JX• = _!_
3 [(B - b) c3 + (JJ.Jlll BepXHHX BOJIOKOH)

+ bh J 3
lx lx {y-VJy=
- F
1 w = -Y1 = h- Y1'
f2 [Bªc + bª (h -
XH
¡Y = e)) 1
(JJ.Jlll HH:lKHHX BOJIOKOH) =2X
Kpo'>le Toro,

6~ [Bªc+
rne ~
1x=~J2•
Bh 3

H3XOJJ.HTCH HS
Wy =
+ b3 (h-c)J X
V (B3-fr') c+bªh
3((8-b)c+
+bh]
rpa<f>nKa

J
W = ~ (D.J!ll HH)l{HHX
XH IJ¡
BOJIOKOR)

1
Jx =
3
3
(By1 - bt + a111'3)
(D.JIH BepXH!lX BOJIOKOH)

W X»> W XB

47
 '

<t>, pMa
ccqeuus
llnow.aitb
CCl.4eUH 9 p
KvotL~\Hr arh1 Kpatiuux
Tor.ieK ceqcuuH
i -

1i
'
j
!\opb!THoe ce'leHHt'
1
y B
fJ
t¡ = 2 1
X
J
j
!h =
F = Bh + 2b (H - h)
Bh 2 +
2b (f/ 1 - h2 ) j
x, x,
8 = 2 í Bh +
2b ( H - h) I 1

Oc11 . t - . t 11 y-y-
!11 = H-111
1l
rnao11ble ueHTpaJibHble

.YcToft
CTeHK?•.m
e o6paT HhlMll ~1
1
x, y
:,,; X
K1
B
= -2 ~'
~
"' ""
= //¡
F = BH-a+b h
Xz
2
-
38H' - h2 (b + 2a)
bfl H - ,'h ( 1 + b) •l

y¡= H -Y1

ÜCH X-X ft y-y-

rJI8B Hhle UeHTp8JibHble

PasH060K11ií yroJJoK

Xi= Y1 =

- h 1
+ t (h - t)
F = t (2h- t) 2 (2h - /)
x{ = y1 = h - x1 =
1y
=h-Y1

Oc11 Xz-X 2 11 Y2-Y2 -

rnasHble ue111paJJbHble
 ll poi)o1111cem1e ma611. 1

PaA•1ychl Huepu.uu

V~
J\1GMCHThl Huepuu.t:
oceable lx, ly: MoMeHTbl conpornaneuuH;
oceBble W X' W y: non•pHblA lx=
ue11Tpo6elKHhlA J X y:
W fJ H npH CB060AHOM
nom1pawll J fJ H npu
«Bo'Xl,¡¡HOM KPY• euuu J K
KpyqeHHH WK
ly= V1
811 3 + 2b (H - h) 3 _lx
I JF~-"
lx= 12 + Wx-
!11
ix ~
J
!~r +
(JtJIH HHlKHHX BOJIOKOll)
+ 8h(y 1 - Jx
Wx=-,
Y1
H-h
+2b(H-h) ( -j-- (JlJl!I B\'pXHHX BOJIOKOH)
2
\ª 8 3 11 - (H -
+ h- !11) Wy=
-h) (8-2b) 3
68
fy 8 3 H-(H-Jz)(8-2b)3
12

lx = lx, - Fyf
(JVl!I
Wx = Jx

H11lKHHX BOJIOKOH)
!11
i !C '"-
V ¿F-x

8H 3 h3
f x,=-- -
3 12
(b + 3a) IV!
W X -
- {JC'
!f 1
HB 3 h b4 -a• (Jlilff BepXHHX BOJIOKOH)
lu= "-!2- 48 b-a
H8 2 h b4-a4
Wy =-6- - 248 b-a

1
IX = J y = 3 [t (h-111) 3 +
+ lzy1- (h - t) (111- f)3J
lx
- l ('.?h - 3t) (h 2 + f2) Wx = W, = -
!11
(Jl!lll ne-
J "' - 6 im1n = 1 y, -
BblX H HHlKllHX BOJIOKOH)

ly,=
7h 4 - 5 (h - 1) 4
12 - Wx lx
= W ,, = / · (Jlilll
Y1
npa-
= VJ;·
- 2hª111 (h !11) + + BblX 11 Bepxnux BOJIOKOll)

+ 2 (h - t) (h - y 1 ) X
+
X (y 1 t) - 4hy1 (h - 1¡2

49
 <t>op"a llJJOUla)tb Koop1t11HaT .. Kpalluux
cecicHHSJ CcLJ:euusr F TO'-ICK ceqeHHH

P~stto60KHH yronoK

h+t-2c
Y1 =
JÍ2 1¡
F = t (2h-t)
' /¡2 +
ht- (2
X
Yi = (2h - t) Y2 1
y
C=Y1T 'Y2
ÜCH X - X H y - y -
fJJ38Hble uettrpaJJbHble
-
HepaBHOOOKH}t yrOJIOK !JS + h¡f
X¡= 2 (b + h1)
xi =b-x1 =
=
!JS +h¡ (2/J - t) ~

-<::: F = t (b+h2) =
2(b +h¡)
j

X = t (h + b¡) +
h2 b¡t 1
Y1 = 2(h b1) + 1
YÍ =h-Y1 =
= h1 + b¡ (211 - t)
2 (h b¡)+
Z-o6pasttoe ce'leHHe
-

ti l
b-2
X
F = ht1 + 2t (b- t 1)
X¡=

1l
h
Y1 =2
1
 fl poaOA:JK:eftue ma6A, /

Pan.11ycbl HHepuuu:

V
MoMeHThl uuep1~uu: JJC
MoMeHTbl ccnpoTueneHHA:
J X' J g~
OCC'Bbre
ocesb1e W x· W : nonHPHbll •x= P
ueHTpo6e>KHb1A J xy; 11
W O 11 npH CBUÓOJIHOM
noJt!IPHblll J fJ H np11
Ro60AHOM KPY•lHHH JK
Kpy•eHml K w

J X= ! (2c1 - 2 (C ·- f) 4 + W XB = -.
J Je
Y1
(!Vlll BepXHHX . VTx
tx= F
BOJlOf.OH)

+ t (1i - 2c + ~ r] W XH = J Je (JLJ!ll HH>KHUX

.
' 11 =
1Íly
Y F
h4 - (/¡ - t)4 Y1
BO.rnKOH)
Jg = 12

1X = 31 (f (h - !/¡)
3
+ W XB = Jx
-
y; (.lJlll BepXHH\

+by~ - /J 1 (:11
BOJJOt.OH)

1
- 1) 3 1
Jx
W XH = -y (!lJI ll lllt>KHHX
ix= v~~=
/ t¡ = J (1 (b - X¡)
1
+ BO.~OKOH)
=0,29/z
t- ltx~ - h1 !t1

/ JCt¡ = - 4 (b
-

/J/J 1 /¡ 1¡11
+ '11) -
t)''I
W yn = Jx'11 (AJJ11
BOJIOKOll)
1
npaBblX
i11= V 1
; =
= 0,32b
bb1hh¡f J 11
Wyn = - (!lJill JieBblX
=-
4 (h b1) + BOJIOKOH)
X¡

J" =
- /¡/¡ 3 - (b- ti) (h - 21) 3
12
J 11 = Wx=
ht~ + 6fb2 (b - ti)+
-
b/J'1- (b - f1) (h - 2t)3
= --'+'--2t-'--(b___t-'-'¡)'-3- 6h
12
IV' g =
J x. -
Jxcos 2 a - J 11 sin' a. ht; + 6tb
+ 2t (b - t1)3
2
(b- t1) + i11= V~11
ros 2a ---'-..,...--'----'"---
J !I e(," i a - .1 x s 1 n' a 6 (2b- 11)
J 11 = - " - - - - . . , , . - - - - -
' <OS 2a
11 (h - 1,) (I¡ - f)
1¿Ja=
lx-lg
 -
<l>c'·p .,13 n.n'>W3D.b Ko0pAHH8Tbl Kpallm >
CC'JCHlUI ceqe1rn>1 F TOqeK ceGeHUSI

TpeyroJJbHlll\
1
l
!11 =3 h
x,
1
¡; = -2 bh '
J/1 = 32 h
x,

y ~
d = ! (XÍ - X¡)

l'
j
~I
1

52
' 1

)'
~
¡'
 npoaom¡r_1-w.e ma64. I

MOMcHThl uuepitHH:
MOMC'HTbJ C:JnpoTHBJICHtlit
J x• J y;
OCeBblO
ueuTpo6e>nHblll J xy;
OCCBblC X• w w
y; nonRpllblA
Wp lt npH CBOÓOJJ.HOM
nonRpm.in JP u npH
Kpy4eHmt Wu
cso60JJ.HOM upy4eHlm J K

bft3 F.'i~
lx=36=IB
blt3 f h2 b/zª
lx, = 12 = T W XII = 12 (JlJISI HHlKHHX . h o•"'""J
'l0C7h
lx=
3
JÍ]=
bh 3 Fhª BOJIOKOll)
lx.= T =2
Jg = bh (b -
2
x;r!) = w = bhª
24 (.'.lJI>I
YB aepXHHX iy = -- X
1

36 BOJIO: 011)
3 V2
F(b 2 -x;x¡) JÍb 2-x;-" 1 =
X
- \\' = b!i ('1 2
- x;x 1 )
h = 0,2357 JÍ ¡,< - X~ t¡
36x 1
h (x~
3
+ x~) yn

lg, = 12 (!lJill npaawx sonoKou)

J fJ =
bh
J6 ·~
(h2 +X¡ + W = bh (t. 2 - x;x1 )
bn 36x;
• 2
+X1 X¡+ X¡) (¡¡JI SI JieBWX BOJIOI-.011)

! oA = h (3b',¡ 2 +X¡'3 + X¡)

f2 '

I(n11 pasuocTopo1rnero TpeyrOJiuHnKa CO CTOpOHOH

b H BblCOTOH h
hb3 Fb 2 ltb'
J 1 = J Y• = 48 = 24 W yn =W yn =12
-

. v-3 -
J = h4 = h4 WK = 0,05b 3 =
hª
l
y -
_!J_v~-
6 2
K 15 JÍ 3 25,981 - 75
2/ K
fi3 = 0,204b
3 b4 b4
=so . y3 = 46, 18~ =12,99=71
MaKCH'WaJibttoe KacaTeJib·
Hoe tta·!pHme1rne tmax
nocepea11tte cropo11
)],¡¡¡¡ pasuo6eapeuuoro TpeyroJihllHKa e oc1wsauHeM b,
BblCOTOÜ h 11 yrJIOM llPH Bepamrre 15° a<
JK = 121 hbl -0, JQ5b 4 1
WK= f2ftb2 -0,J05b3 =
JK
=i
B ToqKax !lJIHHHb1x cro-
po11 B6,Hl31! OCHOBaHHSI
tmax
l
53
 - -
cJ>opMa nnou¡allb Koot>11unaTw xpanm"
ceqeHHSJ ce•eHHll F To"leK cet1eHHS1

'
-
~
npHr,10 yrOJibHblir Tpe·
yroJibHHK

X;r ~ q y x.
X¡
' 1
=3b
1
11

l
l
~
'":=:;

~~~
X~ )(
1
F="2bh 2
¡,. X1=3b
Xz Xz
A x: x,
l li
~ !Y
l
Y1 =ah

Y1
.
=a2 h
1

,I
 ll pOOOAJICeHue ma611. J

MoMeHThl 1tuep~HH
N O'\.leHThl conpot'HsnenHR
oceehle J x• J 11 ;
OCCBble w X• w y; nonRpHblÜ
~eHTpo6e>KHblA J X11;
wD H npH ceo()OJJ.HOM
nonRpHhlA J /} H 11pH fy
t BOÓOll.HOM KpyqeHHH J !<
KpyqeHHH WK
111 = V F

bh 3 {hª
'"· =12 =6
bh' Fh' bh 2
lx,-4= T W XH = 12\,llJiff HllJKllHX

BOJIOllOH)

bh 2
W XB =-(¡¡JIH eep11111x
24
BOJIOKOH)
bqh Fb"
'b• =12 = 6 bªh
ix = ~= 0,2357h
win =12 (¡¡J111 neeblx
3 JÍ2
BOJIOKOH)

b2h b
Wun = 24 (,11JIH opaBblX iy = 3 y2 = 0,2.357b
b2h" BOJIOllOH)
J JC1ll1 = 24

bh 2
J /} -- 36 (h 1 + b = bhc
-36-
1)

bh bhc 2
J o4 = i2 (h 2 + b2 ) = T2

, 55
 -
KoopAJ!HaTIV xpanHux
ToqeK ceqea1111

Tpaneuu11

b-j- 2111
F=
1
2 (b1 +b) h
Y1 = 3 (b+ b1) h

' 2b + b¡ h
Yi = 3 (b + b1)

I{Jlll paBHo6e.npeHHOH
OCHOB8

b
X1=2

I{Jl!I TpaneUHll B BH.ne

Bb!COTOH

56
'
 ll poiJOJIJlceHJle nw6A. J

Pa,n.uyc•...i Hll(. pu11u

MoMeHThl u11 epl\Hll:
OCeBLle J Xt J y;
u.euTpoCie>KHhlll J :ty;
A-toMeHTbl conpoTHBJJeHHfl:
oceehle W x• W y; no.11>1p11b1ll
W P 11 npu ceo6oAHOM
'x= VJ:
no.nRpHhlll J P 11 npn
ly
ceo60,11noM Kpyqeuuu JK
Kpy4ei111U W K
{y =
V -F

h3 (b 2 + 4tb1 + bi) h2 (b 2 +
4bb1+bi)
J x= 36 (b +b 1
) w XH = 12 (b 2b¡) + l - h
6 (b +b1) X
F h 2 (b 2 + 4bb 1 -f- b~) (,n.,rn HH.lKHllX BOJIOKOH) X -

-
18 (b + b1)2 hl (bl + 4bbi + bi> xV 2 (b 2 + 4bb.+bi>
J - h (b
x. - 12
3b¡) -
-
3
+ Wxe = 12 (2b +b 1)
(!lJIJI nepxuHX BOJIOKOH)

-
fh2 (b + 3b,)
6 (b + b1)
J - h (3b + b¡) -
3
x. - 12 -
fhl (3b + b¡)
= 6(b+ b¡)
TpaneUllll e BepXHllM b¡ H ffll)KHHM b¡ -1-: bo = b
HHJ!Mlf
. /¡
h (6bi 3
6b 1 b0 b:) + + WXB = lx= 6(2b¡ + bo) X
JX = 36 (2b¡ bo) + 1
h (6bi 6b 1 b0 + b¿) +
= 12 (3b 1 2b 0 ) + X V 2(6b{+6b1b0+b!)
4 4
h b'- b1 h b4 - b¡
J 1/ = 48 . b - b¡ wy = 24 • b2 - bb¡

vmrna e 6Ó.1bWllM b, MN!blliH'd b¡ OCHOBaHH!IMll H

h> 4b
h (b 1 - b~) JK h (b4 - b:)
J = -
WK= b = 12b(b-b¡)-
K 12 (b - b¡)
- o, 105 (b 4 + b~) b4 + b41
-O 105
' b
MaKCHMaJibHble KacaTeJib·
Hble uanpmKeHH!I B TO'I·
K8X !lJIHHllblX CTOpOH
6JIH:a<e K WHpOi<OMy OCHO·
B8HHIO
MK
'Imu = W
K

S1
 KO<>pAUH8T~ gpaPaHX
1'0lfCK ceqCHIUI

f:oJiblH püMÓ 1'

a
y
ÜCH X-X H y-y-
rJiaBHble ue11TpaJibHble

l(pyr
y

JC X nd2
r= - 4 =wª""
"" o. 785'12

Jlio15aa uettrpaJibHan
OC& -

l(oJibUO
rJiaBHaH
-
n (D~- tP)
F= 4 =
X X nD 2
= - 4- ( 1 - a 11) "" D
X¡= Y1=2
"" O, 785D 2 ( 1 - a2)
d
y a=D
Jl10Ciaa 11t>111pan b11an
oc:u - r:1a1l!fan

1
1

'l
 n pOOOAJK:eHue ma(>,¡ 1

Pa.n.Hvc1->r Hlll r LliH

MoMeHThl uuep11••:
OCCBhle J x• J JI;
nenTpo5carnb1R J x ;
non~ pub1tl J H npH
11
MoMeHThl conpoTnBneuu~:
ocesble W x• W y; non~pHblll
WO H n¡>H CBO(OJ),HOM
1,. =
V JX
fi
0 Kpyqenuu WK
CBOÓOJ),HO" KpyqeHHH JK

-1 -
ab 3 a b~
·_
V ª b· - ª1 b'li
'l - 'l
a 1 b1
ab~ -
lx=---- wx-
- --
24b I~-
4b . 24 (ab-a 1b1)

a 3 b- a~b 1
Wa = 24a

nd' :nr'
1 x= 1 u= 64 = T -
11d3 11r8
Fd 2 Fr 2 Wx=W 11 = = - ::::.
= 16 =4 = 0,05d 4 = 32 4
""'0,785r' = 0,ld3 = 0,785rª
•
lx
.
= lg = -d4 = -2r
J 0 =J.= 2J x = 2J y= w" = w. = 11d3 = 11r3 _ 3JJJmnc uHepu1m-
µ 16 2 - Kpyr
:nd4 :nr 4
= 32 = 2 = O,ld'""' = 0,2d3""' l ,57rª
= l ,57r 4
:n ( Dft d4)
1

.
JX = Jy = -'--c,,...,-----' -
64 - w- w- :t ( º'32D
- d4)
:tD 4 " - y -
= 64 (l - a.4) =
11D 8 1
F (02 + d2) = 32 (1 -a.4) = ix= lg= 4 X '

1:
16 -
FD 2
=O,IDª(l -a.4) xV0 2 +dª= 1

= -1-6 (1 +a.ª) ""

D
= 0,05D4 (1 _ a.4) = 4 fl +uª
3.nJJHUC nnep UHll -
Kpyr
 cJ>opMa nnoll(8Jl.b KoopJJ.HHaTbl KpaA1rnx
Ce"leHHR ceqeuKff F TO-!eK ce1.1:eHIUl

l(pyr e HeKOHu.enrpu
'leCKHM OTBepcTHeM
D
X¡= -
2
Y1 a,2
Yo= PD 1 _ az
JI X
JI, -x, D 1-a.2 (1 - 2Bl
x, "' x, Y1 = 2 1 - rx.•
D 1-a.2 (1 +2~)
y
Y1 == 2 1 - a2
Ocu x-x H y-y- p =a
r JI3dHble u.e111paJib1Jb1e D

l(pyr e KpyrOBbl\l
Bblpe30M

ÜCH X-X H t¡-y-

rJiaBllble

To11Koc1e1111oe l\OJibU.O
ll <O, ld
y

d
)C X F = n6d X1 = Y1 = 2 = r

Xt Xr
d=2r
y
Jlio6aa ueu rpaJib11aa
OCb - rJiaBH8ll

60
1
 npOiJO.llJICeHUe lll06 A

v:
Pa¡¡uychl l!H(,
MowettThl 1-11-1epunH
NoMeHTW conpOT"1BJICHHH
OCCBblC f ~, J y•
OC€BbJe w
x• ~,y• •x=
uewrpo~c,xubln J xy•
llOJJHpHblA W fi H npH

.
1
noJJHpHwll J p 11 rpu
cnot\0¡¡110M Kpy•1eHHH J K
CBOÓO)IHOM Kpy 0 eHHH wK
ly- V'y F

nD 3
Wx= 32 X
(l -a2)(1-a4)- D
- IQa.2~2 ix=-¡ X
rrD' X
Jx = X l - a 2 (1 +2fü ...
64

ª~ )
2 2
(.n.JU! BepXHHX BOJIOKOll)
X V1 +a 2 -

r
x(l-a'-16 rtD 3
1- a 2 Wx = X
a~
32
nD' (1 - a 2 ) (1 - a 4 ) - =- 16 ( 1-a
Jy= (1-a') - 16a.2~2
64
X 1 - a 2 (1 - 2~) D
(Jtm1 HH.lKHHX BOJIOKOH)
ly = ¡ Jf 1 + a. 1
:rcDª
Wy=-(l-a 4 )
32

Rª
WK= k
2
MaKCHMBJJbHOe KacareJJb·
Hoe HarrpH.lKe1111e •rrax
Ha JlHe Bblpesa

r/R o 0,005 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,5

1,57 1,56 1,56 1,46 1,22 0,92 0,63 0,38 0,07

0,64 1,22 1,22 1,23 1,31 l,f.2 1,91 2,63 7,14

n6d3 • d
J x = Ju = g- = :mSr 3 = Wx=Wu=4=
rtild 2 lx=ly=---=
2Jf 2
Fd 2 = rrilr2 ,,,. O, 785ild 2
=8 """0,3936d3 = ' 0,353d
Jf2"""
nild 2
11&13 Wp=WK=2=
Jp = JK = T = 2rr6r 3 """ 3JJJIHTIC
Kpyr
HHepUHH -

= 2nilr 2 """ 1,57 &2

... 0,785&18

61
 <l>OpM8 n nom.anb Koop11t1HaThl Kpan,1111 x
CCliCHHSI ceqet111H F 'fOLICl{ CC'ICllHR

----i-----7----
Kpyrosoe ue3aMKHyroe d _¡_ 6
-1
1
TOHKOCTeHllOI' KOJlbUO X¡~ !f1 = -2- 1

X
~

d
X¡= -2 = T

X nd 2 nr 2 2 d
f=g-=2""' Y1 = -3 n=
""' 0,393d2 4 ,
= -3 it ""'0,212d
y; ~ 0,288d
ÜCH X-Je H y-g-
rnaBH~e ueHTpanbH~e

LJ:erseprb Kpyra

4r
Xi= Y1 =
3
n = 0,424r
nr 2
F= T = 0,785r 2

ÜCHX-X H y-y-
rnaBH~e uettrpanbH~e

62
 17 priJo,r11Ce11.ue t 06.1. l

1-'d¡¡HyChl HHepu11n

V
"-10M€HThl' HHCPUHH
MOMCHTbl conpOTllCJI(>HHH. lx
oc es ble J x• J Y' •x= fi
OC€Bble W X• W y•
ueHTpoeelKHhlR J xy;
OOJJllpllbl~ W p H IIPH
noJJllpHhlA J P u npu
eo6o¡¡HO" Kpy"eHHH J K
cao6o.a.HO\I KpytteflllH wK

nd6 3 (ndfi)~ ndfi 2

JK=-3- W K = 3nd + J,8fJ = -3-
MaKCHM3JlbHble KacaTeJib·
Hble HanpHJKeHHll B TO'I·
K3X BHyTpeHHero H Ha·
pyi1rnoro KOHTypoe ceqe-
HHH
_ 3nd 1,81) M +
•max - (ndfi)2 K 11

WX ""' 0,0324tfl ""'

J = d4 (~ - ~) = ""' 0,259r 3 (.AJ!ll HHJKHHX
X 16 8 9n BOJIOKOH)

= 0,00686d 4 ""' O, l lr 4 ix = 0, 132d

Wx = 0,0239d3 =
;¡;d4 nr4 = 0, 19lr3 (.llJ!ll eepXHHX
. d
Jy = J "• = 128 = 8 = BOJIOKOH) ly = 4
Fd 2 Fr 2 nd3 nr 3
=15=4""' Wu=54=g=
= 0,0246d 4
""' 0,393r 4
= 0,05d3 ""' 0,393r 3

;¡;2,a
J"max ""0,0714r 4 Wx,=Wu,= 48 X
J Ymin = 0,0384r 4 9zi;2 - 64 ""' o 923 3
X 3n- 4 ' '
Jx, = Jy, = 0,0549r4
(.IVIH sepXHHX H npaBb!X Íxmax = 0,302r
nr4 BOJIOKOH)
J"• = Ju. = J6 = O, l 96r 4 iumin = 0,221r
J"•Y• = -0,0165r 4
X (9n 2 - 64) = l,245r 3
(.l\Jlll HH)l{HHX H JleBblX
BOJIOKOH)

63
 <l>opMa OJJ-Ou\a,llb J\OOP..ll•maTbl Kpafmux j
Ce4eHHPI cet&ehHR F TOl.J.eK cet¡CHHR
1

-¡!
1

1
l

Kpyroooit ceKTOp
x1 =
b
2 = r sin ee
1' 1

J
Yb
1

sr 2rsincr.
-32 rb
'
x, F = - = cx.r 2
2 Y1 == -s = 3a - ¡
1

~ = rsina
X X s = 2ra 382
• a.º
X,
y
"" K1 naº
a. = 180° ,_ ( _ 2 sin a. \
Orn x - x H y-y,-- Y1 - r 1 3a /
r JJdBHble ueuTpaJJ bHble
b=2rsina

b
X1= 2
Kp yrosoil cen1eHT b=2rsina
4r sinª a
F=
,2 (2a - sm
. 2a); Yo= 3 (2a: - sin Fi.\
2
4 s1n 3 a
Yi = ' ( 3 2a - sin :¿'l' -

-cosa)

y- y-
r( 1 - ~
Ü<-11 X - X 11
r J1as11we ueuTpaJJ&Hble YÍ = X

sin 3 a )
X 2a-sin 2a

64
j
¡1
 npOfJOAJICeHUe ma6.ll. f
Pal(Hyc hl HHep11a11
MOM€RThl HR€PllHH:
MoMeHTbl conpOTllBJleHHR.
occeble J x' J y;
oceeble W x• W y: 'x= vJx
F
uenTpo6eH<Hhlll J xy;
flOJlRPHblll w p H npn
non11 pnblll J P e npe
cao6011uoM KpyqeuHn WK
ceo6011noM Kpyqeaan JK 111 = VJy
fi

- r3
J x = r4
B ( 2ci +sin 2a - Wx=g- X

1
2a+sin2a- ,
32 sin a) 3
Fr 32 sin 2 a ix=2 X
9a
=-X
8a

X ( 2a +sin 2a -
X
-
l-
9a
2 sin a
3a
X v 1 +sin2a_
2a
..
_32 sin' a) (AJJH BepXHlfl( 80;10KOH) -- 16sin 2 a
9a 9a. 1
33
,4 ' a (2a+
Wx = 16 sin ª ,
lx, = S (2a +sin 2a) iy = 2 X

y
2
+ . 32s1n a)
stn 2a- ga, X
r4 . 1 _sin2a
lu=g- (2a-stn2a)= 2a
(4JI11 HH}Kl{HX BOJIOKOH)

Fr 1 W _ 2a:-sin 2a
= - (2a - sin 2a) y-- r3
8a sin a
- r' .
lx= B (2a-stn2a+
'
+ 4cos a sinª a)=

= F~'(1
+4cosas1nªa)
2a - sin 2a.
+ Wx=Jx (.llJ!!I
BOJIOKOH)
y,
HH)KHHX

ix= 2
, v--. 1+

WX =
Jx
-; (.llJ! H sepXHILt
.. + 4cos a sina 3
Jy= r' {2a-sin2a- Y1
2a -sin 2a
8 BOJIOKOH)

- ~ cosasin 3 a)=

= Fr' ( 1 - _!X
W 11 = ,a
.
8 Sin a
-sin 2a-
{ 2a-
Íy=;
v-.. 1-
4 3 - 4 cosa sinª a
cosa sinª a) - : cosasin a) 8 - 3 2a - sin 2a
X 2a-sin 2a
r4
JXI = S (2<X -
- sin 2a cos 2a.)

65
 1 1
-.

1
<l>op111a IlJJO~&/lb Ko11p11BllaT1>1 MpailHHX
Ce'leHHR Ce'leHHll ,, Toqea ceqeeen
1

1 1

1
~
IloJJyKOJJbUO 1
D
X1=2 l
n(DS-f12) 2 D1 +Dd+d1
y F= 8 =
Yi=an o+d =
nD2
= 8 (1 - al) ""' 2 D 1 +a+ a 2
=-- ~
3n l+a
""' 0,393D 1 ( 1 - a 1 )
""'0,212D 1 + a+ al
d l +a
a.== -
y~ ""' D ( 0,288 -
D
0cH X-X A y - y -
rnaeeble ueHTpaJJbHble
-0,212 +a a• )
1

JC1 = R sin y
2 R1_,s
Y1= 3 R1_,2 X
CexTop KOJJbU3
X sin "i =
F = y (.RI ..... ,1) = 'V
2 Rsin'y 1-a3
= yR1 (I -al) =a· y l - a1 l
'
n:y°
'V= 180° , ( 2 sin y ~
Y1 =R 1-3 T
X 1-aª)
X
•r"<
1-a1
'""
ÜCH JC -
rnaeHble
X H y- y-
ueHTpaJJbttble
,,
Y1 =
2R sin y
ay X
"
~¡'
1- a3 3 '""'
X ( 1- a2 - 2 ay ctg '\' f
,l
i'

66
l
l
J
 llpoéJoM1ceHue ma6A. 1

MoMeHTbJ HnepuHR MoMeHTbl conpoTHBJleHHst:

oceewe J x• J y: OCCBble W X• W y•
ueHTpof5e»<11wll J ¡r;y; nOJ111puwll W P H npH
noJrnpHhIR J p M npH CB060AHOM RpyqCHHH WR
ceo60AHOM KpyqeHHR JK

JX 0,00686 (D 4 - d 4 ) -
"'-" W X = 0,0068603 >(

0,0177D 2d 2 (D - d) _ ( l - a 4 ) {l-+ a)-

- D+d - X - 2,54a 2 (1 - a)
0,288 ( 1 +a) -
= 0,00686D 4 ( 1- a 4 - -0,212a 2
(,llJ!ll BepxHllX BOJIOM•H)

- 2,54a
2
~ ¡ :) w X = 0,03240 3 X iy= ~ yv2+d2=
(l - a 4 / (1 +a) -
D
Jq =
n(D' -
128
á 4) -2,54a 2 (1 - a) = -
4
y t + a.¿
X l +a+ a 2
nD 4 (JJ.Jlll HHlKHHX BOJIOKOH)
= 128 {1 - ci4) =
nD 3
"" 0,0246D 4 ( 1 - a 4 ) W y= 6T (l - a 4) =
= 0,050 3 (! - a 4)

Jx= R4-;¡ r4 ( 2y+sin 2y-

- 32 sin
9y
1
y)=
~
4
= (1 - a 4 ) ( 2y +
•
+ stn 2y - 32 sin 2
{>) w X = -¡
lx (JJ.JIH
Y1
BepxHHK -+ + si~;i'
..
9i' =
BOJIOKOH)
a2) ( 1

~~ (1 + a2) ( 2y +
2
= Wx =
lx (.ZJ.JHI HHlKHHX - - lú sin 1 y)
+Sin
.
2¡>-
32sin 2
gy
y) BOJIOKOH)
-¡;
Y1 9y~

R4-r4 R
lx, =
8
(2y + Wy =
- Rª
B (1 - a 1
) X
ly= 2 X

+sin 2y) =
R4
8
( 1- a 4 ) X X
2y- sin 2y
.
y
- X -V (1 + a2) ( l ~
X (2y + sin 2y) Slll
-----
R•-r•
J y= - - (2y - sin 2y)=
8
R•
= B (1 -a•) (2y- sin2y)=

FR 1
= by (1 + a•) (2y - sin 2y)

61
 <l>opMa J(oopAaaaT~ KpaABBx
ceqeHHR ll'oqeK ceqeeea

CeKrnp TOHKOCTeHHOro
J(0Jlbll8

X1 =rsina
sin a
111 = ,___..
F= 21Xr6 a

l/i, = T
(l - sinª)
7

~« 2r Y1,, =- r (sin IX
-a-cosa)

ÜCH X - X H y - y -
rJJaBllble uettTpaJJbHble

Kpyr e JJblCKoA

l X

h
IX= d > 0,5
ÜCH X-X H y - y -
rnaBHble uettTpaJibHble

'ª
 llpoéJoAWeHue ma6A. 1

MoMeHTbl uttepl\HH:
oceawe J x• J y•
o,ettTpo6eJKublil J xy:
MoMeHTr>I COfl~ OTllBJH. Hltíl
OCCBble \t' X• W y• •x= JIJ;
no;rnp11u1A U; v " 11rtt
110J111p11wn J v n npo ceo'iOJ.HO\t Kpy4e!IHH K w
ceoto111 o .t KpyqeHliH J K

'•
fJr2
\'rx~-¡x

4,1n 2 o . r
2a +sin 2a- ---1
tx= 2 X
63 X a
lx= ; (2a+srn2a-
<m a

-
4 sin2
a
ª)--4ap,2 X
1--
a
(llJl!I Bepll.ll HX BOJIO!-.Oll)
------
4 ~tn a 2
4sm2a) br 2
( 2a+sm2a- a Wx=2X

~
J =
6
;, (2a - sin 2a) =
.
2a +sm 2a-
4 sin 2 a
.
111 = 2"' X
= Fr 2
4
a (2a - sin 2a)
X

(llJl!I
Sin a
- - -cosa
a
HHlKHll~
a

BOJIOKOd)
X v 2 _ srna2a

w 6r2 2a - sin 2a
w
t¡
=------
2 s1na
-'------------1------------1--------~

d3 c2.oo - 1¡
1 WK= 8 (0,3a + 0,7)
d ( h )
JK = -161\ 2• 6d- - 1 =
MaKCHMaJJ i.Hoe Ka ca rM b·
d~
= (2,6a - I) HOe Hanp!lll<eHHe tmax
16 a cepen11ue nJJOcKoro
cpe3a

1
69
 -
<t>opMa KoopABRaT~ KpaAHH~
C€4eRHB roq eK ceqeee11

Kpyr co cpe3aHHblMH a) b =deos a d

--
cerMeHTaMH csepxy u
h = dsin a X1=2
CHH3Y

F = ~ (2a. +sin 2a) YI! =

d
2
.
SIO Gt

d d
6) b=2 X1=2
h=0,866d Y1 =0,433d
F = 0,74d1
d
d X1=2
y B) b=3
y 1 = 0,47ld
ÜCH.t-XH y - g -
h =0,943d
rJl8BHble ueHTp8JJ&Hble F = 0,773<1"

Kpyr co cpe3aHHblMH
cer'-leHTBMH e qeTblpex
CTOpoH

F=~1(1+3~3)= Xt = Yt = 0,433d
=0,694dl

ÜCH X-X 11 y-y-

r JIBBHble ueHTpaJ!bHble

npaBHJ!bHblil llICCTH·
yroJ!bHHK
y

F = 0,866d 2 = d
= 2,598R 1 Y1=2

Oc1-1 t - x 11 y - IJ -
r JJaBHble ueHTpaJJbtlble

70
 fl pOOO.llrJ/CeHUe ma6.11. J

MoMeHThl uuepuuu ÑloMeHT~ conpOTHBneHHH

oc ea ble J x• J ¡¡• ocenble W x• W y•
ueuTpo6e>Kuhlll J xy; nonHpHblll W P u npu
nonHpHblll Jp u npn
ceo60,l\HOM KpyqeHHH w K
CBO~O,l\HOM KpyGCflHH J K

d4 (
lx = 32 a-
sin 4a)
4
Wx = d3
16sma
(a-
d 4(
ly= 32 a+ stn2~a
<) . + _ sin4a) .
tx= vlx
F
4
. lf]y
ª + Stn22cz +
3
sin 2a cos 2
ª)' W 11 = d ( iy= JI F
+ 3 16
Jx = 0,0395d 4 + sm 2a cos
3
2
a) ix = 0,23ld
it¡ = 0,2[6d
J y = 0,0485d 4
Wx=0,0912dª lx = 0,244d
J X= 0,046 ld 4
Wy= 0,097d 3 ly = 0,'..'.52d
J y= 0,049d4
WX = 0,0978d 3
Wy = 0,098dª

lx = JJI= 0,038d4 W X = W JI= 0,Q87d3 ix = iy = o.~34d

5
Wx= 8 Rª = 0,625R3 =
5Y3 = 0,!2d 8
J X= J y = - - R4 =
16 W11 = 0,5413R3 = 0,06d8
= 0,5413R 4 = 0,06d4 d
ix = lJI = 0,456R =
WK = 0,436F 2 = 0,263d
d2
JK = 0,533F- MaKCHMaJibHble KacaTeJib-
4
Hble uanpmKeHHll Tmu
nocepeAHHe CTOpOH

71
 <!>opMa nJJoiqa.rr.• Koop,rr.HHBT~ Kpafteex
ceqenHH ce~enH11 l' TO'leK ce~eHBll

Opa BllJJbHbiií eocbMH·

yroJibHHK

X F= 0,828d8 = d
= 4,82&1 X1=Y1=2

OcH x--x H y-y-

rnaellbie ueHTpaJibHble

npaBliJibHblH MHoro-
yroJibHHK e n CTOpO-
Ha Mil
1
F= - na 2 ctga=
4 R- a
- 2sin a
= nr 2 tga=
nar a
r=-
=2 2 tga

Kp) roeoe ce11eHHe e

OJlHOií WDOHO'IHOH Ka•
HaBKOií

p.,,, nd2 d
X X
--bt X¡= Y1=2
4

Orn x-x H y-y-

r Jian111>1e ueHTpaJibHbie

72
 '
j
'

llpooOArJ1Ce11ut ma6A. 1

Pa11uychl utteJJUHH
.MoMeHTbl uuepuuu: MoMeHTbl conpOTHeJieuuu:
oceeble J x• J g: oceeble W x• W y: ix= vJx
Ji
uenTpoCíemBhlil J xg: noJIHpuhlil W P u npu
llOJIHplll•lll J p B tipll
ceoG 01\flOll xpyqeBBB J K
CB000Jr.HOM Kpyqeuuu K w
ly= V~
~
-
~ Wx= Wy=0,6906R 3 =
,' = 0,1095d8
ifr¡

/~
.' lz=ly=ly,==
_1+2l"2R'=
- 6
ÜTHOCHTeJibHO JlnaroHaJIH

W u= 0,638R8 =0,1012d 3
d
2
is = iy = i Y• =
= 0,257d
1

4:
,
= 0,638R 4 = 0,0547d 4 WK = 0,447F
dª MaxcHMaJibHble KacaTeJib·
+' JK=0,52F4
Hble uanpmKeHHH 't'max
nocepeJlHHe CTOpOH

'~
- F
lx = J x.= 24 (6R 2-a1) =
nar . -V6R•-a•
= (6R 2 - a 1) lx - 24
48
pi¡. -
J z = J x. = 48 ( 12r2+a2)= . _ y12r 2 +a•
lz1 -
48
nar
= - ( I 2r 1 + a2)
96
r -
(

JX '°" :rtd4 _ bf (d - /)
2
w X "°" ~ - b( (d - /)1
64 4 32 2d
. -.ílz
J ""' :rtd
4
- bt ( d - t)ª :rtd8 bt (d - t)• tz = JI F
K 32 4 WK""' 16 - 2d

73
 KoopAnHaT~ Kpanuux
TOlleK CelleHHH.

KpyroBoe ceqettHe e
JlB)'Mll UIUOIJOq!lblMH
K3 H8BK81\1H

d
Xt= 2
nd2
X X F ""'--2bt
4

ÜCH X - X H l.¡ - y-
rnasHble uett1paJihttble

MocToBoi\ Ób!-< e s.i

KpyrneHHHMll F= bh+nr 2 =
=bh(1+~ a) X1 =
b+h
~= 2
b
(1 +a)

h h
r= 2 Yt = -
2
Y,
OcH x - x 11 y - y -
rnaBHbre ueHTpaJibt1bre

3JIJIHilC

X X¡= b

~
b
> 1 Y1 =a

ÜCH X-X H y-y-

r JI8BHble UeHTp3Jibllble

74
 npo!Jo11rJK:e11ue ma611 1

MoMeHThl eeepQHH'
oceB1>1e J z• J 11; MoMenThl conpoTueneuHll'
oceBhle W x• W y
QeHTpo6e>KHhlA J xy:
nonHpuhlA W P u npH
noJillPHhlA J p H npH
CDoC!OAHOM KpyqeHHH W K
ceo60AHOM KpyqeHHH JK

bt (d- 1) 2
nd• nd3 bt (d- t) 2
Jz"" 64 - 2 Wx~32- d

nd' bt (d - t) 2 Jtd3 bf (d - f) 1
JK "" 32 - 2 WK ""16- d

Wz=b: (1+~~a)
2

. , / Jz
lz= V F
hb 2
!zb8
Jy= 12 11 +o.I65a3 +
W Y = 6 ( 1 a) 11+ +
+o.t65a3 +
• + 3na (0,5 + 0,212a) 1 )
+ 3na (0,5 + 0,212a) 2 )

nasb Fa 2
Jz=4=4""
,.. O, 785a 3 b
'!rab 2
rwb 8 Fb 2 Wy = - ""'0,785ab 2
Jy= -4-=4"'" 4

""'0,785ab 3 a
lz= 2
nab 2
Jp=-:¡-(a +.b") = no KOllllaM M8JIOH OCH

F MK 2Mg .
fy=2
~
= - (a2 + b2) 'tmax = WK = nb 2a
4
na 3 b3
1~ JK = aJ + b2 - 0o KOllUaM ÓC>JJI WOH OCJl

f1 f4 lnmax
- n2 (a 2 + b2) = 4n 2J p
t=--
a

75
 l(oop,Q.HHBTl>I KpaAHHX
T011 eK ce11eHHH

OoJiyanmmc

X1 =b
X 4
Y1 =3nª

y
u;= ( 1 - 3~) a
ÜCll Je - Je H Y- Y
rnaettble uettTpanbHble

llereepTb 3JIJIHnca

y
4
X1 =fütb
X nab
F=-
4 4
Y1 = 3nª

Ilon&1A MJ!HDC
'

"1 = b
Y1 =a •
/(
a - a1 = b - b1 = 6
F = n (ab - a1 b1 )

ÜCH Je - JeH y- y-
ª1
fJl8BHble UCHTp3JibHble
-a = b1--b =IX< 1

76
 flpo!Jo.11~11ue mafM. I

• MoMeHThl aaepuHJ1: MoMenru conpOTuBneRHll:

oceBble J x• JJ; ocesble W x• W y:
ueuTpotíeJKHblil xY: nonllPHblil W P H npu
noJlltpnblil J p u npu CB060AHOM KpyqenHH w K
cBO~OAHOM K~yqegUH JK

W" = ! ba2 ( ~
2
- : )

1 = ba (~ -::t) =
11
8
(Jvu1 HHJKHHX BOJIOKOH)

baz(:t8 - 9:t~)
wx--
= 2Fa 2 ( !- ! 9 2)
l -3:t
4
. b
nab3 Fb 2 'u=2
Jy=-g-=4 (JI.mi BepXHHX BOJIOKOH)
nab 2
W u= - - = 0,392ab 2
8

J;c = baª (.:: -

16
i) =
9:t
W" rnin = -34 ba 2 (:t2
-
16
- -4
9
)
l 11 = -
2
a v ( )' 1-
8
-
3:t
(J{JIH H H]I{ H l!X BOJIOKOH)

W
Yrnln -
- ~4 ab2 (:t16 -
2
±)
9
¡ -
U- 2b "lf
V 1- ( 8 )'
3n
(JtJJH npaBblX B0..10KOH) '

. l / lx
n JI
= 1t4 a 2 (a+ 3b) 6 =-.¡-a (a+ 3b} 6 tx = F

ly = ~ (abs-a,b~) = n ab 3
- a 1 b~
W11=4 b =
=
1t
4 b2 ( b + 3a) 6 =
1t
4 b (b + 3a) 6
Dprr6Jr11'KeHHble 3H3'1eHllll J H W npHíOJl.Hbl, eCJ!H
OTHOlll€HHll Ó; 01 11 Ó: b¡ M3Jlbl
1tbªn
\~ W"=T (l-a
4
)

¡-'
l(acaTeJJbHOe uanpHJKeuue 't
,f, :tb4ns B Konue ManoA nonyocu 'tmax=
. JK=
n2 + 1 (J-a )
4
=w;
MK
B KOHUe Ú0.%1UOA
í¡ K
nonyoca 'tmax
> i=-
n

77
 <l>op,·a nJIOll\OJ\b Koop,Q.HHaThl KpailRHX
ClltlHU Si Ce"IeHHH TCllJeK ce11eHHH
F

flap1160JI H4eCJ01ÍÍ Ct'f ~·e t!T

b
X¡= 2
2
F= Jbh Y1 = '!5:._ h

Y1' = ~h
5
ÜCll X - X 11 y- y -
rJiaBHble ue»Tpanbttble

flapa60JIH'!eCKHH ílOJIY·
cen1e11T

F= bh
3 2
Y1 = 5 h
n
' ,) h
y IJ1 = 5

l(pyroeoii TpeyroJJbH HK

x1 = y 1 = 0,223r
F=0,215r2
x1 = Yi = 0,777r

ÜCH X - X H y- y-
r JJ8BHble u.ettTpaJJbHble

78 '
]1
•I
l
1
'
 npoiJo.11~enue ma6.11. 1

MoM en T.. uue)luaa:

MoMeHTbl conpoTHBneuull:
oces .. e J x• J y;
ocesi.1e W x• W y;
ue11TpoCíeJKHYA J xy:
nonsp11i.11t W p u npu
DOJlllJ>Hi.111 J,,
H npu
CBoCÍO,Q.HOM Kpy'leHHH J K
CBoCÍO,Q.HOM Kpy'leHHH W K
l ~vJy
y F

npu Manol! TOJlll\HHe MO>KHO

npuHllTb paeuoMepuoe pac·
npe.Q.eMHne uanpll>Keuull no
ceqeHHIO

=~bhª= 12Fh
2
J
X 175 175 Wx = 35bhª
4
. 2
lx=5 hVª7
_ 16 3 _.8Fh 2 (JVJH HHJKHHX BOJIOKOH)
J x. - 105 bh - 35 b
8 iy=--
Wx = 105 bh2 2YS
J -
Xa -
!7 bhª -- 3Fh2
7 (JlJJH BepXHHX BOJIOKOH)

hb2
Wy= 15

2
- _!_
lx- 175bh -
2 - E!!!.
175
2 WXmin = 35 bhª
(JlJIH HHJKHHX BOJIOKOH)

J X = J y = 0,QQ755r4

Jx, = 0,003r 4
Wx 1 mrn = 0,0097r3 lx•mln = 0, 187r
J x1 = Jy, = 0,0181r 4

J y1 = 0,0121r4

79
 K.oopAHHaTM KpaAHHK
roqex ceqennA

+ctg•~)x
nOJ!oe CC'lCHUe B BU)l;e
"le'leBUUbl F=cx(1
cxc'I
X h6 = h (h" + b') =
= 4cuc'I ..X (r+---¡-
c'l-h)
a.
b=hctg
2
f=: (1+ctg1 ~)
·Y
Ocax-x u y-y-
rJ1aeHble ueHTpanbHble

)
BoAuurToe JKeneoo (eoJI- b b
Blil OOpa30B3Hbl napa(io.
F = 12,5~/i X Xt = 2
aaq~CKHMU ,llyraMu)

y: ""
x{~y1+(~r+ Y1=2"-
h+c'I

+ tn(~ +
' h-c'I
1h =2"-

Ocux-.t 11 y-g-
+V 1+(~rJ}~
l
bi

b
- b+2,66
- 4
b-2,66-
rJU1!Ylwe ueuTpan&Hble ""' 3 c'I (2b + 5, 2h) .. = 4

Bon:u HCToe JKeneao

(aORHbl o6pa30B8Hbl
,ayraMH Kpyra)

y
F = 26 ( ': + h1)

b
h1=h-2

Ocu x - x u y - y -
r naBHble ueHTpllJlbHble

eu
 flpOOO/IJ/CtltUe ma611. 1

Pa.11.HYCbl unep~1m
~IOMCHTbl
OCCBble X' J JJ
HHepuHH
/I;
ueuTpoele>KublA x¡i
MoMeHTbl conporneJJeHHR
oceeble w"' wu· •x= VJ:
nonRp RlolA w fJ H npH
nonffpRblA J p H npu. 1
'u= V l
CB~OJtHOM KpyqeHRH W K
ceo6on;HO\! 1<pyqe1111u I K

-
Jx= r36 (2a (2 + cos 2a)- ix= r ir 2+co<>2 2a ~

fr'I.
-3 sin 2a) = .
= 4a
- {2a (2 + cos 2a) - w" = ¡" = 2/"
Yt <'l+h
--34 sina'la
-3 s.in 2a) iy = r X
J 11 = r 3 <'l (2a - sin 2a) =
Jy
Wy=-
X1 X
V _I_ _ s• n 2a _
Fr•
= ª (2a - sin 2a)
4 = !_
2
v2 4x

2 _sin 2a
a
-

1280 1 3
Jx = 2 ¡ ' b (b1Yi- lx =

-
'3 64
b,!Ji ) = 105 (b1Y1 -
3
21x
=
V 6 (2b
3Jx
+
5,2h) ~

V ,+
Wx=h+<'l ""' l,'35 X
'ª 16 3 '3
- b21J1 ) =105[b(Y1-Y1 >+ . b¡t¡¡ - b2!11·J
+ 2,6 6 (Y1 + 3
Y1'ª )J X Ó (2b 5,2h)

1x= -64 (nb3

nW.:
-+b=h1 +
16
)
W 2Jx
~=h+<'l
. y4
+-y+~ h;
'" = F

81
 .
'

-
n.now.llA& l(oopARH&TY xpaAllHS
ceqeu1u1 F 'l'()qeK ceqe11e11

CTaHn.apTHblll npoKaTHblll
wne.1nep Ra pe6 po. <l>opMy·
.. ,,, npHlíJIHl!<eHHble. h, CM
y

h
X Yi=-
2
:.:;
...
~,.,/-
/.~-

y
Ocn x- x" 11-u- r.naB·
•Ne uenTpl!nbRble
CTaH,11apTRhlR npo1<aTHb1R
ABYTaBP "ª
peCípo. <l>opMy·
llbl npn6n11JKeeeble, 11, CM •1
y

.x }( h
Y1 =2

y '
Ocn x - x H y - ¡¡ - r.naa· 1
111>1e nenn>anbHhlC

CeqeRne ;)Keneano,11opol!<Horo 'j

pe.llbCa <cl>opMynbl npu<ínR-
llteHHble) ~
y .
l
~

F #>$ 0,238h• Y1 ""' 0,5h 1

.
•
y
'
Ocu x - x H ¡¡ - y - r.nae- .
111>1e neHTPBJlbHble

Ceqe11ue nioooA cl>op ..11>1. F - nilo~aJlb suyTpu h H b- BblCOTa H nnfpH·

4>op11y.nbl MOryT llblTb HC•
D0Jlb30B8Hbl TOJlbKO ,11.llH uapYJKHOto KOHTypa na ceqenHH
opneurnpoaoqHoA oneHKH ceqeuuH s H t - nepHMeTp H TOJJ·
DeJJRqMHbl MOMeHTa nnepnHH muna (JlJJH noJmro ceqe.
B MOMeHT8 conpOTl!BneHHH
Ol'BOCHTenbHO ueRTPBJlbHOR HHS!)
OCH

.
•
'

82
 flpooo11~e11ue ma611. 1

MoMeHTbl >rnepu.nn:
MoMeHThl conporneJiett1111:
oceub1e J x• J y;
oceeble W x• W y;
ueHTpot;ie>KuhlA J xy:
DOJiff PHhlA Wp ll npH
noJIRPHblíl Jp H npH
BO'ÍO)l.HOM KpyqeHHH JK
CBOlíOJlllOM Kpy'leHHll WK
'u= V JY
F

+ w-
lx""'
h (h
162
5)3
x-
(h +5)3
81 Íx=
V JFx

J - h (h
X -
+ 2)
102
3
w -
% ~
(h +51 2)3 .
t;i;=
VJ;i;
F

J % ""'0,032h 4 w % ""' 0,064h 3 i;i; ""'0,31h

,:¡,, ¡¡ Cll i!O.l.llOfO ce'leHllSI Llm1 Cll i!OWIIOfO CllMMeT-

p11'1HOfO ceqeHHSI
F 2h
],,,,,_ ps
12b w ... -6b
Ow11GKa - 15 %
:lJlR no11oro ceqeHHH 1 D.nsr nonoro CHMMe1pHqHoro
ceqeffHH

J ""'F_h[s+f(b-h)]t w-F-l 5 +F(b-h)]t /

Gb bh - 3b bh
ÜmHGKa ~ 25 % _ _ _ _ _
~-~---..:.::..:.:~::::.....::....::.:::_::!!__ _..!..________
83
 ateHT (íOCT 8509-86)

J - MO\leHT m1epu1rn;
i - pa.nttyc HHeputtH;
Z0 - paccroRHHe 01 ueHrpa Tll>Kecrn .no
11apyi1<Holl rpaHH ílOJIKH,
J x!I - ueHrpo6e>KHblii MOMeHT HHepUHH

Hbl2 \l'.ftfiqJtHbl .D,RR OC'eA

- .Ao - Xo Yo - Y~
.:"v\acra

- 0 lx 0 max• l y 0 mln W Yn' CM::i '1¡ 0 m1 n•

J XY• CM4
zCM•. Kd
J M
yro.n-
Kr
J xCM'
m1" ' CM CM• rM

- 0,63 0,75 0,17 0,20 0,39 0,23 0,60 089

0,7'3 0,73 0,22 0,24 0,38 0,28 0,64 1 15
1,29 0,95 0,34 0,33 0,49 0,47 0,73 l, 12
1,62 0,93 0,44 0,41 0,48 0,59 0,76 1,46
1,91 0,92 0,53 0,47 0,48 0,69 0,80 1,78

1,84 1,07 0,48 0,42 0,55 0,68 0,80 1,27

2,30 l, 15 0,60 0,53 0,59 0,85 0,85 1,36

2,92 l, 13 0,77 0,61 0,58 1,08 0,89 1,78
3,47 1,12 0,94 0,71 0,58 1,27 0,93 2,18

2,80 1,23 0,74 0,59 0,63 1,03 0,89 1,46

3,58 1,21 0,94 0,71 0,62 1,32 0,94 1,91
3,72 1,35 0,97 0,71 0,69 1,37 0,97 1,60
4,76 J,33 1.25 0,88 0,68 1,75 1.01 2,10
5,71 1,32 1,52 1,02 0,68 2,10 1.05 2,58

5,63 1,55 1,47 0,95 0,79 2,08 1,09 1,85

7,26 1,53 1,90 I, 19 0,78 2,68 l, 13 2,42
8 75 1,52 2,30 1,39 0,78 3,22 l, 17 2,98
10, l 3 1,50 2,70 1,58 0,78 3,72 1,21 3,52
8 13 1,75 2,12 1,24 0,89 3,00 1,21 2,08
10,52 1,74 2,74 1,54 0,89 3,89 1,26 2,73
12,74 1.72 3,33 1,81 0.88 4,71 1 30 3,37
11,80 1, 71 3,90 2,06 0,88 5,45 1,34 3,99
11,27 l ,9'i 2,95 1,57 1,00 4,16 1,33 2,32
14,63 1,94 3,80 1,95 0,99 5,42 1,38 3,05
17,77 1,92 4,63 2,30 0,98 6,57 1,42 3.77
20,72 1,91 5,43 2,63 0,98 7,65 1,46 4,47
23,t7 1,89 6,21 2,93 0,97 8,63 1,50 5,15
26,0J 1.87 6,98 3,22 0,97 9,52 1,53 5,82
20,79 2.18 5,41 2,52 l, 11 7,69 1,52 3,44

85
 ateHT (íOCT 8509-86)

J - MO\leHT m1epu1rn;
i - pa.nttyc HHeputtH;
Z0 - paccroRHHe 01 ueHrpa Tll>Kecrn .no
11apyi1<Holl rpaHH ílOJIKH,
J x!I - ueHrpo6e>KHblii MOMeHT HHepUHH

Hbl2 \l'.ftf,qJtHbl .D,RR OC'eA

- .Ao - Xo Yo - Y~
.:"v\acra

- 0 lx 0 max• l y 0 mln W Yn' CM::i '1¡ 0 m1 n•

J XY• CM4
zCM•. Kd
J M
yro.n-
Kr
J xCM'
m1" ' CM CM• rM

- 0,63 0,75 0,17 0,20 0,39 0,23 0,60 089

0,7'3 0,73 0,22 0,24 0,38 0,28 0,64 1 15
1,29 0,95 0,34 0,33 0,49 0,47 0,73 l, 12
1,62 0,93 0,44 0,41 0,48 0,59 0,76 1,46
1,91 0,92 0,53 0,47 0,48 0,69 0,80 1,78

1,84 1,07 0,48 0,42 0,55 0,68 0,80 1,27

2,30 l, 15 0,60 0,53 0,59 0,85 0,85 1,36

2,92 l, 13 0,77 0,61 0,58 1,08 0,89 1,78
3,47 1,12 0,94 0,71 0,58 1,27 0,93 2,18

2,80 1,23 0,74 0,59 0,63 1,03 0,89 1,46

3,58 1,21 0,94 0,71 0,62 1,32 0,94 1,91
3,72 1,35 0,97 0,71 0,69 1,37 0,97 1,60
4,76 J,33 1.25 0,88 0,68 1,75 1.01 2,10
5,71 1,32 1,52 1,02 0,68 2,10 1.05 2,58

5,63 1,55 1,47 0,95 0,79 2,08 1,09 1,85

7,26 1,53 1,90 I, 19 0,78 2,68 l, 13 2,42
8 75 1,52 2,30 1,39 0,78 3,22 l, 17 2,98
10, l 3 1,50 2,70 1,58 0,78 3,72 1,21 3,52
8 13 1,75 2,12 1,24 0,89 3,00 1,21 2,08
10,52 1,74 2,74 1,54 0,89 3,89 1,26 2,73
12,74 1.72 3,33 1,81 0.88 4,71 1 30 3,37
11,80 1, 71 3,90 2,06 0,88 5,45 1,34 3,99
11,27 l ,9'i 2,95 1,57 1,00 4,16 1,33 2,32
14,63 1,94 3,80 1,95 0,99 5,42 1,38 3,05
17,77 1,92 4,63 2,30 0,98 6,57 1,42 3.77
20,72 1,91 5,43 2,63 0,98 7,65 1,46 4,47
23,t7 1,89 6,21 2,93 0,97 8,63 1,50 5,15
26,0J 1.87 6,98 3,22 0,97 9,52 1,53 5,82
20,79 2.18 5,41 2,52 l, 11 7,69 1,52 3,44

85
 CnpauO'l

HoMep
''" nnow.•Ab
nonepe'l- -
" " -
1W X~
:rronKa Roro ce'te·
RRJI, CM 1 4 1
b t R r J X• CM CM
fx1 CM

5
1
1 15,97 3,96 1,72
-
5,41
6 60 4 7,0 2,3 4,72 16,21 3,70 1,85
5 5,83 19,79 4,56 1,84
6 6,92 23,21 5,40 1,83
8 9,04 29,55 7,00 1,81
10 11,08 35,32 8,52 1,79
6.3 63 4 4,96 18,89 4,09 1,95
5 6,13 23,10 5,05 1,94
6 7,28 27,06 5,98 1,93
7 70 4,5 8,0 2,7 6,20 29,04 5,67 2,16
5 6,86 31,94 6,27 2,16
6 8,15 37,58 7,43 2,15
7 9,42 42,98 8,57 2,14
8 10,67 48,16 9,68 2,12
IO 13, 1I 57,90 11,82 2,10
7,5 75 5 9,0 3,0 7,39 3<},53 7,21 2,31
6 8,78 46,57 8,57 2,30
7 I0,15 53,31 9,89 2,29
8 11,50 59,84 11,18 2,28
9 12,8.1 66,10 12,43 2,27 .

8 80 5,5 9,0 3,0 8,63 52,68 903 2,47

$2_ Q '>0 ~97 9,80 2,47
7 --io;8s 65,31 1 1,J;¿ - " 245-
8 12,30 73,36 12,80 '
2,44 ,
IO 15,14 88,58 15,67 2,42
12 17,90 102,74 18.42 2,40
9 90 6 IO,O 3,3 I0,61 82,10 12,49 2,78
r7 ) 2,?,8 94 '.ll) tti5 - r- 2,77
8 13,93 !06,11 16,36 2,76
9 15,60 118,00 18,29 2,75
10 17, 17 128,60 20,07 2,74
12 20,33 149,67 23,85 2,71
10 100 6,5 12,0 4,0 12,82 122,IO 16,69 3,09
7 13,75 130,59 17,90 3,08
8 15,60 147,19 20,30 3,07
,J:IL_ - 19'>4 - 17R95 24J!Z_ - _-3,05
12 22,80 208,90 29,47 3,0J
14 26,28 237 15 33,83 3,00
15 27,99 ?50,68 35,!>5 2,99
16 29,68 263,82 18,04 2,98
11 110 7 15, 15 175,61 21,83 3,40

86
 n pooO.ll:J!CeHUe ma6.11. 2

- JJh r peJI11qHHh1 ll.RH oceA

- Xo - Xa y.-y, Mdcca

-
IM
y ron-
J CM 4 Z0 , CM
J toOldX
CL\f
1
'x 0 max.
CM
J yf)m1n,
cw•
f W l/o' CM'
Ly 0m1n•
CM
xu' f<n, Kr

- 25.36 2,16 6,59 2,97 1, 10 9,41 1,57 4,25

25,69 2,33 6,72 2,93 1 19 9,48 1,62 3,71

31,40 2,32 8,18 3,49 l, 18 ll,61 l,66 4,58
36,81 2,31 9,60 3,99 1, 18 13,60 1,70 5,43
46,77 2,27 12,34 4,90 1, 17 17,22 1,78 7,!0
')5 64 2,24 15,00 5,70 l, 16 20,32 1,85 8,70
29,90 2,45 7.81 3,26 1,25 11,00 1,69 3,()()
'6,80 2,44 9,52 3,87 1,25 13,70 1,74 4,81
42,91 2,43 11, 18 4,44 1,24 15,90 1,78 5,72

16,0'3 2,72 12,04 4,53 1,39 17,00 1,88 4,87

50,67 2,72 13,22 4,92 1,39 18,70 1,90 5,38
59.64 2,71 15,52 5,66 1,38 22.10 1,94 6,39
68,19 2,69 l?,77 6,31 1,37 25,20 1,99 7,39
76,35 2,68 19,97 6,99 1,37 ~8.20 2,02 8.37
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11WS/Jleaem CJ!Camue e eepxnux eoAoKnax 6aAKU (p11c. 39, a).
H Ü'!eBH)lHO, nonepeqHble CHJ!bl H MOMeHTbl, IlOK83811Hble Ha pHC. 39, 6,
Me10r orpttuareJibHble aHaKH, 3n10pbl nonepe'IHblX c11JI H uartt6a10w1·J11

109
MOMeHTOB ,ll.Jlll (ÍaJioK, Harpy:>«eHHblX no pa3JIHqHblM Tllnll'lllb!M cxeMaM,
npl!Be,ll.eHbl Ha pHC. 40-44. lliTpHXOBOH Jll!HHeli ycJJoBHO noKa33HO IlOJIO·
)KeHl!e 6aJioK B .u.e4JopM!!pOB3HHOM COCTOSIHHI!.
KaK BH,ll.Ho, e y11eToM npaBHJI nocTpoeHH" 9n10p 11 yKS33HHoro npaBHJia
3H8KOB 9mopb1 H3rH68IOW.llX MOMeHTOB C1po11T co CTOPOHbl CJK3TblX BOJIOKOH
6aJIKH. Hnor.Z1.a (npH pac1JeTax 9JleMeHTOB crpo11TeJI&HhlX KOHCTpyKunil)
Y a b
i
i
~
l 1
¡
l

l
1
Pnc. 42 PHC. 43

9nl0pbl H3fH(ÍaIOW:HJt MOllleHTOB crpo"T co CTOpOHbl paCTllHYTlilX BOJIOKOH.

P,/IJl ICOHCOllU, Hazpy31CeHHOtl cocpeiJomotr.eHHotl CUAOÜ p Ha ceo6o0110M
ICOHijB (pnc. 40), noaepeqHa11 CHJia H HS·
rKCía10iuuii MoMeHT B npoH3BOJ!bHOM Ce·
qeHHH e a6cuHCCOH z onpe.neJieHbl COOT·
BeTCTBeHHO no qiopMyJiaM
Q(z)=P; M{.z)=-PKB=-P (l-z).
P,1111 iJByxonopHOÜ 6aAKU, 11aepy':JICeH·
Hotl pae110MepHo pacnpeiJe11e1111oü no iJ11u11e
UilIJJimrDTilmlm~E:121:J ® Haepy3KOÜ UHmeHCUBHOCmblO q (pHC. 41),
peaKUHI! onop RA = R8 = ql/2, nonepe'I·
tta11 CHJia H u3rn6a10m.nii MOMeHT onpeJJ,e·
PHc. 44 JieHhl no 4JopMyJiaM

Q (z) = RA - qAK = q( ~ - z) ;
Tz- -¡r
z•) •
1
M (z) = RA (z) - qz 2z = T
ql (

Jl.1111 iJeyxonOpHOÜ 6aAKU, HacpyJJCeHHOll 6 npOAeme COCpeiJí>tnO'teHH04

Pb Pa
cuAOú P (pHc, 42), peaKUl!H onop RA = - 1 ; R8 = T, nonepeqff8ll CHJia

H nsru6arom.uil MoMeHT onpe)leJieHhl Ha ytracrxe AC (O < z < a) no <fx>pMyJlllll

"'
Pb Pb
Q (z) = RA = -1 ; M (z) = RAAK 1 = T z
H HS yqacTire CB (a< z < /) no <jlopMyJiaM

Pa Pa
Q(z)=-RB=-y; M(z)=R¡/(1h=-
1 (l-z).
'JI)
 fl.AJ! iJeyxonop1-1ou 6aAKU, 1-1aepyJ1Ce1-11-1ou B npoAeme cocpeoumo11e1-1HblM
MoMe1-1moM M 1 (pHc. 43), peaKUHH onop RA =R8 = M 1/l, nonepeqHall
cHJJa 8 H3rH6aiomuii MOMeHT onpe.11eJ1eHLl Ha ytlBCTKe AC (O < z <a) no
cpopMyJiaM
M1 M1
Q (z) = -RA = - - 1-; M (z) = -RAAK 1 = - -1 z

8 Ha yqacrKe CB (a < z < /) no <f>opMyJJaM

1- Mi M1
Q (z) = -R8 = -T; M (z) = R8 K 9B = - 1 (l - z).

B qacTHOM cJJyqae, Kor.a;a MoMeHT npHJJO.lKeH B onopHoM ceqeHHH,

Q (z) H M (z) onpe.lleJIHIOT no <tJopMyJJaM .llJIH O.llHOro us paccMotpeHHhlX
yqacrKoB. HanpuMep, eCJJ11 MoMeHT npHJJo.>KeH B ce11eu11H A (pHc. 44), To
Q (z) H M (z) onpe,!leJJHIOT no <tJopMyJJaM ,!lJnl eroporo y'laCTKa npa a - O.

3.6. AHC!Jcl>epeH~Hani.Hwe 38BHCHMOCTH npH HuMfie 611110K.

HeKOTopwe oco6eHHOCTH ~mop Q H M

PaccMorpHM 6aJJKY e npoH3BoJJi.Hoil uarpy3Koil (puc. 45, a). MeJK.l'Y

HHTettcHBHOCTblO q pacnpe,!leJJeHHol! Rarpy3KH, nonepequoil CHJJoA B ce-
qeHHH Q H H3rH6aiomHM MOMeHroM M, ,!leiicrayJOIUHMH B HeKoropoM ce'le-
HHH, cymecTBYIOT CJle,!lyIOUl,lfe Jl.H<fl<flepeHUH8JlhHWe SallKCKMOCTH' KOTOpble
¡¡erKo MoryT Ób!Tb BbIBeJJ,eHl.i H3 yc.~OBHA paBHoBeCHll BblJl,eJJeHHoro HS 6aJJ-
KH 9J!eMeHra Jl.JJHHOli' dz (pHc. 45, 6)·

dQ
dz = q; (3 1)

dM
Tz=Q; (3 2)
l d2M
dZí =q. (3 3)

a ó /}

Puc. 45

B rex cJJyqa¡¡x, Kor.u.a Ha paccMarpHaaeMoM yqacrKe JJ.eiicreyer

paattoMepHo pacnpe,!leJieHHhlii MOMeHr HHTeHCHBHOCTb!O m (H . M/M)
(pHc. 45, 8), <flopMyJia (3.2) npHHHMaer BH.ll
dM
dz =Q+m. (3.4)

CoorHoWeHHH (3.1) - (3.4) Ha3blB3IOTCll oulf.cf¡epeH t¡UQ/lbHbl.MU 3Q6U·

CUMocm11.Mu npu U82U6e. ÜHH fl03BOJJHIOT ycraHOBHTb HeKOTOpb!e oco6eH-
HOCTH 9nIOp nonepeqm,¡x CHJI H H3rH6aIOW.HX MOMeHTOB.

tll

'¡
¡
¡. 1. Ha tex yqactKax, !'.lle HeT pacnpe.!leJieHHoi'I Harpy3KH, smopd (.J
' orpaHHqeHa np!!MhlMH, napaJIJieJibHbIMH 6a3e, a smopa M, B o6w.eM CJI\
4ae,- HaKJIOHHb!MH np!!Mb!MH (pHC. 46).
2. Ha Tex yqacTKax, r.!le K 6aJIKe npHJiolKeHa paattoMepl'o pacnpe¡¡e
11eHHaS1 ttarpy3Ka, smopa Q orp aHw1eHa HaKJioHHhlMH np!!MblMH, a smupa

,
~

l
¡
~

i
l

1
'
t
®
1
t r
PHC. 46 PHc. 47

~ ~) ~1 H11Ío\ ~)
+. Q 1 q @

+. M ~lélilllw®
a ó
PHC. 48 PHc. 49
,,
M - Kaan.patHqHblMH napa6oJiaMH (pHc. 47). CTpH noctpoeHHH smopbl M
Ha ClK3TblX BOJIOKHax BblnyKJJOCTb napa(íoJibl o6paw.eHa B CTopoHy' npoTH-
BOilOJIOlKHYIO HanpaaJieHHIO .!leikTBHSI Harpy3KH q (pHC. 48, a, 6).
\¡ 3. B tex ceqeHH!!X, r.!le Q = O, Kacate-
JihHa!I K sn10pe M napaJIJieJibHa ocH sn10p1•
(pHc. 47, 48).
4. Ha yqactKax, r.!le Q > O, M ao3pac-
taet, T. e. CJJeaa Hanpaao noJJolKHTel!hHble
opJJ.HHaTbl smopbl M yseJJHqHaa10tcS1, oTpH·
uaTeJJ bHble - yMeHbWaIOTCSI (yqaCTKH A e
H BE Ha pHc. 46 H 47); Ha tex >Ke yqactKax,
r.!le Q< O, M y6h!Baer (yqacTKH CD H D B Ha '
PHc. 50 pHC.46H47).
5. B rex ceqeHH!IX, r.!le K 6anKe npHJio·
lKeHbl cocpe.!lOToqeH!lble CHJihl:
a) Ha 9mope Q 6y.!lyT CKaqKH "ª BeJIHqHHy H B HanpaBJieHHH npHJio-
lKCHHblX CHJI (Ha pHC. 46 H 47 9TH CKaqKH OTMeqeHbl lKHpHb!MH JIHhHSIMH co
crpeJIKaMH);
6) Ha sn10pe M 6yn.yt nepeJioMbl (pHc. 49), npHqeM ocrpHe nepeJJoMa
eanpaBJieHo npOTHB ,!leikTBHSI CHJlbl,
6. B Tex ceqeHH!!X, r.!le K 6aJIKe npHJJo>KeHbl cocpe,!loToqeHHble MoMeH·
tbl, Ha 9Il!opax M 6y.llyT CKaqKH Ha BeJJHqHHy 9THX MOMeHTOB, Ha sn10palll
Q HHKaKHX HSMeHeHHit He 6y.!leT. li
1

112
 7. EcJJH "ª
KOHUe KOHCOJIH HJIH B KoHueaofi onope npHJJolKeH cocpc-
¡¡orot1eHHblH MOMeHT, TO B 9TOM cet1eHHH H3ru6aJOW.HH MOMeHT paaeH BHeW·
tteMy MoMeHTY (cet1eHHll e
H B Ha pHC. 50).
8. 9n10pa Q npe,!lCT8BJll!eT co6oii ,!lHarpaMMY npoHSBO,!lHOH OT 9nJOpb1
M. 3Hat!HT, op.!lHHarbl Q nponopuHoH3JJbHbl TaHreucy yrJJa HaKJJoHa Ka·
c,ireJJbHOA K sn10pe M (Ha puc. 43 a = ~ = arctg M 1//).
9nJOpb1 nonepet!HblX CHJI H H3rH6alOW.HX MOMeHTOB ,!lJlll 6aJJOK e pas·
J!ll'IHblM 3aKpenJJeHHeM KOHUOB npHBe,!leHbl B T36JJ. 7.

'J.7, nocTpoeHNe ~mop ,An• CT8TN'l8CKN onpe,AenNMWX paM

PaAiaMU nasbl6a10mcJ1 cucme.Mbl, cocmoRfliue us cmep31enea, coeiJuneHHblX

"'ecmKUMU ys.w.MU. BeprHK2JlhHble ctep>KHH paMbl npHHHTO uasb!B2Th
rnwaKaMU, ropH30HTaJJ&Hble - puze./IJIMU. )l(eCTKOCTb YMOB ycrpam1er
B03MOlKHOCTb B38HMHOro IlOBOpora CKpenJJeHHblX B ysJJe crep>KHE'A, T. e.
B ySJJOBoil TOt!Ke yrJJbl Me>K,!ly HX OCl!MH npH .!le<l>OpM2UHH OCTaIOTCH HeHS·
MeHHbIMH,

1.2P i
D 2 2 B p
le

E--+-'
lp
__ .¡
J ~
1i o
® 4
_J
1
p
/n '/(
2P
o ó 8 e
Puc. 51

ÜCb paMbl npe,llCTaBJJl!eT co6oA JIOM3HYJO JJHHHIO, 0,!lHaKo K8lK,!lblit

y<JactoK ee MOlKHo paccMarpuaaTh KaK 6aJJKy. CTosToMy noctpoe1rne 3mo-
PFl ,!lllll paMbl OBO,!lHTCH K noctpoeHHJO 9Ill0p ,!lJlll K3lKJloro BXO.!lllW.ero B IH'a
CTeplKHll K8K JlJlll 6aJJKH. Ü,!lH8KO B OTJIH'IHe OT 06b!KH0BeHHblX 6a11c.K
B Ce'leHHllX CTep>KHeil paMbl, KpoMe HSrH68JOllJ.HX MoMeHTOB M H none-
pe4Hb!X CHJI Q, 06blt1HO ~eikTBYIOT ew.e H npo,!lOJibHble CHJibl N. nostflMy
.ll 1!1 paM Heo6xo,!lHMo ctpoHTh snropbl M, Q H ,\',
.ll.nll N H Q coxpaHllJOTCll paaee npHHllrble npaBHJJa sHaKoB: N >O,
eCJJH npo,llOJlbl!all CHJJa Bbl3blB3eT paCTl!lKeHHe; Q > o, eCJJH aeKrop CHJlhl
Bpaw.aer qactH pacceqennoi\ paMbl no t1acoaoii ctpeJJKe.
,ll.JJll nsrH6a10w.ax MoMeHroB cneu11aJ1bHblX npas11J1 3H3KOB He yCl aHaB·
.llHBaJOr, a npn cocraaneunn Bb1pame1rnii JIJJH M npuHHMaJOT no co6crne1••
HO\IY ycMoTpCHlllO KaKOH·JIH6o MOMeHr no,10)1{111eJJbHblM.
Op11 nocrpoea1111 !lmop noJloiKnre11bHb1e opAHHaTbl N H Q orirna¡¡bl·
BalQT e BHewtteii cropoHbl, a 01pmJ.aTCJ1bHble - anyrpb KoHrypa paMbl.
3n10pb1 M AJJH paM ycJloB!IMCH crpoHrb Ha n1<ar&1X BOJJOKHax.
Opa pac'letax pa\l crpo111eJJbHblX KoHcrpyKUHÍI 3n10p&1 usru6aICllll JCj
MO\leHTOB CTpol!T CO CTOpOHbl paC fllHYThlX BOJIOKO!I. noc1 poeHll!O !lnJOp
llOJJlKHo npe,!lwecraoaarb onpe¡¡ene1rne HeHsaecrH&TX peaKuHii.
ii OpHMep nocrpoeHH!i !IIlIOp N, Q H M AJJll paMbl-KOHCOJIH, llarp) x1eH•
HO
•
3º CXeMe, npnBe,!leHttOH Ha p11c. 51, a, IlOR333H l!a pnc. 51, 6, o, p,
Ha<JCHHH BHyrpeHHHX ycHJJHI\ N, Q H M onpe,!leJJeHbl JlllH coo1 ne,..
crnyiom.11x Y'laCTKoB (pnc, 51, a) no cpopMyJJaM, np11BeJleHHblM HHlKe.

1IJ
 YtfaCTOK AB (o< z ..;;: ~ )
N (z) =O; Q (z) = -P; M (z) = Pz.

Y11acToK BC (O< z...: ~)

l
N (z) = P; Q (z) = O; M (z) =P2·
Y11acToK CD (O < z <: ~ ) ~
N (z) = P¡ Q (z) = 2P; M (z) = P ~- 2Pz = P ( f- 2z) • .¡
Y'lllCTOK' DE (o < 2 <
2
3 z)
j
N {z) = -2P; Q (z) = P; M (z) = 2P ~ - P( ~ - z) = P( ~ + z) • ~1
l''laCTOK EK ( ~ l < z < l)
N (z) = -2P¡ Q (z) = P; M (z) = P ( ~ + z) - M = P( z- ~ ) ·
3.1. noCTpoeHNe >nlOp ,qn• Hpuwx crepmHeii

B nonepe'IHblX ce'leH1111x nJJoCKoro KpHBoro 6pyca MoryT ,!leiicnoeaH, ~

KaK H e paMax, rpH CHJJOBblX <t>aKTopa: N, Q H M. B cJJy'lae, Kor.1ta Olh
KpHBOre CTeplKHll O'lep'!eHa no llyre OKpylKHOCTH, noJJOlKeHHe Jll06oro Ct'•
'leHHH YA06HO onpe,!leJll!Tb e neMo~&IO nOJJllpHoii CHCTeMbl KOOpAHPaT;
11 rorJJ;a npoll.OJlbH8!1 H nonepe•rnaSl CHJ!hl H 113rH6a10m.Mi\ 1110MeHT 6yayT
q YHKUHHMH yrJJa <p - N (<p), Q (<p) H M (<p).

fJ,5PN
®
a
PHc. 52

.ll.JJH N H Q ocTa10TCll pa11ee npHHl!Tblt' npaa11.ia saaKoB; 9n10pb1 M,

K8K H B CJiyqae paM, CTpo11M co CTopoHbl ClK8TblX BoJJOKOH.
Op11Mep nocTpoeHHSl 9mop N (<¡>), Q (<¡>) H M (<¡>) )J.Jlll KpHBoro 6pyn·
KOHCOJIH, narpy>KeHHOfO no cxeMe, npHBe¡J.eHHoii 118 pHC. 52, a, np11 P¡ =
= 2P 2 = P, KOf,!1.8
N (cp) = (cos <p 0,5 sin qi) P; +
Q (<p) = (sin q>- 0,5 cos <¡>) P;
M (cp) = (1 -cos qi -0,5 sin cp) PR,
llOKBSBH HI pHc. 52, 6, 6, e.
1

1
114 ' 1

1 r -~
1 ,j
~·1
 Ecn11 Ha KpHBoii crep>KeHb ¡¡efícrnyer paBHOMt:pHo pacnpe.1teJJeH1Jall
11 ar ysKa, npH BbJqncJJeHHH N, Q ll M nones110 11cnoJJhS0Barb cneity10my10
TeoCeMy: pa1moaeücmey10w,an pMHOMepHo pacnpeaeAeHttoú Haepy3"u, npu·
,t031CeHHOÜ lí 8yee .lll060e0 O<tepmaHU.q, pa1ma npoU38e8eHU/O UHmeHCU8HOCmU
HaePY31íU Ha 8.11uHy xop8bt, cmnzuea10U1,eú emy iJyzy, nepneHauKy.11J1pHa
11 moi1 xopae u npoxoaum <tepes ee cepe8uHy.
9mophl N (<p), Q (qi) H M (cp) JlJIH KPHBoro crep>KHH, Harpy>KeHHoro
no cxeMe, npHBeiteHHoii Ha pHc. 53, a, noKasaHbI Ha puc. 53, 6, IJ, e,
B q

o e
PHc. 53

Ha yqacrKe O < q¡ <a 9nJOpb1 N (IJ'), Q {<p) H M (<p) onpe)leJBIJIHCh

COOTBeTCTB~llHO
no <j>opMyJiaM

N (cp) = -P1 sin ~ = -2qR sin2 ~ = -qR (1 - cos 1p);

Q (<p) =Picos ~ = 2qR sin ~ cos ~ = qR sin 1p;

<r
M (<p) = P 1 2AD1 = 2qR8 sin 2 2 = qR 2 (1 - cos q>),
rite paBHQJleiicTByIOJ.Qa!I pacnpeiteJieHHOH HarpysKH q Ha ){yre, COOTBeTCTBY·
10w.eA yrJiy qi, Pi= 2qR sin ~ •
Ha yqacTKe a < <p < ~

N (<p) = -P 2 sin ( <p - ; ) = -2qR sin ; sin ( 1p - ; ) ;

Q (<p) = P 2 cos ( <p - ; ) = 2qR sin ; cos ( <p - ; ) ;

M{<p)=P 2KD 2 =P 2Rcos(<p- ;)=2qR2sin; sín(1p- ; ) .

rAe P8BHOAeiicrsy10ma11 pacnpe){eJieHaoii HarpySKH q Ha ityre AB, coorseT·
CTBYIOlll.eii yrJiy a, P1 = 2qR sin ~ •

115
Ta t5 JI H lI a 7. Onopm.a~ peaKU.HH, nonepe'IHble CHJ!hl H H:nntiatom,ne MOMeHThl B CTaTH'leCKH onpeJJ,CJ!HM&IX tiaJJKalt

Koop.n;eHaTa onacHoro
Cl:eMa Harpy:>KeHH!I 6aJtKH, OnopRbJe nonepeqH3!1 Hsru6aro~HA ceqeRH!I z, H M8KCHM8JtbH&lll
9n!Opb1 Q H M pe&KllHH CRJta Q MOMeHT M MOMeHT Mmax

0<.z<.l
Q=O

O<.z<.a
M=O
O<.:::<.l a<.z<.a+b a+ b <;: z0 .,;;,:: l
Q=O M=-M1 Mmax = - (M1-¡- M,)
a+b<.z<.l
M =-(M 1 +M 2 )

O<.z<.a M 1 >iH,
M=O a.,;;,:: z,,.,;: b
a<.z<.a+b Mma\ = -M,
M=-M 1 II Mi> 2M 1
a+b<z<.l a+ b <. z0 .,;;,:: l
M = - (M 1 -M 2 ) Mmax = Ml -Mi
 A~~ RB=O
M 8 =ml
o..¡;;:: 2 ..¡;;:: 1

Q=O
o..¡;;:: 2 ..¡;;:: l

M=-m2
20 =
Mmax =-mi
l

~
mi

~··~i8
A

p ®
®
RB=P
M 8 =Pl
0<.2<.l
Q=-P
0.¡;;2.¡;;l

M=-Pz
20 =l
Mmax =-Pi

Pl

al <. 2 <. Gi+l ª' .,¡;:¡ 2 ..¡;;:: ª'+1 20 =1

n
n i

MB = L P¡b¡ Q=- ~pi M=- ~ P¡(2-a 1) Mmax = - ~ P¡b¡

i=l i=l ¡=1 i=I

bt = l -01

-"
--
CD

CxeMa uarpylKeHH!I
OnopH&1e peaKUHH
CTonepeqHa!I HsrHflalO~HA
npoOO/l:JIUHUe ma611. 7

J(oop,n;HHaTa onacHoro
ceqeffH!I Zo H M8KCHM8JlbHhlA
6aJ1KH, >nlOpbl {,/ 11 M CH.118 Q i.ró111eHT M MOMeeT Mmax

0~2~l
q/2
Q=-qz Mmax =-2

R1 O~z~a
O~z~a
f28 R8 =qa
Q=-QZ
M=-2
qz2
Zo = l
l'<rrrn-rn-~ ®
.____,,_____:,--......., qq
"-<r:rrn-1-~@
M8 =qa(z-%) a~z~l
Q = ¡-qa
a:s;;;,.2 ~l
M max =-qa (1- ~) 2

qá~-f) M =-qa (z-%)

 O~z~l Zo = l
qz2 q/2
Q=-Tz Mmax =-6

R,

B .t~ O~z~l
O~z~l

®
R -=- ql
3-2 Q =.-ql X M =-q;2 (~- Zo = l
2
~ M3=3
ql2
x(!_ __!.~)
l 2 za _J_3 ~)
Mmax = - ql
3

fi·
J
¡s

R, O~z~a O..;;:z~a

B tl qa
R3=-2
qz2
Q=- 2a
qzª
M=- 6a Zo = [

®
qa
M B =qª(i - 32 a)
a..;;:z~l a~z<:l Mmax = - ~(1-ia)
~ 2
Q=-2
qa
M=-~(z-~a)
1~-ia)
-.....
a
~
! ¡

_,.""'"'""_,...,.._.
(4&4

- ---
5 - q µ w ;;WitJi

J(oop,n;nnaw onacHo ro
Cxe111a uarpymeHHR fl&JIKH, nonepe'IHaH Hsruflaio~uB
OnopHhle peaK.Ueu Ce'leHHR' 2'n H M8KCl:tMaJlbHb1'1
!lDIOphl Q H M CHll8 Q 111oaieuT M MOMeHT Mmax

\
O<z<a

M = - qt (~: --} -~:)

a<Z <l

M = - qi (z - -~)

l l
o< z < -2 Ü< Z< 2
uz 2 M=---
qzª
Q=-2 31
I l
2 <z<l 2 <;Z<;l Zo = l

Q = -ql [{- + M = - 4
ql 2
[¡z
:T - -3 J +
1

+(f-~)­ z 1)
+ 2 ( T--2 -

-(+-~rJ
• t,
 Rs- Q1 -+ Q2
-- _'.,._)_ l 0<.z<.I
Q==-Q1Z-
MB =(2q1 -+ Q2) X
- Qz - q1 z2
/2 '2l
X -6-

ql
Ra= -¿ 0<.z<.l 0<.z<.l Zo = (
qz~ qz4 q(2
Ma = q/; Q = - 3¡2 M=- -
12¡2 Mmax =-TI

2
Ra = -3 ql z2 ¡ 0<.z<.l
Q -= -ql ( -¡2 - 3 X

Ma=4
q[2
z3)
~¡ = - q(2
3
(!ª - ~
[8 4[4,
1 M
max
= - q/2
4
X ¡a

-
~
-
~
np000/131CtHUe ma611

Koop¡¡aaaTa onacaoro
7

C1teara 11arpylKem1R Clamw, HsraClaJO~Hft Ce'leHHll z. H M&KCHM&JlbHblil

!>O!Opbl Q H M OnopRble pe&KllHH MOMeHT M
MOMeHT Mmax

2
Rs= 3 ql
Q=-2ql ( .;:-
q/2 q/2
Mmax=-3
Ms=3
-~!!)
3 /8

Mo
RA=Rs=7
 M1>M2
O -s:;:z-s:;:I
Zo = O' M max = M 1
M-M Mi-M2 11 M1 <Ma
- 1- l z
z0 =l Mmax = M 2

Mi>Ma
RA = RB= o"" z "" l () ,¡;: z"" l
Zo =O, Mmax =Mi
= M1 +M2 Q=-M1 +M2 M -M M, +M2 Il
- i - l z Mi <Ma
l l
Zo = l, Mmax = M2

a<l
2
0-s:;z.,.;a Zo =a, Mmax =Mo X
l-a
RA -"'Rn= 0 <'.Z -s:;l M=-~ºz
l
x--
l

=T
Mo Q=-~_!I a-s:;z-s:;l
!I
l
a>2
M Mo (t-z)
=T z0 = a, Mmax =- M0 X

-"".... xy
a
 llpoao11:J1CeHue maó11. 7

Koop11uuata onacuoro
Cxeua uarpylKeHHsr Cía.llKH, nonepeqHal! Hsre6aro1I1ell ceqeHHSI Z0 H MaKCHM3.llbHblil
smopbl Q u M ünopuble peaKUHH CH.118 Q MoMenT M MOueHT Mmax

0-s:;z-s:;a
M=- M1+Maz
l
RA =Ra= a<:z<a+b Mmax - Hall6cmbll!ee
a6COJIIOTHOe 3HaqeHHe
_M1 +Ma
- l
M = _ M1 +l Miz+M1 MOMeHTa B ceqeHmIX
Cn D
a+b<z-s:;I
M=M1¡M2(l -z)

0-s:;z-s:;a Ü<?<a
b M = pbz
Q=Py z0 =a
l
a a <'.Z <'. [ D<.Z<:l M = Pªb
Ra=P T max ¡
a a
Q=-P¡- M = P T (l-z)
 1'
- - - - ----- -~~---- ' - - - - - -------

O..;;:z..;;:a O...;:z<a
Q =P ;,¡ ~ Pz
a..;;:z..;;:l-a a..:::z<l-a a..;;: z 0 ..;;: l -a
RA =Rs=P
Q=O M= Pa Mmax = Pa
l-a..;;:z..;;:l l-a<.z..;;:l
Q= -P M = P (l-z)

l
O ..;;:z ..;;:l 0..;;:z<l Zo=2
ql
RA=Rs= 2
Q=ql (~ --[) M=
ql 2
2
( z zª'
-(--¡a) M
max-3
_ql2

0-s:;z-s:;a O<z<a
Q =qb (2c+ b)
2l
M- b2c+b
-q -2-l-z z =a+ b (2c
o 21
b) +
R _ qb (2c+b)
A- 2l a..;;:z..;;:a+b a...;:z..;;:a+b
2c+ b
qb (2a -!-- b) Q = qbc~.~-~1 M= q_b~[2C-1-b _:_(z-a)ª] Mmax = qb -2-l X
21 • b 1 b bª
+ b (2c4¡ b)]
Rn= 2
2l
a+b..;;:z-s:;l a+b..;;:z<l X [a
qb (2a b) + M = q 2a+b
-"'
N
Q=- 2l
b-(l-z)
2l
-°'
,..., fl p000/13/CeHUe ma611. 7

1<oopA1tHaTa onacuoro
CxeMa uarpylKeHHl! CiaJJKH, IlonepeqHaA li3ru6&10ll(HA CetleHHH' Zo H MaKCHM81IbHb1B
90IOPhl Q H M Onopuhle peaKUHH CHJJ8 Q MOMeHT M MOMeHT Mmax

v R, 0-s:;z<=a 0-s:;z-s:;a

(ª +y-
Q = qa 2t b M =qa 2 [(~- +~)X Zo=% (2--f) =
RA ==
qa (a
T 2 + b
)

@ qaª -~) X~-~]

a 2aª
=f(i+b)
R, Ra = T¡
a-s:;z-s:;l a-s:;z-s:;l
Mmax s ( 2-y
=qaª ar

!lj-p-~)' ® Q=-21
qaª
M= q~2 ( 1-y)

0-s:;z-s:;a R>O
0-s:;z-s:;a
z0 = a -R-
Q = Q1 (a-z)-R M= Q1ªª (z
- --X
R Q1

:r
RA = q1a- R a Qiª
a~z<a+b
Ra=q~+R Q=-R X~-~)
a 2a 2
Mmax = ~_! (a- 1·
q1a 2 -q1 cª a+b<z<l
R= a-s:;z<a+b II
l +
Q = Q2 (a b - Z) - R<O
-R aª R
M=q 1 2- Rz Zo=c+-
Q2
 a+b<z<l
M = q2c (l - z) X
R l - z)
X (1 +----
QaC 2c

l
ql Zo = VJ = 0,5774/
RA=6 Q <'.Z<'.l 0 <'.Z<'.l

ql Q= 6 zª)
ql ( 1-372 M - qlª
- 6
(!:.... - _!\
l 31l
M max =L=
gJ13
Rn=3
= 0,0642ql 2

O<:z<:l
RA = 2q1 tqª l O<;z<:l
Q= RA-Q1Z+ M=RAz-~+
q zª X 2R 2 - k (1+ k)
(1 - k)2
Rn = Q1~2qa l + Q1 -qa
2l
zª + ql - Q2 zJ
k =lh
6l
Q1
 u} d ; ;l # iEiiiijju;tJF tl iil ~i ttlt M -~- Id 4é

fTpoaoMJCexul' ma611 7

KoopAHRaTa onacHero
C¡¡eMa uarpylKeHHH CiaJJKH, nonepeqaa11 HaraCi&IOIJ.IHI! ceqeHHll Zo H M8KCHM8JlbHbhl
smopbl Q H M Onop11ble peaKURR CHJl8 Q MOMeRT M MOMeHT Mmax

O..;;:z~a
qc' O..;;:z..;;:a
Q= 6T qc• z0 =a+c V~
M=-Z
a...;;.z<.l 6l qcª
Mmax = 6i X
qc ( 3-y
Rn=-6 e) Q= q_:[-r-3 X
M = q c2
a<.z<.l
[!_l _ (z -esa)ª]
1 6
X (z - a) ]
eª

O..;;:z..;;:a O~z<.a

1
qa ( a
Q=5 3-2y- qaª [ ( 3-2y
M=5 a) X z0 =a v~
l-
31
qa a)
RA =fi~3-2y
qaª
- 3 -•)
aª
2
X!_ -
a a3
!3) Mmax=3 X
qaª

Rn = 3l f 2a\ 3/2
a<.z<l a<.z<.l
2
X ~ 1 - 3l)
qaª qa ( 1-y
z)
Q=-- M=T
31
tén:M !'E ti '! f' M $ t1 t sn'tt tf CWtb' ria tbtdbz " ....-rs umrHte* enwst__,_
-------
VI l a>c
ya(l-c)
....
';" le= 3
en
q (l +e)
q (l +e)
RA= - - 6 -
q (l +a)
0-s:;:z-s:;:a
qa (l +e ~)
Q= 6 -a- - 3 a2 M = qai
6
0-s:;:z-s:;:a

e + e_ !~)
a a
Mmax

X
v 9
a(l-c)
3
X

Ra= Q <'.Z <'./ a< z-s:;:l Il a<c

6 ¡c(l-a)
Q __ _qc [l + a_
- 6 e
M _ qc (l - z) [l
- 6
-L
e
a_ Zo=l- 1 3
q (l +a)
(/ - z¡2] (l - z) 2] Mmax = 9 X
-3--cª- - c2
X
l¡
i
e (l - a)
3

.. 0-s:;:z-s:;:a 0-s:;:z-s:;:a
R>O
Zo=a- v2Ru
Q¡Z ( Q1z2 q¡
q¡a
RA=2-R
Q=RA-T 2- M=RA ·z-5x
* 2
Mm ax =M + -3 R
v2RJ.
---¡¡;-
-~) X (3-~) II R<O
qgb
Ra= 2+R
Q1ª2 _ q2b2
a< z -s:;:l a<.z<.l z0 =a+
V--¡¡:; 2Rb
q2(l-z) q2 (l-z) 2
R= 6[ Q=-R 8 + -2- x M=R 8 (l-z)- 6
X Atmn=M-
* -32 R v-2RI
q,
* Q1ªª q2b
X ( 2--b-
l - z) X ( 3--b-
l-z) M = -6--Ra=5 +
-"°
.., +Rb
-""
o
KoopAHHaTM onacHoro
Cxeua earpy:ac:ese11 lanKB, nonepe11eaa Hsrelia10U1Rli ceqeeell 2, H M8KCHM8'1bHblll
sruophl Q 11 M Onopewe pe&KllRH CHna Q uoueeT M MGMeRT Mmaa

ql
0..;;:2..;;:I
RA = i2 = 0,631

RB= -4
ql ql (
Q = f2 1-4-¡zª) 3
q/2 ( 2
M=12
z')
T-T&
Zo

M 018 ,_ = 0,0394ql~

O..;;:z..;;:l O..;;:z..;;:l
ql l
RA= -3 Q=~(1-6x M=3
q/2 ( z
y-2X
Zo=2
ql 5
RB= 3
X~+4f.) Mmax = ¡gqll
c:n
*
O<z<l l l'l.M
ql óM Zo=2-qr
RA = 2- -l- ql ( z)
Q=2 l - 2 y -
qi2 (
M=2 y-[2
z z2) - ql2 (óM)2
ql L\M Mmax = 8 + -y,¡¡- -
2-+-z
RB=
--,L\M
- L\M
z
y-M 1 M2+M1
2

O<.z<.l
M z l<:z0 <.l+a
Q=-z M=-MT
Mmax =-M
l<Z<.l+a l..,;;:z<l+a
Q=O M=-M

O..,;;:z<.l
a
RA=P¡ a a
Q=-Py M=-P ¡z Zo = l
Mmax=-Pa
Ra-P (1 +y) l<.z<l+a
Q=P M
l<z<l+a
= -P (l + a - z)
...... fT f1"00A!JlctHU, ma(JA, 1
"' KoopABB&Ta onaceoro
Cxeua earpyJKeee11 "a.llltll, nonepeqHa11 HarellatoW.Rll ceq Cll 11>1 2 o H MaKCHM anbll wl\
9DIOpW Q B M Onopawe pealtllllH CH.118 Q 111oa1eaT M MoMeHT Mmax

l <a (l + Ji2)
R, 0 <.Z<.l Za= l
0 <.Z <./
z1 _ a2 ql ( a1 M=2
qll [ ( al) y-
1-z¡ 2
Mmax=-2
ql2
RA=q-21- Q=2 1-12-
z•+ a2 21] II l> a(l + J'2)
Ra=q-21-+ -2+) ' -71
al)
+qa l<.z<l+a l<z<l+a Ze=2l ( 1-11
1
Q = q (l +a-z) M == - 2 q (/ + a - z)2 q(/2- al)S
Mmax = sz2

R, 1/
qa2 0<.Z <l
0<.z<l
RA=2f
qal 1Ja1 z z, =l
qa• Q==-y M==-2y
Ra=2[ X IJlll
l<z<l+a l<z<l+a Mmaz=-2

x(1+2~) Q = q(l +a-z) M--

q(l +a-z)I
2
 O<z<a O<z<a
Q=-P M=-Pz
a<z<a+l a<z<a+l a<z0 <l+a
Q=O M=-Pa Mr11ax =-Pa
a+l<z«l+2a a+l<z<l+2a
Q=P M = -P (l +
2a - z)

0<Z<a
O<z<a qz2 l > 2 f2a
Q=-qz M=-2
l
a<:z<a+l a<:z<a+l Zo=a+2
RA = RB=
ql ( a q/2 [( a) q/2 ( 1 ª2)
@ Q=2 1+2-(- M=2 1+2y X Mmax=2 4-72
=q(~+a)
-2f) (z ª) -72z2]
X -¡-y
JI 1<2-V2a
z0 =a; z0 =a+ l
a +l < z < l + 2a a+l~z<l+2a qa2
+
Q = q (l 2a - z)
M=
1
-2- q (l + 2a - z)2
Mmax=-2

-.......
-""
w

l(oopAHHaTa onaceoro
CxeMa earpyJKeBBH 6aJIKH, nonepeqea11 Hsre6a10mnll ceqeeHH z, H M8KCHl48JlbHhlll
Sn!Ophl Q B M Onope1o1e peaKUllH tB.118 Q 14014CRT M MOMCHT Mmax

p l?4 M,

t5
Ra
RA=P(1+{) O<:z<:a O<:z<a
c>b
z0 =l
Q=-P M=-PZ ac
a a<:z<:l
Mmax =Pb
pQ RB= Pb a<.z<.l
I1
@ ac a
M=-Pa ( 1 - -zb
-a)
c<b
pi!!!. M 8 =P--¡j Q= P--¡j - z0 =a
b
® Mmax =-Pa

Ra
(l -c) 2 O<:z<:a
D~ RA=q~
O <:z<.a 1 * (l - c) 2
Zo=~
M=-2qz1
RB = q[t- Q=-qz
a<.z<.l ....
a<.z<.l Mmaz = -2q [ *2
Zo -
- (l-c)I]
2b
[<t - c)2 j M =- ~ q[z2- Zo-a] *
Q=q ~-z -(l-c)•-b-
z-a
-(l-e•-
-- - -"".:&./-"-
 + (b 2
- a2) X

X fJ

p
O <z<a O<z<a c>b
RA =P~
ac bd bd Zo =l-d
Q=P-
ac M=P-z
ac
d
RB= P-
e X a<z<a+b+c a<z<.l-d
Mmax=-Pd

d II
X(1+~) Q=-P-
e M= P ed (a+ b - z)
b>c

Rc=P (1 + n l-d<z<l

Q=P
l-d<.z<l

M =-P(l-z)
z0 =a

b
Mmax = Pdc
 r

'¡' ~1' 3.9.AMCIMIJepeH~Mani.Hwe :seaNCNMOCTH

npM M:Sr1t«Se nnOCKMX KPMBWX nepHCHeili

( .ll.H1l><t>epeHUH8JlbHble COOTHOUJeHHH MelKJl.Y q, Q, N H M' KOTopwe MO-

• ¡.
ryT 6ti1Tb BblBeJl,eHbl H3 ycnoBHll p8BHOBeCHll 9JleMeHTa Jl,JIHHOi ds, BNJl,e.
JleHuoro Hs npouseonbuo uarpy:a<eHHoro KpHnoro crep:a<Hll (pHc. 64 R 65),
f RMelOT BHJl
I¡
'~ dN
1

d<p = -Q; t3.5)

' ~ dQ
i d<p = N + qr;
"" dM
'* d<p = Qr.
''
;
'
t..
1,

t
•

o o
Puc. 64 PHC. 55

nonarall rdq> = ds, 9TR ypaBHeHllH MOlKHO sanRC8Tb B llH)le

dN Q
.'
ds =-,-;
1
dQ N
1 • ds =q+.,:
dM
fiS=Q.

IlpR BblBOJl.e yKasaHHNX SaBHCHMOCTell: 6blJIO npeitnOJIOJKeuo, qTo H

fH6810~llA MOMeHT cquT8eTCH UOJIO>KHTeJlbHblM, ecJIH OH Bb13blB8eT C>K8
BHyrpeHHRX BOJIOKOH CTep>KHll (BOJIOKOH, pacnonoJKeHHblX H8 BOrHYTO
cropoee), a pacnpeiteneuHall HarpysKa noJIO>KHTeJibHa, eCJIH oHa Hanpa
neHa K ueHTpy KpHBH3Hbl crep>KHH. 3aBHCHMOCTH (3.5) - (3.10) nose
JIH!OT nponepur& npasun&HOCTb cocraeneHHH Bblpa)l{eHHA Jl.Jlll N (q>
q (<p) u M (q>). Bb1palKeH1u1 JlJlll BHyTpeHHHX ycHJIHH B KpHBOM CTep>KH
JlJill pasneqHblX cnyqaen ero HarpylKeHHH npHBeJ1,eHbl n Ta6n. 8 u 9.

3.to. nonpoeHMe 1niop BHytpenHMX cMn An• nponpaanaeHHWz

nepHCHeili

B paMHHX CHCTeMax, OCH COCT8BJIHIO~HX CTeplKHeA KOTOpblJll ue .11e-

JK8T B OJl.HOA UJIOCKOCTH, a T8K)l{e B ílJIOCKRX CHCTeMax, H8XOJ1.ll~HXCll ~
BOSJ{ell:CTBHeM npocTpauCTueuuoA Harpysxu. MoryT ¡eACTBOB8Tb B ceqe.

136 l!
"I
"1
·' 1
 1111X cTep)lrneA nce llleCTb BHyTpeHHHX CHJIOBblX <f>aKTOpon: N Z• Qy, Qx,
M, My. Mx (pHc. 29, 6). B 9TOM c¡¡yqae smop&i H3r11óa10w.ux M0Me11rua
ro~npe>KH€MY CTpOllTCll Ha C>K8TblX BOJIOKH8X, npH'1€M opueHmupoeamb ux
c 1eiJyem maK, 1tmo6bl nADCKocmb sntopbl coenaiJaAa e nADCKocmtro iJet1cmeu11
napbl mozo u32u6aro~eeo MO.lteHma, OA'l Komopoeo oHa nocmpoeHa. 311aK
113rH6a10w.ero MOMeHTa BBO)l,HTCll npOH3BOJlb!IO ll npHTOM TO.~bKO B cJ1y11ae
11eo6XO)J.HMOCTH aanHCaTb COOTBeTCTBy10mee ypanHeHHe.

y X

q
A ó

P11c. 56

PHc. 57

11.Jill npo,ltOJlbHblX CHJI H KpyTllIUHX MOMeHTOB coxpaHlllOTCll nre)l(HHe

npaa11J1a 3HaKoB. 3mopbl N H M 'ltP MoryT l'.lhlTb opHenTi:iponanbl KaK yro¡u o,
HO HX OPJlHHaTbl ncerita OTKJla,ltblBaiOTCH no HOpMaJIH K OCH CTep)l(HH.
nonepe'IHble CHJlbl B ceqeHHH C'IHTaIOTCll nOJIO:lKHTeJibHblMH, eCJIH HX
HanpasJieHHe coanaitaeT e nOJIO:lKHTeJI&HblM HanpanneHHeM oceii.
B KaqecTne HJIJIIOcTpauHH npHBeJleM JtJIH noMaHoro cTep)l(HH (pnc. 56)
pesyJihT8Tbl nocTpoeHHll smop BHyTpeHHHX CHJIOBblX <l>aKTOPOB (puc. 57).
BHyrpeHHHe YCHJIHll ,ltJlll COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HX yqacTKOB CTep:lKHll onpe,lteJlll•
JIHCb no <liopMyJiaM, npune)l.eHHblM HH:lKe. Ha yqacTKe AB (O ...:;: z ...:;: / 1)

N=:=O; Qx=-P; Qy=q(l 1 -z); MKP=O;

My = P (l - z) (cJKaThl Jienble BOJIOKHa);

q(l1-z)2
M~ = (c)l(aThl HH)l(HHe BOJIOKHa).
2
137
.¡ t Ha y'l8CTKe BC (O< z < l 2)
~ 1' '
N = ql¡; Q¡r =O; Qy = P; MKJ> = -Plt1
s
ql¡
¡, My = 2; M" = P (1 1 - z).
11 '
'~
, Ha yqac TKe eD (O "' z "' l 3)
ql~
' ¡ N=-P, Q" =O; Qy = ql1 ; MKP'""' - 2;
t
~
M1r = Pl 1 + ql 1 (11 -z).

tª 60(J
1
8
'ij

1
ti

PHc. 58 PHC. 59

9mopbl BHyrpeHHHX CHJI .l{JIH npoCTpaHCTBeHHO Harpy>11:eHHOfO KpHB~

JIHHeilHGrO ctep)KHH (pHC. 58), OOCTpOeHHYe "ª
OCHOBaHHR aaBllCHMOCTeli

M 83 ('} =M 11 (<p)-(PR+ MA)sln ~;

.
MKP (tp) = Mz(cp) =(PR + MA)eos<p- PR,
npu P = 2 KH; M A = 20 KH • cM; R = 30 CM np11aei.eubl Ha pHc. 59.

B ceqeHHHX HarpymeHHoro CTeplKHll eosHHKaioT HenpepblBHO pacnpe·

iteJleHHble BHyTpeHHHe YCHJIHH (pHC. 60, a), paBHO)l,eilcTeyIOIUHMH KOTOpblX

--
-+ -+
trBJIJ!IOTCH z.tatl'l'UJU1 sncmop R K 2.llflBN'1l{J; JtW.«eKtn M, np!UO:lll.e.HHWe B ueu Tpe
'1'11mecTn ceqeHHH. ITpoeKD;HH R u M 118 rnaBHble neuTpaJibHble OCH x, y
H OCb CTeplKHH z .nam RJ!lltfRRbl IWMDOHeHTOB Bnyrpemmx YCHJIHH N, Qg,
1 ¡ Q¡r, My, M¡r H Mz.
PaccMorpHM 6ecKoneqno Man¡,¡A 9JieMenr nJioIUaAH dF (pHc. 60, 6)

-
e npo!13BOJlbHblMH KoopJJ,u!laTaMH x, y. B CHJiy M8JIOCTH sneMe!ITa MOlKHO
cqMrarb, IJTo enyrpennHe ycHJIHH pacnpe.n:enen¡,¡ na HeM paanoMepno,
a paB!IO)leiliCTBYIOU{3H BX dR 11plUIOJKeH8 • neuTpe ero TllJKecTR. Cne)l()Ba·
TeJibHO, npH npHBe,zceHHB 9THX YCHJIHA K tteHrpy THJKeCTH 9JleMeHTa dR
1 , 6yAeT HBJIHTbCSI rJJaHHblM BeKTOpOM CllJlbl, a rJiaBHblH MOMeUT, oqeBH)lHO,
6yiter paeeH HYJIIO.
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OCH z, JI, X 6yityr 9JJeMeHrapHble CHJ!bl dN' 1Qy,
dQ¡r. PasiteJIHB ece 9TR eeJIUqHHbl na nJioIUaitb dF, noJI) quM BblpaJKeHHH

138

1
'l
f
 Jlll BHYTpeHHHX ycJllJlHH, npHXO)l.lll!J.HXClI Ha e.ztm-rnny nJIO!l.(3)1.H, H83hIB8e•
~¡,¡X HanpHJ1CeHUJ1J1u a TO'!Ke (y, x) nonepe'!Horo ceqeHHlI cTep)l{Hllº
dR dN dQy dQx
P = dF; a= dF; •u= dF ; •x = dF ' (3.1 I)

r.ne p - noJJnoe nanpsDKeHue;

te.~1>Hb1eHanpiuKeHulI.
CJ - Hop'.laJJhHoe HanpSI)l{enue; r: 11 ,
•
Kaca· •x -
Pa3MepnocTh Hanp11menu11 - cuJia, ,11.eJJenna11 Ha KBa,11.par ,11.JIHHbl
(H/\12, KH/M2, MHh12 u r. ,11..). 06bl'lHO uanpHmeuuSI usMepmor B nacKa·
JlllX (1 na = 1 H/111 2 ) HJIH Kp8THhlX €)1.HHH1{8.X (Kila, Mna).
TaKHM o6pa3oM, 11anpJ1J1Ce11ueM Hll3bl6aemc11 BHympeHHflR cuAa, omne·
cennafl K eou11uqe nAO~aou B éJan11oa mo<tXe pacc.uampue.ae.uoeo ce1teHu11,
m. e. unmencueitocmb BHympe1111ea cuAbl B oa1111ot1 mo1tKe ce1te11u11.

Puc. 60

floAnoe 11anparHCe11ue 6 mo1tKe Momer 6blth Bblpameuo qepe3 HOpM8Jlh•

uoe u KacareJihHble nanpH>KellHH:

p= V ª-.-+--,.u"'"2-+-,.....;. (3.12)

Y'lllThlBalI (3.11), nerpy,llHO ycraHOBHTb o6IU.ne saBHCHMOCTH MeJKitY nanpll·

lK€Hllll\lll o H r:, e 0.l{ffOli CTopoHbl, H KOMIIOH€HT8MH BHyTpeHHH.X YCHJIHH-
c .npyroñ:

N= j adF; (3.13)

Qg = s
p
Ty dF; (3.14)

Qx = s
p
r:xdF; (3.15)

Mg = s
F
XCJ dF; (3.16)

Mx= J
F
yadF; (3.17)

M, = MKP = J
F
(Y'tx+.nu) dF = J
F
(Yrdf, (3.18)
fJle
 fl - paccTOl!HHe OT ueHTpa TSD!\eCTH Ce'leHHll )lO JUIHHH .zteiicTBHll dQ (pnc.
60, 11).
3aBHCHMOCTH (3.13) - (3.18) Ha3b!Ba!OTCS! cmamU'ieCKUMU ypaBHe-
HUJlllU. B o6meM cnyqae pacqera, KOr)l.a aaKon pacnpe)l.enettHS! Hanpa>Ke-
unii no ceqettHIO Re Hanecren, 11x npnMettaTb nenbasi. HanpHMep, attall ne-
nnqnny Harn6a1omero MOMettra Mu n ceqettnn, nenb3ll naHTH ttOpMaJJbnble
Hdllpll>KeHl!S!, nOJJb3YS!Cb <PopMynoi'! (3.16). Ü)lHaKO eCJIH, nOJJb3YS!Cb Te-
MH HJIH HHbIMn coo6pa)l{enHsiMn, y )l.aercsi ycranonRTb, KaK pacnpeJleJJlliOT•
CSI no ceqeHH!O (J HJIH 't, TO Tor.na no ljlopMyJJaM (3.13) - (3.18) MO>KHO
HaHTH 11 caMH nennqnnbl nanpsi}l(enttii.
Bb!BOJlbl <PopMyn Jlnsi onpe,1J.enemrn nanpsi)l{enRii uenecooópaaRo 11po-
eo11,11Tb no raKoft cxeMe.
1 PdccMarpHnaercsi cmamuttecKaJl cmopoHa aaoattu - aanncblna10rca
1e H3 ypanRennii (3.13) - (3.18), Koropble neo6xoJlnMbl Jlnsi BblBOJla.
2. PaccMarpnnaercsi 2eo.MemputtecKa11 cmopoHa aaoattu - Ra octtona·
HllH onblTnblx )lannb!X aanHCb!Ba!OTCS! reoMerpRqecKHe ypanneHnS!, y(.ra-
HaBJJnna10mtte aanncnMOCTb nepeMemennii roqeK crep)l{n11 or RX noJIO)l{e-
.. UHll B ceqeHnH .
3. PaccMarpHnaerc11 tjJuauttecKaJl cmopoHa aaoa'iU - Ra ocnonannu
onb!TnblX )laHHblX aanHCb!BalOTCll ypantteHHll, Bblpa)l{a!Omne 38BnCHMOCTb
MP>KJlY nanp¡¡)l{eHHllMH n )leljlOpMaun11Mn (Rnn nepeMemeHnllMH).
4 np0H3BO,ll.HTCll CHHTe3, T. e. COBMeCTHO pellla!OTCll ypanneHHSI, llO-
.nyqeJinble B n. 1-3, n nyreM ncKJnoqenn11 .zteljlopMauRii (nnH nepeMemennii)
11onyqa10rca ljlopMyJibl, Bb!pa)l{aIOmne nanp11)1{enH11 qepea ycnnna nnH Mo-
MeHTbl n ceqennn.

3.12. Ycnoa1t11 npO'IHOCTH H 11<ecr1<ocr1t

Ocnonnoii aa)laqeli conpOTHBJJeHHll M'arepHaJJoB llBJJl!eTCll onpe11,ene-

HHe na)l.e)l{nblx paaMepon nonepe<rnoro ce'lettHll )leTaJJn, no,1J.nep)l{eHHOll:
TOMY nJJll nnoMy cRnonoMy' Te~rneparypnoMy nnn .ztpyroMy B03]leikrnnIO.'
TaKRe pa3Mepb1 MOryr 6b!Tb onpe11,enenbl H3 pacqera na npo'lnOCTb, >KeCT·
KOCTb nnn ycTOH'lnBOCTb. OcnOB!lblM llBJJl!eTCll pacqer Ha npoqnocTb.
<t>Hanqec1rn O'ieBH)l.HO, qro r.1a1epHaJ1 He B COCTOSIHHH Bbl,ll.ep:lll.!!BaTb
CKOJlb yro.ztno óOnblllHe nanp11>KeHn11. nonoMy nennqHnbl naHóOnbWnX
nanpll>KeHm'! na ycnonn11 na,ll.e>KHOCTH pa6orbl .zterann .ztOn}l(Rbl 6b1Tb orpa·
HH'lenbl HeKOTOpblMH JlOnycrnMb!Mn aHaqenn11Mn. 9rn anaqenn11 11aablBaIOT-
Cll iJonyCKaeMblMU HanpM!CeHUJlMU 11 0603Haqa1QTCll [oj HJJH ['t].
Ecnn nanecrnbl ]lonycKaeMble nanp11}1(enn11 n nMe10rc11 ljlopMynbl, 8bl·
pa.!KaIOmne H8ílpl!)l{eHnll qepea ycnJJn11 nnn MOMenTbl B ceqenHn, TO npHH·
unnHaJJbnO MO)l{nO pacC'lHTaTb "ª
npo'lnOCTb (no.zto6paB neoóXOJlllMble pa3·
Mepbl, npn KOTOpblX nanp11>Kettne ne óyJleT npenblwarb ]lOnycKaeMble) mo-
6yIO .zteranb.
Ha npaKTHKe ncrpeqa10rc11 rpH cnyqa11 pacqera na npoqHOCTb.
¡ '
l. no nanecTnbl\I HarpyaKaM rpeóyeTCll )lnll Bb16paHHOf0 MarepHaJia
1 f Hall:ra neo6xOJlHMble paaMepbl nonepeqnoro ceqenn11 ]lerann, oóecneqnsa10·
1 iune ee Ha,1J.e)l{ny10 paóory (npoeKTnponoqHblÍI pacqeT).
2. 11anecTnbl Marepnan H paaMepbl )lerann. Tpeóyetc11 Bbl11cn HTb,
MolKeT nu 9ra )leTaJib Bbl,ll.ep)l{aTb aa.ztattHyIO narpyaKy (nponepo'lnblii pac·
l ' '!JeT).
3. 11asectnbl Marep11an, paa111ep¡,¡ .zteram1 n cxeMa ee HarpylKe1111a;
rpeóyeTCS! naATn JlOnycrnMylO nenH'lnny ttarpyaKH.
B ocHone scex 9THX pacqeroe ne}l(nT ycAoeue npottHocmu
1
, 1
0 max<fO'] llnH 1 max<[T),

Bblp1}Ka!OIUee TOT ct>aKT, qro Han6onblune H8npaiKeHHll - HOpManbUOe,

140

¡ 11
!
T 8 6JI" u a 8. HsrH6aiow,Hii MOMeHT M, HOPM8J1&Hai1 N
" nonepe~HaA Q CHJlbl B KOHCOJlbHOM xpyrOBOM CTCPlKHC
riP" uarpylKeHHH B ero IlJIOCKOCTH

CxeMa N Q M

P sin q> + P cosq>- M0 + PR sin qi-

+ Tcos q> -T sin q> - TR (1 - cos qi)

p
T
Mo+PR X
P
+ Tsin X +
cos (a - qi) .
p sin (a-qi)- X (a - qi) -
(cos
-cosa)-
X (a - qi) - T cos (a - q>)
-TR[sin a-
- sin (a - qi)J

qR (1 - cos qi) qR sin q> qR' (1 - cos qi)

qR sin qi -qR (1 - cosq>) -qR 2 (q>- sin qi)

o o

141
 K3C8TeJlbHOe HJIH 9KBHll3JJeHTHOe (CM. rn. 6), ]leiicreyiomue B onaCHoA fllq.
Ke, ue JlOJDKHbl npeBbllllaTb ¡¡onycKaeMoro HanpllJKeHHll.
A11aJ1oruqHo npoao¡¡HTCH H pacqer Ha :iKeCTKOC1b, TOJlbKO BMecro
ycJIOBHH npoqHOCTH HCOOJlb3Yercsi yc1106Ue 31CecmKoCmu, orpaHHqHB8JODJ.ee
BeJIHqHHY 11eQiopMauui\ (HJIH nepeMeIUeHHii). Ü]lH3KO ¡¡a:iKe B TOM CJlyqae,
KOFJ!.8 Bb\OOJ!HeH pacqeT "ª
lKeCTKOCTb, Bcern.a a.eoCixoJJ.HMO npoHOJlHTb npo·
nepoqHbJH pacqeT Ha npoqHOCTb H, ecJlll OH Jl8eT oTpHUaTeJibHblA peay.llb•
rar, cne.llyer npHHHTb pasMepbl, noJJyqeHttble H3 pacqera Ha npoqHoCTb,

Ta Ci JI H u a 9.Hsrn6a10lUllA M 83 u Kpyr11111nA M"P MOMellTW

e 11ouconbHoM K¡>yroeOM crepi1rne npu uarpyllleuua, nepnee,u.uKyJ111pHOM
11 ero OJIOCKOCTH

Mua
CxeMa (nepneHAHKYnllpHO
K IlJIOCKOCm yz)

y
p z

PR sin qi PR(1 - cos cp)

M 0 sin q> -M0 cosq>

M.
z

í M 0 cos q>
. ''

1 y
1 z
I~ q/?2 (1 - cos qi) qR 2 (<p - sin <p)
 rJlABA 4

MEXAHM'4ECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH MATEPMAnA

nPH PACTSl>KEHHH H C>KATHH.
KOHU.EHTPA.1"1-UI HAnPR>KEHHA. AOnYCKAEMt.IE HAnPSl>KEHHR

4. t. Hanp•111eHM• M Aecl>OpMav,1tt1 npM pac111111eHMM M c1111WMM

HanplllKeHH-Oe COCTORHHe oceeoro p8CTlllKet!Hll HJIH ClK3THll xapaK·

1epHO TeM, 'ITO H3 wecrH KOMnOHeHTOB BHyrpeHHHX ycHJIHH TOJ!bKO npo·
¡¡OJibHaff CHJia N He paBHa Hymo. PaccMorpHM crepJKeHb, HarpyJKeHHblH
oceBblMH CHJlaMH (pHc. 61) !lJrn npoH3BOJibHOfO Ce'leHHll n - n CT3TH'le·
cKaR cropoea sallª"" BblpaJKaerc11 ypae11eHHeM

N= s
F
a dF. (4.1)

feoMerpHqecx1u1 cropoHa sa]l8'1H onpe11e.na·

erc11 eunomeaoa n11ocKux cetleHuú (eunome3oú p
Bep¡.¡y1111u), OCHOB8HllOA Ha JlaHHblX 9Kcne·
pH\JeHra: nonepe'IHble ceqeHHll crep:iKHll,
nJioCKHe 1l0 Jie4JopM3UHH, OCT3IOTCll IlJIOCKH·
MH nocJie lleQiopMaUHH, nepeMemaRCb nocry·
naTeJibHO B]lOJlb oCH creplKHll. lis 9TOf0 CJie.
¡¡yer, '!TO BCe BOJIOKH3 9JieMe11ra llJIHHOii l
Y1lJIHH1110rc11 11a OllHY H ry JKe BeJJH'IHHY !1.l
H HX OTHOCHTeJibHble YllJIHHeHHll e OJ1HH8KOBbl: Puc 61
Al
e= T = const. (4.2)

<1>11sHqecKa11 cropoHa paccMarpHBaeMofi sa)la'IH onpe)leJ111ercll saKo·

11011 I'yKa, 11blp3lK3IO~HM JIHHeHHYIO aaBJtCHMOCTb lletPOpMauHA OT Hanp11·
lKettaii:
a
e= E , HJIH a = Ee, (4.3)

r)l.e E-K03cjJif>HUHeHT uponopunoHaJJbHocru, H83b!BaeMblA Mooy11eM ynpy-

2ocmu npu pacm11)1Ce1tuu {c)!Camuu) HJIH Mooy11eM l011ea. E uweer pasMep-
HOCT.b ttanpRlKeHHll (H/w , MH/M 2 H r. Jl.), OObl'IHO HSMeplleTCll e nacKaJillX
(Tia) HJIH KpaTHbIX e]lHHHUax (Kila, MDa), H RBJil!eTCR OJlHOH H3 Q¡HSH'le·
cKax KOHcraHT MarepHaJJa (raÓJI. JO, 11, 12). Y'IHTblea11, qro E= const, a
corJiacHo <J¡op'dyJiaM (4 2), (4.3) H a=
E. e= const, H3 (4.1) 11aXOJlHM
N
a=y· 0~

Tipn paCTl!lKeHHH a ílOJIOJKHTeJlbHO, npH CJKSTHH - OTpHUaTeJibHO. <I>op-

My11a (4.4) cnpaae)l.JIHBa )l.Jlff ceqeHHii, Jl.OCT3TO'IHO y)l.aJieHHblX OT MeCT npH·
JIOlKe11tt11 cocpe)l.oTo'leHHblX 11arpysoK. BOJ!HSH npHJIOJKeHHR 11arpysoK Bbl·
no1111aerc11 6oJiee CJIOJKHblH saKoH pacnpe11ene11HH HanpRJKeHHH.
flpH oupe)l.eJieHHH HanpRlKeHHH npH pacTRJKeHHH H CJK3THH, KaK
H nptt 1lpyrttx BHJ13X 1le<f>OpMauHií, HeoCixo]lHMO IlOJlb30B3TbCff BblTeKa!OUll 'I

143
 1 '

npUHl{Uno.M Ce H·B e Ha• l

ÍJ¡" ."l
R3 9KCnepHMeHTa nOJIOJKeHHeM, HaSblBaeMblM <
H a· ec11u me110 Hal!py31CaemcR cmamu'iecKU 9KBU8a11enmnoú cucme.Moú cu11, !
m. e. mat<UMU CU/la.Mu, y KomopblX l!/la8HblÚ 8eKmop u 2/IQ8HblÚ MoMeHm OOU• i

ll
f
~ rl
1¡ ~
,1
'
t
h
HOKOBbl, u npu amo.u 0611acmb npu1103/Ce1tuJ11taepysoK 1teBe11uKa no cpaB1teHu10
e pas>1epa,11u me11a, mo 8 ce'ienu11x, iJocmamo'ino yiJa11e1t1tblx om Mecm npu-
AoJ1cenuJ1 cu11, 11anpJ13ICeHUJ1 .1ia110 saBUCRm om cnoco6a 1ta2py)lf;e1tUJ1.
3-roT np!Hlll.Híl MOlKHO npoHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaTb npHMepoM npHJIOlKeHHil j
9KRHBaJieHTHblX ttarpy30K, npHBe]leHHblM ea pHc. 62. Ü]lHH H TOT JKe crep- '
ll\eHb, aaKpenJieHttbli\ BepxHHM KOHU.OM, HarpyJKaeTCll CBOCiO]lHOM KOH•"ª
J
l¡
JI

¡ ue CTBTH'leCKll 9KBHBaJieHTHblMll HarpyaKaMH, paBHO]lei\cTBYIOinHe KOTO•

¡ pl~X BblpaJKalOTCll BeJlH'IHHOfl BeKTopa p. 11ccJie)lOB8HRll DOK8Bb1B8IOT,
'HO HanplllKeHH!I B Ce'leHHH, JlOCTaTO'IHO yJla./leHHOM OT MeCTa npHJIOJKe·
BH!l HarpyaKH (Ha paccrosrnHH, npee1i1wa10meM e 1,5-2 pasa nonepe•rn1i1e
d pa3Mepbl CTepJKH!!), npaKTH'leCKH OKaSblBaIOTCll DO Bcex Tpex CJIY'IBllX
~ O]lll Ha KOBblM 11.
.. 1

j
'1' 'tt {::l
N(zJ
t
6=p
f
'tt "'

p p ®
PHc. 62 PHc. 63

ÜTHOCHTe.tlbHBll ]le<f>opMall,Hll onpe]leJll!eTCll qepea npo,llOJibHYIO CHJIY

"ª OCHOBaHHH (4.3) H (4.4) CJ1e]ly10meií <f>opMyJioií:
N
a= EF ' (4.5)

a nOJIHaR 11e<t>opMall,HR CTep>KHll ]lJIHHOA 1 JlJlll O]lHOPOllHOfO MaTepHaJI8

IE = const) npH OJlHHaKoeoü no ]lJIHHe CHJie N - <f>opMynoií

NI
tll =el = EF · (4.6)

<l>opwyna (4.6) e1i1paJKaeT SaKoH I'yKa 01111 a6coA10m1tblX yiJ11u1tenutl

( r;Kopo'le1tuú). DpoHaee,n;eHHe E F e SHaMeHaTeJie <f>opMy Jibl Haa1i1eaeTcH
:JH:ecm1wcmb10 nonepe•moeo ce11e1tu11 cmep:J1C1tJ1 npu pacmJ1:J1Ce1tuu (c31Camuu). •
EF
H HMeer pa3MepHOCTb CHJibl, a BeJIH'IHHa e= 7 Ha3blB3eTCll 3/Cecmtwcmbro
cmep:HC1t11 npu pacm113/Ce1tuu (c'1Camuu), ee paaMepHOCTb - cHna, 11eneHHa11
Ha ]lJIHHY.
B TON CJlyqae, Kor]la npOJlOJibHall CHJI8 H nonepe'IHOe ce'leHHe CTeplKH!I
no 1lJIHHe He nocrol!HHbl (pHc. 63), noJIHoe YJlJIHHeHHe crepJKHll onpe11eJ111eT·
CH no <Popwyne
l

Al= s
o
N
EF
(z)
(z) dz. (4.7)

144

'''
 PacTl!lKeHHe H CJKaTHe corrpoBOJK]la1orc11 raKJKe HsMeHtHlleM nonepe•··
11 ¡,¡x paaMepos crepJKHH (pHc. 64, a, 6). A6co111omn1>1e nonepettn1>1e iJelfJop.ua-
i¡uu crepJKHll onpe11en1110rc11 <f>opMyJJaMH
!!a= a 1 - a;
l!b = b¡ -b.
Om1tocume111>Hl>IP nonepe•mble iJelfJop.Maquu (npH pacT11JKeHHH otpHua·
fCJ!bHble, a npH ClKaTHH IlOJIOlKHTeJlbHble) onpelleJl!IIOTCff <J>opMyJJoii
!!a l!b
&'=c¡=-¡J'

MelKllY OTKOCHTeJlbHOA nonepeqHoA H OTHOCHTeJlbHOA npO]lOJlbHOA ]le·

ljlopMaUH!IMH npu npoCTOM paCTl!JKeHHH H CJKaTHH B npelleJlaX npHMeHH·
MOCTH saKOHa fyKa cymecrsyeT IIOCTO!IHHOe OTHOIIIeHHe, a6COJIIOTHa!I ee-
,¡IHqHHa KOTOporo HaSblBaeTCll KOSl/Jl/JU·
quenmoM llyacco1ta H o6osHaqaerc11
CiyKBOÜ µ:

µ=l+I· (4.8)
K0!1<1><f>HuHeHT nyacCoHa - 6eapa3·
MepHall BeJJHqHHa H ]lJl!I Bcex H30Tpon- a ó
Hb1X MaTepHaJIOB (CM. Ta6JJ. 10) HaXO·
JlHTCH B npe11enax 0-0,5 (JlJIH npo6KH PHc. 64
CiJIHSKO K Hymo; ]lJlll KayqyKa 6JIH3KO
K 0,5, ]lJl!I CTaJIH µ "" 0,3).
yqHTblBa!I, qfo B H e' scer11a HMeIOT npoTHBOilOJIOlKHDte SHaKH, non y·
qaeM
a
e' = -µe = -µ E · (4.9)

npu pacqere CTepJKHeií, paCiOTa!OIIl,HX Ha paCT!IJKeHHe HJIH CJKaTllP,

ycJIOBHe npoqHOCTH CJie]lyeT sanHCblB8Tb ]lJl!I onaCH020 cetteHU11, KOTOpoe
xapaKrepuayerc11 Ma KCHMaJibHblM SHaqeH HeM N max Ha 9n10pe oces1i1x CHJI

Nrnax
0 max =-p <[o], (4.10)

r11e {al - llOnycKaeMoe HanpHJKeHHe Ha pacT11JKeeue [a+I (npH pacqere

lid pacTHlKeHHe) HJIH llOnycKaeMoe eanpHlKeKHe Ha cmaTHe [a_I (npu pac-
•1ere Ha CJKarHe).
no <f>opMyJie (4.10) MOryT CiblTb peIIIeHbl 38]laqff rpeX THIIOB: IIOllCiOp
p'13Mepoe oonepeqttoro ceqeHHH creplKHH; npoeepKe npoqHocrH; onpe11e·
neHHe JJ.OnycxaeMoli HarpysKH.
B HeKOTOpblX CJ1yqa11x creplKHH paccqHTblBaIOT HCXO]l!I H3 ycAOOUJI
:J1Cecnucocmu
I
f N (z)
l!l = J EF (z) dz < [l!l], (4.11)
G

rlle [ l!l) - llOIIYCKaeMa!I BeJIHqHHa HSNeHeHH!! ]lJ!HHbl crepJKH!I.

Pacqer Ha YCJIOBHH JKecTKOCTH scer11a .n;OJJlKeH CiblTb 11onoJIHeH pacqe.
TOM Ha npoqHocTh. EcJJH OKamercH, qro ycnoBHe npoqHoCrH ne YJlOBJieTBO·
p11erc11, TO paawepbl CTeplKHll llOJllKHbl 6b1Tb B3l!Tbl HCXOll!I HS sroro
¡)'CJIOBH¡¡,

145
 .J

1l
•.l. Mcm.11a...e MaTepHanoa Ha paCT•HCeHNe, CHCHNa N Taep,qoat.

llcnblT8HHe "ª
paCTRJKeHHe. OCHOBHblM BH,l(OM HCCJie.n;oeaHHH MexaHH•
qeCKHX ceollCTB MarepHaJIOB RBJJlleTCll HCn1i1raHHe paCT!llKeHHe. "ª º"º
npOHO,l(HTCll "ªcneunaJJbHblX HCnb!TareJibHb!X MaUIHHax, C03,1(310InHX no-
creneHHO uoapacra10my10 ttarpyaKy Ha Hcn1i1r1i1eaeMblll o6paaeu H ocyrn.e·
cre,1H10mnx e npouecce ttarpyJKeHl'll perHcTpaun10 eenuquHbl ,1J;eikrey10-
rn.ell"ª 06pa3eu; CHJJbl H ero Ae4>0pMaa;HH.
llame ecero npnMeR'!!IOT UHJJHHApHqecKHe 06paau1i1 (puc. 65, a), a np11
HCílb!TaHHH JJHCTOBOfO MaTepnaJia - nJIOCKHe o6pa3Ubl (pHC. 65, 6). )lJiil
UHJI llH.l(pttqecKHX o6pa3UOB Bbl.l(eplKHB3IOT on pe.l(eJJeHHoe COOTHOUieHHe
Mf'lKtlY pac11erttoii: AJJHHoll 06pa3ua 10 u .n;HaMeTpoM o6paaua do. 06blqHo
10 = IOdo (JVIHHHhlil o6pa3eu); peJKe lo= 5do (KopoTKHii o6paaeu).

,1
,1
I1 ¡I
I 1 ¡I
1
1
l
1
I
1
1
1
1<\'.'
I 1 I 1
I 1 I 1
I 1 I 1
N K G
o

PHC. 65 Puc. 66

!\fquTblBall, qro llHaMerp d0 CB!l3aH e nnorn.a.l(bIO ce11eHHll 06pa311a F

IPoPMY .1toii

d0 = VJt"" 4Fo ,r-

= 1,13 r F0 ,

<;Bll3b MeJKAY pacqeruoil AJIHHoii: 10 H nnomaAblO nonepeqHoro ceqeau11 oO.

paaua Fo MOJttHO Bblpa3HTb ,l(Jlll ,l(JIHRHOfO " KOpOTKoro o6paauoe COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO 33BHCHMOCTHMH
/0 = 11,3 YF6,
(4.12)
f 0 = 5,65 YF 0 •

B KaqecTBe OCHOBIIblX o6pa3UOB npH HCílb!TaRHH pacTHJKeune npK- "ª

MeH!llOT qu 1uniJpu1Jec1rne o6pa3t{bl e .l(HaMeTpoM d0 = 10 MM, pac•ierttoil
,l(JIHHOll 'º
= 100 MM H lo= 50 MM. JlonycKaeTC!l npHMeHeuHe H Apyrux
nponopuHoHaJJbHblX o6p33UOB, B KOTOpb!!C Bb!AepJKal!bl COOTHOUieHHll pa3-
Mepoe B COOTBeTCTBHH e cj:iopMyJiaMH (4.12).
P.uaepaffMa pacmn:J!CeHU!l. rTpH HCílblTaHHH MaH'pHaJJa paCTllJKeRHe "ª
coepeMeHnl:ie MaUIHHbl Il03BOJJl!IOT aBTOM3THq1!CKH nonyqHTb 3anHC3HHblll
8 onpelleJteHHOM MaCUITaóe rpait>HK 33BHCHMOCTH ,IJ;eQ¡opMaUHH o6paaua
or HarpyaKH, HJIH rax HaablearMy10 iJuaepaMMY pacmn31CeHun. Tnnuqa¡,¡A
BH.ll !ll!RrpaMMbl paC'Tl!lKeHHR B KOOp.l(HHarax p - lil ,l(JIR MaJioyrnepone·
CTllJ CT3JIH npHBe,ll.eH "ª
pHC, 66.

146
 Ha J.lH3rpaMMe HMeeTC!I pll.l( xapaKTepHblX y11aCTKOB ¡¡ TO'leK, COOT·
ercTBy1orn:11x pa3JIH'IHblM CT3Jl.HHM .ll.e<f>opM11poBaa1111 o6pa::ma To11Ka A
~apaKTepaayeT H3H60JiblllYIO (npe)l.eJlbHYIO) HarpyaKy p nu.• ,llO KOTOpOlt
co6JIIOJl.3eTCff J111HeHH3H aaBHCHMOCTb M€lKJ.lY aarpyaKoÜ 11 Y.ll.JIHHettReM 06-
paaua; TO'IK3 B COOTBeTc1nyeT H311ÓOJiblllel't HarpyaKe p lfO' npn KOTOpOH
oópaseu coxp3HHeT ynpyn1e cnol'tcTBa, T. e npn paarpyaKe ern,e tte 11a6JI10
.ll.aeTC!I OCT3TO'IH3!1 ,lle<f>OpM3UHH; TO'lK3 C COOTBeTCTByeT H3rpyaKe pT'
npH KOTOpOii o6paaeu Ae<f>OpMHpyeTC!I 6es BospacTaHH!I narpySKll, llJIH, K8K
roBopHT, M3Tep113JI 11a11nttaeT «Te'lb», 06p3sy11 H3 J.lH3rpaMMe TaK ttaSb\Bae-
MY!O nAow,aiJKy meKy'lecmu CD. nocJie CT3].lHH TeKy11eCTll M3TepH3JI CHOB3
n RaóperaeT cnoco611ocTb yBe.111111HBaTb conpoTH8Jieane Jl.3Jibtteliruel't ].le·
~pM 3 u1111.Ta1IK3 E coorsercr0yer M3KCHM3JibHOii (npe,lleJibttoii) H3rpys-
Ke pmax
' nOCJie KOTOpoii H31JHHaeTC!I MeCTHOe cyJKeHHe 66p33Ua 8 8H)l.e
meiiKH (pnc. 67), 8 pesyJibT3Te qero nponcXOJl.HT na)l.e·
1111 e tt3rpysKH. To'lK3 F coor0ercr0yer narpysKe P K'
npn KOTopoii o6paseu p3apy lll3eTCH
0oJib3YHCb yKaaattHblMH xapaKTepHblMH Harpya-
KaMH, 83!1Tb1MH 113 ,ll113rp3MMbl paCT!IJKeHH!I, H 3113!1 Pnc b7
nJIOlll,3.ll.b ce11e111111 ncn1i1ryeMoro o6paau3 F 0 , onpeJ.le
JJll!OT OCH08Rble xapaKTepHCTHKH npoq~:oCTH MaTepnaJJ3:

P nu.
00 = F.., - npeiJeA npo.nop14uonaAbHocmu;
Pyn
ºyn = Fo - npeiJeA ynpyeocmu;
PT
CJT = Fo - npeiJeA meKy•1ecm11;
Pmax
08 =--¡¡;; - npeiJeA npottHocmu, UAU epeMeHHoe conpomuoAeHue;
PK
CJK = F - 11anp11:J1Ce11ue e MOMeHm paspblBa.
0

nocKOJJbKY npn paCTHJKeHnH ce11enae o6p33U3 11enpep1i10no MeH11erc11,

OCOCÍeHHO B nepRO,ll aarpy>KeRHH, xapaKTepnsyeMblH Y1J8CTKOM J.lH3rpaMMbl
DEF, a11a11enmr 0 8 H CJK HMeJOT .l(OCT3TOrrno ycJIOBHblil' xapaKtep. Oeo6enao
YCJI0811b\M H8JISleTCH H3npSDKea11e CJK, 'faK KllK HaqHJl3H e 113rpyaKH P max
npOHCXO)l.HT o6p3SOBaHHe tueÚKU 11 H MOMeHT pa3pb1Ba Cl!'Jeime 06pa311.a B weÜKe
Fw OKa3bl83eTcH cyw.ecT8eHHO MeHbWe Ha11aJ1bHOR nJIOUJ,a.l(H ce11e111111
o6pas1ia F0
.II.JJH M3TepH3JI08, )l.HarpaMM3 p3CT!llKeHH!I KOTOpblX 11e HMeeT pe3KO
BblpalKeHHol't nJIOlll,3].lKH TeKy11eCTH, npe,lleJI TeKy11eCTH ycJIOBHO onpe].le-
Ji~ IOT KaK H3npHlKeHHe, IIpH KOTOpOM OCT8TO'IH3H Jl.e<)>OpM3UH!I COCT38-
JISJeT BeJJHllHHY. ycra11oeJieHHYIO fOCToM HJIH TeXHH'leCKHMH ycJI08HHMll
no f0CTy 1497-84 :na BeJIH'IHll8 OCT3TO'IHOH J.letPOpM8UHH COCT38JI!leT
0,2 % pac'leTaoü Jl.JIHHbl o6paaua, 3 ycnaBHblÜ npeiJeA meKy'lecmu aT
06oa11aqaerc11 a
0,2
Y1JHTbrna11, '!TO npaKTH'leCKH TPY1lHO ycTaHOBHTb Ha11aJio OTKJioHe-
111111 OT 33KOH3 nponopunoaaJibHOCTH H Ha'laJIO naliBJleHH!I nep8b1X OCTa·
TOlJHblx .ll.t.epOpM3UHÜ, 880,ll!IT T3KJKe naHffTHe ycnoe11oro npe].leJia nponop·
UllOHa.IIbl!OCTll H ycJIOBHOro npe)l.eJia ynpyroCTH.
Oo¡¡ yc110BHUM npeiJeAoM nponopf.iUOHaAbHocmu nonnMa!OT U3HME'Hb·
mee HanpiDKen11e, np11 KOTOpoM OTKJJOHeHHe OT JillHeii11oii 33BllCllMC\ Tll

147
 llelK¡cy HanpinKeHHeM H 1le<f>opMau.Heli Jl.OCTHraeT HeKOTopoli 3a)l.aHHOA Be-
;rnqHHbl (nopsi.11Ka 0,002 % ) .
Ilo)l. yc1106HIJIM npeae/IOM ynpyeocmU IlOHHMaIOT HaHMeHbWee Hanp11:iKe·
l!He, npH KOTOpoM ocraroqua11 1le<f>opM3U.H!I )l.OCTHraeT 33)l.3HHOli BeJIHqHHbl
(06L1qHo 0,001 % - 0,05 %). YcJIOBHblli npe)l.eJI ynpyrocTH oTMeqaeTcll
HH]leKCOM, cooTBeTCTBYIOlll.HM 33)].aHHoli eeJIHqHHe OCTaToqHoll Jl.e<f>OpMaa.HH,
BaDpHMep ª0.001 H ªo.o¡;·
Dpu ucnbl raHHH o6paau.oe Ha pacT11:iKeHHe onpe)l.eJI1110r taK:iKe xapaK·
TepHCTHKH nJiaCTHqHOCTH, K KOTOpblM OTHOCHTCll omnocume.11bHoe ya11uHe·
nue nocJie paapblBa

PHC. 69
H om1wcume11bH.oe cyrJteenue nocJ1e paspLIBH
AF0
111 = Fo • 100 %,

AF0 = F0 - Fm1n•
KpoMe yKasaHHblX BL1We MeXaHHqeCKHX csolicTB MarepHaJla (npoq-
HOCTH H nJiaCTHqHoCTH), ]laHHLle o KOTOpblX ]lJl!I paSJIHqHblX MaTepHaJI~
npHBeJJ;eHbl B IlpHJJOJKeHHH 1, onpe11e.ii1110Tc11 elll.e 3HeprerH11ecKHe xapax·
TepHCTHKH MaTepHaJla. OKaSblBaeTC!I, qfo ]lHarpaMMa paCTl!:iKeHH!! }.lae
HH<IJopMaUHIO H o6 3THX ero CBOliCTBax. TaK, ee IlJlOII(aJJ;b xapaKTepHsy
pa6ory, sarpaqeHuy10 Ha pacr11w.eHHe o6pasu.a. PaCioTa, sarpaqeHHa11 Blll
pacTHlKeHHe o6pasu.a 110 lle<f>opMau.Hu A1 (pHc. 68), onpe)l.eJI11erc11 cJ>opMyJio

'1
A1 = J+ (P dP) di.."") Pd'J..,

qTo coorsercrsyer nJlomalf.H OABCDMN ,ll.HarpaMMbl, a paóoTa, aarpaqeB•

Hall Ha paspblB oCipaau.a, onpe)l.eJI11erc11 nJ1omaJl.bIO Bceli ]lHarpaMMllJ'
1
MBWEro.
B npe)l.eJlaX ynpyrocTH pa6oma aelfJop.Maquu Bblpa:iKaeTC!I IlJIOlll.alf.blO·
f' sawrpHXOBaHHoro rpeyroJ1i.HHKa (pHc. 69, a) H npH YJl.JIHHeHHH oCipasna
Al H COOTBeTCTBy10n¡eli eMy CHJle p paBHa ~
PAi
A¡yn=2,

148
a 1¡1)e/lbHafl pa6oma oeqJOpMat{UU
Ayn
ªyn=v=
H BblpaJKaeTCll nJIOIUallbIO sarrITpHXOBaHHOfO TpeyrOJibHHKa ]lttarpaM\lbl
8 KOOpJlHHaTax a - e (pnc. 69, 6).
fl.uaepa,u,ua Hanp11:J1CeHua. flOCKOJibKY ]lttarpaMMa paCTlllKeHHll XapaK•
rep 113yeT ue TOJibKO CBOHCTBa MaTepuaJia, HO H pa3Mepbl o6pa3ua, TO ee
np!IH!ITO nepecrpaHBaTb B OTHOCHTeJibHblX KOOpJlHHaTaX a - e. TaKa!I
Jli!arpaMM3, nOcTpOeHHall Ha OCHOBaHHH ]lHarpaMMbl paCTl!JKeHHll (pnc. 66)
H Ha3bJBaeMall ouaepaMMOÚ Hanp11:J1CeHua, npe]lcTaBJieHa Ha pHC. 70. Ha
9roii 11narpaMMe TO'IKH O, a, b, e, d, e, f cooTneTcTBYIOT TOqKaM O, A, B,
c. D, E, F nep6U•moa ouaepaMMbl pacm11:J1CeHU1l (pnc. 66).

6
fÁ 5.
_,,,. 1 !1!71
..:::......,,~-=......
-=-r 1 800
h...<:""' 1/
e rl ~ 600

~
,¡ 400 2
/¡ ~ t
~ ~
~"' 16 f1 200
/ 1
k g
o 42
o & o,J a4 f

PHC. 70 PHC. 71

1:13 llHarpaMMbl nanpl!lKeHHA (pile. 70) BHlf.HO, 'ITO

a
tga=e =E,

T. e. MOllYJib ynpyrOCTH nptt paCTlllKeHHH t¡HCJieHHO paneH T3HfeHcy

yrna HaKJIOH3 npllMOJIHHeHHOfO y11aCTKa ]lttarpaMMbl HanpllJKeHHii
K OCH a6cuucc. B 9TOM 3aKJIIO'!aeTCll reoMeTpH'leCKHH CMblCJI MOllYJill ynpy·
fOCTH npH paCTlllKeHHH.
3aMeTHM, '!TO HHCXO]l!IIUHH yqaCTOK ef 11uarpaMMbl HanplllKeHHii
(pHC. 70) - yCJIOBHblH H3·33 3H3'1HTeJibHOf0 pa3JIH'IH!I MelKll.Y Ce'leHHeM
weüKu H nepnoHa qaJibHOií nnomaJlbIO ce'leHHH o6paaua F0 , na K0Topy10
nemn COOTBeTCTBy1omue ycHJIH!I, B3!1Tble H3 )lHarpaMMbl paCTl!lKeHHH
IVl!I llOJiy'leHH!I Oplf.HHaT )lHarpaMMbl Hallp!!lKeHHH na yqacrKe ef.
npHMepHblH BH]l ]lHarpaMM HanplllKeHHH ]lJIH pa3JIH'IHblX MaTepHaJIOB
npttneneH ua puc. 71. Kpunble 1, 2, 3, 4 coorneTCTBeHHO xapaKTepHay10r
MexaHwiccKue cnoikTea 6poH3bl (a8 =
247 Mna; ti= 36 %); yrJieponucroii
CTan11 (a8 = 358 Mna; ti= 38 %); HHKeJienoii cranu (a8 = 715 Mna; 6 =
= 54 %); MapraHUOBHCTOH CT3JIH (aB = 916 Mna; ti= 30 %).
Il,narpaMMa uanp11JKeuuií lf.Jill qyryna, llBJillIOIUBllCll THnH'!HOií JlJill
xpynKoro Matepuana, npttne11eua ua puc. 72 . .UuarpaMMa ne HMeeT Bblpa·
lKPHHoro npHMOJIHueiíuoro Ha'laJibuoro yqacTKa. DpH onpeileJieHHH ne·
<jlop~rnunü e HCIIOJib30BaHHeM <f>opMyJI, Bbip3lK3!0lUHX 33KOH fyKa, 3HalJe•
Htte MOJlYJifl ynpyroCTH E uaXOJl!IT K3K TaureHc yrJia (a) uaKJIOHa npHMOH,
npoee)leHHOH '1epe3 Ha'laJibHYIO TO'IKY nuarpaMMbl H TO'IKY B, COOTneT· o
CTay10my10 HanplllKeHHIO, npH KOTOpOM onpe,neJilllOT 11e<J>opMauu10. TaKOH
MOJly Jlb ynpyrocTH Ha3blB3IOT ceKyw,uM.

149
 11

E CJIH • _,
OTHOCHTb yc1w1rn, J.leHCTBYIOW.He Ha Oupaaeu. B K3JK,!\b1H MOMeH'f '
• JI
BpeMeHH narpyJKeHH!I, K HCTHHHOMY 3Ha'leHHIO CJOCJepe<rnoro Ce'leHHll l
B COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HH MOMeHT npeMCHH, TO noJiy'lHM í)ua<?pOJIMY ucmUHHblJt ~
11anpRateeHua (pHc. 70, rnrpuxonaH JIHllHH).
HcnblTaHHe "ª
ClKaTue. I1CnblT3HHe MaTepnaJIOB Ha ClKa•
4 rtte npott3BO,!\HTCH na cneu.naJibHblX npeccax HJIH yuunep·
Mna I caJibHbIX ucnb!TareJibHblX MalllnHax. Il,JIH 11cnblran11H H3ro·
12(} 8 TOBJI !110 fCSI o6p33Ubl B B11].le U.llJ! HH,!\pOB HeÓOJI bllIOiÍ BblCOTbl
(o6bl'!HO BblCOT3 COCT3BJI!leT OT O].lHOfO )\O rpex ,!\HaMerpoe)
HJIH Ky6HKOB. Dptt HCCJblTaHHH Ha CJKarue rpeHHe, B03HHKa10·
80 rn:ee MelKJ.lY ClKHM8!0lll.HMH CJJIHTaMH HCnblT3TeJlbHOH M8lllH!lbl
u ropu.aMH o6paau.a, OKaSblnaer cyrn:ecrneHHoe BJIHHHHe na
pe3yJibTaTbl HCnblT3HHll H xapaKrep paapyllleHH!I HCllblTbl•
40 naeMoro o6paau.a.
Dpn CJK3THH u.nJIHHAPH'leCKoro o6pasu.a ns MaJioyrJiepo.
OI. ,!\HCTOH CT3J!H nocJie.l(HHH npHHHMaet ÓO'IK006pa3HYIO <f>opMy
O 4002 & (pnc. 73). ,UnarpaMMa cJKaTHH, nony'!eHH3H ].lJIH ;noro Mate-
pHaJia, npHBe)\eHa na pHc. 74.
Pnc. 72 Ha puc. 75, a noKa3aH xapaKrep paapymenu11 npH cJKa·
THH o6paau.a Hll KaMH!I nptt HaJIH'lHH CHJI rpemu1 MeJK.l(Y
nJIHTaMH MaIIIHHbl H ropu.aMH o6paau.a. Dpu yMeHbll!euuu cun rpettHH ny·
'!'eM HaneceHHll Ha ropu.bl e.no!! napa<f>nHa xapaKtep paspyrneHHH roro JKe
o6paau;a MOlKet 6b1Tb npORJIJIIOCTpHpOBaH "ª
puc. 75, 6.

' p

'1
'1

p
& a ó
Puc. 73 P11c. 74 Pnc. 75
5,Mna
300

200

100

p
o a2 a4 as f.%
PHC. 76 Pnc. 77 PHc. 78

BHA paapyllleHHoro npu cJKatHH qyrynnoro o6paau.a noKaaan aa

pHc. 76, a COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.aH ].lHarpaMMa ClK3TH!I - H3 pHC. 77. -
.UnarpaMMbl CJKaTHH npn HCnbIT3HHH KyónKa ,!lpenecttttbl noKasauttt
"ª pttc. 78 (KpHBa!I 1 - npu CJKaTHH B].lOJib BOJIOKOH' KpllBa!I 2 - npll
ClK3THH nonepeK BOJ!OKOH).
Onpe,11.enenHe rnep,11.oCTH MarepHaJJa. B HeKoropb1x cJiy'laHx ,!lJill oa;eH~
KH eeJIH'lH!!bl epeMenuoro conpoTHBJieHH!I MOlKHO BOCCIOJib30BaTbCll KOCBeH•
HblM MeTO].lOM, B 'l3CTHOCTH H3MepeHH€M TBep.l(OCTH,

150
 r 8epoocmt>10 Mamepua11a HasblBaIOT cnoco6ttocTb oKaSLTBaTb conpon1e-
neHHe MeXaHH'!eCKOMy npOHHKHOBeHlllO B ero noBepxHOCTb .z¡pyroro, 60.ntt
'l'BC ,n:oro TeJJ8. nnsi onpe,n:e.neHHSI TBep.z¡OCTll '18!Ue acero B noBepXHOCTlo
M3 ~pH11118 e onpe.z¡eJJeHHOll CllJ!Oil B.z¡aBJJllBalOT TeJJO (Hn.z¡enTop) B Bll,n:e
crallhHoro Ill8PHK8, 8JJM83Horo KOHyc8 HJJH nnpaMtt.z¡bl. no pasMepaM no-
nyqen11oro 0Tne•18TK8 cy.z¡siT o TBep.z¡ocT11 HcnblTblBanwro MaTep11ana.
onpe.z¡enen11e Tsep.z¡ocTH - BeCbMa pacnpocrpaneHHoe 11cnblran11e,
qro o6bsicnsieTCSJ ero 11pessblqailttoii npocTOToil. Taep.z¡oCTb MO)KHO onpe-
,n:eJil!Tb 11 Henocpe.z¡CTBeHHO B ycJJOBHSIX npo113BO.llCTB8 "ª rOTOBblX ns.z¡e-
nHllX, T3K K8K OCT8IO[UlfeCll OTnetJ81'KH BO MHOr11x CJJy'lal!X He nopTlIT 113·
.n;e111111.
HaH6onee p8cnpocTp8He11HblM cnoco6oM onpe.z¡eJJeHllSJ TBep¡¡ocTH
118 11 eTCll cnoco6 Bp11He.1JJJll. CT8JJbHOii 38KaJJeHHbllí map11K ¡¡11aMerpoM D
.11
(pnc. 79) B)l;8BJJHB8eTCll B HCilblTblBaeMblll
o6paseu (Hs,n:eJJHe) no.n: ¡¡eilcTBHeM tt8rpys-
KH P, npH.nomettttoll B Teqen11e onpe¡¡e-
.11ennoro BpeMeHH. Tiocne Y.ll8JleHHSI tta-
rpysKH HSMep11ercsi ,n:118MeTp orne'l8TKa,
ocraBmerocJJ 118 noBepXHOCTH o6p83U8.
lJHc.110 TBep.z¡OCTH H B no Bp11neJIJJIO onpe-
¡¡em1erc11 .z¡enettlleM H8rpysKH P n8 nJJO·
Dl8Jl:b noaepxnocTH cct>ep11qecKoro orne-
qaTKa (M2 ) H MO>KeT 6b1Tb Bbl'IHCJJeHO no
PHC. 79
cjlopMy.rre
2P (4.13)
HB = nD (D- YD 2 - d2 )

r¡¡e P - narpysK8, H; D - Jl.1181\leTp W8p11K8, M; d - Jl.H8MeTp OTne'laT·

tea, M.
4 llCJJO TBep,n:OCTll Bblp8>KaeTCll B MTI8. XOTSI o6bltJH0 9TY e.z¡llHHUY ne
YK33b!B3IOT. ,ZI.ñ11 oue11KH TBep.z¡OCTH HH0t',n:8 HCnOJlb3YIOT AH8MeTp orne·
'13TK8 d H MM.
Ec.1111 TBep,n:OCTh HSMepsiIOT m8p11KOM D = 0,01 M (10 MM) no.n nar¡>ys-
Koii P = 30 000 H e Bbl,n:ep:lKKOil t = 1O e, TO 1t11CJ10 111ep,110CTH no Bp11-
He111110 conpoBO:lKJl:8IOT o6oSH8'1eHHeM HB, H8np11111ep lfB 3000. IlpH .n:py-
rnx ycJJoBlllIX onpe,n:eJteHHll TBep¡¡ocrH 'IHCJIO Taep.nocTH conpoBo>K,n:81or
HHJif'KCSMH B c.11e.n:yrorne111 nop11.z¡xe: .llll8Merp mapHKa, narpysKa H npo·
.no11)JrnreJJb11ocTL Bbl,llep>KKH. H8npn111ep, H B 5/2500/30-2000 03H8'1aeT
•rnc110 rnep.n:ocTH no Bp11He.nn10 (2000) npH Henb!T8HllH IIT8pHROM
D = 5 MM no¡¡ H8rpysKoii P = 2500 H, np11nomeH11oil B TeqeHlle
f = 30 c.
OnwrHblM nyTeM ycT8HOBJJeHo, qTo ,11n11 HeKOTOpblX MaTepHa.noH cy.
u1ecrnyer onpe.nene1rna11 cBSJSb Me>K.z¡y tJHCJIOM TBep.z¡ocTH no BpHHeJIJIIO H
BpeMeHnbIM conpoTHBJ1en11eM npH paspblae. HanpHMep, JJ.JJll M8.noyrJiepoJJ.H-
0,36H B; ¡¡JJll CTaJJb11oro JJHTbll a 8 = (0,3- 0,4) H B; ,n:Jlll
croií cra.1H a 8 """
HB-40
ceporo 'lyryna a =
8 6
Ec,1H rnep.z¡ocTb M8TepHaJJ8 H B :;;.. 4000 MTI8, TO onpe¡¡eJJHTb ee, n.z¡ae-
JlPRaH urnp11K, neJibS!I B cs11sn e sa111eTH{)i1 .n:e<tiopM8UHeii nocne,n:Hero.
B 3TllX rJiy'laHx nMecro mapnKa s.z¡aeJ111Ba10T aJJM33Hblii KOHyc (no PoK·
uen.1y) llJJH a11Masny10 nHp8MHAY (no 811KKepcy).
4ttcno Tsep,11ocT11 H RC no PoKBeJJJJy (mKaJJa C) rooTneTCTByeT pas.
~ocrn rny6¡¡¡¡ npOHllKHOBeHHll B noBepXHOCTb HCCJ1e)lyft.10ro M8TepHaJJa
(t5h~a3noro K0HYC8 e yr.noM npn nepillHHe 120º no¡¡ ¡¡eiíCTBHeM OCHOBHOil
OH) H npe.z¡aapHTeJJ&Hoii (100 H) narpySKll,

151
 i
l
B T815JJ. 13 npuse¡¡ellbl yCT8HOBJJellHble COOTHOllleHllSI Me:lK¡¡y 'JllCJl8MH
rsep¡¡oCTll HB, HRC u speMeHHblM conpOTHBJJeuueM aB ¡¡nsi pasJJH'lHl:tX ~I
t
CTaJJeli.
npu onpe¡¡enenuu TBep¡¡ocTH no BuKKepcy ucnoJJbSYIOT HHJleHTOp
B BH¡¡e npaBHJlbHOÜ 'leTblpexrpaHHOli nttp8Mll,llbl e yrJJOM Me:lK¡¡y npO'rllBO•
noJJO:lKHblMH rpa11siMH l36º. 4ucno Tsep¡¡OCTll HV no BHKKepcy onpe.11:e-
nHetcH OTnowe11ueM 11arpysKH na HH¡¡enTop K nnoma¡¡u ero oTneqaTKa~
P 2Psin ')' P
F = 1,8544-¡;¡ •
1

HV= = b' (4.14)

r¡¡e P - 11arfysKa 11a 1111».e11Top, H; F- nnoma¡¡h nonepe•moro ceqe11u11
oTneqaTKa, M ; ')' = 136º/2 = 68"; b - cpe¡¡Hee apmjlMeTuqecKoe llJlllll ¡¡ayx
¡¡uarouaneii: OTneqaTKa, M.
120· H.t1na r - - - - - - - - - . . .
o-f
·-2
500

't(](}

200

1673 181J T,/C

Puc. 80 PHc. 81

BeJJuquua HarpysKH uaxoJlHTCSJ B npe¡¡enax 50-1200 H. quena me

¡¡ocTu HV u HB npaKTuqeCKll coana¡¡aioT B ¡¡uanaso11e ux suaqeuHii:
4000.
IlpuMeHHIOT ll ¡¡pyrHe cnoce6bl onpe¡¡eJJeHHSI TBep¡¡OCTH MaTepH8JI
.nanpHMep, no BblCOTe OTCKOKa 6oiiKa, na».aiomero e onpe,lleJJeHuoli BblC
Tbl ua mmepx110CTb ucnblThlBaeMoro MaTepuana, no nepuo¡¡y Kaq¡¡m ii M
SJTHHKa, ynuparomerocsi B noBepxHoCTb MaTepHaJJa.
1 Taep¡¡ocTb, nOJiyqeuHau pasJJuqHblMH MeTo¡¡aMH, e nOMOII{blO cneuH•

¡ aJJhllWX Ta6.nuu Mo:lKeT l5b1Th nepeae,11e11a B TBep¡¡ocTb no BpHHeJIJJIO •

.UJ1si on_pe¡¡eJJeuusi TBep¡¡ocTH cTaJJeii: np11 noablme11HblX TeMnepa rypa
(673-773 K) MO:lKeT ucnoJibSOBaThCSJ MeTOll a¡¡aanuaauusi CTaJJb11oro 111
pHKa, a ,llJlll onpe¡¡eJlellHSI TBep¡¡OCTll >KaponpoqllbJX H TyroMaBKllX M
TepHaJJoB npH TeMnepaTypax JlO 2273 K 06blq110 ucnoJJbSYIOT MeTo¡¡ a,11a
t JlllB8HHSI llH¡¡euTopa B BH¡¡e qeTblpexyrOJJbllOli nupaMll,llbl ll3 CllllTeTllt¡
CKoro KopyH¡¡a (canqmpa). npu TeMnepaTypax ,110 3273 K np11MellS110t M
'10,11 O,llHOCTOJ>OHllero cnJJIO[UllBaHHll K011uqecKoro ol5pasua e yrJJOM npH
aepm1111e 120° (p11c. 80).
3na11el1llSI TBep¡¡OCTll no MeTo¡¡y OJlllOCTOpOHHero cnJJIOlll,llB3HllH KO:,
1' 1111 qecKoro ol5pasua onpc¡¡eJJHIOT KaK cpeJlHee ¡¡aBJJeHue (B MDa) Ha nJJ()o!!
1 ma¡¡u oTneqaTKa cnnrom11aaHuu:
1 1

P 4P P
H =F = ndª = 1,2732 dí• (4.15)
rAe P - 11arpysKa Ha ol5paseu, H; F - nnom.a¡¡b nosepx110CTH 0Tne11aTx•'

.:1' cnJJIOlll,llB31111H Ko1111qecKol! Beplllllllbl ol5pasua, MM1; d - ¡¡11aMeTp OTU&t'

11aTKa, MM. PasMepbl ol5pasua o6blllHO npHHHM810T paaublMH 8 MM no Jlll&•
1 "

11¡ 1 152
1 d ¡
:1 ¡
,l
f,!eTPY 11 5-7 MM no BblCOTe (no HSrOTOBJlellHfl KOnyca). HarpysKa "ª
06-
aseu P = 5C' H, ablnep>KKa o6pasua non 11arpysKoll 60 c.
P CooTBeTCTa11e noKa3aTenell TBepnocTll BOJlb<ppaMa 11 MOJ1116.z¡ena, no-
nyqaeMblX no Merony anaBJJllBallllH n11paMll)l3JlbllOro HHnellTOpa 11 O)ll'O-
cropo1111ero cnmom.Haa1111H B n»anaso11e TeMnepaTyp 1673-2023 K n1 o-
JleMOllCTpHpoaauo "ªp11c. 81. .UaHllble o TBep)lOCTH HeKOTOpbl:X Tyron.~ae­
KllX MaTep11aJJOB npH paSJJllqHbJ:X TeMnepaTypa:x npHaene11bl B Ta6JJ. 14.

A.3. noH•TMe o M8X8HM3Me o&pasoa•HM• ,qe4>opMaqMA

KaK 11saecr110, MeTaJJJJbl llMeIOT Kp11cTS.rJJ11qecKy10 crpyKTYPY· DpH
saTsepnenaHHll Meranna B pacnnaae on11oapeMe11no aos1111KaeT M11oro uenT·
poB Kp11CT8JJJJH3aUHH, BCJlenCTBHe qero pocT Kamnoro KpHCTaJJJJa CTecnen
cocennHMH. 8 pesyJlbTaTe TeXHHqeCKHil. MeTaJJJJ COCTOHT H3 6oJJblliOro
qHCJJa KpHCTaJJJJOB 11enpaBHJlbllOli orpaHKH, 11asblBaeMbl:X xpucma.11.11umaMu
llJIH xpucmaA.llU'leCKUMU sepnaMU. ÜTllOCHTeJlbllO npyr npyra KpHCT8JJJIHIJe-
CKlle sepHa opHeHTHpoaaHhl caMhlM paSJJHqHbJM o6pasoM. BMecTe e T< ~
8 Ka>KnOM HS HH:X aToMbl pacnonomeHbl cosepmeH1m onpenene11110 11 oti¡,a-
sy!OT TaK 11aSblBaeMyIO xpucma.11.11U'lecxy10 pewemxy, COCTOHlll.YIO H3 noBTO-
pH!Olll,HXCH OAHHaKOBbl:X HqeeK.
ArOMbl sJJeKTpHqecKH nelirpaJJbHbl. Ü)lllaKo np11 JlOCTaTOIJllOM H:X
c6JJH>KeHHH BOSl!HKaeT B031\CO>KHOCTb 0Tpb1Ba BaJJeHTHOrO 9JJeKTpona
onnoro aTOMa nOJJO>KHTeJlbHO sapsi>KeHHblM sinpoM npyroro, y 9TOro -
cnenyIO!UHM H T. n. TaKHM o6pasoM, qacTb aaneHTllbl:X sJJeKTpo11oa 11ati11·
naeT nepeMelll,aTbCH BOKpyr Hnep acex B3aHMoneil.crayIO!Ull:X aTOMOB. 3TH
9JJeKTpOHbl Ha3blBalOTCll C6060iJHblMU, nOCKOJJbKY 11e CB11sa11bl e onpene.1eH•
l!blMH aTOMaMH. MeTaJJJJ MO>KHO npe.z¡cTaBHTb ce6e KaK nocTpollKy 113 Heii·
TpaJJbHbl:X aTOMOB H HOHOB, na:XOJI:ll!UH:XCll B aTMOcqiepe 9JJeKTp011110rO raaa.
KOTOpblii K3K 6bl CTHrHBaeT HOHbl. Call3b Me>Kny aTOMaMH, ocymecTBJJJ1e-
Ma11 9JleKTpOCTaTHqecKHMH CHJJaMH B peayJJhTaTe BSaHMonellCTBHll nOJIO>KH·
Te.llbl!bl:X HOHOB H 9JJeKTp0HHOro rasa, Ha3blBaeTCH Mema.11.llU'lecKOÚ. Oo-
CKOJJbKY 9TH aToMbl no caoell npHpone onHHaKOBbl, TO pacnOJJO>Kl!TbCll OHll
noJJ>Kllbl Ha TaKH:X paccTOllHHll:X onHH OT npyroro H B TaKH:X TOqKa:X npo-
CTpaHCTBa, rne neii.CTBYIO!UHe 11a HHX CHJJbl npHTll>Kel!Hll H OTTaJJKHBaHHll
6blJJll 6bl paBHbl. 8 pesyJlbTaTe npOHC:xonHT 3aK0110MepHoe pacnOJIO>Kel!He
aTOMOB, 11a6monaeMOe B KpHCTaJJJJHIJeCKOii pemeTKe. ,/
KpHCT8JJJ1H11ecKy10 penreTKy 06pasy10T soo6pamaeMble JillHHH B nnoc-
KOCTH, npOXO;ll.H!UHe qepes TO'IKH npOCTpaHCTBa, B KOTOpblX pacnoJJara10TCll
llOHbl MeTaJJJJa. Bonee npaBHJJhl!O 9Tll TO'IKH onpeneJJHTh KaK 1¡e11Tpbl naH-
6onee eepoHTl!Oro pacnoJJO>Kel!Hll llOHOB, TaK KaK Te He OCTa!OTCll neno-
nBH:lKHbíMH, a KOJJe6JJIOTCH OKOJJO 9THX UeHTpOB. nocnenHHe o6bl1JllO Ha3bl·
Ba!OT va.11aMU xpucma.11.11u'lecxoú pewemxu. Ha116onee pacnpocTpa11e1111'-'Mll
THD8Mll TaKl!X peilleTOK MeTaJJJJOB HBJJlllOTCll Ky6HqecKa11 ol51>eMl!O ue11Tpll·
poeanHaH (pHc. 82, a), Ky6HqecKa11 rpa11euenTpHpOBaH11a11 (p11c. 82, 6)
H reKcaro11aJJbH8H nJJOTHOynaKoaa1111a11 (pHC. 82, 6). 8 llllX aTOMbl Paxo-
nRTCR B YCTOÜ'IHBOM nOJJO>KeHHH paBllOBeCHll 11 06nana10r MllHHM8JlbHOii
DOTeHUl!aJJbHOll 911epr11ell.
flp11 necjlopMaUHH MeTaJJJla pacCTOllHHll Me>K.z¡y aToMaMH non .z¡eikTBHl'M
BHeWHHX CllJJ llSMeHHIOTCll no onpeneJJeHHblM HanpaaJJeHllHM, JlllHHH
11 DllOCKOCTH, npoxon11mHe qepes aTOMbl, HCKpHBJllllOTCH, KpllCTdJJJJll'le·
CKasi pemeTKa HCKa>Kaerc11. TaK KaK npH 9TOM paBHOnellCTBylOUJ.He CH.1
0
PHTH>KeHHll H OTTaJJKHBaHHH Me>K)ly aTOMaMH y>Ke lle paBl!bl HyJJIO, TO
B peweTKe 6y nyT nellCTBOBaTb BHyTpel!HHe CHJlbl, CTpeMll!UHeCll aepnyTb
aTOMb! B no110>11:e11He paBllOBeCllH. 3aBHCHMOCTb Me>KJIY MaJJblMll CMem,eHHH·
~H 3 TOMOB 11 CllJJaMH B3aHMoneliCTBllll e H3BeCTl!Oll CTenel!blO np116JJH>Ke·
HR Mo11rno C'!HT8Th JJHneii11oii:. CyMMapHO !ITO nposiBJJHeTCH B JJHHefrnLll

153
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't . JKaeMoll SaKOHOM fyKa.
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eoccra11osJ1ett11e ct>opMbI MeraJIJIHqecKoro re.na. TaK 06"hffCHS1eTCff ynpyras
1let)lopMau1111.
Ecn11 s11ewtt11e cl!Jibl ysen11q11Ba10TCff, ro eoapacraior 11 BllYTPeHHHe.
Tor.na B sep11ax MeraJIJJa npo11cxo.n11r cMem,eu11e o.n11oli qacr11 orttoc11reJ1b·
110 .npyroli, Ha3blBaeMoe c1wJ1b~e¡.¡ueM, l1cc.ne.nosatt11HM11 ycraHOBJieuo,
l! qro OHO npOllCXO.l{HT no nJIOCKOCTRM 11 11anpaBJJel!HRM, B.l{OJlb KOTOpbIX

ii1

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11 Puc. 82
u

o o o o o o o o o o ' o o o o o
o o o o o A
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STOMbl pacnOJl8f8!0TCR HaH60J1ee ílJIOTHO. 8 Ka:lK,noll H3 KpHCTaJJJIHqecHHll

pemeTOK, HSotlpa:lKeHHblX Ha pHC. 82, o.nua TaKaH nJIOCKOCTb 38lllTpHXO<>
BSH8, a uanpaBJleHHH CKOJlb:lKettHA yKaaaRbl crpeJ1KaM11. Ra:lKHOll xapax-.-
repHCTHKOll 9THX ílJIOCKOCTeii H 11anpaBJ1eHHll ffBJIHeTcH BeJIHqHH8 C,llBHraio-
mero uanpH>KeHl!ll 'C, Bbl3b1Ba10m.ero CKOJibJKeHHe.
PaccMorpttM MexaHH3M 06pasoBaH1111 nnacr11qecKoll .nectJopMauuu e npe·
11eJ1ax o.nuoro xp11cranna e coeeprnettuoll Kpttcra.nn11qecKoii pewerKoll,
ynpom.eutta11 MOJIMb Koropoli 11ao6pa:lKe11a 11a p11c. 83, a.
IlyCTb B TaKoli pewerKe eepXHllli c.noli aTOMOB CMem.aercH OTHOCl!TeJlb•
l 110 1111:lK11ero no nJiocKocr11 A - A. EcnH npe.nnono:lKl!Tb, qro B nponecce
C!!DHra Kpl!CTaJIJllfqeCKaH pewerKa lle HcKa>KaeTCH, T. e. B qaCTHX ee BblWe
11 t111>11:e nnocKOCTll A-A paccrOHllHH MeJK.ny aroMaM11 ocramrcsi 11e11sMeu•
l'hlMH, TO MO>KllO np11liTH K BblBOp;y, qro ece aTOMbl Bepx11ero CJIO!I o.te•
lll8IOTCH OTHOCHTeJ!bHO HHlKllero OJJ;HOBpeMeHHO H 11a OJJ;Hy H TY )Ke BeJIH•
lil<fiy.
' t~
,,,11, 1 154
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1) ir' i 1
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t'
 noKa B3aHM11oe CMem:e11He u (pHc. 83, 6), B03pacTall, ocTaeTcH Me111>-
we nOJIOBHHhl paccTOllHHll MelKilY aTOMaMH (a/2), Cl!Jlbl B3al!MOJleiícTl'l•H
nocneJIHllX npen11TCTBy10T CJlBHry. KaK TOJibKO 9TO cMem:eH11e npesblcirr
paccTOHHHe a/2, CHJ!bl B3aHMO)leliCTBllll Haq11Ha!OT cnoco6cTBOBaTb cMew.e-
HlllO peUleTKll B llOBOe ycTofiq11Boe nOJI0>1<e1111e paBHOBeCllll, CTJiaCTHqeCKall
Jleq>o¡nrnu.1111 npo113of1)leT B pe3yJibTaTe cMew;eHHll qacTll pemeTKH Ha pac-
cToHHllR, Kpar11ble a (p11c. 83, e). Ha11MeHblllaf! nnacT11qecKaR Jlect>opMa·
Ullf! COOTBeTCTByer CMem,eHHIO lla a. B pe3yJibTaTe TaKHX CMew;e1111ll K8lK·
Jlb!H npe)lb!JlYlll.llH aTO!lt aal!HMaeT MeCTO nOCJie¡¡y¡ow;ero, Bce aTOMbl OK3·
3b!Ba!OTCI! 11a 111ecrax, npllCYlll.HX )la1111oft Kpl!CTaJIJIH'leCKOll peIIleTKe.
Kp11craJIJI coxpaHReT CBOH CBOÜCTBa, MeHf!ll JIHlllb KOmf¡11rypaUHIO.
To\111ble TeopeT11qecKHe pacqerbl,
ocHoBaHHble Ha no¡¡o6noií KapT1111e .nect>op·
'
MaUHll, íl03BOJIRIOT onpe,11,eJIHTb MaKCll· o o o o o
MaJibHble KaCaTeJibHble Hanpll>Kel!HR, KO·
ropwe )lOJl>l<Rbl B031!1!KHYTb e KpHcTaJIJie, ) o o o o o
qro6bl nORBllJiaCb nJiacr11•1ecKaR .n.e<tJop·
MaUl!lI. B )leikTB11reJib11ocr11 011a naq11- o o o o o
11aeT o6pa30Bb1BaTbCf! np11 11anp11JKe·
l!llllX, B COTHH pa3 MeHblllHX, qeM ,naeT o o o o o 1

TeopHI!. TaKoe pacxolK,ne1111e Me>1<,ny Teo·

peTl!'lecKHM H .u.eiíCTBHTeJibHblM conpOTllB·
neHHeM CilBHry B Kpl!CTaJIJJax o6'bllCHHeT·
a
Cll TeM, 'lTO nepexo,n aTOMOB 113 OilHOfO no-
JIO>l<el!llR B Jlpyroe cosepwaercR He o,nHO·
apeMeHHO, a BO BpeMeHll, ílO)lOÓHO BOJIHe, o o o o o
e MeCTHblMH HcKalKel!l!RMll peweTKll, Ha·
3brnaeMblMH iJuc110Kal¡UJiMU. o o o o o
Ha pHc. 84, a noKa3aHa TaK na3bl· o o o
o o
oaeMaR KpaeBaH Jl.HCJIOKaUHR. Bepxl!Hll
IJaCTb peweTKll CilBHl!yTa OTHOCHTeJI bHO o o o o o
"ª
Hl!>l<Heli O)lHO MeJKaTOMl!Oe pacCTORl!He,
np111JeM sact>HKCHpoea110 nOJIO>KfHHe, KOr·
¡¡a CJlBl!r oxeaTHJI ew.e 11e BCIO ílJIOCKOCTb
cKOJib>1<enu11. B pe3yJJbTaTe noRBl!JIOCb
llCKa>1<e11He pemeTKI!: OilHa eepTHKaJibIIaH
P11c. 84
aTOMHaf! DJIOCKOCTb eepxHeH noJJOBHHbl
11e HMeer npo,non>1<e1111f! e HlllK11ell.
ÜTMeTHM, IJTO peaJibHble KpHCTaJIJ!bl JIH60 e caMoro ceoero B03Hl!KHO-
BeHHll co,nep>1<aT illlCJIOKau11H, n1160 HMelOT KaK11e·TO l!Hble necoeepwen·
CTBa 11 B HHX Jll!CJIOKau1111 o6pa3ylOTCll yme npll Hll3KllX HanpR>l<eHHllX
CJlBl!ra. CTo3TOMy·TO npH HH3KHX HanpH>l<el!HllX ,!(HCJIOKaUHll JlBHlKYTCH
qepe3 KpllCTaJIJ1111JecKy10 pelllerKy, OTqero 11 npo11cxo,nHT nnacr11qecKaR ile-
<fiop\IaUllf! KpncraJIJia. CTocJie TOrO KaK JlHCJIOKaUHR BblH,n:eT Hapy>1<y KpH-
CTaJIJia, ct>opMa ero H3Mel!HTCH, 110 CTpyKTypa OCTaHeTCll npe>1<11ell (pHC.
84, 6). Bo3uHKa!OT HOBble ,l(HCJIOKaUHH 11 ,ne11>1<yrcf! qepe3 KpHcTaJJJI. CyM·
MapHo pe3yJibTaT 3Tl1X CKOJ1b>l<e11Hll B sepnax npOHBJilleTCll B BHile nJiaCTH•
'lecKoil nect>op MaUHH 06pa3ua.
OepeMem,eRHe tJ.HCJJOKau1111 qepes Kpucrann MO>Kl!O ynoil06HTb ,neu-
lKeHHIO CKJiailKH no Koepy. Kor,na CKJia)lKa npoll,ner qepe3 eecb KOBep, on
6y¡¡er necKOJibKO c,na1111yT. CHna, 11eo6xo,nHMa11 )lJIR nepeMew;eHllR cKJJa,n·
KH, cym:ecrse11110 MeHbWe TOH, KOTOpaR nym11a, qro6bl CilBHHyTb BeCb KO-
Bep u.eJIHKOM.
TaK TeopuR .L{HCJJOKauHll o6'hHCHReT Mexa11H3M 06pa3oean11R nJJaCTH·
qeC.Kl!X JiectiopMBUllll H pacxom.n.e11ue Me>K,ny TeopeT11qeCKOH H ,nelicTBHTeJlb·
11 011 npoqnoc1 blO MeTaJ1J10B,

155
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l
B KpHCTaJJJJH'leCKOÚ peweTKe no nepeceKa!OW,HMCH nJJOCKOCT.HM, 06pasy10T
ucnoJJ;BH>KHh1e noporn, nosroMy nepeMew,eHHe ,llHCJJoKaUHH TOPMOSllTCH.
CyMMapno sTo npoHBJJHercH B Bll.Zle ynpoqnen11H MeTaJJJJa nocne onpe¡¡e-
,l
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nen 11oü nnaCTll'leCKOÜ )lecj:opMa u11n.

IloHBJICHHe C,llBllrOB B KpHCTaJJJJll'leCKOÜ peweTKe, npHBO,llHlll,HX 1

K nnaCTlllJeCKOÜ 11ectiopMaun11, ne llCKJllO'laeT llCKalKeHllÜ KpllCTaJJJJll· lJ

¡l 'leCKOÚ peilleTKll, COOTBeTCTBY!Olll.llX ynpyr11M 11ect>opMaUHHM. 3ro no,11-
1 nep:lK)laeTC!I TeM, '!TO npn Jl!OÓOÜ CTa,11111111ectiopM3UllH ol5pasua, BnJJOTb ,110
' pa3phlna, nOJJHaH 11ect>opMaUnH COCTOHT 113 ynpyroü H nJJaCTH'lecKoÜ.
n0Bb1U1en11e conponrnnen11H ABll>Ke111110 ,1111cnoKaUHH np11Bo,11HT K yne-
n111Je111110 npO'lHOCTH MeTaJJJJa. 3roro AOCT11ra10T BBe,AeH11eM B MeT3JJJlbl cne-
u11aJJbHHx np11Meceü, repM111JeCKOÜ 06pal50TKoii, 11aKnenoM H T. n. Yme
C)J.eJJallbl nepBble war11 no coa)J.a111110 MeraJJJJOB, He HMe10m.11x Aect>eKTOB
K!JHCT3JJJJH'leCKOH perueTKll. CTonyqellbl 15eSJ1HCJJOK3UHOHllble HHTeBH,AHble
MeTaJJJJH'leCKHe KpllCTaJJJibl («yChl»), 06na,11a10w:11e O'lellb llblCOKOÜ npoq.
HOCTblO, np116n11>Ka10m:eiicH K TeopeT11'leCKOÜ.

4.4. KoHqeHTpaqH11 HBnp11>KeHHÑ

KottqettmpaquJ1 ttanp!i~cettuú - MeCTHoe nOBbllllen11e HanpH>Ken11if

B sJJeMeHTax KOllCT!JYKUllH, ol5ycJJOBJJeBHOe peSKllMll nepexo¡¡aMI! B none·
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N N

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N N i.OJ;-~;t;:-~-;!-;-~~~-,,1,,,____
a ó O 44 0.6 48 r/d
Pnc. 85 P11c. 86

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Bb1Kpy>KK3Mll (pHC. 85, 6).
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MblM tcos<fJtfluquettmoM KOHqenmpaquu
¡ 0 max
f
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qneM KOHUeHTpaTopa), HJIH nAo~aiJ& 6pymmo.
llpH KOHUeHTpaTopax, 38HHM8IOW:HX ne3naqHTeJ1bHYIO qaCTb ceqenHH
(nanpeMep, npH MaJlblX OTBepcTHHX), HOMHH8JlbHble HanpH>KeHHH, onpe·
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BbiMH.
llpH onpe.n.eJleHHH M8KCHM8JlbHblX nanp H>KeHHll
sane KOHueHTpaTopa pacqeTHhlM nyTeM KoscJic)iu· N
8
nneHT KOHlleHTpauHH, BbJqHCJleHHblll no <l>opMy·
ne (4.16), nasblBaeTCH meopemuttecttuM 1C08</></>uquett·
moM 1Cott14eHmpa14uu. HsnpHMep, B cnyqae Manoro
Kpyrnoro OTBepcTHH (pHc. 85, a) ci = 3, a B cnyqae
nOJJyKpyrJlblX Bblpe30B (pHC. 85, 6) ci #':$ 2. 8 .n.ellCTBH· lcS'
TeJJbHOCTH KO~HUHeHT K0HUeHTp8UHH pe8JlbHblX
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9KCnepnMeHT8JlbHO, OK83blB8eTCH MeHbrue TeopeTuqeC·
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paCTH>KeHHJI nOJIOCbl H kpyrJlblX cTep:arnell e paSJlffq.
noll <t>opMoA KOHUeHTpSTOpOB npHBe,nenbl Ha pHC. 86 P11c. 87
11 llll>Ke COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
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0,1 ' 2,0
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8 OpnJIO>KeHHH 2.
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=OCTH MarepHaJJa, MaTepHaJJ 11aqHeT paspywaTbCH. B cnyiiae nnaCTl!q·
oro MaTepHaJJa K0Hue11Tp8UHH HanpH>KeHHli Menee onacna, nocKOJJbKY

157
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l CTaJJeil, 1.JyryHa, 8JJIOMHHHH, pasJJHIJflblX CilJl8BOB.

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(pttc. 88) noKaS¡,¡eaeT cnenyroll\ee:
1) KpHBa!I 1 .l{HllaMH'leCKoro paCT!l>KeHHH JielKHT BblWe KpHBOH 2 era.
TH'!ecKoro pacrHJKett1111;
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B cropouy 11atJaJJa .z¡HarpaMMbl;
3) epeMeHHOe conpOTHBJJe1111e npH .l{HH8MH'leCKOli HarpysKe
el!, 110 Me11bme, qeM npe¡¡en TeKytrecrH.
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H3MeHlleTCH.
8AUR1tue rex1to1102u'lecKux <f>aKropoe. Mexa11HqecKHe ceoil.crea cTa
01\Horo H Toro lKe cocTaBa BeCbMa CHJJbHO H3MeHll!OTCll B saBHCHMOCTH
cnoco6a ee noJJy'!eHHll H o6pa6orKu.
IlpH OTJJHBKe sarOTOBOK 803MO>KHO o6pasoeaHHe pasJtHqllblX BHyTpee
HllX ¡¡ecpeKTOB B BH.l{e nycTOT, paKOBHH H BKJJIOIJeHHH, CHHlK8!0W:HX npo~
HOCTb R3rOTOBlleHHblX ,lleTaJJeli. B CB!ISH e 9THM rpe6yeTCll TIUareJJbHbl
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llpoKaTKa ¡¡enaer CTaJJb allll30TponHoli IlpoKara1111aS1 CTaJJb HM
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JJR n HanpaBJJeHllH npoKaTKll cymecTBeHO OTJJH'la!OTC!I" OT raKOBblX B H8
llDaBJJeHHll, nepne11¡¡HKyJJ11pHOM K 11eñ. 06pa3Ubl, Bblpesa1111ble TaKHM
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110 c11H>Kaer ocTaT01JHoe YJIJillHeHHe nocne paspblna. MarepHaJI craHOB!lrcll'
6onee ynpyrHM H npoqHblM, 110 MeHee nJJacrll'IHblM.
801101.JeHHe B XOJIO.l{HOM COCTOSlllHH, npencTaBJJSllOlllee co6oA BblTl!.lK•
KY e o6lKarHeM, eme CHJJbnee BJJH!ler Ha Mexa11eqecKHe cnolicrea cramr.
CraJJbllall npononoKa H craJJbHble JJeHrbl nony11e11Hble BOJJO'leHHeM, necbd

158
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o6bl0 xpOMl!pOB3Hl!e, HHKeJJHposaHHe, aJJHT11pOB3HHe, 330T11pOB3HHe
,lIP ,np) r~e Bll.ll.bl nosepxHOCTHOií 06pa60T1rn MoryT OK333Tb cyu¡cCTBeHllOé
:JIHHHlle"ª npO'!HOCTb JleTaJJeli, oco6eHH0 pa60T3!0Ull!X npH nepeMeHHLH
11anpH)KeHHSIX.
B11u11Hue repMuttecKoú o6pa6orKu. 3aKaJJKa ctaJIH 3Ha'lHTeJibHO noBhl·
waeT ee TBep¡¡OCTb, npe¡¡eJJ TeKy11ecTH B npe¡¡eJJ npO'!HOCTll, HO CHJJbHO CllH-
l!{aeT nnacTH'IHOCTb. Mony JJb ynpyrocT11 cra.111 3aKaJJKa npaKTH'leCKH 11e
r.1e11HeT. Ecnu llY)KHa BblCOKa11 nosepxuocruasi rsepnocTb e coxpanemre\t
¡¡pyr11x CBOliCTB CTaJJH, HcnOJJb3YIOT nosepXHOCTHYIO 33K3JJKY TOK8Mll 81~·
coKOií '13CT0Tbl. JJ.n11 MaJJoyrnepo¡¡HcTblX CTaJTel! e 9TOli UeJib!O npHMeHHIOT
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o.na - C nOCJie¡¡y¡ou¡eli 38K3JIK0li. IlpH 9TOM 33K3JJHB3eTCH TOJlbKO Ha·
~rnepolKeHHblll nosepXHOCTHblH CJJOli, a OcHOBHaSI '13CTb MatepHaJJa coxpa-
HHeT CB0HCTB8 MaJJoyrneponucroü CT8JJH.

G,Hna
lilXJ

200

o 0,10 0,20

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JI.JI¡¡ ycTpaHeHHll HaKJJena ucnOJJb3YIOT OTJKHr. 4ro6bl BblpOBHHTb

11 y JI) 'IWl!Tb cTpyKTYPY. a raK)Ke yny11wnTb Mexa11u11ecKue csolicTBa cra-
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60TKll paccMa rpHBa!OTCll B 'lfeT8JIJJOBeJleHHll.
BAUJIHUe reMneparypt>t. Muor11e ¡¡eranu coepe11teHHblx MalllHH (ualfptt·
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nblrauP11 noKa3aJJH, '!TO BCe MexaHu1teCK1te xapaKrepUCTUKU MeTQAAOB
cyu¡ec1 BeHHO U3Ml'Hfl/OTCfl 8 3QBUCUMOCTU OT reMneparypw.
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spe~ 1 eH11oe conpoTHBJieHHe aocrttraeT uau60JJbmero 3eaqen1111, a OTHOCH·
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te1.1nepaType 873 K. IlpH !lTOM 11eo6xo.zr.11Mo .zr.onoJIHHteJI&Ho yK838Tb speMll
ucn¡,¡~8HH1i, 38 KOTopoe Ób1JI8 ,llOCTHrHyT8 3a,llaHHaH CKOpOCTb IlOJI3Y'leCTH.
Ha ,_.,eTaJIH, pa60T8!011.lHe npH BblCOKHX TeMnep8ryp8X, paCC'IHTblBBICT
Ta IlOJI3yqeCTb cneU,H8JlbHblMH MeTO,ll8MH e HCilOJlb30BaHHeM !lKCnepHMeH-
Ta;hHblx .n.attHblX, X8paKTepH3YIOlllHX noJI3yqecT& MatepH8Jia. UeJihlO
Hx pacqetos HBJil!etcst onpe.zr.eJie1111e npe.zr.eJios nonsyqecTH.
CKop Ilo pe3yJibT8T8M 9KCnepHMeHT8JlbHOrO onpe.zr.eJieHHll MHHHM8JlbHOft
B OCTH IlOJISyqecTH eOCT mln npn paCTH:>KeHHH o6p33ll0B CTpOHT rp8cj>HKH
.norapncj>1.111qecKHx KOOp,llHHaTax lg a - lg eOCT mln • 3KcnepHMeHTaJihHble
Toqklf Xop
OllIO rpynnHpyIOTCH OKOJIO HeKOTOpoi!: npl!MOi!: (puc. 93, a).
6 7 ·4S8
161
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ÜTMeTHM, '!TO y HeXOTOpblX MltTepHaJIOB (CBHHIJ,3, 6etoHa, BblCOKO- ;1¡'

li
t10J1HMepRNX MaTepH&JIOB H .11p.) IlOJISY'leCTb HaCíJJIO)l.aeTCSI H npH H0pM8Jib• ~
HoA TeMnepatype. j
/{AUmeAbfUJ.JI npOCIH.OCmb. B cJJyqae BblCOKOi!: 1eMnepa1yp1i1 H Jl.1!HteJlh• 1
HOrO BOS,lleAcTBHJi HarpysKH Ha6JIIO,llaeTCJi paspyweHHe MaTepHaJia npw ~
B8DplllKeHHH, BeJlHt¡HHa KOTOporo MeH&me BpeMeHHOro conpoTHBJ!eHHH ~
MllTepHaJ!á npH Jl8HHOA TeMnepaType. B CBJiSH e 9THM BOSHHX8eT H€0ÓJ[O- l
ARMOCTb onpeAeJillTb ,lJ!HTeJlbHYKl npO'IHOCTb MaTepHaJioB. ':1
llpeiJeAOM iJAutneAbH.Oil npOCIHOCmu Haa1i1saeTCR HanpH>KeHHe, BblSH-
ea101llee paspYB oopasll.11 nOCJJe aa,llaHHoro cpoxa HenpepNBHoro .11ei!cTBHH
910ro Ranpll:areHHll npH onpe.z¡eneHHol TeMneparype. 06osHaqae1cH npe.z¡e.n
llJIHTeJI&Hoi!: npoqHOCTH 6yKaoi!: a e .!lBYMll qffCJtOBlilMH HH,llexcaMH. Bepx-
HHi!: RHAexc .!l&eT reMneparypy Hcn1i1taHH11, K, HHlKRHA - S8Jl8HHYJO npC>-<
JlOJl)KHTeJlbHOCTh HCDHT8HHll JlO paspymeHRll, q, flOCJleJlRKlKl MOJKHO OOoa.-
HaqHTb 'IHCJIOM qacos HJIH nml>poi!: 10 e noxasaTeJieM c1eneHH. HanpHMep.-

•o 1tXXJ 2000 t, 'I

PHc. 94 PHc. 95
JI
af~ RJIH af~ - npe.11e.11 .!lJIHTe.llbHOI npo'lHOCTH 88 lOO<> q
IlpH Te1.1neparype 973 l(. npe.!leJ!bl AJIHTeJlbHOi!: npOt¡HOCTH ,llJISI OT;¡J.eJibH1:Ul
CTaJJei!: 11 CilJl8BOB npH BlilCOICHX TI!Mneparypax npHBe.!leH1>1 B Ta6JI. 1
a .11n11 Plllla ryronnaHKHX 1.1arepHaJ10B - a ra6n. 16.
HcnblTaHHll Ha JlJIRTM&RylO npo'IHOCT& aaKJI10qa101cH B TOM, 'ITO
pasD,Y no.z¡aeprawr paSJJHqHYM HanpR:>KeHRllM npH onpe.D.MeHHOi! TeMn
parype H onpe.!leJIHIOT apeMll .no Hx pasp1i1sa. Pesyn&raT npe.JJ.CTaBJillIOT
B BR,lle rpa<PHK8 (pHC. 93, 6). no KpHBOi!: ,ilJIHTeJlbHOi!: npoqHOCTH M8TepJl8JI
MO:>KHO onpe.!leJIHTb paspywaK>!llee HanpH:>KeHHe no aaAaHHoi!: npo.D.OJJlK
TeJlbHOCTH CJty:>Kc:lhl .!let&JIR npH ll&HRoi!: TeMnepatype. Hao6opo1, no a
Jl8RHOMy Hanp11>KeHH10 MGlKHO onpe.!leJIHTb apeM11 JJ.O paapyweHHH. Hanp¡ll'JI
uep, ,leraJib, H3rOTOBJleHH8Ji HS M8TepHaJla, AJIH KOTOporo KpHB8ll AJIHTeJI
HOA npo'IHOCTH Hao6paJKeaa Ra pHc. 93, 6, npH Hanp11>KeRHH 30 M
H teMneparype 773 K paapyWHTCll 'lepes 2550 11.
PesyJI&T8Tbl 9KcnepHMeHtaJI&Horo onpe.JJ.eJieHHH .D.JIHTeJ!bHOi!: npo
HOCTH YA06Ho npe.nc1aBJ1HTb B norapH<pMH'leCKHX KOOPAHHatax lg a- Jg
r,le OHH Jl0CT8TO'IHO xopowo annpOKCHMHpyIOTCH npHMblMH (pHC, 93, a}
ÜTMeTHM, 'ITO qeM MeH&We paapywa1<>1llee HanpH:>KeHHe, a SH8t¡JIY.
OOJ!bllle BpeMH AO paspblBa, TeM MeHI.we OTHOCHTeJl&Hoe Yll.J!HReHHe
paap1i1ae, T. e. MatepHaJI c1aHOBHTc11 6onee xpynKHM. 9-ro llBJieHHe Ras
B8eTCll oxpynttu8aH.UeM. ,llJIH pHAa MatepHaJIOB (HanpHMep, .!lJili BblCOK
IlOJIHMepou) yKaSaHHbli! sct>ct>eKT npORBJIHeTCH H npH KOMH3TH0tt TeM

¡
¡
1
patype.
Pe.AaKcaquea H.anpR:J/CtH.utJ Has1i1saerc11 yMeH&WeHHe HX e re11eHHe
apeueHH BCJleJCTllHe nOJlayqe<:TR B Harpy:>KeHHOA ,lleT8JIH npH aeHSfllell'\
•ol ee DOJIHOI ,llecpopMallHH. Sto o6yCJJoB.leBO TeM, qro )'Be.IH'leJUle e
¡ 11eHHeM apeueRH nJ1actH<recxoA 1e<Popu:anHH npHllOAHT K yu:eH&Wuu~
ynpvroii ,n.eiJiopMallHH H na.neHHIO Hanpl!:>KeHHll. y 6oJibWHHCTB8 MeTaJIJIOB
pe.~aKcauHH sa~THa JIHWb npH BblCOKHX teMnepatypax (pHC. 94).
3TO l!BJJe!jHe MO)KHO npOHJIJIIOCTpHpoBatb CJie,11.y!üll{HMH npHMepaMH.
EcJHI Me*.ZlY pa3Be.neHHblMH KOHllaMH pa3pe3aHHoro ctaJihHoro KOJibU.a
(p!IC 95) BCTaBHTb nnaCTHHKY' TO BCJ!e,11.CTBHe .n.ect>opMaUHH KOJibUa B HeM
B03HllKllYT Hanpl!)KeHHH H ero KOHIJ,bl, ctpeMl!Cb C6JIH3HTbCll, e 6oJib·
woii CHJIOi!: CO:>KMYT nJiaCTHHKY. ECJIH 9TO coe,n.HHeHHe Bbl,n.ep:>KaTb HeKOTO·
poe speMll npH HblCOKoi!: teMnepatype, To B KOJibU.e npoH3oi!:.neT peJI aKca-
unll ttanpll:>KeHHi!:, CHJ!a 3a:>KaTHH nJiac-
tttll KH yMeHbWHTCH, H ee MO:>KHO 6y.neT ~.--~~~~~~~---,

11erKO BblHYTb. /'/fla

l13BeCTRO, 'ITO HB'laJibH8ll 38Tll:>KKB ~,
6oJITOB' pa60TaI01llHX npH BhlCOKHX TeM-
neparypax, e Te'leHHeM BpeMeHH OCJia6e·
saeT H ato BW3blBaeT Reo6XO,ZlHMOCTb HX 800 \
\ ''
no11r11rHBaTb.
B11usiH.ue HUSKUX tneJ.mepamyp. Ha Me·
¡¡aHll'!eCKHe CHOi!:CTBa HeKOTOpblX MaTepHa-
JIOB cym.eCTBeHHO BJIHl!IOT HH3KHe TeMne-
pary pb!. IlpoHBJll!eTCH EITO B TOM, '!TO
MarepHaJibl, n.11aCTH'IHble npH HOpMaJib-
HOH reMnepaType, CTaHoBl!TCH xpynKHMH
nptt HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax. TaKHe Ma-
tepttaJibl HaSblBaIOT x11aiJH.0.1LOMICUMU.
Xna,n.HoJIOMKOCTb xapa KTepHa .Zl.llll
MetaJIJIOB, HMe10m.Hx KpHcTaJIJIH'leCKYIO
pe!lleTKY B BH.11.e 001>eMHO·lleHTpHpoBaH-
HOrO Ky6a HJIH reKcaroHaJibHYIO· I< 'IHC-
Jiy HX OTHOCHTCll 60JibWHHCTBO qepHblX 20
MeTaJIJIOB, B '13CTHOCTH CTaJIH, a TaK:>Ke /_
UHHKOBbie cnnaBbl. IlpOHBJll!eTCll XJia,ZlHO- o - 1J flJ T,K
JIOMKOCTb npH CTaTH'leCKOM l];ei!:CTBHH Ha·
rpy3KH H B oco6eRROCT11 npH .ZlHH8MH'leC-
KOM. B Ka'lecTBe npHMepa Ha pHC. 96
PHC. 96
npHBe)J.eHbl rpa<jJHKH H3MeHeRHll upe.nena
TeKy'leCTH, BpeMeRHoro conpoTHBJieHHH, OTHOCHTeJlbHOrO YllJil!HeHHll
H cy:il<eHHll npH CT8T11'1CCKHX HCilblT3HHl!X yrJiepo.nHcroi!: CTaJIR B OOJl3CTH
HH3KHX TeMneparyp.
MeraJIJibl, KpHcTaJIJIH3YIOlllHeCll B CHCTeMe Ky6a e u.eHTpHpoBaHHbIMH
rpattl!MH (Mel);b, aJIIOMHHHA, HHKeJib, cepe6po, 30JIOTO H ,ll.p.), He 06Ha-
PY*HBa10r xJia,ZlHOJIOMKOCTH HH npH KaKOM noHH:>KeHHR TeMnepaTyp1i1. Ha-
npHMep, aJIIOMHHHi!: npH TeMneparype :>KH,ZlKoro a3oTa (77 K) yHeJIH'IHsaer
npO'IHOCTb npH6JIH3HTeJibHO B 2 pa3a, YBe.llH'IHH3ll 0,ZlHOBpeMeHHO OTHOCH-
TeJibHoe YllJIHHeHHe B 4 pa3a. AHaJiorH'IHo se.nyT ce6st Me,Zlb H HHKeJib. MHo·
fil.e CnJiaBbl 3JIIOMHHHH, Me,ZlH, a T8K:>Ke HeKOTOpb!e CTaJIH He o6na.naIOT
CBolicrsoM XJial);HOJIOMKOCTH.
B Ta6JI. 17 npel);CTaBJieHbl OCHOBHble MeXaHH'leCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH
HeKorop¡,¡x KOHCTPYKU.HOHHblX MaTepHa.110B npH HH3KHx TeMnepaTypax.

4.6. AonycKaeMwe HanpllHCeHHB

Onpel);eJIHB MeXaHH'lecKHe CBOi!:CTBa M3TepHaJia nyTeM npoBel];eHHll CO•

OTBeTCTBYIOlllHX HCilblTaHHA o6pa3l{OH, MO:>KHO Hai!:TH, K3KHe Ha npl!:>KeHHll
~BJIR10tc11 6e~onaCHbIMH llJill pa6oTbl KOHCTPYKllHH, T, e. ycTaHOBHTb iJo.
!/CKaeMtJU H.ahpR'JICeH.UR, Ü'leBH,ZlHO, ,uonycKaeMoe Hanpll:>KeHHe ,!lOJl:>KHO

16J
6b!Tb MeHbIUe onacHoro ]J.Jll! ,naHHoro MarepHaJia Hanpst>KeHHH,
HeKOTopyIO ero 'laCTb. IlpHMeM '"""'" J
<To
(a)=-' (4.19)
n '
r]l.e (a) - .nonycKaeMOe HanpH>KeHHe; a0 - onacnoe nanpH>KeHHe;
n - Koa<jJ</JUu,ueHm sanaca npo•mocmu.
4.11R iJema.11etl, useomOB.lleHHblX us ruacmuttHblX Mamepua.1106, onacHbi.M
Hanp11:11CeHUeM c.11eiJyem ettumamb npeiJe.A meKy11ecmu a0 = aT, v.a xpyn.
KHX - epeMeH11oe conpomue.11eHue a0 = a 8 •
B1i16op K03<P<l>HUHeHTa sanaca npo'IHOCTH n, n0Kas1i1sa10mero 110
cKOJibKO paa ]l.OnycKaeMoe nanpH>KeHHe MeHbUie onacHoro, sasncnr or ccr-'
CTOHHHll MarepHaJia (xpynKoe, nJiaCTH'IHOe), xapaKTepa npHJIO>KeHHH Ha-.
rpy3KH (crarnttecKaH, ]l.HHaMH'leCKaH, nosropno-nepeMeHHaH), a raKlKe
OT raKHX o6m.nx <jlaKTopoB, KaK Heo.nnopo,nHOCTb MarepHaJia, HeTO'IHOCTJ,
B 3a)l.aHHH BHeillHHX HarpysoK, npH6JIH>KeHHOCTb pac'leTHblX cxeM H <jlop- l
MYJJ H r. n. Ben11ttHHa aanaca npo'IHOCTH aas11cnr raKlKe oT roro, KaKoe·~¡
Hanpst>KeHlle C'IHTaeM onaCHbl\I (aT HJIH <TB). llJISI nJiaCTH'lHblX MaTepHaJIOB~

npH cTaTB'!eCKOA HarpyaKe, KOr,na ºº = oT; n = nT, fo}= :T' aamrc~

T '
npottHOCTH npHHHMaror paBHblM nT = 1,4- 1,6. Opn crarH'leCKHX narpy

Kax B cnyqae xpynKHX MarepHaJioB, Kor.na a0 = a 8 ; n = n 8 [ol = º•

--
n,
¡
'
aanac npO'IHOCTH npHHHMaIOT paBHblM ne= 2,5 - 3,0.
Hnor]l.a H ,nJIH nnacTH'IHblX MarepHaJioB ]l.onycKae111i1e Hanps>KelfH
onpe,neJIHIOT no speMeHHOMY conpOTHBJieHHIO, BeJIH'IHHY KOToporo npa
TH'lecKH onpe]l.eJIHTb npom.e. Tor}l.a (o)= a.,/n8 Yl!HTblBaH, 'ITO<JT-= (0,5
- O, 7) 0 8 , noJJy'laeM n 8 = 2,4- 2,6.
1-IHor,na ]1.0RJCKaeMble HanpH>KeHHH Ha paCTH>KeHHe o6oaHa'laIOT ff+
a Ha c>KaTHe - (a_). XpynKHe MarepHaJibl conpoTHBJIJ!IOTCH c>KaTHIO llY
Uie, 'leM paCTJ!>KeHHIO, H J{JIH HHX [a+I <[a_). ...
IlpH craTH'leCKllX narpysKax B cnyqae O]l.Hopo,nH1i1x xpynKHX Ma
puaJJOB CJ!e,nyer Y'IHTb!BaT& KOHUeHTpaUHIO HanpH>KeHHA H pac'leT Bec
no HaH60JibWHM MeCTHblM Hanpl!>KeHHHM
0 max = ªºe <(a!,
r.ne a 8 - HOMHH3JI&Hoe HanpH>KeHHe, onpe.nenHeMoe e y'leTOM OCJia6JieH
ce'leHHH, HO 6e3 Y'leT3 KOHUeHrpanHH HanpH>KeHHit
OpHeHTHposo'IHble aHa'IeHHH ,nonycKaeMblX Hanps>KeHHA npH era
IJeCKHX Harpy3Kax Jl.JIH paaJJH'lHblX MaTepHaJIOB npHBeJ(eHli B Ta6.ll. 1
}laHHble o <jlH3HKO·MexaHH'leCKHX CBoiicrsax OCHOBHblX KOHCrpyKUHOHH
MarepHaJioB* npHBe,ZleHbl B IlpHJIO>KeHHH 1.

* CBeJ(eHHH, OTHOCHI.ll,HeCH K cneuH<jJH'leCKHll sonpocau conpOTH

HllH KOMnosHTHblx MarepHanos, MO>KHO HaiirH s KHHre: Ma.11.Meacmep A. K
Ta.My:!IC B. n.,
Temepc r.
A. ConpoTHBJieHHe noJIHllepHblll H KOMD08
HblX MarepH&JIOB,- PY.ra: 3HHarne, 1980.- 572 e,

164
Ta 6 JI H ll a 1O. Mo.11.)'.nH ynpyrOCTB (E H 0) H KoaclMIJHllHeHT
(lyaccoHa (µ)

- Mnepean
e . 10-•,
Mfla
G • 10-•,
Mfla

t¡yrye cepb!li, 6eJJh!H l,13-1,57 4,4 0,23-0,27

KosKHii qyryH 1,52
YrnepOJ1HCTble cTaJIH 1,96-2,06 7,85-7,94 0,24-0,28
JlerHpOBaHm.re CTaJIH 2,06-2,16 7,85-7,94 0,25-0,30
BoJJb<!>paM -4,12 16,3 0,26
801Ibcj>paMMOJIH611eIIOBble
cnJ1aBbl
W +20,08 % Mo 3,97 15,5 0,28
W +39,5% Mo 3,28 15,0 0,27
+
W 50,1 % Mo 3,72 14,5 0,28
+
W 60,1 % Mo 3,57 14,2 0,26
W +
79,5 % Mo 3,46 12,8 0,35
Mo.m611eH 3,28 12,2 0,35
MeJib upoKaTaHHaH 1,08 3,92 0,31-0,34
Me11b XOJIOJlHOTHH yTai1 1,27 4,81
.t\\eJlb J111Ta11 0,82
5po113a <t>oc<t>opHCTaH K3T8· l, 13 4,12 0,32-0,35
Hall
5pOH"8 MapraHllOBllCTa!l 1,08 3,92 0,35
K3T3H3H
,ílaTYHb XOJIOJlHOT!lllyTa!l 0,89-0,97 3,43-3,63 0,32-0,42
JlaTyHb Kapa6eJJbH8!l K8· 0,98 0,36
TaHaH
AmoMHHHH KaTaHblH 0,68 2,55-2,65 0,32-0,36
A.1110MHHHeuaH upoBOJIOKll 0,69
nrnyTal!
AJIIOMHHHeuaH 6pom1a JIH· 1,03 4,12
Tal!
!110paJIIOMHHHH K3T3Hhlii 0,7 2,65
UHHK KaTaH h!H 0,82 3, 14 0,27
CsHtten 0,17 0,69 0,42
lle11 0,1 0,27-0,29
CreKJio 0,55 2,16 0,25
fpa1rn.T 0,48
HaaecTHllK 0,41
Mpa>.10p 0,55
Oec'laHHK 0,18
l<Jial(Ka 113
rpaHHTa 0,09-0,l
H3BeCTHHK8 0,6
KHpmt'la 0,026-0,02Y
BeroH np11 npe11eJJe npoq- O,! 6-0,18
HOCr11
10 MOa 0, 143-0, l 92
15 MCTa 0,161-0,21
?O .\\lla O, 178-0,228
ll.epeso BJlOJib BOJIOKOH 0,1-0,12 0,054

16S
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1
1
Kay'ly¡t 0,00008 0,47
t'
1
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TeKcTOJIHT 0,06-0,1
f
1

feTHHaKC 0,1--0,17

fiaxeJIHT 0,02-0,03 0,36

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BHCXOMllHT (HM-44) 0,039-0,041 0,37

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¡ Ue.nny JIOH !l o.o 14-0,027 0,33--0,38

Ta 6,,. H ll a 11. M0,11.)'.llR ynpyrocTH E. H a

(a CKo6KaX) (X 10-t Mfia)
ptl~ KOHCTPYK~HOHHWX M8TepR8JIOB np11 KOMH8THOA H DOHHlKeRHWX
Te11nepa1ypax
TeMnepaTypa, K
MaTepnan
293 273 233 193 153 113 77
ll 1 1
l\
Hep:>!CaeeIO~He cTaJIH

xer 2,22 2,232 2,258 2,280 2,302

(0,8.58) (0,876) (0,879) {0,894) (0,903)
JXl7H2 2,210 2,225 2,250 2,266 2,285 2,300
(0,8.55) (0,860) (0,870) (0,880) (0,886) (0,895)

THT8H0Bble CilJI8Bbl
"~
AT3, JIHCThl 1,205 1,226 1,250 1,280 1,302 1,320 I,~ J
(0,457) (0,466) (0,516) (0,486) (0,496) (0,505) (O, ,,~
OT4
JJHCThl
1,202
(0,462)
1,220 1,243 1,266 1,290 1,312 I,~ ~
(0,469) (0,480) (0,490) (0,500) (0,508) (0,514 -

- ji
166
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 fl poiJ0/13/CeHUe ma6A J J
- TeMnepazypa, K

MaTepean
293 273 233 193 153 113 17
1 1 1 1 1
-
caapHoA 1,202 1,226 1,254 1,275 1,301 1,318 1,333
l!IOB (0,466) (0,471) (0,481) (0,492) t0.502) (0,511) (0,517)

BT8, npyTKH 1,264 1,278 1,297 1,316 1,333 1,350 1,364

(0,464) (0,469) (0,476) (0,482) (0,489) (0,495) (0,504)

BT3-I, npyTKH 1,328 1,338 1,356 1,375 1,391 1,406 1,418

(0,485) (0,490) (0,497) (0,502) (0,508) (0,514) (0,519)

TyronJiaBKHe MeTaJIJibl

MoJ1116¡¡eH 3,499 3,511 3,532 3,550 3,568 3,579 3,583

CnJiaa MOJIH6- 3,:Jl'2 3,385 3,405 3,42 3,443 3,445 3,450

lleHa Mo +
+0.01 % e

npyTKll 1,127 1,130 1,138 1,145 1,156 1,172 1,182

JIHCTbl 1,078 1,080 1,086 1,095 1,104 1,112 1,113

CnJiaa HHOCíHH 1,264 1,270 1,278 1,284 1,291 1,304 1,312

Nb+O,I %C+
+ 1 % Zr

161
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T 11 6 JI H u. a 12. MOJlYJIH ynpyroCTH H K09!1K1iHl(HeHT nyaccoua
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¡; Mo.11.yne
ynpl4,0CTH H
r<os w¡neHT
TeMnepaTypa, K
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nyaccoea 293 3731 473 1 573 1 673
773 1 873 1 973 11073
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•,

G· IO"'t, Mna 1,63 1,62 1,60 1,58 1,57 1,55 1,53 1,51 1,49
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1

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:f E· 10-fi, Mna 3,28 3,22 3,17 3,12 3,06 3,00 2,95 2,88 2,82
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'168
 llpoooA:J1ce11ue ma611. 12
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1173 1273 13731 14731 15731 1673 17731 1873 1973

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a.10- 6, Mna 1,48 1,46 1,44 1,42 1,40 1,38 1,36 1,33 1,30

µ 0,28 0,28 0,28 0,29 0,29 0,29 0,29 0,28 0,28

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M oJl H6.ll eH

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µ 0,35 0,36 0,36 0,36 0,36 0,35 0,35 0,33 0,34

MeTaJIJlOKepaMHqecKHii
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µ 0,31 0,31 0,32 0,32 0,31 0,28

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E·I0-6, Mna 1,63 1,61 1,60 1,59 1,58 1,56 1,55 1,53 1,52

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169
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1
•
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2,51 5970 59 2140 2080 2020 1970
2,54 5820 58 ~ 2030 1970 1920
2,57 5690 67 2050 2000 1'940 lt!80
2,62 5470 55 1960 1910 l-850 1800
2,71 5100 52 1830 1780 1730 1680
2,78 485Q 50 1750 1700 1650 1600
2,85 4610 48 1650 1620 1566 1520
2,91 4410 46 1690 1540 1600 1450
2,98 4200 44 1510 1470 1430 1380
3,08 3930 42 1410 1370 1340 1300
3,14 3780 40 1360 1320 1280 1250
3,24 3540 38 1280 1240 1210 1170
3,34 3330 36 1200 1170 1130 1100
3,44 3130 34 1120 1090 1060 1030
3,52 2980 32 1070 t~ 1~20 980
3,62 2820 30 1020 980 960 930
3,70 2690 28 980 940 920 890
3,80 2550 26 920 890 860 840
3,90 2410 24 870 840 820 800
4,00 2290 22 820 800 780 700
4,10 2170 20 780 760 740 720
4,20 2070 18 740 720 700 680
--
4,26 2000 720 700 680 660
4,37 1900 680 670 650 630
4,48 1800 - 650 630 610 590
4,60
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560
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540
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5,05
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5,42 1200 - 430 420 410 400
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171
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t72
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105,0 137,0 0,125
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125,0 41,0 0,510
149,0 65,0 2,780
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1373 67,5 500,0
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175
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55,0 110,0 0,190
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176
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130,0 - 10,000
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120,0 67,0 0,180
1173 80,0 99,0 0,190
85,0 37,0 0,525
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1573 70,0 244,0 0,055
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(3 H ÜT) 77 1436 1156 790 16,7
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12Xl8HIOT 293 658-695 172 260-285 295 2090 52,2-63,0 68,7-78,0

200 10
1074 250 370 2370 49,0 70,0 10,6
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4,2 1730-1793 430 503-773 3500 34,0-39,3 49,0-60,5 6,5

03X20H16AI'6, 293 726-742 325 380-408 265 1660 49,7-50,2

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59,8-70,5 7,0
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200 443 335 324 - 715 15,2 41,2 4,8
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200 333 166 165 - 52.5 24,9 44,0 1,2
77 441-471 185 129-181) 160 730 38,8-41 36,1-36,6 1,2
4,2 5~7-680 190 135-254 - 895 24,2-34,2 15,3-24,8 1,2

AM~C. JlHCTbl 293 137 - 86 120 27,8 50,6

77 300 - 123 200 39,4 42,l
4,2 425 - ,,. .'
147 -
.1
'
28,7
·~"""¡¡,.,.e(~
26,8
 TnTaHOBb!e CTIJ!3Bbl

BTl·O, JJHCTb! (O) 293 397 273 27.4 69,0

77 841 505 40,0 26,5
4,2 970 619 25,7 23,5

BT5·1KT, J!HCTbl (0) 293 764-835 765 706-770 877 13,2-14,0 26,4-41,0 3,7
200 985 950 950 1027 8,9 23,7 3,2
77 1275-1325 1210 1230-1235 1480 12,7-14,3 21,6-33,5
4,2 1382-1460 1320 1365-1367 1608 3,4-7,0 5,0-16,I 2,6

BT6C, J!HCTbl (0) 293 970 907 11,7 4i,O

77 1514 1441 11,7 15,0
4,2 1558 1558 2,7 9,5

AT2-2, JIHCTól (0) 293 660-823 560 570-779 1350 13,3-20,3 53,5-62,2 2,2
200 775 700 700 19,7 60,0 2,8
77 1077-1254 870 940-1215 1580 12,7-23,2 24,5 7,5
4,2 1272-1411 1150 1180-1411 1700 9,0-14,0 25,5-53,I 4,3

OT3B, IlOKOBKH 293 718 606 9,8 25,0

77 1215 913 9,6 22,9
4,2 1235 966 6,3 19,l

...,
 n,,oao.c'1teHue ma6.c. 17

HCTHeaoe
DpeAeJJ Ilpuen HanpBlKe• OTHOCH•
TeMne· DpeAen nponop· ll'peAM llWBO• HKe B MO• Oreoarre.111•• ()¡ HOCKTeJJb· TeJJbKoe
MaTeplf8JI pacy- npoqeocre, U.HOllaJlb• TeKy'lecTll, c.18• lleHT paa. eoe YAJll!He· HOe cyJ!<tHHe, npoAOJJb·
pa, 1( MDa HOCTH, Mna BOCTll, p&1sa. HHe, % % aoe YAJJH·
MDa .Mlla Mlla HeHHe, o/0

Me¡¡i. a ee cnnasu

Ml 293 309 - 184 - - 12,8 67,7

77 448 - 238 - - 21,0 72,1

4,2 499 - 350 - - 37,5 68,9

Bp. X08 (O) 293 231 - 148 - - 34,0

77 380 - 156 - - 44,0

4,2 468 - 178 - - 56,5

Coc:TOJIBHe M&tePIUIJla: 3 - UKaJleBDll; 11.c- llCIQ'C:i;THllllO c:oc:r•11111awt: o - MOlKllle•IDIA: Or - orn1114-.wA.

~ ék_, ~,..
.uit vNft rjjb' '
1

$?, ·rrtttt?rt stbt#?}Í: fnfr'W'éMid Wrrzéen"*WYti....,~¡'f'ridÍ ltd't $$#' tt ut' }t Y' tt!nfktt t t
f 3 6 JI H U a 18. Op11eHTffPOBO'IHL1e BeJJH'IHHbJ OCHOBHbJX .l{ORYCKReMbJX
uanpHlKeHHA Ha pa~THJKeRHe H CJKaTHe
JJ.onycKaeMLie eaup11ll<eee11, Mna

Marepean
RS pacTllll<eRRe Rll Cll<STRe

lJyryH cepb!Íl (B OTJJHBKax) 28-80 120-150

CraJib OC H Cr2 14-0 140
CraJJb Cr3 160 100
CraJJb Cr3 {a MOCT8X) 140 140

Cranb yrnepo,ll.Hcras KOHCTpyK· 60-250 60-250

JlHOHHa!l (B M8llJHHOCTpoeHHH)

CraJJb JJerHpOB8HH8H KOHcrpyK· 100-400 B Bblllle 100-400 H BLIU!e

JlHOHHBH (B MalllHHOCTpoeHHH)

Me)J.b 30-120 30- 120

JlaryHb 70-140 70-140
BpOH38 60-120 60-120
AJJIOMH HHÍl 30-80 30-80
An!OMHHHe:aas 6poHsa 80-120 80-120
.l{!OpaJJIOMHHHÍl 80-150 80-150
Texcronar 30-40 30-40
feTHHBKC 50-70 50-70
BaxennsnpoBSHH&H ct>irnepa 40-50 40-50
CocHa B)J.OJJb BOJIOKOH 7-IO 10-12
CocHa nonepeK BOJIOKOH - 1,5-2
)ly6 B.l{OJib BOJIOKOH 9-13 13-15
Jl.y6 nonepex BOJIOKOH - 2-3,5

K.aMeHH 811 KJJ8)1.K8 .!{O 0,3 0,4-4

K.HpDHqHa!l KJJ8.l{K8 .!{O 0,2 0,6-2,5
5eTOH 0,1-0,7 1-9
' íflABAS
*
HAnPSl>KEHHOE H AECIJOPMHPOBAHHOE COCTOSllHHE

5 f. HanplOKeHMll a TO'IKe. rnaaHwe nno¡qa,qKH H rnaaHWe ttanplHKeHNll"

llanplllKeHHll HBJIHIOTCll peayJJbTaTOM B3aHM0,!1.elkT&Hll 'laCTHU TeJJa,

no11B.ll110lll.eroc11 npH HarpylKeHHH ero BHelllHHMH CHJJaMH. ,llelkTBHIO BHem-
Hll)( CHJJ, CTpeMHW.llXCH H3MeHHTb pacnOJIOlKeHHe '18CTHU TeJia HJIH Bbl3BaTb ~1
HX cr.iew.eHHe, npenHTCTBYIOT B03HHKa10ruHe npH STOM B TeJJe HanpHJKeHI H. ,

~I
1

Pttc. 97 Puc. 98

011H orpaHH'IHBalOT STO CMew.eHHe HeKOTOpoli MaJJoit BeJJH'IHHOli. B OJlHOA

H roit )Ke TO'!Ke HanplllKeHHll B pa3HblX HanpaeJJeHHllX, KaK npaBHJJO, 6y·
llYT pa3JJH'IHblMH H TOJlbKO B OT,11eJJbHblX cJJy'IallX HarpylKeHHll OHH Moryr
Gb!Tb 0,!l.HHaKOBblMH.
PaccMaTpuea11 Hanp11lKeH11e B TO'!Ke A HarpylKeHHOro TeJJa, OTHeceH-
HOii K MaJJblM DJJOW.8,11KaM (pHc 97), npHHd,!l.JJe)Kaw.HM .ll.BYM pa3HblM qac-
1 !IM TeJia, pa3¡¡.eJ1eHHoro ce'leHHeM 1-1, npoee,!l.eHHhlM qepea sTy TO'lKy,
JJerxo y6e,!l.l!TbCll, '!TO ecJJH DO,!I. )leÍlcTBHeM BHelllHHX Harpy30K nJJOW.8.llKH
crpeMHTCll OTOliTH 0,!l.Ha OT ,11pyroli llJIH c6JJH3HTbCll, TO MelK.ll.Y HHMH 803·
HHKalOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO pacr11rHea10w.ue HJJH ClKHMaJOw.He HOPMD/lbHble
Hanp11~eHUJI a; eCJJH nJJow.a,11K11 CTpeMllTCll C,!l.BHHYTbCll O,!l.H8 OTHOCHTeJI bHO
,11pyroií, ro B HHX B03HHKalOT KacameAbHble Hanp11~eHUJI 't; ecJJH JKe O,llHa
DJIOlUa,!l.Ka CTpeMHTCll OTOliTH OT ,!1.pyroli, ocraea11cb eli napaJJJJeJJbHOA
B Kai<Ol\l·HH6y,11b npOH3BOJlbHOM HanpaBJJeHHH, TO B TaKOli IlJIOIUa,!1.Ke O,!l.HO· ~ 1

BpeMeHHO B03HHKaJOT H HOpMaJibHble CJ H KacaTeJJbHble 't uanplllKeHHll, >~

a HX peayJJbTHpy10w.eli llBJJHeTCH no11Hoe Hanp11~eHue p, eeKTOP Koroporo ~
COBila,!l.aer e STHM HanpaBJJeHHeM. ITepeMew.eHHe OJJOW.aJlKH B STOM CJiy'!ae
1
MOlKeT 6b!Tb reoMetpH'IeCKH pa3JJOlKeHo Ha ,!l.Ba nepeMem.eHHH. ¡¡aaHMHOe
y,!1.aJieHHe H C,!l.BHf.
B o6w.eM cJJy'lae, Bhl;J.eJJHM B oKpecrHOCTH paccMarpueaeMoií B Harpy·
lKeHHOM TeJJe TO'IKH sJieMeHrapHb!Í! OObeM MarepHaJia B Blil;J.e 6ecKoHellHO
MaJJoro napaJJJJeJJenune,lla (puc. 98). Ha ero rpaHHX BJJHllHHe y,!1.aJJeH·
HOli 'laCTH TeJJa JlOJJJKHO 6b!Tb 3aMeHeHo COOTBeTCTByJOW.HMH uanp11lKeHH·
llMH HJlH HX cocraBJllllOIUHMH (uopMaJJbHhlMH H KacaTeJJbHblMH H8IlplllKC·
HHllMH), KaK llOK838HO Ha pHCYHKe,

l
1
1
1
184

l
 CTpH HSMeHeHHll oplleHT3UllH rpalleli Bhl,!l.eJieHHoro aAeMe1tmap1to20
n1paJIJJeJienune,!l.a llanp11:1KeHll!I Ha ero rpaH11x raKJKe 6y.!l.yT HSMelll!Tbe!I.
Bt-eraa MOlKHO HaliTll TaKyJO opuenTaUHIO 9JieMeHT8, npH KOTOpoli B ero
rp311l!X KaeaTeJibHble eoeT3BJllllOll{lle HanplllKeHHA 6y,!l.yT OTeyTeTBOB3Tb.
Te IlJIOll{8,!1.KH, no KOTOpblM He ,!l.elieTBYIOT KaeaTeJibHble llanp11lKeHllll,
¡¡a3WB3l0Te!I 2Aa8HblMU nAOIJ4aOKaMU, a HOpMaJibHble Hanp!!)l{eHllll ¡¡a 9TllX
11 ,1omaaKax - 2All8HblMU 1tanp11~e1tuR.Mu. MolKHO ,!1.0Kasarb, '!To e KalK-
.noii TO'IKe JII06hlM o6paSoM HarpyJKeHHoro Tena eeer,!l.a HMeerc11 no Kpait-
tteii Mepe TpH rJJ3BHble B33HMHO nepneH,!l.HKyJJ!!pHble ílJIOll{a,!l.KH, T. e.
1110ll{3.l].Kll, B KOTOphlX OTeyTeTBylOT KaeareJibHble Hailpl!lKeHHll Ha-
npaeJieHllll, napaJIJieJJbllble rJJaBHblM Hanp!!)l{eHHl!M, H33blB3IOTCl! 2.llMHbl·
)!U uanpll8AeHUJIMU B .ll.3HHOli TO'IKe. [JiaBHble Hanp!llKeHHll npllH!ITO o6o-
3H3'13Tb CJ¡, ªª' ªª' npll 9TOM IlOJiaralOT, '!TO Me)l{,!ly yKasaHHblMH Hanps:>Ke-
HHll'dH eymecTeyeT ene¡¡_y10mee cooTHOUJeHlle (nott11'1al! ero e aJire6pall'le-
cKOM CMbleJJe):

a
Pile. 99

Hanp11lKeHHOe eoero!!Hlle, B KOTOpOM TOJJbKO 0,!l.HO ll3 l'JI3BHblX Hanpll-

>KeHHH (n106oe ns Tpex) He paBHO llYJJIO, a ,!l.Ba .ll.pyrllx paBHhl HYJIIO, Has1>1-
eaere11 oaHoOCHblM HJJH AU1teii1tblM (pile. 99, a). EeJJll ,!1.83 l'JI3BHblX HanpH
)l{eHHH OTJJH'lllbl OT llYJill, a 0,!l.HO paBHO HYJJIO, TO TaKOe Hanp»:>Kemioe
eOeTOllHHe H83bIB8eTell aeyXOCHblM HJlll n.llOCKUM (pile. 99, 6). CJiyqaÍI H8·
np11lKeHHoro eoeTOllHHll, npH KOTOpOM eee Tpll rJiaBHble Hanp!!lKeHHll OT-
JIH'!Hhl OT ltyJJll, ll33hlBaeTell mpeXOCHblM llJJH o6'beMHblM (pile. 99, ll)
KpoMe Toro, pasJIH'lalOT oa1topo81toe Hanp11:1KeHHOe coeTO!IH1!e TeJia,
Ilpll KOTOpOM B K3lK,!1.0li TO'IKe K3KOrO·JJH60 ee'leHllll ll eeex napaJJJJCJibffblX
eMy eeqeunli uanp1nKeHllll 0.!1.HHaKoBhl, H Heoa1topoa1toe Hanp11lKeHHoe co-
ero11ttHe, npH KOTOpOM B p331lblX TO'lKax JII06oro ce'leHHll paeeMaTpHB.ie-
Moro TeJia HJJH .ll.pyrnx napanneJibHblX eMy eeqeHllii Hanp11:1KeHllll pas-
JJH'IHhl.

5.2. nHHeiiHOe HaRpllH<eHHOe COCTOllHHe

C JJHHCftHh!M Hanp11:1KeHHhlM eOCTO!IHlleM Mbl BeTpeqaeMe!I, rJJaBHblM

oCipasoM, B CTeplKHllX, HCilhlTblB310lllHX paeTlllKeHHe llJJll elK3Tlle, XOT!I Hf-
KOTOphle 9JJeMeHTbl Hcnh1Tb188IOT JJllHCliHoe HanplllKfHlle ll B crep>KH!IX,
no¡¡_eepraIOmHXCll HSrll6y HJIH CJJOlKHOMY HarpylKeHHIO.
Dpn paeTHlKeHHH creplKHll (pile. 100, a) HOpMaJibHOe Hanpll>KCHHe
B nJioma,!1.Ke F onpe,!1.eJJ11eTc11 cpopMynoli

185
 KacaTe.llbHlile uanpsuKeHH!I B sroA n.110111.a.n.&e pasubl Hymo. B .111060A
IlJJOW.a.n.Ke F tll (pnc. 100, 6), BHeIIIH!l!I HOpMaJlb" KOTOpoA n°' oópasyeT e H8·
npaBJteuneM a yroJI a, no.11Hoe HanputteHHe
N N
Pa. =r= 7 cosa.=O'cosa..
tll

HopMa.llbHlile H Kacare.llbHlile Hanp11:lKeHHll B n.110111.a.Q.Ke Fa: 6y.n.yr

O'tll =p tll
cos et= ocos 1 a.; (5.1)

"a:= Pa: sin ex,... ~ sin 2ex. (5.2)

HopMa.111>Hlile uanp11:lKeHH11 ªa: noJIOlKHTeJihHlil, ec11u ouu pacr11rusa· ,
IOW.He; xacaTeJJ.bBlile Hanp11lKeHHll "a: 00.llO:lKHTeJlbHlil, ecJIH OHH CTpeMllTCll
noBepHyTb paccMaTpHBaeMyIO 'l8CTb 9Jle• 1

Menra OTHOCHTe.llbHO .11I060A TOl!KH, BSllTol 1

auyrpu ee, no 11acosoA crpe.11xe (aa: u 'f°' ~

¡ Ha pHC. 100, 6 nOJlO:lKHTeJlhHbl). -ill
Cor.11acuo <t>opMyJJaM (5.1) u (5.2) npu
ci = O (n.no1.t1a.n.Ka I Ha pee. 100, a)
D 't'a: = O; ªa: = a, a npu a. -= rr./2 (n.110-
ma.n.Ka ll) 't'(I ... CJ tll = o.
CJJe.u;oB&Te.llbHO,
p p OJIOIUa)lKH 1 H 11 llBllllIOTCll rJJ&BHlilMH: •
r.11aaHlile uanp11lKeHH!I 6y.n.yr
a ó
Puc. 100
ripu C:lKarnu a 1= all =O; a 3 =-o.
KacaTe.llhHble uanp11:lKeHH!I cor.11acuo <t>opMy.11e (5.2) .n.ocruraIOT. caoeA -
H3H60JJbWeA BeJIH'lHHlil npu ci - .::!:45° H onpe11.e.111110TC11 cpopMy110A
CJ
'ta: max = 2 ·
Ha OCHOB8HHH <t>oPMYJI (5.1) H (5.2) .nerxo y6eAHTbCll, l!TO HOpMallt.•
Hble H KaC&TeJlbHlile HanpsrlKeHH!l B ITJIOUJ;RAKe F ti' nepneH,ll.HKYllllpHoA
K nJJOW.3,llKe Fa:• T. e. B n.11ow.a.n.Ke, BHeWH!l!l HOpM8Jlb K KOTOpoA o6pa·
ayer yrOJI jJ = a. +
90° e HanpaaJieHHeM uanp11JKeHH11 a, 6y/J,yT
ªf:l =o cos' ~ """'a cos' (a+ 90") =a sin' ex; (5.3)
a . a o .
'tf:l = 2 stn 2~ = 2 sin 2 (a.+ 90°) = - 2 sm 2ex. (5.4)

J.J. nnocKoe HRnpll>KeHHOe COCTOllHHe

'I
CTpH n.110CKOM Hanp!l:lKeHHOM COCTO!IHHH, KOr.z¡a 9JJeMeHT no ero "ª ~1
,'lBYM B38HMHO nepneH,ll.HKy.llsrpHlilM rpaH!IM ,11,elkTBYIOT HanpH:lKeHHH 0'1 H o, i
(pHc. 101), HOpM3Jlhfflile H K8C3TeJibHble Hanpll:lKeHHll, .ll.eli.CTByIOW.He Ha "
nnow.a.!J.Ke (ex), BHeWHllll HOpM&.llb K KoropoA na: o6pasyer e HanpaB.lle· ~
HHeM Hanp11JKeHH!1 CJ¡ yro.11 a., onpe.!J.eJJ!llOTCll COOTBeTCTBeHHO no «li<>PMY•
JJRM
ªa:= a1 cos 1 a+ a 1 sin 1 a.; (5.5)

1 "'a: =
0.i - o, sin 2a.. (5.6) 1
l
¡ 2
186
l 1

1 1
1
 Hs &THX iJ>opMyJI MoryT 6NTb noJJyqeHY Blilpa)f{eHHH ,!1.Jill onpe.D.eJieH1111
tJOPM3JlbHlilX H KacaTeJlbHlllX HanpuKeHHA B OJIOlll.8,!1.Ke (~). nepne!l,!1.HKY·
J!llPHOA K OJIODl.8,!1.Ke (a), T. e. B nJIOllt.8,!1.JCe, BHeUIHllll HOpMaJlb K KOTOpoA
0 6pasyeT yroJJ ~ = -(90° - a.) e RanpaBJ1eH1teM 0 1 :
ºfl = a 1 sin 1 a+ o 1 ros• a; (5.7)

'tll = -
<11 -
2
º• Stn. 2a.. (5.8)

CJCJJa,!1.lilBaR JleBwe H npasble 'l8CTH yp8BHeHuA (5.5) H (5. 7), uaxo,!l.HM

ºa.+ ºfl = <11 + o,. (5.9)

T.e. cyMMa H<JpMaAblU>IX nanpR~enua, iJetlc1118yt0UfUX no iJBflM 83aUMHO nep·
neniJuKyARpHUM nAOUfaOl«ZM, unsapuanmHJJ no omnotuenu10 1( nll!C.110ny
smux 11/IOUfaOOK u pa8na CflMMe e.11aBnblX na·
npR~enutl.
Ms fj>opMyJJ (5.6) H (5.8) cJJe,!1.yeT, '!TO
KaK H npH OJJ.HOOCROM H8npuKeHHOM COCTOll·
HHH, Kacame.tbnbUI HanpR~enuR iJocmuea10m
Hau60.11bwell #AU'IUHbl DpH a - ::!::45 D. T. e.
no OJl01ll.8Jl.K8M, HRKJIOHeHHblM OOJI. yrJIOM 45°
K rJI8BBblM OJ!Olll8JlK8M, H onpeJJ.eJilllOTCll <}:op·
MyJtoA

"max -
<11 -
2
º• (5.10)
ll!
A D
CpaBHHBa11 fj>opMyJIN (5.6) u (5.8), H8·
XOJJ.HM Puc. 101
(5.11)

3To pasencTBo BblpaJKaeT saKon napnocmu K.acame.11bnblx nanp11~eHutl,

KOTOpblA MO>KeT 6b1Tb c.popMyJIHpoeau TRK: ecAU no 1ClllCOtl·.11u60 n.llOUfllat<e
iJetlctnByem Hel(Omopoe Kacame.11bHoe nanpR'"Hue, mo no nepne¡.¡iJuicy1111p·
notl " nea nAoU{aiJKe nenpeMenno 6yiJem iJetlcmaooam& Kacame.11bnoe nanp.1t·
~enue, paBHoe no Be.11u11u¡.¡e u npomusono.11o~noe no snaicy.
SJCcTpeMaJthHblMH snaqeHHHMH JJ.Jill nopMaJJbHblX H8np11)f{eHHA HBJIR-
10Tc11 BeJJH'lHHbl rJJaBHblX Hanp11JKeHHit.
Ha BCex H8KJIOHHlilX nJ!Olll.3Jl.K3X HOpMaJibHble Hanp11lKeHHll HMe!OT
npoMeJKyTO'IHlile MelKAY <11 H ºª
SHa'leHHH.
Ü,!1.HO H TO lKe HanplllKeHttoe COCTOllHHe ~IJieMeHTa MolKeT ÓblTb npe.I{•
CTaBneno rJtaBHlilMH uanp11lKeHHHMH o1 H o 1 (sneMeHT ABCD, puc. 101
B 102, a) HJIH HanpSI)f{eHHSIMH B HaKJIOHHlilX DJIOW.3JJ.Kax ªa.•
'ta.• ªfl• 'I,¡
(sJteMeHTlil abcd H8 puc. 101 u 102, ó).
B Teopuu Hanp11lKeHHoro COCTOHHHll paaJtuqaIOT ABe OCHOBHble 33·
A8'lH.
il p 11 M a ll 3 a .!l. a q a. no H3BeCTHblM B TO'IKe rJ188HlilM DJIOW.8A·
KaM H Jl,eitCTBYIOW.HM B HHX rJJaBHlilM Hanp11lKeHHHM TpeCiyeTCSI onpeJl,eJIHTb
HOPM3JlbHlile H KaCaTeJibHble Hanp11lKeHHll no nnow.a11.KaM, HaKJIOHeHHhlM
OOJI. 33Jl.3HHb!M yrnoM K rJlaBHlilM nJIOW.3Jl.K3M, T. e. no Hanp!!JKeHHllM, )leii-
CTByIOn¡HM Ha rpaH11x !MeMeHTa ABCD (puc. 103), onpe,!1.eJIHTb HanpuKe-
HHH B rpauux 3JieMeura abcd.
Ú (5 p a T H a 11 3 a JI. a q 8. Do H3BeCTHb!M HOpM3JlbHlilM H KaCaTeJib•
BJilM Hanpu1<eHH11M, J1,eli.cTBYIOIUHM B AByx B3aHMHO nepneH¡¡,HKyJI11pHb1X
D.llOlll8JJ.Kax, npoxo¡¡,11w.ux qepea .11.anHy10 ro11Ky, Tpe6yerc11 HaitTH rnaBHLle

181
 1

11anpaene111111 11 rnaeHble 11anp11H<.e111111. l111aqe roeop11, AaH eneMeHT abcd

(pHc. 103) e D.eilCTBYIOW.HMH no ero rpaH!IM HOpManbHblM R KaCaTeJlbHblM
HanplllKeHHHMH; <rpe6yeTc11 onpe.lleJIHTb nonolKenne IReJleHTa ABCD,
T. e. yron a 0 , H 11ailTH rnaeHble Hanp!I· ...
lKeHHH. l1rt
06e sa.11.aqu MoryT pewaT&Cll KaK aHa·
nHTHqecKH, T8K H rpa<jmqecKH.

A 'JJ
ó Ót
Pnc. 102 Pnc. 103

S.4. Op•Ma• sa.tta'l8 npH nllOCHOM N•np•>KeNNOM cocTO•NHH.

Kpyr N•np•>KeNNll

A11an11t11qecKoe pewe11ue np11Moil sa.11aq11 D.aeTcll <j>opMynaMH (5.5) -

(5.8).
ípa¡f>lllfeCKH ºa• 'ta• ºll• 'ti! MOlKHO onpeJle./IHTb no H3BeCTHblM fJlllB·
Hbl\I HanplllKeHHllM 0'1 H 02 (puc. 104, a) e IlOMOIJlb!O TaK H83blBaeMOro

¡l
a
Pnc. 104

KPIJ~ª nanpll'1lel!Uli ( Kpyeo Mapa), ílOCTpDeHHOfO B KOOplJ.HHatax a, 't Ha

,
'

¡
'' OTpe3Ke AB KaK -Ha lJ.HaMerpe, paBHOM pa3HOcTH rnaBHblX HanpuKeHHÍI
o 1 -o 1 (pite. 104, 6). Ll.eiicTBHTeJibHO, apoee.11.11 OT ueHT}>a Kpyra 11anp11-
lKetmii (roqKH C) nyq CD no)! yrnoM 2a .110 nepeceqeHHll e OKpylKHOCTb!O,
'J

1 DvJJyqHM TO'!Ky ºª' KOOpD.HH8Tbl KOTopoit 6yD.yT xapaKTepHSOB8Tb COOTBeT·

l

' ¡l
ºª H 'ta:
CTBeHHO HanplllKeHllR
''' - =OC+
OKa - CDª
- cos 2a = ª• +2 ºª + 01 -
2
02
cos 2a =
'¡
' = o 1 cos2 a+ 02 sin 2 a =oª;
-- - 0'1-02
KDa =CD a.sin 2a = 2 sin 2a =ta,
1' • '

188
JJerKo noK&3aTb, qro TO'lXa DIJ xapaKTepH3yeT Hanp11.meHHll ªtJ• Tf3 ¡¡ nJIO·
iua)l.Ke <P>. nepneHAHKYJillpHOA K OJIOIU8)l.Ke (a),
- - -
OK 11 =0C-CK11 =
CJ1 + CJ1
-
º• - d1
cos2a=
2 2
= o 1 sin 1 a+ os cos 2 a= ap:
D11K11 = -'t'a = 't'll.
To11KH Da H D , xapaKTepnsy10w.He nanpuKeHHll na asyx BSaHMHO nepneH·
11
)l.HKyn11pH¡,¡x nnow.aaKax (a) H (p). Bceraa nelKaT Ha KoHuax OAHoro ana·
MeTpa.
nocTpoeHHEilA Kpyr Mopa OOJIHOCTblO onHclilBaer uanplllKeHHOe co-
CTOllHHe 9JieMeHTa, HsO(!palKeHHOro Ha puc. 104, a. ECJIH MeHllTb yroJI a
B npe¡i,enax OT -90° ¡J,0 +90°' TO HaKJJOHHble IlJIOUJ.a}lKH (a) H <P> saAMyT
noc.~e}lOBaTeJibHO BCe B03MOlKHlile nOJIOlKeHHll, a TO'IKH Da. H Dll OOHIJJYT
noJJHblA Kpyr. B 11acTHOcTH, npH a =
O, Koraa rpaHH ef H em cTaHyT rnas-
HblMH IlJIOW.aJl.KaMH H no HHM 6y JlyT J!.eACTBOBaTb Te lKe Hanp11lKeHHH' qTO
He rpaHl!X 9JieMeHTa abcd, TO'!Ka Da coanaJ1.aeT e TOqKoA A, a TO'!Ka D -
11
c TOqKoA B.
JJ.n11 onpe.ll.eJieHHll nOJIOlKeHHll OOJIIOCa Ha Kpyre HanplllKeHHAi KaK
H B CJ1y11ae Kpyra HHepUHH, npoBeJ!.eM H3 TO'IKH Da JIHHHIO, napaJIJieJibHYIO
ºa. (a HaUJeM npnMepe ropHSOHTaJib, pHc. 104, 6), JI.O nepeceqeun11 e oKpy)l(-
HOCTbIO. HcKOMb!A nonwc - ToqKa M. ITonwc M MO)KHO 61i1JIO 6bl naATH,
np0Be}l11 ns TO'IKH D JIHHHIO, napanneJibHYIO ~anp11lKeHHIO ªti' T. e. npo-
11
Be}lll BepTHKaJib. Mm1rno Jl.OKa38Tb, qTo /IUHUJI, coeauHJ1101J4aJ1 nO/l/OC M
e 11106011 mottKoll Kpyea, napa1111e11bHa Hanpa1J11eHu10 HopMa/lbHoeo Hanp11xe-
HUH Ha n1101J4aaKe, KOmopoa sma mo""ª cootnBemcT1UJyem. HanpHMep, JIH·
HHH M A napanneJibHa rnaBHOMY Hanp11>KeHHIO o 1, a JIHHHll MB - rnas-
HOMY nanpll)KeHHIO o 1•

s.s. 06paTH•• 38A8'18 np111 nnoCKOM Hanp•>KeHHOM COCTORHllllll

Opn npaKTH'lecKHX pac'lerax 'lacTo npHXO.ll.HTCll peUJaTb o6paTHYIO aa-

aa11y - onpeJ!.eJIHTb o 1 H o 1 no HsBeCTHblM ªa.• 't'a., a 11 , T¡¡ (pnc. 105, u).
t' 6;
. 6d

a ó
Pnc. 105
Ilycr.i. ºa.> o~; 't'a >o.
QqeBHAHO, Kpyr Hanp11)KeHHA B KOOPAHHaTaX o,
't' (Pll~ 105, 6) nerKo OOCTpOHTb, SH8ll OMOlKeHHe AByx JlH&MeTpMbHO
ngore ODOJIOlKHlilx TO'leK xpyra Da n v , KOOPAHHaT&MH KOTOplilx HBJHJ·
11
189

'
 JOTCll COOTseTCTBeHHO (Ja•
ceqeHHH Kpyra e OCbJO
rJJaBHblX Hanps>KeHHA CJ1 H
'to;
a - OA
ªz·
H (Jtl 1
H OB -
't¡1. DpH STOM a6CUHCCbl TO'leK nepe-
Jl3AYT coorBeTcTsyromHe

.ll.JJH onpe)J,eJJeHHH OOJJOiKeHHH rJJaBHblX nJJOllla)J.OK Hail)J.eM OOJJJOC

H BOCOOJlbSYeMCH ero CBOÜCTBOM. C 9TOA UeJJbJO H3 ToqKH Do; npOBe)J,et.i
seJJHqHHLI ~
l
4

1 JJHHHJO, napaJJJJeJJbHYJO JJHHHH )J.elicrsHH f1o;, r. e. ropHSOHTaJJb ToqKa M '

nepeceqeHHH sroA JJHHHH e OKpylKHOCTbJO H 6y)J.eT noJJJOCOM. Coe)l.HHHB
ToqKy M e roqKaMH A H B, noJJyqHM HanpaBJieHHH rJJaBHhlX HanplllKeHHit
cr1 H cr 1 . DoJJo)f{eHHe rJJaBHhlX nJJoma)J.OK, oqesH)J.HO, 6y)J.e1 nepneH)l.HKY·
JJllpHO K HanpasJJeHHHM rJJaBHblX Hanps)f{eHHA. Ha pHc 105, a BHYTPH
HCXOD.Horo 9JJeMeHTa Bbl)J,eJJeH 9JieMeHT, orpaHHIJeHHblA rJJaBHblMH OJJOIUaA-
K3MH, Ha rpaHllX KOTOpblX OOK333Hb1 rJJaBHble RanpHlKeHHH ª1 H f12. Ha
paCCMOTpeHHH Kpyra Hanps)f{eHHA MOlKHO DOJiyqHTb aHaJJHTHqecKHe Bbl.-
paJKelJHll rJJ aBHblX Hanp11.lKeRRA o 1 H <Js qepes crª, Ta• T : ªe• 11

o1 = ! (crª +ªe+ V (11ª - a 11) 2 + 4't!J. (5 .12)

113 pnc. 105, 6 CJ1e,1zye1 TaK.lKe, qro

Mi?r. MKe 't'a

tga=--=
AKp -
OA- OK 11
=-----
o - cr
(5.13)
1 11
9-ra cl>opt.1yna H onpe)le.1u1eT eD,HHCTBeuuoe aua11euHe yrna a, na XO'I'o-
pblA Hf.lKHO DOBepnyTb na, qT06bl noJJyqHTb uanpasJJeHHe aJJre6paHqecx11
6ÓJJbIUero rJJaBHOl"O HanpuKeHHll. 3aMeTHM, 11TO OTpHil8TeJJbHOMY SHa~­
H HJO et COOTBeTCTBYJOT yrJJlil' OTJJOlKeHHble no qacoBOli crpeJJKe, H qTO ecJI11
0.l{HO H3 rJJaBHblX HanpslKeHHA, BblqHcJieHHoe no <t>opMyJJaM (5.12), OKa-
JKeTCll OTpnuaTeJJbHblM, TO Hanps.meHHll CJJe,llyer o6osHaqaTb He f11 H 111,
a G¡ H CJ3; ecJIH :are o6a rJiaBHblX Hanpll.lKeHHH oKa.myTCH OTpHll8Te.JlbffblMH,
TO OHH )l,OJJlKHbl 6b1Tb o6osHaqeHbl 111 H CJ3.

5.6. 06•eMHOe HanpSUfCeHHOe COCTORHHe

06beMHOe, HJJH TpexocHoe, Hanps.meHHOe COCTOHHHe B conpoTHBJJeHHH

MaTepHaJJOB paccMaTpHBaeTCll pe,llKO. flo9TOMY S)J,eCb yKaJKeM JJHIIIb Ha He·
KOTOpble OCHOBHble MOMeHTbl TeOpKH o6'beMHoro Hanp!l.lKeHHOrO COCTOHHHH.
PaccMOTPHM CJJyqaA o6'beMHoro HanpslKeHHoro COCTOllHHH (pnc. 106),
xorD.a no rpaHHM Bb16paHHoro xy6HJCa D,elicTBYJOT are TpH rJJasHblX na·
npH.meHHll

QqeBH)J,HO, B OJJOW.3)1,Ke l, napaJJJJeJJbHOli f11, HOPMRJlbHble H KacaTeJJbHble

HanpslKeHHH He ISyD,yT saBHCeTb OT 11¡, a TOJJbKO OT G2 H f13 H BO Bcex no-
A06Hb1X nJJOW.a)J.Kax 6y)l.yT xapaKTepHsosaT&Cll KpyroM HanpslKeHHA L 1
e D.HaMerpoM a 2 - a 3 (pHc. J 07). B nnow.a)J.Ke II, napaJJJJeJJbHOÜ 11 2, Hop-
MaJJbHble H KaCaTeJJbHble HanpHlKeHHH 6y)l.yT xapaKtepHSOBaTbCH KpyroM
HanpSilKeHHA Ln e J:J.HaMeTpOM a 1 - 0 8 H, HaKoHeu, B nJJow.a,ll.Ke lll, na-
paJJJJeJJbHoli 113, HOpMaJJbHble H KRCaTeJJbHble HanpHJKeHHll 6yJ:J.YT xapax•
repnsosaTbCH KpyroM Hanp11lKeHHli L 111 e JlHBMeTpoM o 1 - 111 •

190
 ,
Bo ecex yxasaHHblX nnow.a.u.xax MeTOA onpep,eneHHR ºa.• H a11 , -rfl "'a.
ue 6y,neT OTJIH'13TbCH OT paCCMOTpeHHoro Bblllle MeTO)l.3 pellleHH!I npllMOÜ
3a,naqH P,Jl!I nJioCKoro HanpH}l{eHHOTO COCTOHHHH.
Mo»tHo .llOKBS3Tb, 'ITO ecnH npoeecTH nnoW.3.llKY, He TI3p3JIJieJibHYJO
"" OP,HOMY H3 rJI3BHblX Ha11pR>KeHHA, TO HOpM3JlbHOe H K3CaTeJlbHOe ºa.
't'a uanpa>KeHHR e sroA TIJiow,a.11Ke MOfYT 6b1Tb onpe.11eneH1>1 no cpopMYJI3M

ºa. = 01 cos• a1 + 01 cos• ª• + 0 1 cos• aa;

(5.14)
Ta= V~ cos• a 1 +~ oos1 a 1 +o~ cos1 a 1 - o~ ,

r,ne ª1• ª•·

Cl3 - yrn1i1, KOTOptie o6pasyeT HOpMBJlb K paccwaTpHB~MOI
nnow.ap,Ke e H3flp3eJieHHHMH o 1 , o 1 , 0 8 •

PHc. 106 PHC. 107

.D.0Kas1i1eae1c11T8K>Ke,1110 TO'lKa D a.<ºa.• "a:>•

x3paK1epH3y10w,a11 nanpa-
>KeHHoe COCTOHHHe B npoH3BOJlbHO HaKJIOHeHHoA nnow,ap,Ke, ecer,n3 6y.11n
Jle>K3Tb B 38WTpHXOB3HHOA OÓJ13CTH (pHC. 107) HJlH Ha rpaHHUe ee, eCJIH
flJIOW.3,llKa napanJieJlbH8 0.llHOMY HS rnaBHblX HBDpH>KeHHi.
Ha paccworpeHHH Kpyroe nanpa>KeHHA (pHc. 107) BH.llHO, qro 'tmai•
xapaKrepHsyeMoe ro11KoA D Ha oKpy>KHOCTH L 11 H .11eAcreyrow.ee e nJIOW.&A-
Ke, napaJIJieJibHOli rJI8BHOMY HanpR>KeHHIO 02, HBKJlOHeHHOH K H3npalKe-
HHHM 0 1 H o 3 no.u yrJIOM a =
45º, paeHo pa.11nycy 6oJibllloro Kpyr3, CJie.110-
earenbHo, npH o6'beMHOM Hanp!!>KeHHOM COCTOHHHH

0¡-01
'tmax = 2 (5.15)

B CJiyqae nnom.a.U.KH, BHelllHHH HOpM3Jlb K KOTOpoA o6paayeT e HB-

npaeJieHHHMH º1• H ª• ºª
O)l.HH8KOBble yrJibl Cl¡ Cl2 = Cl3
eMoA OKma3éJpu'lecKoa n.110U{aéJKoa (nocKoJibKY oHa napannenbHa rp3HH
=
a, H33blB8- =
OKTB9Jlp8, KOTOpblA MO>KeT 6b1Tb o6p830B3H H3 Ky6a), Korp,a
cos2 a1 + cos' a + cos' a = 1;
1 3

1
cos 1 a= 3,
ljlopyYJihl (5.14) npHHHMalOT BHJl

0 oKT = O¡+º•+
3
<J3
= 0 cp; (5.16)

Jtt
 (5.17)

KacaTeJibHoe aanpuKeHHe, onpe,neJieHaoe no <t>opMyJie (5.17), aa-

abrnaeTcst 01Cmaaopu11ec1CuM. ÜKTa3.llpH11ecKoe HOpMaJJbHOe Hanpst>KeHHe
npe)lCTaBJISieT COÓOH KaK Óbl cpe,naee aanpst>KeHHe ,UJISi ,!l8HH0f0 TpeXOCHO• .
ro Hanp11>KeHHOfO COCTOSiHH!I.
OpH oueHKe npo11HOCTH MaTepHaJia B ycJJOBHRX CJIO>KHOro Hanpa>KeH-
aoro COCTORHHst qacTO HCUOJ!bSyeTCSi HeKoropa!I <l>HKTHBH8st BeJIH'tHHa a,, .
H83blBaeMast UHmeHCU6HOCmb/O HanpR{){CeHua H CBSi3aHHa!I e 't'OKT S8BHCH•
MOCTblO
3
O¡= )f2 'toKT'

S.7. AeclJopMa~HH npH 061teMHOM Hanpn«eHHOM cocto•HHH.

°'º'"'eHHWii HKOH ryKa

BasHpy!!Cb Ha fHOOTese o TOM, qTo MaTep!laJI CJie,nyeT S8KOHY fyKa,

a 1te<l>op111aUHH M8Jlbl, MO>KHO nOJIY'tHTb S8BHCHMOCTH Me>KJtY Hanp!l>KeHHll· '
MK H .ne<t>opM8UH!IMH B o6~ey CJJy11ae CJIO>KHOfO HanpH>KeHHOfO COCTORHHll.
DpK 9TOM 6y,neM Hcxo,nHTb HS saeHCHMOCTei (4.3) H (4.9), noJiyqeHHblX pa·
Kee ,A./l!I J!HHeiaoro Hanp!l>KeHHOfO COCTORHHR. PaccworpHM Ae<l><>PM&UHIO

ó
a
1 ' PHC, 108

np11111oyroJibHOro napaJIJJeJienHne,na e pasMepaMH a X b X e (pHc.

108, a) no.11. .11eicTeHeM rJJ&BHbIX HanpH>KeHHi a 1 , a 2 , a8 (noJJaraeM, qro
Bce OHH noJJO>KHTeJibHbl) no TpeM ero rpaHRM, napaJJJieJibHblM COOTBeT- ,·
1' CTBeHHO pe6paM a, b, c. .
Y.llJJHHeHH!I pe6ep cOOTBeTcTBeHHO 6y.11yT Aa, Ab, Ac, a OTHOCHTeJib· ~
Hble .11e<t>opMaUHH B r JJaBHblX HanpaeJJeHHSiX 1

''1 (5.18) 1
Ka>K.11oe H3 9THX OTHOCHTeJibHblX Y.llJIHHeHHi eCTb pesyJJbTaT .11eiCTBH!I
BC¡>X rpex HanpH>KeHHi a 1, a,
H a 8• DpH 9TOM, ttanpHMep,
, ,, ,,,
Bt = 8¡ + 8¡ + 8¡ 1 (5.19)

192
r¡¡e corJiacao (4.3) H (4.9)
, CT¡ ,, 02 ,,, CT3
e¡ = E ; e¡ =-µE ; e, =-µE . (5 .20)

~''IHTb!B311 (5.20), MO)KHO 33ílHC3Tb (5.19) B BH,Ue

ª1 <72 <73 1
e1 =E - ii E- µ-E =E [a1 - i1 (a2 + <13)J. (5.21)

AaaJiorHqHo MoryT 6b!Th JanKCattbI H Bblpa)KeHHH .UJJ!I e 2 H 1' 3 K aK

¡ (<11,
a 2 , a 3). B pe3yJibTaTe 0606utei-m111a saKoH I'yKa .ll.JIH HSOTponttoro
MarepHaJia Bb!pa3HTC!I cJie,ll.ylOIII;HMH COOTHOllleHH!IMH:

1
e1 =E [a1 - µ (a2 +as));

1
e2 =E [<12 - µ (<71 + <73)); (5 .22)

3aMeTHM, qTo C)KHMalOu¡;He aanp11)KeHHll CJie,nyeT B qiopMyJJbJ (5.22)

no,ncraBJillTb co 3HaKOM «MHHYC». QqeBH,UHO, B CJiyqae ílJIOCKOro Hanpsr-
JKeHHoro COCTOllHHll, B '!3CTHOCTH npH
(5. 22) HMeeT BH,U
= a,
o6o6w;eHHb!H 3aKoH fyKa º·
1
ll1 = E (<71 - µas);

1!2 =- ; (<71 + <13);

1
ea= E (aa - µa1)·

3aKOH fyKa cnpase,UJJHB ae TOJlbKO ,UJ!ll rJiaBHb!X .ne4JopM3UHH, HO

H ,UJI!I BbJqHcJieHHll OTHOCHTeJibHb!X ,neqiopMaUHH no JII06b!M TpeM B33HMHO
nepnea,nKKYJIHpHb!M nanpasJieKH!IM, nocKOJJhKY npK MaJib!X .ne<t>opMa-
u,u11x BJIHHHHeM C,UBHra Ha Jll!HeHHYIO .ne4JopM3UHIO H3-38 ero MaJIOCTH MO>K-
HO npeKe6pe11b. TI03TOMY OTHOCHTeJibHb!e ¡y,nJIHHeHHll B HanpaBJiettHH ,neA-
CTBHH Kanp11JKeHHH ªa.• a 11 (pKc. 108, 6) onpe,neJI!llOTCH TaK:

1 l
ea.= E (aa. - µa 6); e11 =E (a 13 - ~taa.)·

06T>eMHllJI oer/JopMal{UR e.,, npe,ncTaBJilllOII1;311 CO(ÍOÜ OTHOCHTeJibHOe

HSMeHeHHe 06'beMa Uo = abe, ílOCJie npHJIO>KeHHll K aeMy Kanp11>KeHHH ª1•
ª2• 03 onpe,neJI11eTCll e TOqHOCTblO BeJIH'tHH BTOporo nop11,nKa MaJIOCTH
cpopMyJioi

(5.23)

HJIH qepe3 aanp11)KeHHll e yqeTOM (5.22) <t>opMyJIOH

1 -2µ
e.,= E (a1 + <12 + <13). (5 .24)

193
B 11acTHOCTH, npH pasHoMepaoM scecTopoaaeM C)l{aTHH 1 KOr¡¡;a o 1 = o1 =
= ªª = -p,
p
2u = - K, (5.25)
r.11e
E
K= 3(1-2µ)

BeJIHlJHH3 K aa3ó!BaeTCll Moay.11eJV1 00"6eMNOÜ aeljJopMal{ttU, 113 qiopMYJibI

(5.24) BHJlHO, '!TO npH .11e<t>opM8ll,HH TeJia, MaTepHaJI KOTOporo HMeeT KOS<t>·
lj>HUHeHT Tiyaccoaa ¡.i. =
0,5 (wanpwM~p.. pea1rna}, o61ñ!M 'Iemt He HaMe·
HHeTCH.

s.a. notetU~MaRt.Ka!I SKeprM!I Ae$OpMa1'MK

ilOTeHu,HaJibHOH saeprHeH .11e<t>opMau,HH H83b!BaeTCll 9HeprHH, KOTopaH

HaxanJIHaaeTc11 B TeJie npH ero ynpyroli .n.e<t>opMaUHH. l\or.n.a no.11.11elicTHHeM
BHerrmeü CT8Tlflfe<:Koli Harpy3KH TeJIO tte<l>opMHpyeTCll, TO'IKH
' npHJIO)l{eHHll BHeillHHX CHJJ nepeMew;alOTCll H noTeHUH8JlbH8H
9Heprn11 Harpy3KH y6b!BaeT Ha BeJJH'IHHY' KOTOpa11 'IHCJJeHHO
pasaa pa6oTe, C'OBep!lleHHOH Btlell!HHMH CHJJ8MH. 3aeprHH,
IlOTepH11H8!1 BHelllHHMH CHJ!aMH, He HC1Je3aeT, a npespai:ua·

1
- e'ICll, B OC'liOBPIOM'
mena
lf Mme1ftfUtr/16ffgto 9Hepett'H1 ikrf!'of1Maqu u
(lfesHa'IHTeJti.ttoil 11aeTbi0 SUtej>rHw, paccemtaeMO!l n npe-
11eoc11:e ~1Uit1Uf rJPal'ffllilM o6P'3'30M B BH11.t!' TenJrOTIX' 11JR'
9TOM npeHe6peraIOT).
OpHpai:uettHe noreHuHaJJbHOli sHeprHtt U .11e<t>opMttpye-
L ;;¡¡ Moro TeJJa paBHO )'MeHl>mtHIUQ mn:eHu,HaJlbHOH 9HeprHH Ha-
'
rpy3KH U 0 a 11ncJJeHHO paaao pa6ore Ap, coaepweHHoli
r- -, BHelllHHMH CHJia11t1t, T. e.
.... ~ :;¡¡
~ V=Ap.
p (5.26)
PHc. TaKHM o6pasoM, uo-reau,HaJJbHa11 stteprHll .11e<t>opMa1J,HH 'IHC·
109 JieHHo paaHa paóoTe aaelllHHX CHJI, aarpa11eHHOÜ npH ynpy·
rd Ji.e~uu 1eJJa.
a CJ!yrae npocn>ro paCTil>Ke!ilUf '!HIC. W9J

Pllf
U=-2-

f.lleJibH8H noTeHUH8JlbH3H 9HeprHH

U Pl'll ae
u= v= 2Fl =2• (S.27) ~I
l
•
l

rp¡e o - CltíT:oat tema; F - llIJI-O~ R011epe<ntore ceqe1t11ll.

Y'IHTb!Ha11 1 '!TO e = al E, noJiy11ae111

o•
U=2E' (5.28)

B CJ1y11ae o6'beMaoro uanp11)1{eHHOro cocTOllHHll, Kor.11a noTeHunaJJb·

HaH saeprHH .necpopMau,ttH 011pe.11eJJ11eTCll cyMMapttoli pa6oTol! rJJaBHblX
H3IlPll:iKeHHli º1• º2·
<13 Ha cooTBeTCTBYIOlllHX nepeMeIUeHHllX, paDHblX OT·
 HOCllTeJlbHb!M .necpopMaUHllM el, ll2, 83 (pHc. 110), Ha 0CHOB3HHH (5.28)
yJ\eJibH3ll noreHUHaJibHal! 3Hepnrn BblpaJKaeTCll 'ÍJOPMYJIOH
o i B1 o 2e2 041E3
U=2+2+2·
g 0 cno.1b30B3BUIHCb o6o6u¡enHhIM SaKoHOM fyKa, MO)KeM HCKJIIO'lllTb .ne-
cpop,1au1111. CToJiy'lHM
1
u= 2E loi +o~+ o~ - 2µ (0 1 02 + o2 o3 + o3o1 )]. (5.29)
Optt .necpopMauttH ynpyroro 'l'eJu1 (pttc. 110)
Jl3\!eHHeTCll, B006IUe roBopll, He TOJ!bKO ero OÓ'beM,
no tt cpopMa (nanpHMep, Icy"6ttK a:pespam.aercsr B na-
paJIJieJJenttne.n). floinOMy noJJHyro y~eJJhHYIO no- 6,
rettuttaJibRYIO 3HeprHIO .neipopM3UHH u MO>KHO npe.n-
craBHTb B BH)le JJ.BYX CJiaraeM:blX:
u= u,,+ "<P·
me u0 - yoe;rb1taJ1 name1ttfua.11b1taR s1tepzuJt uaMe-
HeHUJt o67>eMa; u<P- yoe.11b1tan nome1tl{ua.11bHaJt s1tep- Pttc. 110
zufl ua,11e1te1tuR cpopMbl.
MoJ1rno noKasarh, 'lTo
1 -2µ
1lv = 6E (61 + º2 + CY3)2, (5.30)

l +.µ 2 -2 2
"<P = 3E f <1¡ + 02 + 03 - (01<12 + º2ºa + <1a0'1)] =
1+µ
[(<11 - 0 2) + (02 - <13) + (oa - <11) 2 ).
2 2
= 6E (5.31)

•
 i

t
~-r_n~A_B_A~-6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--i
'j

~
KPMTEPMH nPO"IHOCTH

6. t. OcHoaHwe teop1111 npo11HOCTH

Ba:>1rnelhueli sa,naqelt HH)Kettepaoro pacqeTa HBJIReTCJI oueaKa npo11·

llOCTI\ ,neTaJII\ no R3BeCTHOMy Hanpll>KeHHOMY COCTOHHHIO, T, e. no R3BecT·
llblM rJiaBHblM aanp11lKeHRHM B ToqKax Te.na. Ha1160Jiee npocTo sra sa.11,aqa
pewaerc11 npll npoCTb!X BHJ13llí .ne<l>opM3UHH, B qaCTHOCTH npH OJ1HOOCHON
11anp11)KeHHOM COCTOllHRH, T3K K8K B 9TOM CJiyqae SHaqeHHH npe.neJibHLIX I
(onacai.,1x) aanpR>KettHA JJerKo ycTattOBHTb 9KcnepHMeHT&JibHO. HanONHHM,
'ITO onaCHbIM Hanp!l>KeHHeM ,UJIH nJiaCTH'lHlilX MaTepHaJIOB HBJIHeTCH npe·
,11eJI TeKyqecTH, a .llJ!H xpynKHX - BpeMeHttoe conpOTHBJieHHe.

q ó a
Puc. 111 Puc. 112

TaKHM o6pasoM, ycJioBHe npoquocTH npH o,nHoOCHOM 11anp11>KettHOM

COCTOllHHH (pHC. 111, a) npttHHMaer BH.ll

a 1 <: [a.I; a 3 <: [a_J, (6.1)

r)\e la+I H [a_I - .nonycKaeMble Hanp11>KeHHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO npH paCTll·
lKeHHll H C)KaTHH.
B CJiyqae CJIO)KHOro Hanp11>KeHHOro COCTOllHHH, Kor,na .llB3 HJIH BCe
TPH rJJaBHbIX Hanp11>Ketttt11 al> a 2, a 8 He paBHbl Hymo (pHc. 111, 6), npe-
,neJibHoe (onacHoe) cocroRHHe .llJill o.nHoro H roro >Ke MaTepHaJia Mo>Ker

' . HMeTb MeCro npH pasJIHqHbIX npe,neJibHbIX saaqeHHHX rJiaBHbIX aanpRlKe·

HHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COOTHOllleHHH Me)K,Uy HHMH. CT09TOMY 9KcnepHMCH·
T3JlbH3ll npoaepKa onacaoro COCTOllHHll HS·sa 6ecqHCJieHHOro MHO)l{eCTB8
B03MO>KHbIX coorHoweaHA Me)K.ny a 1 , a 2, a 3 H Tpy,nHoCTH ocyw,ecrsJJeHHll
T3KHX 3KCnepHMeHTOB npaKrHqecKH HCKJIIOqaeTCll •
.ll.pyroil nyTb peweaHH nocTa11JieHHoil sa,naqu saKJIIOqaeTCH B Bbl6ope
tcpumepuR nportHocmu (KpHTepH11 npe,neJJbHoro aanp!l>KeHHo·.necpopMHpo·
BaHHoro COCTOllHHH). }lJIH 9Toro BBO,UHTCll rHnoTesa o npeHMym;eCTBeHHOM
BJJHllHHH na npotIHOCTb MaTepHaJJa Toro ttJJH ttnoro cpaKropa. Dptt STOM
npe,nyCMarpHBaeTCll B03MO)KHOCTb nposepKH Bbl6paHHoro KpHTepttll npoq.
HOCTH conocTaBJieaHeM ,naHHoro CJIO)KHOrO aanp!l)KeHHOro COCTOllllHll
e npoCTblM, HanpHMep e O,UHOOCHblM paCT!l)KeHHeM (pttc. 112, a, 6), H ye·
TaHOBJieHHll TaKOro 9KBHBaJJeHTHoro Hanpll>KeHHll, KOTopoe B 06011x CJIY·
11asrx ,llaeT O.l(HH8KOBblH Kosct>ct>HutteHT sanaca npo•rnocrH, Oo,!l nocJJe,nnttM

196
 o6!lleM cJiyqae aanpsrlKeHHOrO COCTOllHHll Il0HHM3IOT IJHCJIO n, noKaSbT·
:ai0lllee, 80 CKOJlbKO paa HYlKHO OJlHOBpeMeHHO yeeJIH'lllTb Bce KOMnOHefl-
¡bl ttanpllJKeHHOfO COCTOllHllll (a¡, ª2· 03), 'lTOÓbl OHO CTaJJo npe,¡¡eJJbHbJM:

a~= na1 ; a~= na 2 ; ag = nag.

Bb16paHHble TaKHM o6pasoM r11noTeJbl aaSblBalOT Mexa1tu11ecKUMU meo-
puiuiu npo•mocmu. H11>Ke paccMOTpeabl ocaosable Kp11Tep11H (Teop1111
apO'IHOCTH).
KpHTepHA HaH6on&wHx HOpMaJJ&HblX Hanpmt<eHHii (nepsa11 Teopn11
npo'lHOCTH). CTpe,¡¡noJJaraeTCH, 'lTO onacaoe COCTOHHHe TeJJa, aaxo,llllWero·
CH B ycJJOBHllX CJIOlKHOro Hanpsr>Keaaoro COCTOllHHll, enpe,¡¡eJJHeTCll ypoB·
¡¡e!d HaHÓOJJbillero HOpMaJlbHOfO HanpH>KeHHll

BJIH (6.2)

YCJios11e npo'lHOCTH e K03ct><l>HUHeHTOM sanaca n HMeeT BH.ll

CT¡ <'. (<7+)}

H.1111 {6.3)
ICT3i<'.(a_J,
r,¡¡e

[a]= - . ªºn
3ra TeOpllll nO)lTBeplK.ll3eTCll ªª
npaKTHKe TOJlbKO Jl.Jlll BeCbM3 xpynKHX
H JlOCT3TO'lHO OJJ.HOPOJJ.Hb!X MaTepaaJJOB (CTeKJJO, rHDC, HeKOTOpble BHJlbl
KepaMllKll).
KpnrepHH HaH60JJ bWHX OTHOCHTeJJbHblX JIHHeiiHblX ,lle!j¡opMauHA (BTopa11
1eop1111 npo•rnocTH). 3a KPHTepaii npeneJJbHOro cocTOliHHll npHHHM&IOT aaH-
6011hwy10 no a6;:0JJIOTHOií BeJIHl!llHe JIHHeiíttylO JJ.ecpopM8UHlO, T. e. yCJIOBHe
pa3pyrneHHll:
(6.4)
YcJJOBHe npo'lHOCTH HMeeT BHJl
80
8max = 81 < [8) = n. (6.5)

Y•rnTbleasr, qro [8} = [a)/ E, a TBK>Ke, 'lTO

81 =E1 [01 - µ (a2 ' + <73)),

YCJIOBHe npO'IHOCTH (6.5) MOlKHO npeJJ.CTaBHTb H BH,lle

ª1 - !l (<72 + as) <i [a]. (6.6)

KaK BHJlHO as (6.6), e JJ.OnycKaeMblM aanpsr>KeaaeM HYlKHO cpaBHHBaT&
He ro llJIH HHOe rnasaoe aanpHlKeHHe, a HX KOM6HaaUHIO. 3KBHBaJJeHTH08
HanpHlKeHHe B 3TOM CJiyqae 6yJJ.eT

CT3KBlJ = CT¡ - µ (a2 + CT3). (6.7)

3-ra Teopn¡¡ HMeJJa .llOBOJJ&HO wapoKoe pacnpocTpaaeaae, oaaaKo es11.11.y
MaJJoli JlOCTOBepHOCTH B H8CTOllIUee epeMH B paC'leTHOi npaKTHKe He peKo-
Mett¡¡,yercsi.

197
 l(pH1epRii H8ROOJlbUJRX KacaTeJtbHblX RaDplllKCHHii (TpeThll TeOPH• npo'I..

',
' Ho~ rtt). f1pe.n.noJiaraercH, IJTO onacHoe cocTOllHHe Harpy>Keaaoro 1e.1Ia on-
péJ1eJIS1eTc11 ypoeneM MaKCttMa.llbHOro KacaTe.'Ibaoro aanpsr>KettHH. YcJIOBRll
pa3pywe1msi H npO'l!IOCTH COOTBeTCTBeHHO HMelOT BH,ll.
T -TO•
"ma"<. - " • (6. 8)
tll
1 max < ['t) = n. (~.9)
TaK K3K
º1 - 0 2 o0 [o]
'tmax = 2 • 'to= 2 ' a ['t] = 2'
yc.IIOBHe npo1JHOCTH (6. 9) 'lepe3 r.llaBlfbie aanpsrJKenttsr sannruercsr TaKf

01 - 03 <(o]. (6.10)
a 9KBHBaJ!eHTHOe Hanpsr>KeHHe no TperbeH TeopHH npo'lHOCTH onpe,lleJIHTCJI '
lj>opMyJJOH .~
(6.1 lJ
¡
' 3ra Teopttsi .11aer xopourne pesy.llbTarbl JIJill MaTep11aJ10B, o,n.HHaKoBo
•' conpoTHBJisr1ow.axcsr pacTHJKeHHIO H c:>1rnTtt10. He.n.ocTaTKOM TpeTbeii Teo-
• pttH HBJJS!eTCH TO, 'lTO OHa He Y'lllTblBaer cpe,n.Hero no BeJJH'lHHe r.llaBHoro
l
HanpHJKellHH º2·
KOTOpoe OKa3blBaer onpe.n.eJJeHHOe, XOTSI B (ÍOJ!blllHHCTBe
c.1Iy1Jaee H He3tta•rnTe.llbHOe, BJ!HHHHe na npo1J11ocTb MaTepHaJia, C11Hra11
npe,n.eJibHblM COCTOHHHeM JtJJ!I o.llaCTHIJHblX M3TepH3JIOB npe,lleJI TeKy'le•
CTH, ycJIOBHe (6.8) MOJKHO npe)tCTaBHTb B BH)te
(6.12)

3ro YCJIOBHe y,n.oBJieTBOpHTeJibHO ODHCb1Baer H3'l3Jl0 nJiaCTH'leCKOii

1te<t>opM3UHH pa3ynpo'lll!llOIIl.HXC1l M3TepHaJIOB, ,!lJlll KOTOpbllli xapaKTeptta
ee JIOKaJJtt3aUH!I.
l(pHTepHii y )l.eJibHOii 00TeHUH8JlbHOH 9HeprHH $OpMOH3MeHeltlHI ('leT·
eep1a11 reopm1 npO'iHOCTH). Dpe,IUlOJiaraeTCH, 'lTO onacHoe (npe,lleJihHoe)
COCTOHHHe HarpyJKeHHOro TeJ!a onpe,lleJilleTCH npe,n.eJibHOH BeJIH'lHHOH Ha·
KOOJ!eHHOH y ,lleJ!bHOÚ !lHeprHH ctJopMOH3MeHeHHH. flocJie.,llHIOlO MO>KHO
onpe,11eJIHTb npH npocTOM paCTH)KeHHH B MOMeHT HalJaJia TeKy'leCTH

uq,max = ui = uq,.T· (6.13)

Yc.lloeue npo'lHOCTH 6y,11eT
(6. 14)

CTo.llaraH, 'lTO MaTepHaJI c.lle,llyer saKoay fyKa BDJ!OTb JtO HaCTYD.lleHttll

npe,lleJ!bHOfO COCTOHHHll, Ha OCHOBaHHH (5.31) npH npocTOM paCTH:lK€HHH
B MOMeHT HalJaJJa TeKy'leCTH (01 = oT; Og = 03 O) OOJ!y'laeM =
Uq,. T =
+
1 µ
3E ~.
'J
~I
1
YcJIOsHe (6.13) nocJJe no,n.cTanoeKH (5.31) H saa1JeHHJ1 u~ •., H3 n-0c.1Ie,n.- ....,
a ero paBeHCTBa npttHHMaeT BH,ll.

Vof +~+o~ - (o 1 o 2 + o¿o3 + o 3o 1) = oT,

!IJ!H
V} [(01 - t12)2 + (02 - 03)2 + (03 - 01)2¡ = ºTº ) (6.15)

198
 YcJIOBHe npoqwoCTH (6.14) 6yJJ.eT TaKHM!

{6 16)

9geHBBJieHTHoe (pacqerttoe) HanpsnKeHHe no qereeproli reopHH npo'IHOCTH

onpe¡i;eJittrcsr q>opMyJJoÍI

(6.17)

Pac<IerHoe ypaeHeH11e <Ierseprofl reopHH npo<IHOCTH MO)KHO noJiy<IHTb

HCXO;(H !13 KpHTepHll nocToHHCTB8_ OKTa3)1.pm1ecKHX KaCaTeJibHblX Hanpsr·
)KeHHH

TaKaH rpaKT011Ka ocso6o>KJJ.aer paccMarpHeaeMylO reopmo npO'IHOCTH

OT orpaHH'leHHÍI, CBHSaHHblX e o6JiaCTblO npnMeHHMOCTH SaKoHa fyKa,
H JJ.aeT B03MO>KHOCTb ycraHOBHTb HaqaJio He
TOJibKO nJiaCTH'leCKOÍI )l.e<t>opMall,HH, HO H pa3·
pywettHH. qereeprasr reopHH npo<IHOCTH npH·
MeHllMa ,l(JIH IlJlll'CTH'IHblX MarepHaJJoB, O,l(H· e 6
H8KOBO conpoTHBJllllOIIl;HXCll pacrsr>KeHHIO
H CiK8THIO.
KpHrepHÍI J(yJioRa - Mopa. 3roT KpHTe·
pHH OCHOBaH Ha npe.o;noJIO)KeHMH, 'ljO npoq- E
HOCTb Marep11ana B o6meM cJiy<Iae HanpH:iKeH-
PHc. 113
Horo COCTOHHHll SaBHCHT rJJaBHblM o6p330M
OT eeJIH'IHHbl H 3HaKa HaH60JJbruero ª1 H Ha·
ttMetthIIIero a 3 rJJaBHblx Hanpll)KeHHÍI (norpewHOCTh, cesrsaHHaH e reM,
'!To tte Y'IHTbleaeTcsr a 2, o6bl<IHO He npeBblruaer 12-15 %). 11cxo¡i;ll H3 sro-
ro npe)l.nOJIOJKeHHll JJI06oe Hanpsr)KeHHOe COCTO!IHHe MO)KHO npe.z¡craBHTb
o.z¡HHM KpyraM Mopa, nocrpoeHHblM Ha rJJaBHbIX HanpsrJKeHHHX a 1 H ªa·
EcJIH n¡rn ,1(3HHblX ª1 H <73 HapywaeTCll npO<IHOCTb MarepHaJia, TO
Kpyr, nocrpoeHHb!ÍI Ha 9THX HanpH>KeHHllX, Ha3b!BaeTCll npeOe.!lbHblM. lfa·
• MeHll!l COOTHOUJeHHe Me>K.z¡y ª1 H ªª' noJJyqaeM )l.Jl!I .z¡aHHoro MaTepHaJia
CeMencreo npe.z¡eJJbHblX oKpy)KHOCTeii (pHc. 113). OrH6a10ll\YIO ABCDE
CeMeHCTBa npe.z¡eJJbHblX KpyroB MO)KHO e ,l(OCT8TO'IHOH CTeneHblO TO'!HOCTH
3aMeHHTh npHMblMH, KacareJibHblMH K KpyraM Mopa, nocrpoeHHblM Jl.Jill
pacrllJKeHHll, e Jl.H&MerpoM, paBHblM speMeHHOMY conpOTHBJieHHIO npH paC·
THlKeHHH ªa• H ,l(Jlll C>K8THll - e ,l(HaMerpoM, paBHblM BpeMeHHOMY conpo·
TllB.1eHHIO MarepHaJia npH C)KaTHH ºa.c:>K (pHC. 114).
0-ieeH,n.ao, pHc. 114 Mo>Ker 6bltb nepecrpoeH e Macwra6e .z¡onycKae·
MblX Hanp!IJKeHHH (pHc. 115). )1.KaMeTp Rpyra Jl..llll pacrsrJKeHH!I paseH
!o~J = a 8 /n, a ,ll;Jlll CJK&THH -[a_] = ªe.c>K/n.
l'b paccMorpeHH!I no.z¡o6Hll TpeyraJihHHKOB 0102a H 0103b HaXO,ll;HM
}CJIOBHe npO'IHOCTH

[a+l
<71 - [a_J 03 < [a+1· (6. 18)

3KBHBaJieHTHOe Hanpsr)KeHHe no pacCMorpeiuwií TeopHH Mopa

lo+!
0 :.Ke M = ª1 - [o_) 0 a· (6 19)

199
 ,1
1

TeopH!I npoqaocTtt KyJiotta - Mopa nossoJisreT ycTattOBHTb conpo- ~

'fHBJJetttte paspymeHHIO MaTepttaJJOB, 06JJa.lla10W.HX pa3HblM conpOTHBJJe- ~
HHeM paCTH>KettHIO H C)KaTHIO (xpynKHX MaTepttaJJOB), H u,11eem cyU{ecmeot· "
Hoe npeu,11yU{ecmeo nepea nepeoú u emopoú meopU!IMU.
CJJe.11yeT no.11qepKHYTb, qTO xpynKoe HJIH nJJaCTHqaoe COCTOllHHe M~Te·
pHaJla onpell.eJllleTCll ae TOJlbKO ero CBOHCTB3MH, HO H BHJlOM aanpH)KeHHOrO
COCTOllHHll, Te~rnepaTypoÍI H CKOpOCTblO aarpy>KeHHll. KaK nOK33blBalOT !
onblTbl, nJJaCTHqtt¡,¡e MaTepttaJJbl nptt onpe.11eJJeaablX ycJJOBHHX aarpy>KeHHJI
H TeMnepaType se.11yT ce6sr KaK xpynKue , a xpynKtte MaTepnaJJbl npH onpe-
.11.eJJeHHblX aanpH>KeHHblX COCTOflHHllX MOryT BeCTH ce6sr KBK OJiaCTHqHble.

r
Mi
a
fj ~

fj, 6,
[5.] [6J

Pttc. 114 PHC. 115

l
l 6.2. nOH•TH8 O H8KOTOpW1 HOllWI T8GpH•I npOllHOCTN

t YcJJOBHe nepexo.11a MaTepttaJJa B npe.11eJibHOe COCTOllHHe MO>KHO BlílPI•

SHTb B BHJle HeKOTOporo ypaBHeHHll

(6.2()) '
KOTOpoe MO>KeT ÓblTb npe.UCTaBJJeHO npe.11eJJbHOÍI nosepXHOCTblO B TpexMep•
HOM npocTpaHCTBe, r1te no OCflM ,lleKap·
TOBOÍI CHCTeMbl KOOPJlHHaT OTKJla.llb!Ba·
IOTCfl rJlaBHble uanps>Kemrn.
•t
l' TaK, npe.11eJJbttaH nosepxaocrb,
COOTBeTCTBYIOW.aH ycJJOBHIO ílOSIBJleHHll
'l MaCCOBblX IlJJaCTHqeCKHX .11e<tiopMau11ii,
no reopnH y.neJJbHOÍI IlOTeHUHaJJbl!OH
9HeprHH qiopMOHSMeHettUll {6.15) HMe·
t eT BH,ll.

¡ a
PHc. 116
ó
{<J1 -
+ (o
a:i)2
3 -
+ (a2 -
aJ 2
-

ilpe.11eJJbttall nosepxHOCTb (6.21) npe.11-

cras11S1eT COÓOÍI KpyrOBOH UHJIHHJJP
e OCblO, paBHOHaKJJOHerrnoll K KOOPJlHH3TllblM OCHM (pttc. 116, a), H pa.1111·
<Js)2 +
20: = O. (6.21)

1 t yroM r = V 2/3oT.
Jl,1ll ílJlOCKOfO Hanpsr>KeHHOrO COCTOSIHHfl, KOr.lla 0.llHO H3 rJJaBHblX Ha·
!.
t- npsr>KeHHÍI pastto ayJJio, ycJJOBHe (6.21) .11aeT aJJJJHilTHqecKylO npe.11eJJbHY10
d Kpttayio (pttc. 116, 6).

-l ~-
KpttTepttlO aaH60JJbllIHX KacaTeJJbHblX uanpsr>KeHHÍI coorBeTcrsye1
npe.11eJJbHal1 nosepxaOCTb B BHJle npaBHJlbHOi llleCTttrpaHHOH nptt3Mbl, Bílll·
ca11Boít B UHJJHHJlp. Kpu1epH10 aatt60JJblllHX uopMaJJbHblX ttanp11>Kemiii <-O-
1 l ornercrsyer Ky6 e pe6paMH, paBHblMH oº, 3aMeTMM, q10 sce roqKH, pacno- !
1 f í'
¡r, 1¡ too
\t ~
:
11' 1
~ !
J!OlKeHHbte BHYTPH 06J1acTH, orpaHHqeHHOll: npe.neJibHoll: nosep XHOCTblO,
cooTBeTCTBYJOT Hanp.11.lKeHHblM COCTO.llHH.llM e K03<j)(jmuneHTOM 3anaca npO'!•
110CTH n > ), a HanpsuKeHHble COCTO.llHHH, npe.nctaBJieHHble TO'IK8MH, JJe·
)l{amHMH BHe o6JiaCTH, orpaHHl!eHHOii npe¡¡eJibHOll: noBepXHOCTbJO, HM€IOT
K03<j>qrnuHeHT sanaca npo'IHOCTH n 1. <
Hosell:urne TeopHH H OCHOBblB8IOTC.ll "ª
Bb!6ope pasJIH'IHblX BapHaH-
TOB ljJopMbl npe.neJibHOll: noBepxHOCTH. npH KOTopoll: MOJKHO H&Jl(ÍQJJE'e
noJIHO yqeCTb oco6eHHOCTH conpoTHBJieHHH Jl3HHOf0 KJiacca M3TepH3JIOB
B ycJioBHSIX CJIOJlrnoro HanpH>KeHHoro COCTO.llHHH.
KpHrepHA npo'IHOCTH SlrHa - 6yJKHHCKoro. CTpe¡¡eJibHa11 noaepx-
110crb (6.20) npHHHM&eTCSI B BHJJ.e noJIHHOMa BTOpoll: creneHH, CHMMeT·
pl!'!HOrO KO BCeM rpeM rJI&BHblM HanpSl>KeHHHM:

(cr1 - <11)
1
+ (<11 - <r3) 1 + (<13 - <11) 1 +a (<11 + <11 + <1a) 1 +
+ b (a1 + ª1 + <13) =e, (6.22)

a= 6 ['tfl - 2 [cr+I [cr_J • b _ 6 ('t} 1 ((cr_J - (cr+J) ; e= 6 [•)t.

[cr+} [cr_J ' - (cr+} [cr_)
npn 3TOM lcr+l• (crJ, [•) onpe¡¡eJI1110TCS1 H3 onblra JJ.JIH .naHHoro MatepHaJia
npH HCnblT3HHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO OJlHOOCHOe "ª p3CTH>KeHHe, ClKlllHe
H qHCTblll: CJlBHr.
QqeBHJlHO, teopHH npO'IHOCTH 5IrHa - By>KHHCKoro nosBoJIHeT yqecrb
Ht' TOJ!bKO pa3JIHqHe B conpOTHBJieHHH M8TepnaJia paCTH>KeHHIO JI OKB·
THIO, HO T8K>Ke H conpoTHRJietrne CJJ.Bliry.
KpHtepHA npo11HocrH TIHcapeHKO - Jle6e)leBa. K '!HcJiy HOBblX TCO·
pHií cJie]lyer OTHecTH Teopmo, npe.11.JioJKeHHyiq r. c.
CTHcapeHKO HA. A. Jle-
(Íe,!\eBblM, KOTopaH OCHOB3Ha "ª
npe¡¡noJio>KeHHH o TOM, '!TO HacrynJie1rne
npe.neJibHOro COCTOHHHH o6ycJIOBJieHO cnoco6HOCTblO MatepHaJia OK33bl·
BaTb conpoTHBJieHHe K3K KacareJibHblM, T8K H HOPM3JlbHblM HanpH>KeHHllM.
KpnrepHll: npo'IHOCTH npeitJiaraerCH HCK3Tb B BH]le HHBapH 8HTHblX K Ha.
npH>KeHHOMY COCTOSIHHIO <l>YHKUHll: KacareJibHblX Hanp11>KeHHii, HanpHMep
OKT89JlpH'leCKHX KacateJibHblX HanpH>KeHHii, H M8KCHM3JlbHOro HOpM8Jlb·
Horo Hanp11>KeHHH.
OpH 9TOM KpHrepHii npo'IHOCTH MOlKeT 6h1Tb sanHCaH B BHJ\e
• (6.23)
BbipalKaH KOHCTaHTbl m¡ H m2 qepes npe¡¡eJibHble HanpHlKeHHH npH
O,lllOOCHO\I pacT!UKeHHH a~ H ClK8THH a
0
(a '13CTHOCTll, qepe3 ªª H º• LlK),
yc,10eue (6.23) npHBOJlHM K BllJlY
3 o
Jr 2 X'toKT + (1 - X) <11 ..;;: ª+
I! 1ll, nepexo¡¡;H K HHTeHCHBHOCTH HanpH>KeHHH.

xa, + (1 - X) cr1 ..;;: a~. (6.24)

r.ne

aº+
X=o·
(J

[(.~11 MatepHaJia, HaXOJlHU\eroc11 B nJI3CTH'IHOM COCTOHHHH, Kor.na o 1 =

+
= o~; X = l, Bblpa>KeHHe (6.24) npeo6pasyercH B KpHrepHii npoqttoc 1 "•
COOTBeTCTBY!OU\Hll: TeopHH <j>opMOH3MeHeHHH; JI;Jl.11 xpyn KHX MaTep 1'8•
Jioa, Kor¡¡;a X =O, BblpalKe1rne (6.24) npeo6pa3yerc.11 a nepayro reopr10

201
 npoqffOCTH. DpH O < x .;:1, qTo coOTBeTCTByeT 60JiblllHHCTBY peaJJhHlilX
l<OHCTPYKUHOHHbJX MaTepHaJIOB, npeJJ.eJibHall noaepxHOCTb no ypaBHeHHIO
(6.24) 6y)l.eT npe,ncTaBJISITb co6oii paBHOH3KJIOHeHHYIO K rJiaBHblM OCSIM ~
l '

q·Hrypy, D KOTopy10 Bn11caHa weCTHrpaHHaSI nHpaM~,na, COOTBeTCTBYJOll\a!l i1

nopHH KyJI011a - Mopa, H Bblpa>KaeMall <jJopMyJioH (6.19). JI
Teopm!, npe.ncTaaJie11Ha11 KpHrepHeM (6.24), xoporno corJiacyeTC!l »,I
e ¡¡aHHblMH 9KCnepHMeHTa )l.JISI ll!HpOKOro KJiacca JlOCTaTO'IHO 0)1.HOpo,nHIU: 1

KOllCTPYKUllOHllhlX MaTepHaJioB. • • 1

,Il,JJll MaTepHaJJoB, o6JJa,nalOW.HX cyrn.ecTBeHHOU CTPYKTYPHOH HeOJJ.HO-

poJJ.HOCTbIO (OT)l.eJibHble BH)¡bl MeTaJIJIOKepaMHKH, rpaqJHTbl, neHonJI3CThl,
KaMeHHoe JIHTbe H T. n.), npeJlJIOJKeHO yCJIOBHe
1.
1
1-
Xat + (1 - X) cr1 At-J =a~, (6.25) '..,
\
11:
r¡¡e J= ª 1 -/- a,ª 2 + ªª - napa'V!erp Hanp11}1{eHHoro cocrollHHll; A- napa- '
1
Melp CTpyKTYPhl MaTepHaJia, cpe.nHecTa·

¡t~
THCTH'lecKoe sHaqeHHe KoToporo .zvur
t K yKa3aHHoro KJiacca MaTepHaJIOB COCT3B·
4 JI 11eT 0,7 - 0,8.

1
t
l1 J YToqHeHHoe 3HaqeHHe napaMeT·
pa A MOJKHO onpe.neJIHTb, HCilOJlb3Yll
D.BHHble HCilblTaHHSI Ha KpyqeffHe:

lt
Pnc. 117 r4e q> =a~ /rK; 'tK - npe.neJibHOC na-
np11:>Ke1rne npH KpyqeBHH. .,
l(p11Tep11ii npoq11ecrH ,AaBHJJ;eHXOBa - •PHAMBHa. 3Tor KpHrepul"'
6a3HpyeTCSI Ha paCCMOTpeHHH AHarpaMM MeXaHHqecHoro COCTOSIHHSI, KOTO-
pble crpOSIT HCXOJlll R3 roro, qro -B S&BHCHMOCTH OT THna 11anp11JKeHHoro <»-
CTO!IHHff MaTepH8Jlbl MOryT paapyUil!fbCll OT paCT11rHB8i011\HX Ranp111KeHHA:
(nyTeM orp¡,¡aa) H KacaTeJibHblX Hanp11}1{eHHll: (nyreM cpesa). CooraeTCTBeB•
HO 3TOMY pa3.IJHqalOT JI.Be xapaKTepHCTHKH npoqHQCTB - conpOTHBJleHHe
otpb!BY S 0 T, npe.ncraaJJ1110ll\ee co6oll: BeJIHqHHY HOpM3JibHhlX Hanp11}1{eHHA:.
Ha noBepXHOCTH paapyrueHHSI, H conpOTHBJieHHe cpesy tK, npe¡¡cT3BJISllOll\ee
co6oll: BeJIHqHay K3C3TeJJbHhlX Hanp11llteHHA. 06e xapaKTe¡>HCTHKH npoq.'
HOCTH SOT H tK, a T3KJKe KpHBble .ne<t>opM3UHH He 33BHC!IT OT aanpll}l{eHHOro"
COCTOSIHH!l,
HapyrueHHe npoqHoCTH nyTeM orpb!Ba onHCblB3eTc11 aropoll: TeopHeA
npoqHOCTH
(6.26)'

a H8pyUleHHe npoqHOCTH HTOporo BH)l3 - TpeTbell: TeoptteA npoqHOCTH

(6 .27) '

,l¡HarfaMM3 MeXaHJiqecxoro COCTOllllHll COCTOHT H3 JlBYX D.HarpaMM

1j '
(pHc. 117 - )IHarpaMMbl B KOOpJlHHaTaX Tmax• 0 3 Kell = S0T H JJ.HarpaMMhl ~1
Tmax• 1'max· Ha 4narpBM!lfY HalfoclfT npeaeJihl!ble JIHHHH, C001'BeTcn1yro- l
lll,He npe.neny TeKyqecra npH CABHre 1 T' conpon1BJ1emuo cpeay tK H Lo- '

~02
nportteJiemuo orpb!BY SoT' ÜTKJI0Hem1e JIHHHH corrporttaJiennSI oTpbiny
srrpano nblwe rrpe.11.eJia TeKy'leCTH COOTBeTCTByeT ao;pacTa111110 corrponrn-
JieH!!!I OTpb!BY e IIO!IBJieHHeM OCTaTO'lllblX .11.ecjiopMaU,11H.
)lJJ!I xapaKTepllCTllKll Tllll8 HallpSI>KeHHoro COCTO!Illllll BBO,llHTC!l K0-
9¡/J¡/JU4ueHm MJIZKOCmU

'fmax
a= (6.28)
(J~KBJJ

Pa3Jlll'!Hble Ha npll>KellHble COCTO!Ill 1111 H3o6pa>KaIOTCH Ha .n11arpaMMe

JIY'Iª"'"· Ta11reHCbl yrJioB H3KJIOlla KOTOpblx paBHbl a.
· Dptt acecTopo11HeM paCTH)f(eHHH (cr1 cr1 =
cr8) =
'fmax =O; a= O,

8 JIY'I coana.naeT e OCbIO a6cu.11cc. Dp11 npocToM pacr111KeH1111 (cr1 =a; a2 =

= ªs =O)
a
Tmax = 2 ; ªaKelI =a; a= 0,5.

flp11 npOCTOM C>KaTHll (cr1 = a 2 = O; cr3 = -cr)

a 1
1 max = 2 ; 0 axell = µa; a = 2~t •

flpHHHMall µ = 0,25, H3XO,llllM a = 2.

PaCCM8TpHB8H JIY'IH, OTBe'18I01II.lle p33JIH'IHblM Tllll8M Ha rrpSI1KeHHOf0
COCTOllHH!I MaTepHaJia, MO>KeM llp116Jll!>KeHllO ycTaHOBllTb BH.II; paspyrne-
Hllll 11 Bb!Óp8Tb, CAe.noeaTeJ!bHO, noaxo.n111u.yio TeOpll!O rrpo'IHOCTH,•
¡.13 paCCMOTpellHll 11a )IHarpaMMe Jiyqa J BHAllM, '!TO OH pallbllle BCero
rrepeceKaer JIHHllIO conporHeJieHllll orpb!BY. CJie¡¡;oeaTeJibllO, MaTep11aJI
pa3pyrnHTCH nyreM orpb!Ba 6e3 11pea111ecreyio1.qefi ITJJ3CTH•rncKofi .necpopMa·
II.HH. Jlyq 2 rrepeceKaeT CllaqaJia JIHHHIO TeKy'leCTH, a 38TeM JlllHHIO corrpo-
THB.~eHHll OTpbley. CJie.II;OB~ITeJibHO, npH ,llallHOM H81Ipll>KeHHOM COCTO!I•
HHH pa3pymeH11IO nyreM OTpblBa npe.nmecrnyet rrJiaCTH'lecKaSI ¡¡ecjlopMa-
U.llll • .[LJJ!l HlllIPSI>KeHllOrO COCTOHI! llll, xapaKrepfl3yeMoro JIY'IOM 3, paspy·
rnentte npollCXO,llllT llOCJie !IJiaCTH'leCKOll .necjlopMaII,Hll nyTeM cpe3a.
B CJiyqae, Kor.na Jiy11 c11aqaJia nepeceKaer JIHHHIO conpoTHBJieHH!I OT·
Pb!By, CJie¡¡;yeT noJib30B3TbC!I Teop11efi KyJI011a - Mopa, rrepaofi HJill nTo-
poü Teoptteil 11poq11ocTll. EcJIH >Ke CHa'!aJia ne~ceKaeTCSI JIHllHH npe.neJia
TeKyqecTH, TO pacqer !IpOt¡HOCTH ,llOJ!>KeH 1Ip0113BO.II;HTbC!l no TpeTbefi HJ!H
11eraeproli reopHH npoqHoCrH.
TaKHM o6pa30M, ¡¡11arpaMMbl MeXaHH'leCKOfO COCTO!IHHll e H3BeCTHblM
llPH6JIH>KeHHeM 0Tp8>K3IOT THll pa3pyUieHH!I B 33BHCltMOCTH OT BH,ll8 H3llp1!·
)Ke1rnoro COCTO!IHH!I.
3aMeTllM, 'ITO JIY'IH, H306pa>K3IOI.qlle 11a11p111KeHHOe COCTO!IHHe, !IBJl!I·
IOTCSI llpllMblMH JIHU!b JI;O )l.OCTH}KeHllll npe¡¡;eJia reKyqeCTH.
B 33KJIIO'lellHH 11aCT0111u.efi rJiaBbl npllBe.II;eM B BH,D;e Ta6JillU,bl CBO.II;KY
paccMoTpettllblX H apyrHX TeOpHil 1Ip0t¡llOCTH, BCTpeqaIOI.qHXC!I B conpo-
Tl1BJieH11H MaTep11aJIOB (Ta6JI. 19).

203
 Ta 6 JI.Hu a 19. l(pnTepHH npellCJlbHOrO COCTOSIHHSI H30TpOnHblX Matep11aJ108 (np11 CTaTHqecKOM HarpylKCHllH)

ª9KB - 3KBHBaJJ.eHTHOe Hanp1nKeHHe; O¡, cr2, CT3 - rJJ.aBHbJe mmpll>KeHHll; e¡, e2, 83 - rJJ.aBH1>1e OTHOCHTeJJ.bHble .11ecjJOpMa·
unn, onpe.11eJJ.lleMble no o6o6w.eHHOMY aaKoHy fyKa;

ºcp - cpe.11Hee HanpmKeHJie ( ~ (o1 + 02 + o 3));

V"""~,.-[-(a-----o-2)_2_+_(_cr_2____
CJ¡ - HHTeHCHBHOCTb HanpH>KeHHH (
1 cr_)_2_+_(_cr____o__)_2_] ) ;
3 3 1
at. o¡¡, 'to - npeJJ.eJibHble JJ.Jl.ff .naHHOfO Marepnana HanpHlKeHHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO npH OJIHOOCHOM paCTH>KeHHff, 0.llHOOCHOM c:m.a-
+ + -
THH H qncroM c.nsnre; X= ~ ; q> = ~ ; 'lj> = ~ .
o
0 'to 'to

Bb!pa:>KeeHe )IJISI aKeHeaneHTHoro feoMeTpeqecKaB HHTepnp¿TaUHH

l<PHTepeA KPHTepe>1 e npocTpaHcTBe CTpHMeqnHHB
HanpB)KeHHH U9KB
>lanp!llKeHei1

KpnTepHfi Han6oJJ.b· 09KB =O¡ Ky6 e ueHTpOM, CMew.eHHblM y JJ.OBJJeTBOpHTeJl.bHO OBHCbJBaeT npe,lleJ!bHoe
lllffX HOpMaJl.bHblX OTHOCHTeJJ.bHO Ha'laJJ.a KOOp· COCTOllHHe BeCbMa xpynKHX .nocTaTOlJHO O,ll-
HanpH)!l.eHHÍI (faJJ.H· JJ.HHaT ¡¡ CTOpoHy rn.npocTa· HOpüJJ.Hb!X MaTepllaJl.OB, TaKHX, KaK CTeKJJO,
JI.€!! - Jlel'l6HHUa, TH'leCKOro c>KaTHH rnnc, HeKOTOpble BHJlbl KepaMHKH
H83bIBalOT TaK>Ke
Kne5llla- PeHKHHa)

KpHTepnil HaH60JJ.b· PasHocTopoHHHii KocoyrOJib· pacqernofi

lllHX Jl.HHefiHblX .ne· CT9KB =O¡ - µ (02 + CT3) Hblfi napa11.11.e11.enHne.n e OCblO
BBHJJ.Y MaJJ.ofi .nocroaepHoCTH B
npaKTHKe B HaCTOHlll,ee BpeMH Il011TH He
qmpMaunfi (Mapn- CHMMeTpHH, paBHOHaKJl.OHeH· npHMeHS!eTCH
oTTa - fpacrocpa, HOfi K KOOpJtHHaTHblM OCHM
Ha3b!Ba!OT TaK>Ke
CeH-BeHaHa)

. ¡¡¡¡,a. :,; ..é.~L'- ~.&....c.lw.:

1 '
- '"""'~~-
 '
1
---------
l\pliTCJ111Ü H3HÓOJ!b· YnosJ1eTBOpHTeJ1hl\O onRcblBaeT npene~bROe
ill !IX K<JGJTeJThHblX
0 3KB = ª1 - IY3 CTpaBHJlbRaH Ulecrnrp:nmaH
COCTO!IRHe nJtaCTR'I RblX MaJioynpo'IHHIO·
npH3Ma, paBROHaKJIOHeHHa!I
H anpH)Ke1111ií (Ky- K KOOp!lHHaTHblM OC!l\I IIJ.HXC!I MaTepHaJIOB (ornyrn.eHHble cT ann),
JIORa) NI!! ~Topex xapaKrepaa JiottaJIH3 a1nrn:
n.11acTH'leCKBX .11ecpopManHA

KpHrepHil OKTa3,ll· CT9KB =O¡ KpyrosoA UHJIHH!lp, onncaH- Xopowo onncblaaer npenenbHOO COCTO!IHHe
pH'leCKHX KaCaT~b- HhlA BOKpyr npH3Mbl, llHTep- m11poKOro xnacca n nacTH'IHb!X MaTepnaJioB
HHX HanpH}KeHHA npeTHpyIOl.l(eA XpHTepHA MaK- (Me,llb, HHKeJib, aJIIOMHHHA, y rJiepo¡¡HCTble
HJIH yneJibHOA 3Hep- CHM8Jlbffb!X K3C8TeJibHblX Ha- H xpoMOHHKeJleBble CTaJIH H T. n.)
rHH 4JopMOH3MeHe- np !l)KeHHfi
HH!I (fy6epa - Mn-
3eca - I'eHKH)

KpHTepnfi KyJio- CT3KB = 01 -XOs lllecrnrpaHHd!I paBHOHaKJIO- TipHMeH!leTC!I llJISI ycraHOBJleHH!I npeneJib·
Ha-Mopa HeHHa11 K KOOp,llHHaTHblM HOro COCTO!IHH!I ,llOCT3TO'IHO on Hopo,nHblX
OC!IM nnpaMH)l.a M3TepHaJIOB, no pa3HOMY conpOTHBJNIIO-
IIJ.HXCSI pacrn:m.eHHIO H C>KaTHIO

KpnrepHfi a strn = 3 (1 - X) o cp + PaBHOHaKJ10HeHffa11 K rnaa- IlpHMeHSleTCSI B Tex >Ke CJiy'la!lx, qTO H

Slrna- By>KHHCKOro llb!M OC!IM noBepXHOCTb spa- KpHrepml KynoHa-Mopa. Ilpn at = o 0
+ áo1 2
3) (0 102 + rn;eHHH. ÜJJ.H03H3'1HOH reo-
[a, (q''IJ -

+ CT2CT 8 + 0¡03)]
MeTpH'leCKOA HHTepnpeTaUHH
He HMeeT
H T0
ºº
=Va rosna)llleT e K¡>HTepHeM OKTa-

3.l{pH'leCKllX Kaca'I'eJlbHblX Hanpm1<eu11il

KpnrepHii Banan- 0 sKB = 3 (1 - X) 0 cp + CTapa6oJIOHll spameHHll, paa -

HOHaKJIOHeHHbll\ K KOOp,nH-
SIBJIS1erc11 qacTHhlM CJiyqaeM KpHTepH!I 5Ir-
llHHa

+-=
o?
l HllTHl\lM OC'SIM
Ha-oy)KHffCKOro ( npH t"o = JIº+º-) 0
3 o

ºº
 npoao11J1Ce1tue ma611. 19

Bhlpa:>KeHHe )IJtsl SKBHsaneHTHOro feOMeTpHqecKal! HHTepnpeTaUHH

KpHTepHll KpHTepHH B npocT)>aHCTee CTpHMeqaHHH
HanpH:>KeHHH ªsKB HanpsrncesHil

qTQ
KpHTepHH BOTKH- ªsKs = 3 (1 - X) ªcp + Kpyroeoii KOHyc, paBHOHaK- CTpHMeHSieTC!I e Tex >Ke cJiyqallx, H
Ha - MHpoJl!~ooea JIOHeHHblH K Koop¡urnaTHblM KpHTepHfi KyJioHa-Mopa fipH + -
ªo = 0 o
1 OCHM
+ 2 (t +x> a, cosna.n.aeT e Kj:>HTepHeM OK183.ll.pHqecKHX
K3C3TeJlbHblX HanpmKeHHH

KpHTepHfi Ll,pyK- .lbynOJIOCTHblH napa60JIOH.ll. Y.n.oBJieTeopHTMbHo OllHCblBaeT npe¡¡eJJb-

( 1 +x r
Kepa - Dparepa (J9KB = 1 +Vi ª' + 6 X Bpa~eHHH, paBHOH3KJIOHeH- Hoe COCTOl!HHe cpaBHHTeJlbHO nJiaCTHlfHblX
Hblll: K K00p.!1.HH3THblM OC!IM MaTepHaJioB, .11.Jl!I KOTOpblX napaMerp X> 0,3

x Vx-xª -9x

X e-
1 + Vx cp

1+
v~rcr~P
Vx ªº

a~+
KpHTepHll: nOJiyqeH Ha ocHoee aHaJIHsa MO-
KpHTepHii BonKoBa
cr9KB = fs [e V e?¡+
Ilpe.n.MbH3!I noeepXHOCTb He
HCCJie.n.osaHa ,lleJ!il MHKpOQKOnHqecHH Heo.n.Hopo.n.Hoft cpe·
.llbl B npe.n.nooo}l{eHH », 'lTO HpHrnqeCKOe
+ (J~ - 2µ (<11<12 + <12<13 + KBC3TMbHOe Hanpl!}I{ eHHe B IlJ!OCKOCTH
CHOJtb)lteHHH S3BHCHT OT HOpMBJlbHOro H8•
---
+ 03<11) + f3 (º1
-2 -+
+cr3 npSDKeHH!l B 3TOll: nJIOCKOCTH H OT cpe.11·
........ ) Jlel'O ~~)UJ. L, b. j. C- ~lU-
_._,,._~""""" ......... ~~-
 Tbl MaTepHana, onpenem1eME1e MS onRl'oB
npH pa3JIH'IHblX Hanpl!)KeHHbIX COCTOl!HHl!X,
nanpHMep JIPH OJJ.HOOCHOM paCTl!)KeHHH, OJJ.·
HOOCHO\I C~¡iTHH, 'IHCTOM CJJ.BHre H ¡¡ayx-
OCHOM pa11110MepHOM pacTll)KeHHH

KpHTepMfi CTHca-
peHKO - Jle6e.nesa
0'3KB = xa, + (1 - X) ª1 KoHH'lecKas naaepxHocTb, Xoporno OílHCb!BaeT npeJJ.eJibHOe COCTOHHHe
onHcaHHaH BOKpyr nHpaMifJJ.bl illHpOKOfQ KJ{acca JJ.OCTaTOt¡HO OJJ.HOpOJJ.HblX
KynoHa - Mopa. B ceqeHHH KOHCTpyJ(UHQHHblX M3TepnanoB. CTpH at =
OKTa3JJ.Pll'leCKOll UJioq<O·
CTblO - paBHOCTOpOHHHfi KpK· = ªo 11peo6paayercH B KPHTepHfi OKTa3JJ.·
BOJIHHefiHb!fi Tpeyl'OJibllHK pHqecKHX Ka~TeJtbHhIX HanpHJKeHnfi. B CJIY·
qae, xor.na at « a 0 (eechMa xpymrne Ma·
TepH8J!b!), pe3YJlbT¡iTbJ Bbl'IHCJieHHfi npaK-
THlleCKH coana.naIOT e .naHHb!MH pacqer¡¡ no
KPHT epff!O 11aM60J1blllHX Hop MaJibHblX Ha·
npHJKeHHfi

+ (1 -
,___
KpHTepHií CTHcapeH· (J3KB = 1(.<J, CTpe.nen~HaH noaepxHocTb Xopowo on11cblsaeT npe.nenLHoe cocTOHHlle
KO - Jle6e.neea pasHOHaKnoHeHa K KOOP.ll.H· Heo.nHopoJJ.HblX MaTepnanos (xpynxne Me-
3o"cp
H3THb!M OCHM. B CelfeHHH OK· TaJIJIOKepaMH'lecKHe KOMíl03HUHll, rpa<jlnT,
ªl ra::..npH'IOCKOA IlJIOCKOCTblO - x pynxne TepMopeaKTHBHbie nnacTMaCCbl,
-X) <r1A
paBHOCTOpOHHHfi KpHBOJIHHei'i:· pa3Jlll'IHhie ropHhlll nopO.!lhI, neHonnacTbl
Hb!H TpeyrOJihffHK H T. n ). Cpe.nHecrnrncrwqecKoe sraqeHHe
napaMeTpa A JJ..111! yxasaHHblx MaTepminoB
COCTaBJIRe; 0,7-0,8
 rnABA 7

PACUl>KEHHE H C>KATHE

7.1. Pac&1er crepHCHeji Ha pacr•H<eHHe ( cHCarHef

e y&1etoM co6craeHHoro aeca

Hanp1n1rnHHe B JII060M ceqeHHH CTep>KHH noCTOHHHoro ce11eHH!l ROJI

)l.eiicTBHeM BHellJHeÍI paCTHfHBalOll\eÍI CHJ!bl (pnc. 118, a) e yqeTOM co6cTBeH·
HOro Beca MO>KeT 6b!Tb onpeaeJieHO Ha OCHOBe rHnOTe3bl IlJIOCKHlt ce11eHnii
no <f>opMyJie
1f
N (z)
(J =--¡¡--. (7.1)
p +v[
'l1 P+1Fl F •

ltf
1 ® ® @
\
1

l
t
a
p p

ó
Pnc. 118
Pi
EF
e
+ rLZ
2E

~
í <

N (z) = P + '\' Fz,

r~e F- nJIOll\aitb ceqeHn11; y- YJJ.eJibHblÍI sec. QqeBHJIHO,
IN (z) lmax = P + vFl;
11
¡f 1N(z)1 max P + yFl P
0 mall = F - F = F + yl.
¡í' Ycnosne npo11HoCTH 6yaet

ªmax = p
p
+ vt <= 1oJ
'\ F :;;.. [cr] :.. yl ' (7 2)
! Ilpn P=O
1'
a yCJIOBHe npo11HOC11i npHHHMaeT BHJI
vt .,.: [crj.
208

' '
 orciolla npe1teJibHa11 )1JIHHa, npH ¡¡:oropoh,, creplKeHb He 110JI>Ken pa3py-
warbCll OT .nell:CTBHH co6CTBeHHOro Beca,

l np =.l&
'\' '

icpumurtecKa!I )l.JIHHa, npH Koropoll: crep>KeHb 6y11er paspyruarbCH 01 coó-

8
crseHHoro seca,

nepeMelil,eHHe JII06oro ceqeHHH, HaXOD.HW.efOCH H3 paCCTOHHHH Z Ol'

CBOÓOJIHOfO KOHII.8 creplKHH, K KOTopoMy npHJIOlKeHa BHeUIHllH CHJJa p
(pnc. 118, a), onpe.11.eJI11erc11 no <f>opMyJie

t., {z) = s
1
N (~) d~
EF
-
"-
1
l (P + yF~) ~ = p (l -
J EF EF
z) +_y_ (l2
2E
2)
- z ·
(7 .3)

CTepeMem.eHHe HHlKHero KOHII,a CTeplKHH, oqeBHD.HO, 6yiteT paaHO noJI-

HOMY YllJIHHeHHIO CTeplKHH H onpe¡¡eJIHTCH <PopMyJioií
Pl yl 2
l. (z)z=O = l'll = EF + 2F •
yqurb!BaH, qro aec creplKHff Q = ylF, noJiyqaeM
PI Ql
6.l = EF + 2EF • (7.4)

3niophl oceahlx cnJI, Hanp11lKeHHfi n nepeMeIII.eHHll: noKasaHbI Ha

pnc. 118, 6, e, e.

7.2. Crep>KeHi. paaaoro conporHaneHHll pacr11>1<eHHIO (c>KBTHIO),

CryneH'IBTWÑ crep>Keai.

Cmep~HeJ>I paBHOZO conpomUBAeHU!I paCTlllKeHHIO (ClK3THIO) Ha3brnaer-

c11 TaKoll: CTep)l{eHb, B Ka>K,1l0M nonepeqHOM ceqeHHH KOTOporo Hanp11lKeHHH
OJIHHaKOBbl H paaHbl ¡¡onycKaeMoMy. Ilnom.aitb nonepe,moro ceqenHll ra-
Koro creplKHH (pnc. 119) H3Menllerc11 no 3aKoHy

vz
F (z) = f 0
p(CJ] • (7.5)
r11e Fo = P/[a) - MHHHM8JlbHOe ceqeHHe CTeplKHH B Mecre npHJJOlKeHHH
HarpysKH; y - y.neJibHblll: aec; z - TeKyW.all KOOpl1HH3Ta; e - OCHOB8HHC
HarypaJlbHblX norapmpMoB.
HanóoJ1&111a¡¡ nJiom.a¡¡b ceqenn11
vi vi
(cr] P [a]
Fmax=Foe =¡a]e • (7.6)

Bec creplKHH Q onpe11eJI11erc11 ns yC.11oan11 P + Q =[a] Frnax' OTKy.z¡a

Vi
'1
Q =(a] F max - P, HJIH e yqeroM (7.6) Q = P (iª 1 _ !).

209
 '1 '

l
¡ '¡
e=
OTHOCHTeJJ&Hoe yKopoqem~e cTep>KH!f paeaoro conpOTHeneruu.1
(crJIE, a a6c:oJJ!OTHOe yKopoqeH11e
c:ltiiaTHn 1

[crJ
ó.l =et= 7I t. (7.7)

CTepJKeHb paa11oro conpOTHBJieHH11 .neitcTBHio OC.eB!iEI! cHJI llBilRKllt

1 '
ODTHM8JJ bHblM e TOqKH 3peHHH pall,HOHaJJbHOrO HCnOJJb30BaHJHI Mawpuu.-,
'!TO cyl.ll,eCTBeHHO B CJJyqae 60JJbUJOH JlJIHHbl CTep>KHH.
Cmyrienttamwa cmep~eHb COCTOHT 11.3 O'l'll,eJJbffblX yqaCTKOB (cTyneHeü)
e nocTOHHHoil nJJol.ll,aJlblO nonepeqHoro ceqeHHH B npe.neJJax Ka>K¡¡oro yqa.
CTKa. OH 33HHMaer n¡>oMe>KyToqHoe noJJo>KeHHe Me>KD.y CTep>KHeM IlOCT(IHH•
Horo nonepe'?Horo ce'leHHsr H CTep>KH't!M paBnoro conpOTHHJremur.
/ .. 1 . ,,

r,.,,
1

1
- ~

F,,
- ...

F, 1
...:;<

r¡ ...:;-

Puc. 119 PHC. 120

CeqeHHe JII06oro n-ro y'laCTKa npH JJ.JIHHax yqacTKOB l1, l2, l 3 , •••
••• ,ln, •.. , lmH ceqeHHHXCOOTBeTCTBeHHOf1 , F2 , F3 , ••• , Fm ••• , F,,.
(pHc. 120) MO}l{eT 61>1Tb onpe¡¡eJieHo no cj>op\!yJJe
p ¡a¡n-1
(7.8}
1 11

EcJHf JlJJHHbl' ecex Y'!llCTKOB o.n;HttaKOBbl:

l
1 l1 = l2 =la= • • • = ln == • • • = lm = m- 1

d TO
p ¡11¡n-1 p
(7.9)
'1 Fn = ( [ )n = ( '? [ 11 •
LcrJ - '? m [al 1 - [aj m)
r.ne m- qHCJJo cryneHeil B crep>KHe; l - JJ.JJHHa cteplKHH.
¡
l
7.3. CtatH'lecKH Heonp•AenJ1Mwe KOHCTPYK14KN
Cmamuttec1w 1teonpeiJe11UMblMU 1tasbl8aiomcR 1w1tcmpyKquu, 11 s11eMe1t·
max HOmopwx ycu.cwi ne MCeym 6wn11 onpeiJe.11eH.bL us yparme1tua cmamu1eu.
KpoMe ypaBHeHHil craTHKH npH peUleHHH CTaTHqecKll Heonpe.neJJHMbIX aa·
¡¡aq Heo6XOD.HMO HCnOJJbSOB8Tb T8K}l{e ypaBHeHHH, yqHTb!Ba!Ol.ll,He .11.e<tiop•
Mall,HH 9JleMeHTOB KOliCTpyKU.Hit.

~10

' ¡
 Bce CTaTH'!eCKH Heorrpe,n:eJIHMble KOHCTpyKUHH HMeIOT raK Ha3bIBaeMble
¡r!illlHlle CBll3H B BM,n:e 3aKperrJteHHH, creparneii HJIH .n:pyrHx 9JieMeHTOB •
• JJ¡¡WHHMH» raKHe CBH3H Ha3bIBaJOTCH llOTOMY' '!TO OHH He HBJ!lllOTCll HC-
o6xo.n:HMblMH JJ:Jlll o6ecrre'!eHHll paBHOReCHH KOHCTpyKUHH H ee reoMeTpH-
qeCKOH HeHSMeHlleMOCTH, a o6yCJIOBJIHBaJOTCH 1pe60BaHHllMH K npO'IHOCTH
11 )l{eCTKOCTH KOHCTpyKUHfl. 1.IHCJIO JUllllHHX HeHSBeCTHblX, HJIH CTeneHb
CTaTH'!eCKOH Heorrpe,n:eJIHMOCTH CHCTeMbl, ycraHaBJIHBaeTCH pa3HOCTbJO Me)K-
/1.Y l!HC.~OM 11eHSB€CT1!blX, rro,n:JieJK81llHX orrpe,n:eJieHH!O, ll 'IHCJIOM ypaBue1rnü
craTHKH.
DpH OJJ:HOH JIHIIIHeli HeHsBeCTHOH CHCTeMa Ha3bIBaeTCS! OJJ:HH pas HJIH
o;J,Ha)l{Jlbl CTaTll'l€CKll Heorrpe,n:eJIHMOH, rrpH .D:BYX - JJ:B8}f(.!l:bl CT8TH'leCKH
11eonpe,n:eJIHMOH H T. J\. f\OHCTPYKU!Ul, lJOK838HHble Ha pHC. 121, a, 6, e,
íJ, e, HBJlllIOTCll OJlHH pas craTM'leCKH Meonpe,n:eJIHMblMH, a KOHCTPYKUHll,
npHBe.n:eHHall Ha pMc. 1.21, 8,- l\B8}f(,!l;bl CT8TH'!eCKH Meonpe,n:eJIHMOH.

/
/

p
p
p
a ó tJ

11 11 11
11 ll 11

ti" "" 1111

11 11 11
/

e iJ e
PHc. 121

PeIIJeHHe craTM'lecKH HeonpfAeJIHMLIX sa,lla'I rrpoBO.llllT B qerblpe

3Tarra.
l. C r ar H q e e K a ll ero p o H a s a .ll a q H. CocraBJJlllOT ypas-
11e11ttH paBHOBeCHli orce11eHHblX SJieMeHTOB KOHCTPYKUllll, CO,llep>Kam;Me He-
ll3BecTHbie ycMJIHH.
2. r e o M e r p H 'I e e K a ¡¡ ero p o H a s a A a q H. YcraHaB-
11Hsa10r CBH3b Me)l{.n:y .n:ecj>opMauHllMH or,n:eJibHblX SJieMeHTOB KOHCTPYKUHH,
HCXOJlli H3 ycJJOBHH COBMeCTHOCTH ,llecpopMauHlt floJJy'leHHble ¡ypaBMeHHH
HaShIBalOTCH ypaeHeHURMU coeMecmHocmu íJe¡jJopMal{ua.
3. et> H 3 H q e e K a ¡¡ e Top o H a 3 a A a q H. B ypaBHeHHllX COB-
MecrHOCTH Bblpa)l{alQT .n:ecj>OpMaUllH 9JieMeJfTOB KOHCrpyKUHH Ha OCHOBaHHll
3aKOHa fyxa 'lepes .n:elicTBYIOIIIHe B HHX HeHSBeCTHble ¡ycHJillll. f-
4 C H H T e 3 PelllaIOT COBMeCTHO llOJiy'leHHble ypaBHeHHll OTHOCH-
TCJJ bHO HCKOMblX HeHSBe(~THhlX ycHJIHH.
HH)l{e rrp11se.n:e11 npHMep pactJera OJlHH pas craTM'leCKH Heonpe,lleJJll·
Moli rpexcrep>KHeBoli CHCTeMbl-IJO,llBeCICH (plllC. 122, a)
1 Crarm1ecKaR cropoHa sa,ll8'1fl (p11c. 122, 9)
IX =N8 sinct-N1 sina=0; (7 .1 O)
kY = N 1 +Nacos a+ N8 cosa - P =O. (7 11)

211
 lis (7.1 O) HaXO.llHM
Ns= Nal
113 (7.11) HaXO)l.HM
N1 + 2 N 1 cos a = P. (7.13)

2. feoMeTpHqeCKail CTOpoHa 3a,llaqu (pHC. 122, e}

lll 8 = !l.! 2 ""' !l.!1 cosa. (7.14)
3. <l>H3H'leCK8ll CTOpOH8 Sa,llaqH

N1l1 N als
!ll1 = E1F1; !lla = EsFs. (7 .15)
-'

l 4. CHHres. no,llCTaBJlllll (7.15) B (7.14),

N 2l 2 N1l 1
=-r-F cosa.
IJOJIY'l8eM

(7 .16)
E2 F 2 1 l

y 'I

t
p p

a ó
Puc. 122

Perna¡¡ COBMeCTHO ypaBHeHHll (7 .16) H (7 .13), H8XO)IHM

N 1 --
-p
1+2 C¡
C2
cos 2 a
•
1
1
(7.17)
P Cs
C¡ cosa J
Na= ,
C2
1+2- cos 2 a
C¡ -

YcHJIHSI N 1 H N 2 oKasaJIHCb saBHCll~HMH OT coornoweHHll :mecrKocrell

crep)l{HeiL CTml!OMY JJPH npoeKTHPOBO'IHOM pacqere Bbl'lHCJ!HTb HX MO)I{- ~
HO, TOJlbKO 3a)l.aBlllHCb HeKOTOPblM OTHOlllell!leM JKecrKOCTeii crep:mtteii. j'
B 9TOM OJJ.Ha H3 oco6eHMOCTell pac'!era cTaTM'leCKH Heonpe,lleJIMMblX creplK· ~
HeBbl X C!lCTeM.
Pac11eTHble ~OPMYJibI AJill onpeJJ.eJieH!lll ycMJI!lA B MeKOTOpblx npocreA·
urnx crepJKHeBLix cMcreMax npMBe,lleHbl B ra6JI. 20. 1

212 11
1

1
r ,
1
'
..'
Ta 6 JI 11 1~ a 20. Yc11JI1111 e rrpocreiiw11x c1ep11<11eBblX c11creMax (E - MO!l.YJib
yn••yrocr11 Ma repmrna crep11<1111; F - nJIOU\aAb rronepe'111oro ce'leH11J1
neplKHH)

CxeMa CTepi1rneeoA CHCTeMbl <t>opMyJJbl l\JJll pacqera npo11onbHblX

YCHJJHn B CTepi1rne
'

cos (as+ ap)

N 1 =-P
sin (a.1 + rxs)
Ns= pcos (rx1 - ap)
sin (a. 1 + rx2)

Ni=_ p cos (a2 + ap)

sin (a + a 1 2)

cos (a 1 - ap)
N 2 = p --:,.---__;-
sin (rx 1 a2) +
___ p cos (a. 1 - ap)
Ns --:,.--,..------'-- sin rx2
sin (a. 1 a2) +

E 1 F1
PE F cos 2 a
2 2
Ni= N a = - - - - - - -
1 + 2 E1F1
E F cos a 2 2
3

p
Ns= E F
1 + 2 E~F~ cos 3a

213
 i
~
1
n po 00/1Jfce1we ma611. 20 ~

'
l
CxeMa CTeparneeoll CHCTeMhl <t>opMY.nhl lf,.nJI paC'!eTa npo,Z\O.nbHblX
YCHJIH n B cTep arne

11

E, F, cos2a:, 1

N, = p --"'--''---"--
1

2 ~ E1F1 cos3 a 1
t=l
'r'
p
i
2a 1a2 + a¿(
1 1+ E
E2F2)
3F8 + a2 -
2
1
(
- aa2 - ªª1 l + E2F2)
E3fe
~1
Ni= p ( EF) :
2a1a: + af 1 + E:F: +
2(
+a2 1 + E2F2)
E1F1
f,=E'b=~
E2F2 a2 E2F2
+ 2 E1f1 -
ª1ª2 E1F1
E, Ez E~ E2F2 E2F2
a, p - aa2 E F
l l + ªª1 E 3F 3
:
ª2 Ns= 2( E 2F 2) ;
2a a2 + a1 1 + EsFs +
1

a + ª22 ( 1 + E2F2)
E1F1

p E2 F2
t - ª1ª2 E1F1 + aa2 1 +
(

!
•''
i
+ E2F2)
E1F1 +aai ":!
¡ Na= p
E2F2)
1l
2a1a2 + a 1 l + E 3f 3 +
2(

.¡
!
•
'[
E2Fs)
f'
1
+a2 1
2 (
+ E1F1
~
1
j
..:11 ''
~
1 '
'
,ll
 7.4. Pac11eT r1t6KHX HHreii

Fu6Koi1 HUmb10 Ha1w;aemcfl cmepJ1ceHb, cnoco6HbliJ conpomusAHnzbcJI

moAbKO pacmRJ/CeflUIO. 113 mecT!l KOMnOH eHTOB BHyrpeHH!lX ClfJI .D:Jill
r11óKOÍÍ HllTll TOJibKO oceBall CHJ!a ne paBHa HYJIIO.
K rtt6KHM HllTl!M OTHOCllTCli npoBo,n:a 9JieKTpll'!eCKllX H TeJierpacjJHWC
ceTeil, uenll BllCllt¡llX MOCTOB, TpOCbl KaHaTHblX .n:opor H T. n. T011Kll no.n:-
Jleca rllÓKllX BHTeii MoryT H3XO.D:HTbCJI KaK Ha OJJ:HOM, TaK H Ha pa3HhlX
ypoBHllX (pHC. 123, a, 61.
ÜCHOBHOií: Harpy3KOH rHÓKOH llllTll H3 MaTepHaJia e y.n:eJibHhlM BeCOM
'\' 11 HJI0lll;3.D:b!O nonepeq:Horo ceq:ell!lli F liSJIHeTCll COÓCTSeHHhlH BeC npo
Jl0,'{8 e HHT€HCHSHOCTblO qn = -vF.
();¡HaKO Harpy3Ka B rH 6 KOll• HllT!l A
·0c-------..,.---------;5 B
r.iomer co3,n:asarbc11 He TOJibKO coó-
c-rBeHHblM BecoM npoBo,n:a, no TaK)l{e
fjeKOTOpb!MH .n:pyrHMll <f>aKTopaMll, l
2
uanpttMep ,n:aBJie1rnm serpa, secoM
JlbJl.8 npH 06.rre.n:eHeHHfl npOBOJl:OB.
3rfl Harpy3KH raK)l{e npe.n:noJiara-
' a
iorcll paBHOMepHo pacnpe,n:eJieHHhl·
MH no ,n:JIHHe trnrH. J1HTeHCllBll0CTH
9 rux HarpysoK o6o3Ha11HM coorner-
crseHHO qB H qJl.
ToJJlll,HHa KopKrr JJb.D:a B saBll·
Cf!MOCTH OT KJIHMaTH11eCKOf0 paiioHa .L
------ ------ B
npHHHMaeTCll paBHOÜ 0,5 - 2,5 CM. 2
J.1HTeHCllBHOCrb Harpy3Kll OT
,n:aBJI€HHll serpa s ropll30HraJibHOH
n.IIOCKOCTH 6y.n:eT onpe,n:eJillrbCll cpop- ó
My.11oil Pnc. 123

KJIH
(7.18)

r)le p - .n:asJieHHe serpa; d - .n:HaMerp nposo.n:a e yqeroM ero yHeJIHqeHHll

ªª cqer OÓJie,n:eHeRll.li; k= 1,2 - aspo,n:HHaMHt¡eCKHH K09cpcpHUlleHT; a. =
= 0,85 - K03cpcpHUHeHr HepaSHOMepHocrH serpa; qCK - CKOPOCTb Hanopa.
B1>1paJKall nocJie,n:ll!o:o qepea cKopocTb serpa s Merpax s ceKyH,n:y, a d
B MeT¡>ax, naii.n.eM HHreHCHBHOCrb serposoA Harpy3KH:

(7 .19)

CyMMapHall HHrenCHBHOCrb ¡¡arpy3Kll Ha fllÓKYIO HllTb MmKer Ób!Tb

onpe;¡eJieHa no cpopMyJie

(7.20)

f1nocKOCTb .n:eikTSHll cyMMapHoil HarpysKH, coena.n:a10rn;all e nJioc·

K'J~Tb!O npoencaHHll HHTH, ne 6y.n:er sepTHKaJibHOii.
r11.6KaH HHTb OTHOCHTCll K KJiaccy O.D:HH pa3 CTaTHqeCKH Heonpe,n:eJIH•
MUIX CllCT€M
OpHBe.n:eM OCHOSHble cpopMyJibl, npHMeHJleMble np11. pacqere rH6KOH
HllT!l B 06U(eM cJiyqae, KOr .n:a TO'IKH no.n:seca HHrH HaXOJlllTCli Ha pa3Hb!X
~POBHllX (pile. 124, a).

215
 'I'. -
06¡,¡qHo pacnpe)l.eJieHHYIO HarpysKy q, AeAc1sy10my10 Ha npollo)l, sa-~
1
MeH llJOT CT8THqecKH 9KBHB8JieHTHOH HarpysKoA q, pacn peAeJieHHOH B)lOJJ.a.,~
npoJieTa ;D;JIHHOH l: ,¡;¡
-11 q
q = q T = cos f3 •
noJiara!I HHTb H;D;e8JibHO rH6KoA, MOJKHO cqHT8Tb p8CT!lrHll8IOIU
ycttJIH!I B JII060M ceqeHHH HHTH KaCaTeJibHblMH K KpHBoA npeBHC8HHll HHTH.
B roqKax saKpenJieHH!I A H B ycHJIH!I, ;aelkTByIOmHe B HHTH, _paBHbl pe• 1

a Kllll HM onop TA H T 8 . npe;acTaBJI!l!I peaKUHH onop B BHAe ropH30HTaJii.- 1

HblX (H) H BepTHK8JlbHblX (R) COCT8BJIHIOIUHX, H3 paccMoTpeHH!I CT8Tffq

CKOH CTOpOHbl 38)1.8qH noJiyqaeM

!
1,

''

,1
I'
z a
1 H
....
T,fz}
1
z TfzJ
y
ó
¡ ' Pttc. 124

I:l = - l f A + H B = O;
l:Y = -RA - R8 + ql = O;
'' q/2
I:M 8 =-HAh+RAl-2 =0,

HA=H 8 =H;
ql h
RA = -2 + H 7;
J RB = 2-H T·
ql h
(7 .23),
l
~1·
1lJ pacc~iorpeHH!I paa110BeCH!I 'laCTH HHTH (pHC. 124, 6) HaXO,'.!HM

' ' ~Z = -H + T (z) =O; 2

""
! 1
I:Y = -RA + qz + T v (z) = O,
~ ¡~
'
1 '
1 216 l
1
' 1l '
1
' 1
1
' '
 T2(z) = H¡ (7.24)

Ty(z)=H ~ +q(~ -z), (7 .25)

rile H - ropH30HT8JlbH8ll COCT8BJllllOJ:n8ll YCHJ!Hll, OJlHH8KOB3ll BO BCel(

ceqeHHl!X, Ha3blsaeTcll Hamn~eHueM Humu.
CyMMapHoe pacTllrHBaroinee ycHJIHe B JII06oM ceqeHHH HHTH

T(z)= Vr~(z)+T!(z) =V H2+[H~+q(~ -z)]ª (7.26)

H M8KCHM8JlbHO rrpH z =o, T. e.

"I¡· ql hª
T max = V ff2 + (2 + H l } (7.27)

l A z
""'
l 8 a
a
y
a
y
ó
t y ' fi
PHc. 125

.LJ:JI¡¡ IlOJIOrHJ( HHTeii (JlJIHH8 KOTOpblX no KPHBOii npoBHCaHHll M8JIO,

lle 6oJiee qeM Ha 10 %• OTJIHqaeTCll Ol' Jl,JIHHbl npoJieTa) p83HHUa MelKAY
Tmax H H HeBeJIHKa. ITo9TOMy e JlOCTaToqHoii JlJill npaKTHKH roqHOCTblO
pacqeT HHTH Ha npoqHOCTb BeJlyT no BeJIHqHHe H8Tl!IKeHHll H.
YpasHeHHe KpHBOii rrpoBHCaHHll HHTH HaAii:eM, npHpaBHllB (Ha QCHO-
BaHHH coseprueHHOA rH6KOCTH HHTH) H3rH6a1oi:nHii MOMeHT HYJIIO:
qz2
M (z) = RAz- Hy- 2 =O,

(7.28)

T. e. KpHBal! rrpOBHCaHHll HHTH HMeeT aHaJIHTHqecKoe BhlpalKeHHe napa-

<íOJibl,
3aMeTHM, qTo ecJIH saii:aqy peruaT¡, TOqHO, cqHra¡¡ Harpy3KY pacnpe-
AeJieHHoii paaHOMepHo no AJIHHe HHTH, a He no npoJieTy, TO KPHBall npOBH·
caHn¡¡ 6yii:er qenHoú AUHuea. ITpasa¡¡ qacTb ypaBHeHHll (7.28) l!BJIHeTcH
nepsb1M qJieHOM pasJioJKeHHll ypaBHeHHll uenHoii JIHHHH B pHJl MaKJIOpe11a
no creneHSIM z. I1crroJib30BaHHe npHÓJIHme1rnoii <j;opMyJibl (7.28) Ha npaK-
THKe ii:aer BnOJIHe YJlOBJieTBOpHTeJibHble pesyJibTaTbl. '
6 IToJIOiKeHHe HHiKHeÍI TOqKH noii:serueHHOil HHTH, KOOpJlHHaTbl KOTOpoll
o 03Ha'leHbl z =a; y= f'(pHc. 125, a), orrpeii:eJIHM, npHpaBHS!B HyJIIO
llpOH3BO/ll!yIO OT rrpasoii qacTH ypaBHeHHll (7.28):

d!! ql h qz
dz = 2H + -{ - H = O,

211
 OTKYJI.ª
l Hh
Z=a=2+q¡• (7.291:
OoJ{cTaBHB (7.29) B (7.28), Hali.u.e\f HaH<íOJibWee npoBMcaHHe HHTH
ql 2 Hh 2 h
Ymax = f' = BH + 2q/2 + 2 • (7 •
Pa3JIH113IOT TPH xapaKrepHblX cJiy'lali pacnoJIO}l{eHHR HH3llleA TO

¡
1 1
KpHBOit npoBHC3HHli HHTH.
l. H113U1aH TO'lKa KpHBoii npos11caH11R MaX0,11.HTCR B npe.u.e,11ax np
neTa, T. e. a </
(pttc. 125, a). Cor,11aetto (7.29) 9TO <íy¡¡,er TOfJl..8. 1 Kor
~
q/2
H < 2h ·

Pttc. 126
2. HMslllaR to11Ka KPMBoA npoBMC8HHR HaxoJ1,RrcJ1 BHe npoJJeTa, T.
a> l (p11c. 125, 6). 9'ro <íyJteT npM ycJJOBHH
q,/2
H>21z.
3. HH3lllali TO'!Ka KPHBOii npOBHCaHHli COBTJaJJ,aer e HH}l{Heii TM
noJJ,Beca, T. e. a = l (pMc. 125, e). AJIR aroro cny'lali Meo6xoJJ,MMO, '!TO
q/1
H = 2h'

Bo scex Tpex CJly'laHX KOOpJl,HHaTbl a H f'

HH3llleíí TO'IKH onpeJJ,eJI
CSI no ~OpMyJiaM (7.29) H (7.30).
YcraHOBllM saBHCHMOCTb Me}l{JJ.Y MaTH}l{eMHeM H H cmpe1wa npoe
h
CaHUR f. IloJJ,cTaBJIHR B (7.28) z = l(2 H y= 2 +f (pMC. 126),
ql•
/= BH
HJIH

HaTH)l{e1rne HllTll, Bblpa}l{eHHOe 11epes HaHÓOJiblllee npoBHCaHMe f', HaiiJJ,eM'

pewHB KBa.u.parHoe ypaBHeHlfe (7.30) OTHOCJ!TeJII>HO H! "

fl = h! r,, _; -v,,
2
::!:: (f' - h) J.
j
218 1
j'
~
'
 EcJIH HH3Wall TO'!Ka KprrnoA npoBHCBHHH HaXO.!IHTCll B np e.ne.nax npo·
TO nepe.n KOpHeM 6epeTCll 3HaK «MHHYC», ec.nH BHe npoJieTa - 31ldK
11eTa '
tnmoc».
PaccMoTpes reoMeTp1111ecKy10 cTopoHy sa.na11H, ycTaHOBllM CBll3b MeJK.
y .n.nHHOií no.nserneHHOií HHTH S, npoJieTOM l 11 seJ1111111ttoii npos11caHHff /.
ÁJillHY 9JieMeHT3 HllTll, Y'IHTblBaH MaJioe nposucattlle, MO)l{HO Bbip3311Tb
cne)lyfO!L(eií 3aBllCllMOCTblO:
1
+ (~) ~
2
dS = JÍ dz 2 + dy 2
= [l ] 2 dz

~[l + ;
2
(CZ) ] dz. (7.36)

flo.!ICT3BJllll! npOH3BO.!IHYIO OT Bbipa)l{eHHll (7.28) dy/dz B (7,36) H llHTerpH·

pyll no aceH JlJIHHe, H8XO,ll!IM
hl q2/3
S=l+24H +21 2 <7 •37 >

HJllI, y1111TbIBal1 paBeHCTBO (7 .35), IlOJiy'!aeM

8 ¡2 h2
S=l+3-r+2c• (7 .38)

YAJIHHeHHe no,a&eUieHHoA HHTH OT paCTff)l{~HHJI

q1[8 h2
!J.S = S - L = l + 24 H + 2l -2 L, (7 .31)

r,lle L -
.!IJlllHa Heno.nserneHHOii HHTH.
)13 paCCMOT¡>ceHHll cpH3H<tecxoA CTOpOHbl sa,ir,a'IH ycT.am111JIHB3IOT 33BH·
CHMOCTll 113MeHeHHll .D:JillHbl HHTH OT p.ac'Nl'.rHBa~ero ycHJIITTI H H3MeHeHHll
TeMnepatyphl.
Op11H11MaH ,n:JIH nOJiorHx H11reA sa pac'!erHoe pacrHr11Ba10i:nee ycHJIHe
H3Tll)l{eHHe H H 33MeHllll .!IJlllHY HHTII paccTOHHHeM Me)l{,n:y TO'IK3MH TI0).1-
Beca I¡, Haxo,n:HM y.!IJIHHeHHe HHTH
Hl 1 Hl
!J.SH = EF = EF .cos ~ • (7.40)

Te~neparypHoe y,n:JIHHeHHe HHTH onpe,n:e;rzerc~ $opMy.noü

al
!J.St = al 1 (t - 10) = --ir- (t - t0 ), (7 .4 l)
cos I'

r11.e a. - Ko:icpcjmuHeHT JillHeÜHoro pacrn11pe1111H MaTep11aJia HHT11; t0 -

TeMnepaTypa B MOMeHT IlO).IBeWllB3HHll HHTll; t - TeMnepaTypa, JlJlll KO·
TOpoii npOBO.!lllTCll pac'leT HUTH.
CyMMapHoe HSMeHeHHe 11cxo.nHoA JlJIHHbl HllTH

Hl al
!J.S = !J.SH + !J.S¡ = E F cos p+ cos p (t - to)· (7 .4 2)

llpHpaBHHBall npasble '1.1CTH (7.39) H (7.42), BbipaJKalOi:nHe OJlHY u ry >Ke

lleJIH11ttHy Y.!IJIHHeH11ll no.naerneaHoií HllTll, H8XO.!lllM

q~ 3 h2 lll al
L= / + 24 H 2 + 21 - EF cos p- cos ~ (t - fo)· (7.4'')

219
 '
CoaMt'CTHoe paccMorpeHne ypaBHennií (7.35) H (7.43) no3BOJIS!eT OTipe. )'
,ne,nrrh HaHDKeHHe HHTH H H crpeJiy ee npoancaHHH f. Onpe,n:eJIHB H, no.,.
<flopMyJie (7.27) MOMHO nalhH T m¿x• a sa1eM npoaep!ITb npo4HOCTb no qiop.
Myne •
1 mdll H
a= F ~ F <. (a), (7.44~

HJIH e y'leTOM (7.35)

qll
a= BfF <laJ.

Bae.n:11 noHl!THe y.lleJihHOH HarpysKH

~ = q/F,
IlOJIY'lHM ycJIOBHe npO'IHOCTH (7.45) B BHAe

a= ~
8/ < [a]. (7 .46) '

3a.MeTHM, '!TO npn pacqere eJieKrpHqecKHX npoBo.lloB ce11eHHe npoao.n.a'

F onpeneJil!eTcll ns eJieKrpH'lecKHX coornoll!eHHli, a aareM BhlOoJIH.HeT~ll,
npoeepo4HblH pacqer no <f>opMyJie (7.46).
50JiblllOii npaKTH'leCKHii HHTepec npe,llCTSBJilleT 'ISCTHblA CJiy•ialí pac-
11era HHTH, Kor,lla TO'IKH no,llBeca H3XO.llllTCll Ha 0,llHOM ¡ypoaue, T. e. upa.
ql
cos ~ = cos O= 1; h =O; RA = Rs =2 ·

KaK H B o6¡neM cJiyqae, ocraHyrcll B cHJie <f>opMyJihl (7.34) H (7.35), a ¡ypae-

HeHHe COBMeCTHOCTH Ae<f>opMSUHii (7.43) npllMeT BH.ll
q2¡a Hl
L = 1+24 ff2 - EF - al (t - fo)· (7.47)

Ha npaKTHKe 11acro npHXOAHTCH ¡y'IHTblBaTh BJIHllHHe Ha Hanpl!MeHlflt

H crpeJiy IlpOBHCSHHH HHTH H3MeHeHHA TeMneparypbl H HarpySKH. CTyCTb
rpe<íyercll onpe,lleJIHTb HSMeHeHHé Harrpm1ceHHll H crpeJibl nponHcanHll'
B COCTOllHHH n, xapaKrepHsyeMoM rrapaMerpaMH tm Qm fm Hn == qnl 2 /8fn;
no cpaBHeHHIO e nepBoHa'laJlbHblM COCTOllHHeM m B MOMeHT UO,llBeca HHTH,
xapaKrepHsyeMOM napaMerpaMtt tm, Qm• f m• H m = qml 1¡8fm·
Pell!eHHe flOCTSBJieHHoA 83)1.3'1H MOMHO noJiy'IHTb, ecJIH Bblpa311TIJ
AJIHHY l HHTH JlJlll COCTOllHHA m H n B coorBeTCTBHH e (7.47):

2 /3
qm
L=l+ 2
24 Hm
q~l3
L=l+
24 Hn2

flpHpaBHl!B npaBble qaCTH STHX 8'P8BHeHHii H BBe,lll! 3aMeHy

Qm Qn Hm Hn
F = l'm; r = l'n; ºm = F ; On =F.

220
 (7 .48)

3aBHCHMOCTb (7.48) HHOr)la H83blB8IOT ypOJJHeHUeM cocmOJIHUJI HUmu.

º"ª MO)l(eT ÓblTb rrpeJICT8BJieua B BHJie

o!- [ <1m-
2
y l'E
;.(]~ -a.(tn-tm)
l <J~- (7 .49)

Ym [I ·a Ynll
(]
m = Bfm ' n = 8f n '

(7 .50)

0pH p33JIHqHblX ypOBHllX TOqeK llOJIBeCa ypaBHeHHe COCTOJIHHJI HHTR

cooreeTCTBeHHO npHMeT BHJI

3
In- fm+ 8
[ 2 ! tn -
a 12 cos~
tm ! Yml'
64Efmcos~ fn
] _

3 Ynl'
- 64 E cos ~ = O. (7.51)

Ky6HqecKoe ypaeHeHHe (7.50) HJIH (7.51) OTHOCHTeJibHO In y.n:o6HO pe-

111arb rpa<j>uqecKH. TaK, 3anHcae ero B BHJie f~ - afn - b =O HJIH /~ =
= afn + b, r )\e a H b- H3BeCTHble 'IHCJia, CTpOBT rpa<j>HKH

Y= f~ H Y= afn + b.
A6cu.ucca TO'IKH nepece'!eHHB noJiyqaeMoA
y
npH 9TOM Ky6uqecKoA napa60Jibl e npBMOií JIH·
HHelí H .n:aer suaqeHHe HCKOMOrO npOBHC8HHll n f
(puc. 127).
CTpu pacqere HHTH Ha npoqHOCTb He06XO·
Jl.HMo Y'IHT&IBaTb cJiyqau HaH6oJiee ue6JJaro-
npHS1T11&1x coqeramiñ eerpa u o6Jie)\eHeHHH, Bbl·
8h!RalO~HX MaKCHM3JlbHble HanpH)!(eHHJI B HeH.
J13 ypaeHeHHH COCTOHHHH (7.48) CJJe)\yer,
qTO B CJJyqae M8JlblX npOJieTOB npH l _,..o
a,, = <Jm +a.E (tm - In), PHC. 127

T. e li3\'eHeH11e H8llp5!lKeHHií 38BHCHT rJiaBHblM o6pa30M OT H3MeHeHHll leM-

nep~rypbl.
B cJiy•iae 60JibIIIHX nponeroe npu l-+ oo

Yn
<Jn = Ym <Jm,

T. e. llddpHJK~1rne B OCHOBHOM 33BHCHT OT Harpy3KH.

 l

KpHTH'!eCKOH JVIHIIOH HHTH !KP H33bIBaeTCll TaKall ,!V!HH3, npH KOTO• j

~~: ==~g~:i,e;:: :a;;;~ K~JlHH~~~:o 11!H~ ~.H:aKº~ª~;~:ra~ºHc:~~:~ll~ ~~~
1 0 6 1
neparype - cocroRHHe m), r. e. xor;¡a
On = <1m =[o). (7 .52)
no11ara11, '!TO f n COOTBeTCTByeT Te~meparype 06JJe,ZJ;eHeHHH (o6h!'IHO f 1!{15 =
= 268 K), npH KoTopoH Yn = Ymax• a tm coorsercrsyer HaHHH3!lleH TeM•
neparype tmln• npH KOTOpOH H8 llHTb ,11.eikTByeT TOJJbKO <:o6CTBeHHblH Bec.
,,, T. e. Ym = Yl• H3XO]¡HM KPHTH'!ecKylO ,ZJ;JHmy HHTH lKp H3 (7.49) e yqe·
TOM (7 .52):

/Kp=foj
V 24a(f00 -
2
Ymax-YJ
tmin>
2 •

ConocraBJillll pacqeTllblli npoJieT l e KpHTH'!eCKHM /KP' MO.lKHO y6e-

,IJ,HTbCll, '!TO npH l < [Kp HallOOJibtnHe HanpirnteHHll 6y.D;yT npH H3H6oJJee
HH3KOH TeMneparype, a B CJJy'!ae l > /KP H3H60JlblllHe ttanpl!.lKeHHll B HHTB'
6y,ZJ;yT npH H3H60JibIDllX Harpy31raX.

I¡ .
l l
 rnABA B

s. t. CA•Hr. Pac11et Ha cpe:s

JJ:e<f>opiaunH c,ZJ;Bnra xapaKrepHa teM, qro H3 wecrH cocraBJHllOW.H~

rnaanoro seKropa CHJJbl R e rnaaHoro MOMeHra M OTJJH'IHa or nyJrn roJlb'
KO o)(Ha rrorrepeqHa!I CHJia Qy (HJJH Qx). a BCe OCT8JlbHb'e paBHbl HYJIIO.
DpnMepOM C,ZJ;Bttra HJIH cpe3a MO.lKeT cny .lKHTb ,ZJ;e<f:opMaUH!I noJJOCbl
npH pe3Ke ee HO.lKHHU8MH (pno. 128, a, 6). DpaKTnqeCKH ,ZJ;ecpopMaUHIO
c)(BHra B 'IHCTOM BH.u,e no,rry11HTb TPYJIHO, TaK KaK OHa o6blqHO conpoamK-
4aetcH J(pyrHMH .u.e<fiopMaUH!IMH, H qaw;e acero ,ZJ;e<j>opMaUHell: !13TH(fa.
p p
/¡ b C'

a d -EE:3-
ad'
I
p
D
p
a ó '~
PHc. 128 Pnc. 129"

ITpn narpysKe no cxeMe, rroKasaHHoll: Ha pncyHKe, Ha yqacrKe be,

O'leBH,!lHO, nonepe'!Ha!I CHJl8
Q = P, (8.1)
a CBll3b Me.lK.llY KacareJJbHblMH HanpirnteHHBMll t R nonepeqHoit cnnoñ
6y ¡¡er

s
p
tdF = Q. \8.2>

CTpttHHMa!I KacareJJbHble Hanp11.>KeHH!I • no nJJoIA8.llH nonepeqnoro ce'le-

HHll F pacnpe.u,eJieHHblMH paBHOMepHO (pHO. 129), na OCHOBaHHH (8.2) na-
XOJlHM

H1I11, Y'lHTbIBaa (8.1). noJiyqaeM

(8.3)

~OIT] u¡enne o paBHOMepHOCTH pacnpe,D;eJJ eHHSI KaCaTeJJbHblX Hanp Sl-

)l{eHH H no ce'!eHHIO SIBJJS!ercsi BeCbMa ycJJOBHb!M, nOCKOJJbKY B CHJJy 38K01la
ªªPHOCTH KacateJJbHble Hanpir.lKeHH!I y Bepxaett 11 HfüKHell: rpaHeH paBl!bl
l!YJ!io. Ü.!lHaKo npttH!ltoe ,ZJ;onyu¡eHHe umpoKO acnOJ!b3yetc!I Ha npaKTH!{e
np¡¡ PiK:'JeTe (ÍOJLT09, 38KJteUO'IBbTX H CBapahtlX coe)l.HHeHnil, wnOHOK 11
T. lI.

223
 8.1. 'hcCTblii CABHr
~
C11yqaií nnoc.<orJ Harr¡.111JKem1oro co:::roaH11l!, rrnraa no 'ler .,rpe~1 rpaJ
H!IM BblJieJieHHOro 9JJeMeHT8 4elicTBJIOT TOJJbKO K8C8TeJibHble nanp!l»<eH!tlf 1

(pHc. 130), H33blBaeTCl! 'IUCmblM coaueoM. HaliJieM BeJJH'IHHy l'JI38Hb!X Ha

np!!.lKeHnli npHMeHHTeJJbHO K cxeMe ttarpyJKeHHll, npnse4eHHOli na pee"
130, a. ,ll.rn 9Toro e y'leToM roro, 'ITO B JiaHHOM cnyqae = a =O, ªa 13
'ta= -'t; 't13 = 't, CTpOHM Kpyr Hanpl!:>KeHHií (pHC. 130), H3 KOToporo CJI
Jiyer, qro

CpeJIHHe Hanp!!:>KeHH!I a rnaaHbJX nnom.a4Kax, coana4a10mnx e ct>a

C3)\HOií rp8Hbl0, = º2 o.
rnaBnble nJJOill8JlKH H3KJJOHeHbl K rpaH!IM SJie
MeHTa nOJJ. yrJJOM 45°. Do4 4eitcTBHeM KaCaTeJibHhIX HanpB:>KeHnit sJieMeH
abcd, HMeBUIHií <j>opMy Kaa4paTa co CTOpOHOií a, npespaTHTC!I B poy ~
~

l
6 1
I

"'
us M D,, 6,

PHC. 130

a'b'c'd' • .Ue<j>opM8UH!I IJHCTOfO C.llBHra saKJJIOIJaeTCl! B H3MeHeHHH np!IM

yrJlOB. CTpe)l.CTaBJIS!Sl JlJlSl H8rJIS!JlHOCTl:I 9JleMeHT, H8XOJJ.!llllHHC!I B \VCJl
BHS!X 'IHCTOfO C)l.BHra, SaKpenneHHblM no O.llHOií HS rpaHeil (pee. 131
H3XO)\HM
i\s
tgy= -
a
;¡rqnrblB3l! M8JIOCTb ;yrJJa, MO.lKeM npHH!ITb tg y ~ y, TOrJia OTHOCll
TeJib H bl ¡¡ CJlB nr

"= ª.
i\s
(8.

3aBHCHMOCTb MelK.l\Y narpy3Koli " )\e<j>opM8UHeA npn CJlBHre BHJlH8

JlHarpaMMbl C.llBHra (pHc. 132), KOTOp8l! MoJKeT 6bJTb noJJy'leHa no.1106
JlH8fp8MMe Hanpl!JKeHHli npH HCilbiT8HH!IX 118 p8CT!l:>KeHne.
Ü'leBHJIHO, B npe4enax JIHHeHHOÍI 33BHCHMOCTH MeJK,u;y y e 't' cnpase
JlHBO COOTHOUieHne 4
y= ~ HJIH 't' = Gy, (8.41
r)l.e G - Ko9¡fxjrnrrneHT nponopUHOH3JlbHOCTH, KOTOpbiÍI H83biB8eTC!I M91
rfo ieM ynpyeocmu npu coeuee nnn MOOy/leM ynpyeocmu emopoeo poaa. O 1

2..:4

'1
 r\leeT pa3MepHOCT& H/M 2 , KH/M 2 , MH/M1 H H3MeplleTcll cooTBeTCTBeHHO
~ na Kfla, Mfla H To JI. cl>opMyJibl (8.6) Bblp3lK3IOT 33KOH fyKa npH CJIBH•
re, s~nHC8HHblÍI B OTHOCHTeJibHbl_2t KOOpJlHHaTax. lfa pHc. 131 BHJlHO, qro
Jlllll J\lrnroHaJIH AC = l = a Y2 ee YJIJIHHeHHe

&l - CC1 cos ( "4

n - 2"'\') ~ CC1 cos 45º = &s
y'2 ,
8
oTHoc1neJI&Hoe JIHHeAHoe YJIJIHHeHHe (B HanpaaJieHHH a1 )
&l &s '\'
8==-==-=-
' 2a 2
HllH e yqeTOM COOTHOllleHHll (8 .6)

(8.7)

PHc. 131 PHc. 132

flpHMeHSUl 06061I{eHHblÍI 33KOH fyKa K QHCTOMY CJIBHry (pHC. 131),

H3XO)\HM

e = s1 =
1 + µ.
E -r. (8 .8)

Ha conocrasneHHH npaBblX qacTeA paBeHCTB (8.7) H (8.8) nonyqaeM

E
ª=2c1+µ>' (8.9)
1 1
Opa µ = "3 - T G = (0,375 - 0,4) E.
HcnoJJ&3yH (8.5), Bblpa3HM a6coJIJOTHblA c,11;aHr &s qepe3 Q = Ft::
t: Qa
&s =va= G a= GF'
T. e.

(8.10)

<f>opMyJJa (8.10) Bblp3lK8eT BQKOH I'yKa npu COBUee 8 a6cOAIOmHblX COUH.Ut¡aX.

ll omeHquaAbH.an. snepeun. npu ciJeuee onpe,11;eJilleTcll <j>opMynoA

U - &sQ_ Q2a
- 2 - 2GF'

225
 YdeAbHaR nomeHquaAbna.11 snep2u11 éJetflopM<UjtlU npa citeuee
U ,2 Q2a
,j
1 u= V = 2GFaF = 2G' (8.11) ~I

~1 r,11;e V- o6beM s.11eMeHTa.

--il
fJJ3BHble HanpuKeH1!11 nps 'll!CTOM C,!l;BllI"e (pHc. 130, a) TaKHe:
t ª1 = •; 02 = O¡ 03 = -•·

l J1CA08UJI n¡xJllH.OcmU npU 'lUCtnoM WBUee 331Tl!IIfYTCll:

no nepaort TeOpHH npoqHocTH
a1 =
~

'f ..;;: [o); (8.12)

l
l
no BTOpoA TeOpHH npoqHOCTH
ª1 - µ0 8 <
Oo,11;cTaBJillll 3HaqeHHll rJiaBHblX Hanp11.>KettHA, HaXOAHM
[o).
1
[o] l
't ,¡;;;; 1 + µ = [•]. (8.13} l

_nJlll MeTaJIJIOB µ = 0,25 - 0,42,

Ilo TpeTbeA TeOpHH npOqHOCTH
Il03TOMY [tj = {0,7 - 0,8) [o). ~
j'
ª1 - <Y3 < [a].
ÜTcl0,11;3

(8.14)ll
e 1onycKaeMoe Hanpll.>KeHHe
,1
[•) = 0,5 [a].
no qeTBepTOÍI TeOpHH npOQHOCTH npH CABHre

Y ai+o~-a 1 o 3 ,.;;;;[o];

{a]
[•]=y§~ 0,6{a].

0TMeTHM, QTO npe pacqeTa.ll AeTaJieA H3 nJiaCTHQHJ.IX M&TepHaJJ

(ÓOJITbl, SaKJlenKH, Wl!OHIW JI T. D.) Hlül6oJJee ftOJl,XOJl.fllU.eA Jlll1IlleTCJI n
CJJeAHllll ct>opMyJia.

8.3. HeKotopwe np11Mep1o1 pac11eta Ha cpe3

EoJIToewe e 3élKJ1eno11eble coeAJ!Be.wta. IlpH pacqeTe 60JITOB Ha cp
(pHc. 133, a) ycJIOBHO npHHHM3IOT pacnpe11eJieHHe aHemHHX CHJI, ,11;eiícTBY1
!Olll;HX Ha 60JIT, H KacaTeJJbHblX Hanp11JKeHHií B ceqeHHH cpe3a COOTBe'f:!¡l
craywll,BM CJteMe, npUBeJleitHOA na p11c. i33, 6. .,,
YcJIOBBe np<>'IBOCT• 6oJ1:ra Ha cpes JW.lKeT 6b1Tb sanHeaHo a u,11;e
Q -1
tmax =- F ..,;;; {•) ~I

·~
1 ',
,,1
w e
1 11
yqeroM roro, qro Q= P (puc. 133, s), a F = :rtd2/4,
4P
'tmax = :rtd2 <. ['t).

0TCIO.zl3 onpe,!leJIHM .l(HaMerp 60JIT8

d= -V:rt4~1 •
(8.15)

,,.
'/

Pnc. 133

q, "
dF df

a
PHC. 134

DpH pacqere 6oJITOBb!X HJIH saKJienoqHblX coe,!lHHeHHA cJie,¡¡yer yqe-

Thmarb, qro Harpy3Ka, npHJIO:>KeHH311 K SJieMeHT3M coe)l.HHeHHH,OOMHMO
cpeaa BhI3b1Baer CMJJmue KoHra•KTHpyiomHx noaepxHocrell:. Tio,!l CMHTHeM
flOHHM3IOT OJl3CTHqecKy!O ,!le<j>opMall.IUO, B03HHK310LUYIO
KOHT3KTa,
naBepXHOCTH "ª
PaclJeT Ha CMllTHe npoBOJJ.llT npH6JIH.lKeHHO, OOCKOJlbKY aaKOH pac·
~Pe.neJJeHH!! ,!l3BJieHHll no ROBepXBOCTH ltOHT3KT3 TO'IHO He H3BecreH.
6b!lJHO npHHHM3IOT HeJIHHell:Hblií 33KOH pacnpe,!leJieHH!I Jl.3BJieHHll
(PHc. 134, a), C!JHTall, lJTO JJ.3BJieHHe nponopuHOH3JlbHO npoeKUHH dF1 OJIC•
li.\ 3.11KH dF UHJIHH,!lpH!JeCKOH nosepXHOCTH Ha .l(HaMerpaJibHYIO OJIOCKOCTb:
q dF
-=-.
q1 dF1
MaKCHMaJibHOe HanpiuKeHHe CMllTRJI AJill uHJIRH,D.pHqecKoA nosepXHOCTR
paaHo

rAe F = f,d - nJioma.llb npoeKURR noaepxHOCTH KOHTaKTa Ha .l(HaMeT•

CM
paJibHYIO nJIOCKOCTb (pHO.. 134, 6).
YCJIOBHe npO'IHOCTH Ha CMHTHe HMeeT BH.I(
p
ªcM = &l < [aCMJ. (8.16)1

,llonycKaeMble HanpH>KeHHH Ha CMHTHe ycTaHaBJIHBalOTCH OilblThbllf'j'

nyTeM H npHHRMaIOTCll paaHblMH
[ocMl = (2- 2,5) [a_].
'
1
Ha OCHOBaHRR (8.16) MO>KHO onpe.;'
AeJIHTb He06Xo,D;HMblH .l(HaMeTp ÓOJITa '
p
(8.1
d;;,. f, [ ªcMJ

lfa .llBYX 3Ha'leHHil ,D;HaMeTpoB, Hál•

AeHHblX no <j>opMyJiaM (8.15) H (8.17)
CJie,11;yeT B3HTb ÓOJlblllee, OKpyr JIHB e
JIO CTaH4a PTHoro.
PHC. 135
TaK KaK ÓOJITbl e saKJienKH ocna
JIHIOT coe.n:RHHeMble JIHCTbl, IlOCJieA
nee nposeplllOT ea pasphIB B Hae6onee OCJia6JieHHblX ceqeHHHx. 8 cJiyq
O.l(Horo 60JITa yCJIOBHe npO'IHOCTH npRHHMaeT BR.ll
p p
a= Fm1n = f,(b-d) <[a+]•

r.zte b- IllRpHHa JIHCTa.

PaccMOTpHM saKnenoqHoe coe.n:eeeHHe, saKnenKR KoToporo no.nBe
raJOTCH JIBOÍIHOMY cpesy (pee. 135).
CToJIO>KHB, 'ITO paCTHrHBaJOw;aH cena N paBHOMepHO pacnpe4eJ1e
ue:iit)l.y 33KJienKaMH H 3a4aB .l(HaMeTp 33KJieilOK d H TOJIW.RHY JIHCTa
uaii,D;eM 'IHCJIO saKJienoK i H3 yCJIOBHH npoqHOCTH Ha cpe3
N
't = dª.,;;;;; [-r]I
21~
4
. ......_ 2N
¡ ~ ncJ2 [-r).
HJIR HS YCJIOBHJI npOqHOCTH Ha CMHTRe
N
ªcM = i&l < [acM];
N ~
¡-;;;;. &l [acMl ' ~I
Csap11111e coe,11.eeeea11. Ha cpes npHHHTO (TaK>Ke ycnoseo) pacctia
88Tb H HeKOTOpble CBapHiile COe.l{RHeRRll. Hae60,11ee pacnpOCTpaeeew

228
di
·1
¡(llffeHHH BCTblK 11 coe,11;1111e1111H e nOMOll\blO yrJIOBb!X llJJH BaJJl!KOBb!X WBOD.
coe,D;HlleHllH BCTblK npHMeHHIOTCH, KOrlla coe,D;llHHeMble JJllCTb! HaXO,D;HTCH
8
o,D;HOH nJJOCKOCTH. KpoMKH JIHCTOB npH TOJI1UHHe ll <8 MM He oópaóa-
TblBalOTCH (p11c. 136, a); npH ll = 8 - 20 MM CKaIIIHBalOTCH, csapKa npo-
11380,D;llTCH e O,D;llOH CTOpOHbl 11 nony•rneTCH V -o6pa3l!b!H IIIOB (pHC. 136, 6).
npll ll '.> 20 MM KpOMKll CKaIIIHBalOTCH e ,D;Byx CTOpOH, noJJyqaeTCH
x 06paa11blll: IIIOB (p11c. 136, e). Pac'!eT TaKllX IIIBOB ocymecTBJJHeTCH Ha
pd3pb1B PacqeTHYIO TOJl1UllHY IIIl!a npHHHMaIOT paBHOH ll (HanJJaBbl Ht:
} ql(Tb!B3 IOTCH) •

@4aM ~t fü~~#A!Cc:>I
a 5 B
P11c. 136

~
r--• tolr
-{ dv
PHC. 137
G- ! l! 1-IJ
PHc. 138

A-A
6
t,lld
¡E:::::t::::::5 3~! !
6,

Al
PHc. 139 PHc. 140 PHc. 141

Coe,D;HHeHllH e Il0M01Ubl0 yrJIOBblX IIIBOB npHMeHHIOT B cJiy'laHX, KOr.D;a

coe¡umHeMble JIHCTbl napaJIJieJihllbl HJIH nepne11,11;11KyJIHp11&1. K HHM OTHo·
CHTCH coe.11H11eH1rn BHaxJiecTKY, e HaKJia,D;KaMH 11 TaBpOBble. EcJill 11anpaB·
.nenHe IIIBa nepneH.llllKYJIHpHO K 1ell:cTBYI01UeMy 'fCllJilllO, TO IIIOB Ha3blBaeT-
CH JlOÓOBb!M lliBbJ, napaJIJieJibHble ycHJilllO, Ha3b!BalOTCH qwaHrOBb!MH
11
JIH óoKoBbJMH. Dp11Me11HIOTCH TaK:lKe KOcble IIIBbl (p11c. 137), HanpaBJJeH-
Hhle no,11; HeKoTopb!M yrJioM K ,11;ell:cT11y10w:ell: c11JJe. Ha p11c. 138 noKaaaHo
COe,D;ílHeH11e JIHCTOB a11axJieCTKY JI060Bb!Mll IIIBaMH, Ha p11c. 139 - coe¡¡H·
Henue o HaKJJa,11;KaM11, np11aapettHb!Mll <j>JiaHrOBblMll IIIBaMH, Ha p11c. 140 -
Tasposoe coe,11;11He1111e.
06&J'!HO npn pac'!eTax csapl!blX IIIBOB HanJiaBbl He Y'lllTblB8IOT, a C'!ll·
'falOT,. 'ITO B pa3pese yrJIOBOll: IIIOB HMeeT <j¡opMy npHMOyroJibl!OrO paBHO·

229
lie;¡peHHoro rpey.roJibHHKa (pnc. 14L, a, 6). Paspywenne w11a 6y¡¡,er npo- 1
llCXO)l.nT& no ero MHHHM8Jil>HOMY cetiefUf!O, BblCOT8 Koroporo

Pac'!eTH8H nJIOLU;8Jlb Ce'leHHH WB8 JlJlliHOH l CDCT8BHT

¡
F = ml = 0,761.
Pac'!eT WBOB, K8K H 38KJienoK, ycJJOBHO Be)l.eTCH B npe)l.nOJIO:lKenHH pas11
Mepnoro pacnpeJJ.eJieHnH HanpH:lKeHnA no ce'!eHHIO wsa. HeKoropble aHa-
'!eHnH )l.onycKaeMbJX HanpH.1KCHHH npH pac'!eTe CBapHblX coe)lHHeHnlt KOH·
crpyKunlt, uaroTOBJieHHblX Ha Cr3, npuse,¡¡,eah! B ra6.n. 21.
Jlo6oeoll iuoe. Y11ff'l1ll1!a11, '!To- conp'Onn1.rreHHe CTllJI11' cpesy HlllKe, qe
pacrmKenHIO, COCT8BJIHIOw;eil HOpMaJibHbJX nanpB:lKeHnií B JJOl'íOBOM WB
npeHe6per8IOT n pactJeT WBOB npOH3BOIJ.HT ycJJOBHO Ha cpea, npe]lnoJJara•,
'ITO KacareJibHble HanpH:lKeHHH paanoMepno pacnpeJJ.eJJeHbl no n.now;aJUt

u
'
"
6
p p
. . ,

'''
l
..
PHC. 142

ceqenusr ABCD (peo. 141). DpH pacqe1e JIOÓOBbJX wsos coe,neHeHHH BH

xJiecrKy Y'IH.TblB&IOT o6a mea - sepXHHil e Hn:lKHRA. Hx o6w;aH nJiow;a

F = 2ml = 2 • 0,761 = I,~l.

YcJIOsHe npo'IHOCTH aanHmercH B BHJJ.e
p p
't = p = 1,4& ~ l•J·
PacqerHall .l(JrKHa ropuesoro wsa tp onpe.n:eJJHTCH $opMyJJoií
p

PaC'!eTHaSl JIJIHH8 IDBa lp B CBJISH e nenposapoM B H8'1&Jie H B KOH.ue WB8

o0bl'IHO npHHHM'8eTCH na 10 MM MeHbWe .zteikTBHTeJlbnOA l:

lp =l- 10 MM.

c/JAaHeotJble Ul8bl. <l>JraHrOBble UJBbl H~rnóoJiee pacnpocrpaHeHbl Ha npa

TJIKe ÜHH MeHee JKecTKH, 4eM Jio6oime, H3·38 6oJibllleil npOT!CKeJlíB0=-
111eraJJJia B HanpaBJJeHHn JJ.eltcTBHH cHJJhl. Cl>JJaHrosue ruabl scer,aa C'll~~itl
oapdMH. e>eH paOOralOT na cpes B 6HCceKropHbIX ce'letinHX (pHC. l42).
w;&Ab cpeaa .11.syx 11mos

F = 2 • 0,7 6 (l-10 MM)=- 114 6 (l -10 MM),

' 1

~
4
l' '
ir CJlOBHe rrpo•IHOCTH Ha cpes:
p p
't' = F = 1,46 (l -10 MM)~ ['t3)•

JlllHHa mua orrpeJ.leJI!leTCR <PoPMYJroi\

p
l = l , 46 ('t' )
3
+ 10 MM.
Bpy6Ku. K q11cJ1y coeJ.IHHeHHii, rrpo•mocT& KOTOpblX orrpe.rteJn1eTC11
B OCHOBIWM H3 YCJIOBH!I cpesa, .OTHOC!ITC!I Bpy6KH, HCIIOJI&syeMble A/Ul coe-
,llHHeHH!I .n.epeB!IHHLIX 9JieMe!lT.OB KOHCTpYKUHli (pHC. 1&3). ,lI.peBeCHHa
STBJIReTCll aHH30TpOTIHblM M3TepH3JIOM, ee MexaHiflleCKHe ceoilcTBa 881111-
CRT OT H3ílp3BJieHHH CHJIOBblX BOSJ.lei\cTBHli OTHOCHTeJI&HO OpHeHT3UHH BO·
,JIOKOH •
Tax, J.IJIR COCHbl rrpeJ.leJI rrpo11HoCTH A-A
8 ¡¡oJI& BOJIOKOH pasee 40 Mila, rrorrepeK
8 onoKoH - 5 Mna; J.IJIR .rty6a cooTBeTcT-
BeHHO 50 Mna H 15 Mna.
8CJ1e}.ICTBHe p33JIH11HOli corrpOTHBJl!l-
eMOCTH J.lpeBeCHHbl BJ.IOJI b H rrorrepeK BO-
~~
.l!OKOH IIpHXOJ.IHTC!I IIpHHHM3Tb p33Hble
P11c. 143
,11onycKaeMwe K811pllllreH1Hl J.IJI~ '}Hl9mnt-
Hb1X HanpaBJJeHHi\ }.leilCTBHH CHJl&I.
HeKOTOpble J.l3HHble o J.IOIIYCKaeMblX H3IIp!llKeHH!IX J.IJI!I COCHbl 11 .1.1y6a
npHBe,l(eH'bl B T36JI. 22.
B Ka11eCTBe rrpHMepa .PªC.CMOTpHM pac11eT coeJ.IHHeHHR CTponHJI&Hoi\
ttorH co CTporrHJI&HOli saTRJKKoii ~He. 143). Yroll 'MeJK\/(y 'OCllMH CTponHJib-
Hoit HOrH H 33T!l}KKH o6o3HB11HM 'ª·
a CHJiy, .1.1ei\CTBy10my10 BJ.IOJI& CTpO-
ílHllbHOH HOrH,- N. Ce11eHHe cr_porrHJI&Holl HOrH F = hb. KoHen aa-
THlKKH HCIIblTblBaeT CK3JlblB3HHe BJ.IOJI& BOJIOKOH OOJ.I .1.1eilcTBHeM ropHSOH-
Tall&Holl npoeKUHH CHJibl N:

N1 = N e-OS a.
Jl11 Htty 11acrH SBTRlKKH x, Bblcryrra10mei\ aa upy6xy, onpe.u,eJIHM Ha ifCJIO-
BHH

't'max
N1 N1 [ ]
= p- =-b ~ l' •
CK X
OTKy¡¡a

Ni
F CK = bx-;,;;;. [ 'tj '
a
N1 Neos a
X-;,;;;. b [ 't j = b l 'tJ
Heo6xo¡¡11Ma11 IIJiomaJ.lb CM!ITH!I Bpy6KH

N1
F CM = by :;¡.. [
CJCM
1
fr.y6Htta Bpy6KH

23t
1

' Ta 6 JI Hu. a 21. )J.onyc:KaeMhle HanpRlKeHHR (Mlla) )l;JHI C:BapHblX C:Ol'Jl.HHCHHA '
l
;

B11,11
11.e4>opMaUHH
Py•na11 ceapKa
(!IJJeKTPOAhl e TOffKOft
OOM8iKOft)
AeTOM8TH'lecKa11
ceapKa H PY•Hall
ceapKa (iJJJeKTpOIJ.hl e
l
TOJJCTOA o6Ma3KOA)
ji

100----+---l-3_0_ _ _ ,
-P-ac:_T_JDK-eHH_e_-!---(-a_-:-_1_ __,__ _ _

ClKllTHe (a;-J 110 145 J

Cpea ('t9 ) 80 110 ~
•I
il
------'--------'----------11

Ta 6 JI H u. a 22. )J.onyc:KaeMble HanpRlKeHHR (Mna) JJ.JIR 11.peaec:HHhl

'

Cocea

PacTRJKeHHe 10 13 ''
CJKaTHe B,llOJ!b BOJIOKOH H CWITHe
top u.a 12 15
CMRTHe so Bpy6xax B.llOJI& HOJIOKOH 8 ll
.
CMRTHe nepneHAHKYJ1RpHo K BOJIOKHaM
(Ha ,llJIHHe 6oJiee 10 CM) 2,4 4,8 ;
CK8JlblB3HHe BO apy6KSX B,llOJ!b BOJIOKOH 0,5-1 0,8-1,fl
CxaJ1blB8HHe ao epy6KSX rrorrepex BO· .
JIOKOH 0,6 0,8 .
1'f3rH6 12 15
fK8JlblB8HHe npH HSrH6e 2 2,8

n p H Me q a H He. npe CMllTllH (HJJH CKaJJl.iB8HHH) DOIJ. yTJJOM O: K panpaaneJlll

eoJJOKOH 11onycKaeMoe nanpinKenue BMeeT npoMelKyTo'IHoe saa11enee MelKIJ.Y [ac11l
[OcMln/2 nnu ['t] u ['t] 11¡2 u MolKeT llhlTb onpe11eneno no ycnoenol\ cl>opMyJJe

:
1 1
l.
"'•'t
;

11
~I
'I
1
/~
 rnABA 9

9.1. HanpR>KeHHR" Aeci>opM•"""

npH Kpy11eHHH

KpyqeHHe xapaKTepH3yeTcl! HaJrnqHeM B cTep>KHe e)IHHCTBeHHoro

sHyrpeHHero cHnoáoro <JlaK1'opa - KjlYTHmero MoMeHTa Mz = MKp (pHc.
144), T. e. MOMeHTa, ,11eikTBy10mero B IIJIOCKOCTH rrorrepeqHoro ceqeHHll
crep>KHll (ocTaJI&Hble KOMIJOHeHTbl BHyTpeHHHX CHJI paBHbl HYJIIO):
Qx = Qy = N = O¡ Mx = My = O.
PacrrpocTpaHeHHblM cTep>KHeBblM sneMeHTOM KOHcrpyKU.Hil MllWHH,
pa6oTaiOW.HM Ha KpyqeHHe, llBJI!leTC!I ea.ti. 3KcrrepHMeHTaJl&HO ycTaHOB-
JleHO, qfo rrpH ,11ei\CTBHH Ha BaJI JJ.BYX rrpOTHBOIIOJIOlKHO HarrpaBJieHHbl.xi

,MK • ~

\
,
j
- - '
1

~ \
l

l lll ll lllI~ lllllll lI® z

l
z

PHc. 144 PHc. 145

Kpyr11mHx MOMeHTOB MK, npHJIO>KeHH&IX 110 ero KOHU.aM, B8JI 6y,11eT sa-
l<py'IHBaT&Cll, T. e. 0,llHH ceqeHHll B3Jla 6YAYT nosopaqHBaTbC!I OTHOCH-
'l'eJibHO .11pyrHX, B To speMl! KaK .D;JIHHa sana ocTaHeTCll HeH3MeHHoi\.
PaccMaTpHBaR KpyqeHHe sana, Harpy>KeHHoro no cxeMe, 11pHBe,11eH-
Hoü Ha pHc. 145, nerKO 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO yroJI IIOBOpOTa cp ceqeHH!I, H8XO,llll-
~eroc11 Ha pacCTO!!HHH z
OT MecTa 33]leJIKH sana, 6y.11eT TeM 6oJI&We, '!Ud
<íoJI&ll!e z H KPYTllmHA MoMeHT M K' EcJIH 3aKpyqHBaT& san BIIJIÓTb AO
ero paspyweHH!I H rrpeACTaBHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb cp = f (M K) rpa<lrn'leCKH,
TO IIOJIY'IHM iJuaepa.MMY Kpy<teftWI, BHA KOTOpoi\ AJlll nJlaCTHl!HOíO MaTe-
PBa¡¡a npHee,11eH Ha pHc. 146. Ha srolí ,11ttarpaMMe, KaK H Ha ,11HarpaM111e
~acrsi>KeHHR, MOlKHO 3aMeTHTb PRA xapaKTepH&1X yqacTKOB H ToqeK (1, 2,
): Mn11 - BeJIH'IHHa Kpyrsimero MOMeHTa, npH KOTOpoi\ coxpaHReTC!I JIH•
lleiiHasi sasttcHMOCTb Me>KAY cp H M K; Mr - MOMeHT, cooreercTsy10mHA Ha-
'Ia¡¡y TeKyqecTtt; M8 - senH'IHHa KPYTHmero MOMeHra, B&13b1Ba10mero pas-
PyllleHtte, 06&1'1HO HHTepecy101c11 3HaqeHllflMH MOMeHTOB H .zi;e<l>opMaU.H!l~!H.
COOTBeTcTBYJOmHMH JIHHeilHOMY yqacTKY )IHarpaMMbl KpyqeHH!I, ,llJI!I KOTO•
Poro cnpaeeAJIHB 3aKOH fyKa. KpyT11mHi\ MOMeHT B HeKoropoM ceqeHHK
lla¡¡a, SIBJIRJOmHi\c11 paBHO}leilcTBy10mHM MOMeHTOM KaCaTeJibH&IX Hanpll•

233
 J
>KeHHll: '°p• Jlell:CTBYIOID.HX-B 9JieMeHT3pHblX nJIOID.3,llKaX dF' pacnono>KeH· ;.
HblX H8 paccTOllHHH p OT u.eHTpa ce11eHHll, MOlKHO B&Ip83HTb ypaBHeHHea(~

MKp = s pi:pdF. (9.1~

p 1

XapaKTep pacnpe,11eJ1eHHll KacaTell&HblX Hanpl!>KettHll: i;P no ce•1eHH

ycTaHaBJJHBaeTCll HS reoMeTpHlleCKOA K8pTHHbl ,11ecpopMaU.HH BaJla np
Kpy11eHHH, npe,llCT8BJieHHOi\ H8 pHC, 147. ÜTibl
nOK33b1BaeT, qTo paCCTOllHHll Me>K,11y ce11eHHllM
CKpyqHB8eMoro B8Jl8 He HSMeHBIOTCJl, .a np
,llOJ!bHble JIHHHH npe.11.BapHTeJlbHO HaHeCeHHO
CeTKH npHHHM8IOT BHHTOBYIO cpopMy. Tipll 9TO
npaMHe yrJibl ceTKH HCKaJ{8lOTC$l, KaK HJI CJI
qae 11HcTorp CJlllitra. Iloae;ni:ee o6c'fojJTeJJ&c
CBHJleTeJlb-CTByeT 1) TOM, 'ITO Bbl,llelleHHJiñi 9JI
MeH'tapH¡,¡ft 1>l51>ftl ~ CJIOB 'M8Te}Hf8
nana 11axo:11.11TCR 11 yCJ10BIHl'.x 'llfCTOro CJ:B
PHC. 146
BCJJeJlCTBae Toro, 'ITO Pa.JlHyclil, npone,11eHH
B Topu.e ceqeHHll, OCT8IOTCll npl!MblMH, HH>KeJI
IK3~He CJIOH no vepe ttpH61!HlKeHH11 1t 11.eH'Fpy 11CRH'l'llB810T •MeltbWY
Aet<>pM:aU.HlO ~JtBHra. CorJ1aceo !MtCnepHMeHTal!MliJM ~aHfilll, <C8'1e&H
TIJIOClUle ~O Jl.,11aaw11 B!.118, OCT&IOTCR mlOOKHMH 'R HOMe ae<l><>p
ll.HH, nonopa11HB8l!Cb O,llHO OTHOCHTeJibHO ,11pyroro Ha HeKOTOpblll: yro11
B 9TOM CMblCll runOTeSbl TIJIOCICHX ce11eHHll:, ªª
0CHOB8HHH KOTOpoJ: CTpo
Cll Met.tellttpft&B TeOpHll KpyqellHll CTepx<ueA.

Pee. 147

;i{llll HapylKHOT'O CJ!Oll BH.11.elleHHOfO 9JieMeHTBpHOfO Y'l3CTK8 B

,Ai!IHl'Oft dz (pHC. 148) 6yJlyT cnpaBe,llJIHBbl COOTROmeHHH, noJ1y11eHHble
Hee upHMeHHTellbHO K qHCTOMY C,llBHry' T. e.

b'b rdq>
tg V ~ '\' = ijbi = dz ,
&JIH'IHHa dq>/dz - omnocume11b1tbla yeo11 satepy'luBaHUR - HMeeT pa3
HOCTb CM-l H 0603H8qaeTC!I 06blqHo 0.
CBl!Sb Me>K.llY OTHOCHTeJJbHblM C,llBHfOM H OTHOCHreJibHblM yrJIOM
KpyllHBaHH!I npHMeT BH.11
'\' = er.
8blpa3HB C,llBHr i' B Hapy>KHblX BOJIOKH8X B8Jl8 qepes Hanp11>KeB8
B COOTBeTCTBHH e 38KOHOM fyKa npH CJlBHre Haii.ZJ;eM CB!!Sb Me>K.D;y K&

¡1
1eJibHblMH HanpJIJIU!HHJIM.ll B Kpai!HKX BO.IIOKHax 'tr H OTHOCHTeJibHblM yrJIOM
aaKpyq1JBaHHll 6:
'tr = aer. (9 .3)
yql!TbIBall, qTO paAHYCbl ceqeHHH OCTIHOTCll nplIMblMH, MOJKHO no aHaJIO·
f!lll e (9 3) ycTaHOBHTb CBlI3b MeJKAY KacaTeJibHblMH Hanpl!JKeHHlIMH B Ce·
qeHHll creplKHJI Ha paccTOllHHH p OT ueHTpa H OTHOCHTeJlbHblM yrJIOM 38·
J<pyq11BaHHJI:
'tp G6p. = (9.4)

ílo)(CTaBJIJill (9.4) B (9.1), H8XOAHM

MKP = ae Sp dF - ae1
F
2
p·

OTCIOAa nonyqaeM c¡iopMyny AJI.lf orrpeAeJieHHS OT·

HOCHTeJlbHOro yrna aaKpyqHB8HHll BaJia

e= dq; = MKP (9.5)

dz GJp '
r)le OJ p - "'ecmKocmb nonepe<1Hoeo ce'leHWI cmep·
'1CHR npu Kpyi¡enuu - HMeéT paaMepHOCTb H · cM 2
2
HJIHl:f • M •
ÚOJ!Hblft yroJI 3al!:pyl!'HB3HRll B8JI8 ,llJJHHOA 1
paBeH
l
M~p
cp S
= o GJ p dz = et =
MKPl
GJ
p
, (9.6) PHc. 148

fAe GJ pi l - JKecTKOCTb BaJia npH KpyqeHHH - HMeeT pa3MepHOCTb H · CM

HJIH H . M (pasMepHOCTb MOMeHTa).
flOACT8BHB 3HaqeHHe 0 H3 (9.5) B (9.4), onpe,11eJIHM KacaTeJibHOe H8•
np11JKeHHe 'tp B mo6oli ToqKe ceqeHHJI cTep:auu1:

MKpP
'ta>= Jp (9.7)

MaKcHM8J11>Hoe xacaTeJibHOe HanpRJKeHHe,

Mq1
'°max = 'tr = ¡p •
HJIH

(9.8)

3necb w p = J p/r - nomi;pHblA MOMeHT conpoTHBJleBHll (CM. (2.38)).

Ll.JIJI CITJIOIIIHOro Kpyrnoro BaJia AHaMeTpOM d nOJIJIPHblH MOMeHT co-
npoTHBJleHHll onpeAeJilleTcJI qiopMynoA (2.38) H

16MKP
't~x= n~ (9.~
JI.JI¡¡ rpy6qaroro Kpyrnoro BaJia Wp onpeAeJIRen:11 no (2.39) H

(9.10)
rne et = d/D - OTHOIIIeHHe BHyTpeHHero J.IH8MeTp8 B8Jl8 K eapy.lKHOMy.
YcJioBHe npo11HoCTH npH KpytieHHH ea.11a sanHC!ileaeTCR B BHJ.le

MKp
't"max = W P < (1') (9.11) /
•
ej
ÜTCIOJ.18 MOMeHT corrpOTHBJleHH!I BaJia rrpH Kpy'leHHH JlOJI}l{eH 6b1Tb

MKP J
Wp;;;.,N.
!
(9.12) ~
lJ
Ha OCHOB8HHH (9.9) .!J.H8MeTp Kpyrnoro CIJJIOIIIHOro B8JI8 orrpeneJiliM H3
fCJIOHHll

;¡16MKP
d ~ ,. n ( ,. , (9.13) ~
1
a Ha OCHOB8HHH (9.10) Hapy.lKHblA JlH8MeTp Tpy611aToro BBJia npH 88,l.IBHHOll~I
a - H3 ycJIOBH!I "•
D;;;;., V _a¡; l6M
n (l (1')" (9.14

ECJIH KpyTRIII.HA MOMeHT BblpasHT& 11epea MOIII.HOCT& N (n, c.) H •me.no

o6opOTOB B MHHYTY n, TO IIOJIY'IHM
N
MKP = 52,68 n . MBT. c = 702352 Nn 1 H. CM,

H 4JopMyJia (9.13) npHMeT BHJ.1

d > 152,8
!IN
r ñITi • (9.1

a cpopMyJia (9.14) 38IIHIIIeTC!I T8K:

D ;;;ii. 152,8 V111,. ~_a') 1 . (9.1

EcnH MOIII.HOCT& K sa,1.1aHa B KH.lloearrax (1 c, n. = 0,736 KBT), To KpyTlifi

III.HA MOMeHT MO.lKeT 6b1Tb Bblp8.lKeH cpopMyJioA

702352K K
MKP = 0 , 736 ti= wo694 ti tt. cM.

IlOMHMO pac11era H8 rrpo'IHOCT& B8Jlbl pacC'IHTblB810T T8K.lKe H H8 .lKe

XOCT&, orpaHH'IHB8!1 OTHOCHTe.ll&Hble yr.llbl S8KPY'IHB8HH!I HCKOTOpoA J.I
nycKaeMoA eeJIH'IHHOA (8) (yc;wsue "'ecmKOcmu npu KP1J1'enuu):

MKP
0max = GJ <: [8],
p

OTKy4a IJOJIRPHblli MOMeHT HHepU.HH, 06ec11e'IHB8!0I11.HA ,1.1onyCK8eMylO JKe

KOCT&, 011pe,1.1eJIHTC!I c¡iopMyJloii

MKP
Jp~G(SJ' (9 .
 o1cioJ.la J.IHaMeTp cnnonrnoro Kpyr no ro Bana .1.10.riJKeH 6b1Tb

d ';;!!: V 32MKp
nG [éj '
(9 .21)

8 uapyxrn¡,¡i\ ,11,HaMeTp D tpy611atoro sana npH sa.1.1aHHOM r.i

~/ 32MKP
D';;!!: JI n(l-~')G(0]'
(9 22)

a ó
Pttc. 149

nocKOJlbKY e nonepe'IHblX Ce'leHHllX ea.ria ,11,efictey!OT KacaTeJlbHble

ttarrpinKeHHll, pacnpe.1.1eneHHble cornacHo (9.7) no JIHHelittoMy 3aKotty
(pHC. 149, a), TO e CHJIY aaKOH3 napHOCTH KacaTeJlbHblX Harrpl!)l{eHHH
H B J.IHaMetpanhHblX ce'leHHllX ea.ria J.10Jl)l{Hbl e03HHK8Tb KacaTeJ!bHble Ha·
npl!)l{eHHll, paBHble 1'10 eeJIH'IHHe,
HO rrpOTHeonOJIO)l{Hble no SHaKy
(pHC. 149, 6).
ilo nJIOIII.aJ.IKaM, pacnOJIO)l{eH·
HblM no.1.1. yrJIOM 45° K ce'leHHllM,
B KOTOpb!X )telictey10T MaKCHMaJib·
HbJe KacaTeJibHble áanplllKeHHll,
,JJ,eiiCTBYIOT rJiaBH¡,¡e HOpMaJibHble
l!arrpH)l{eHHll, paettble no eeJIH'IHHe Pttc. 150

Pttc. 151 Pttc. 152

KacaTeJibHblM Hanpl!)l{eHHllM e AªHHOH T011Ke ce11eHHll, KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha

P«c. 150. B cB113H e 9THM xapaKtef> pa3pymeHHll (c,JJ,BHr HJIH otpb!B) BaJJa
nptt Kpy11eHHH 6y.1.1eT saBHCeTb OT crroco6HOCTH MaTepttaJia corrpOTHBJlll·
'tbc¡¡ ,JJ,elicTBHIO KacaTeJibHblX HJIH HOpMaJibHblX ttarrp11)1{eHHli. Tax, rrpH
1<py11eHHH .1.1epeellHHb1X ea;¡oe e rrpOJ.IOJ!bHblM pacrrOJIO)l{ettHeM BOJIOKOH
lJOCJie,JJ,HHe 6YJ.1YT paspymaTbCll OT KacaTeJibHblX Hanpll)l{eHHH, .1.1elicTBYIO·
IU,ttx B,JJ,OJJb BOJIOHOH (tpem.HHbl rrpOJ.IOJibHble) (pttc. 151). DpH Kpy11eHHH
;~ fYHHb!X ea;¡oe paapyme11He HactynHT IIOJ.1 .1.1elicTeHeM HOpMaJibHblX pac-
11HfHBalOllJ.HX Harrpl!)l{eHHil' MaKCHM8JibHOe 3Ha11eHHe KOTOpb!X HMeeT Mec10
y ce11eHHllX, HJ.IYIII.HX no BHHTOeoli JIHHHH H rrepeceKa!OmHx oCSpasy!Om.He IlOJ.1
fJ!OM 45º, K8K IIOKasaHO Ha pee. 152.

231
 9.2. Kpy'leHNe nep11CHell Heicpyrnoro c ...eHMt1
TipH KpyqeHHH cTep>1rneA HeKpyrJioro ceqeHHll (np!IMOyrOJibHblX,
TpeyroJibHblX, 9JÍJIHilTHqecKH'X 11 ¡q>.) MIIIOTe3a IlJIOCKHX ceqeHHlí HenpH·
Mel{HMa. ToqHble pacqey¡,¡ Ha KpyqeHHe T3KHX CTep>1rnelí MoryT 6b1Tb no-
JiyqeHbl MeTOJlaMH teopw ympyrocm. 0Kc:>B"3TeJlb8bl'e 4JopttyJibl Mii onp•
JleJieHH!I M3KCHM3JlbHblX Kaca:reJIDRWX uanp!l>KeHHH ,.max• OTHOCHTeJibHOro
yrJta SaKpy•rneaHH!I 9 H llOJlllOrO yrJia saiq>yrm•aHHll ql CTep>KHll JlJIHHO
J HMe!OT BH.ZJ;
MKP
1'uiax = W;K

e= MKP.
GJ K •
MKPL
cp=ar· K

B 9THX cf>opMyJiax JK H WK - HeKOTOpble reoMeTpH'lecKBe irapaKTepHcT

KH, KOTOpble ycJIO»HO H33b1Ba!OTC!I MOMeHTOM 11¡¡ep.w111 H MOMeHTOM
npOTHBJleHHll npH KpyqeHHH H pasMe
KOCTb KOTOpblX COOTBeTCTBeHHO CM1 H
(CM, T3(ÍJI, 1).
Pacnpe.D;eJieHHe KacaTeJlbHblX Hanp
>KeHHA no ttpRMO!f2<M,,HOM.Y ~IO CTe
>KH11 npH11e~1m aa pJro. Hall in
mire ltllftJ"lflKeHIUI B03H11KIMOT .. Ha¡>
Hin CJ1011x nocpewu1e AJ111HH01\ cropo
ceqemtlf (TOllKB e
lf D). Onpe.1.1em1
OHH no lf>oflMyJ1e E!).z:J.), r,lle
h
WK = cútb1 (9,
Puc. 153 (h, fJ -
J.IJl'lfl1 BH 11 1topO'tKall
npllMOYl"OJft>HOfO ceqefiB!I).
HanpH>KeHHll nocpenHee KopoTKO~ CTopoHW (e TO<IIax A ff B) 111
6b1Tb BbipalKeHbl qepes ,.max:

1" = *Y"max'
OrHOCHTeJlbHblA yroJI saKpyqHB3HHll onpe.1.1e-.11H'PCJI RO ~yJle (9.24)
r.11e BblPaJKeH.He Mll MOl\leHTa li&ePUHH n¡>H Kpy•rnHHli J g 6y.1teT

J K = ~hfJS,
K.o3cjl:PHuHeHTbl IX, p H *y, saBHCll~He OT OTHOllleHHll blb, npHBe,lle
HHlKe.

hjb 1 1,5 1,75 2,0 2,5 3.0

IX 0,200 0,231 0,239 0,246 0,256 0,267
p 0,141 0,196 0,214 0,229 0,249 0,263
•
y l,000 0,859 0,820 0,795 0,766 0,753
h/b 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0
""
a. 0,282 0,299 0,307 0.313 0,333
p 0,281 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
•'\' 0,745 0,743 0,742 0,742 0,743
?38 ~!
J
 Yc110BHll np-0qHOCTH H JKeCTKOCTH npn paC'leTe Ha Kpyqe1no1e crep:>KHH
11pHMOyrOJ1bH-Oro CetleHHll cooraercTBeHHO 11Me!OT BHA

(9.29)

(9.30)

Dpn KpyqeHHH cTep}KHelí, ce'leuu11 KOTOpblX rrpeACTaBJIHIOT co6oii

pa8H06eapeHHYIO mpane14u10, npH6JIH:lK1m'llbte SHaqeHHll 'tmax H 9 Moryr 6b1Tb
110nyqeHbl nyreM onpe,11eJ1eHHll yKasaHHblX aeJrnqna AJ!ll crep>KHH e ce11e·
aneM 9KBHBaJieHTHOro npl!MoyroJibHHKa, KÓTOpbllí crpOHTCll no cxeMe,
opnBeAennolí na pnc. 154.
Dpn Kpyqennn crep>KHll c110~1-1020 BaMK1-1ymo20 ce'le1-1u11, cocmo11U{e20
U3 np!IMOU20/lbHblX IJ/leMeHmOB (pHc. 155), JroMeH:r HnepU.HH

JK=Jx1 +JK1 +JK1 + ••• -~Jlí.R, (9,31)

rAe n = 1, 2. 3, ·~ - H-Ollepa COCT3BHblX
npocTblX qacTeA f)accwarp11aaeMoro ceqe.
Hffll,
TaK KaK ¡yron saKpyqHBalfn.11 ,llJI.11
ecero ceqemu1 H .llJill Ka>K,110A ero qacTH
OAHH H TOT lKe:
...f1
0= MKp = MKJ>t =~ ==• • •= MKPn PHc, 154 Pnc. 155
G/K GJK, Glg_, GJKn '
TO Kpyrllmne MOMeHTbl, BOcnpHHHMaeMble K8>K,llOIÍ qacTblO ceqeHHll, npo·
nopu.noH&Jlb-HN HX lKeciI'KOCTK:

J K1(} J K, J's..
MKp, = MlC¡p r;¡¡ = MKJ) T ¡ MKPs =Mil}) T:
K K K

CooreercTBeHHG llan60Jlblltte iracare.ll'bHoe nanJ>f!>KeaHe B l<&>K.llOll n-M

9JleMeHre ceireHHR ~eT

'tK = MKpn= MKP(JKn) = MKP(¡Kn)

n WKn WKn /K /K WKn '

'tmax- - (~Kn
-MKP - -) - MKP _, (9 32)
IK WKn max 'W;
r.11e

(9.33)

.[(.r¡¡¡ CTep>KHll 9JIJIHilTflqecKOl'O ceqetrHll (pHc. 156)

ab 2 h (9 34)
Wx=tr•
rAe bHh - Mana.11 H 60JlbW8JJ OCH 9JIJ!Hnca.

239
 HaH60JibWHe KacaTeJibHble Ha11pll1KeHHll 't"max B03HHK3IOT B Hapy1KHblX
ToqKaX ceqeHHll, Jle1K3~HX Ha M3JiblX llOJIYOCllX, H 011pe,11eJ1l!IOTCll 110 c¡iop-
MyJie

(9.35)

Ha11pl11KeHHll B Hapy1KHblX TOqKaX, JielKa~HX Ha 60JibWHX llOJIYOCllX,

paBHbl
,
't =1"max
-
m
,
rne m = h/b.
YcJIOBHblii MoMeHT HHepU.HH 9JIJIH11ca 11pH KpyqeHHH

JK = ~:b (h2 + b2). (9.36)

PHC. 156 PHc. 157

l
'l B Ta6JI, 23 11pHue,11eHbl 11pH6JIH1KeHHble pacqerHble c¡iopMyJibl JJ.Jill 011p
,lleJieHHll MaKCHM8JlbHOro KacaTeJibHOro Ha11pll1KeHHll ,.max qepes OTHOCR
j
; TeJibHblii yroJI 3aKpyqHB8HHH e
Pll.118 11po<!iHJ1eii.
¡ IlpH xpyqeHHH BaMtcttymblX montcocmennblx npor/Ju.ufl. (pHc. 157)
B KOTOpblX CTeHK8 H8CT0JlbKO TOHK8, qTo K8C3TeJlbHble H811pll>KeHH ll R
'
1 ee TOJI~HHe MO>KHO cqHT8Tb 0,ltHH8KOBbIMH, paBHblMH Hallpll>KeHHllM n
¡ cpe,llHHe TOJI~HHbl CTeHKH H H811P8BJieHHblMH no KacaTMbHOii K cpe,llHHH
' JIHHHH cTeHKH, KaCaTeJibHble H811Pll>KeHHll MO>KHO 011pe,11eJ1l!Tb 110 r/JoPMI/
BpeíJma

r.11e co - llJI0~8JJ.b, OXB3TblB8eMall cpe,11Heii JIHHHeii

HHll; 1) - TOJl~HH8 CTeHKH,
EcJIH TOJI~HHa npocpHJill 110 KOHTYPY HeOAHHaKoua, TO MaKcHMaJibH
KacaTeJibHOe H811Pll>KeHHe B TOHKOCTeHHOM 38MKHYTOM CTep>KHe onpe
'1 mi:ercll no cpopM y Jie
MKP
1"max = 2COumln
" • (9.

ÜTHOCHTeJlbHblii yroJI 3aKpyqHB3HHll TOHKOCTeHHOro

OAHH8KOBOii TOJl~HHOii creHKH orrpe.11eJ1l1eTcll TaK:

M KP thdS
(9.39),
a = 4Gco2 ':}' 6 '
r.11e s- ,llJIHH8 38MKHyToro KOHrypa.

240
 noJIHblA ffOJI saKpyqHB8HHH crep>KHH llJIHHOA l 6yaer
MKpl th ds (9.40)
q> = 4Gw 2 ';Y 1f '
<tJopMy na (9.39) MO)K8T 6bITb sanHcaea B BHlle

MKP
0= GJ K '

4w1
JK= ~~ •

Ope no~rOHHHOA TOJIW.HHe creHKH no Koerypy <jJopMyJia (9.39) npH·

HHM3eT BHll

(9.41)

B qacreocrH, AJISI KpyrnoA TOHKocreeeoA rpy6bl e paaHycoM cpe.a.1rn·

eoA JIHHHH R npH l> = const

rh ~=
w= nR'; 'ji o
2~R.
º
C.OrJiaCHO (9.37) H (9.41)

IlpH KpyqeffHH mOHKOCmeHHblX cmep31Cnea omt<pblmOlO npot/JUAJI (mBeJI·

nepa, llBYT3Bpa, yrOJIKa) (pHC. 158) MO)KHO BOCil0Jlb30B8TbCll reopHeA pac·
qera H~ KpyqeeHe crep)KHeA npHMoyrOJib·
Horo ce'!eHHH. B 9TOM cnyqae npocj>HJib pa3.
6HBa10r Ha npHMOyrOJibHble 9JieMeHTbI, TOJI·
11\HHa h KOTOpbIX 3H8'1HTeJlbHO MeHbllle HX
JlJIHHbl b. Cornaceo ,naHHblM, npHBe,neHHblM
Ha crp. 238, hlb > 10, a = ~ = 113.
Tor.na .llJIH COCT3BHOro npO<jJHJIH
B3HHH (9.31)
OCHO·"ª
1 ~ 3
J K = 1'J 3 .l..J bn hn, (9.42)

rne 1'J - HeKOTOpbIA nonpaBOQHbIA K09<jl<jJH- PHC. 158

UHear' yqHTblB3IOW.HH cxeM3TH38UHIO, CBH·
3 3RHyIO e 3a~eHOA peaJibHOro npo<jrn:JIH npHMOyrOJibHHK3MH. HmKe npH-
BeJleHbl 3H3QeHHH K09cj>cj>HUHeHTa 1'J AJIH THilHQHblX npocj>HJieii.

CeqeHHe 1'J
yrOJIKOBOe 1,00
.neyra eposoe I, 20
raepoeoe 1, 15
llJBeJIJiepeoe 1, 12
241
 B TOHKOcTeeHHX O'l'Irpbl¡NX npocj>HJIHX )lJieHy KOttTypa npHH11TO o6o-
8H8118Tb 11epe3 s, a TOJIW.Htty - 11epe3 6. Tor.na cj>opMyJia (9.42) npettHMaeT
BH,ll
,I
(9.43) ~

''
"
MaKceMaJibeble KacaTeJibHble eanpsnKeHeH B ee3aMKHyToM npocj>eJie ,~
~
onpe.neJIHIOTCH no cj>opMyJie 1

(9.44) l '

fJl8
~
(~KnKn )max•
~
.~
i)max =
j
f,J, P8ClfeT BHHTOBWX npy>KHH
j
ll,uAunoputtecKue eu11moe1>1e npy~u111>1. ITpe6JIH1KeHehle <t>opMyJlH ,1vur1f1 1

onpe.neJieHeH HanpH)KeHeii, B03eeKa10w.ex B BeHTOBOii npy)Keee e M3JlbIM

marOM npe ee paCTH)KeHeH lUUl CJK8'tifll (piro. 159), MoryT 6b1Tb noJiy11eHbI
e3 pacCMOTpeeHH BeyTpeHeex yceJIHii, .nelicTBYIOIUHX B ce- j
1P qeHee BeTK3 (pee. 160), 33MeeHIOIUHX BJleHHHe MbICJleHHO~
T OT6pometteoii HH)KHeii 'UICTH p3CTHresaeMoii npy)KHHbI. no,!(
.neiicTBHeM nonepe11aoA CeJibI Q = p e KPYTHw.ero MOMee-
T3, paseoro npOH3BeAeRHIO paCTHrHBa10w.ero yceJieH Ha cpe.n·
eeii pa,nttyo R npy)KeHbI (MKP = P R),
p B cell.eHllH BHTK3 B03HHK3IOT .nse rpynnl>í
K8.C8Te.JibebIX eanpHlKem1.H.: KanpK:HCeftUA '
om cpesa, KOTOpbie ycnoBeo npHMeM pac-
RpeJleJ1e111WMH p111UIOMepHO H paBHWMH

, Q. 4P
M. =PR
°' = F """ ::id~ '
"" H nanpJ1:J1Ce11~
Hoe axa11eaee KOTOp.b!X
om icpytteuwi, 14.iXCl!MaJSl>•
WQ=P
" MKP 16PR
PHC. 159 PHC. 160 'tmax = Wp = nd3 •

r.ne d - ,11;11aMeTp uonepe11Horo ce11eHeH nposonoKK 0npy)Kellbl.

Xapa1tTep pacnpe.neneHHH eallpH)Keeeii T' H 't' , 1teiicT11y10w:ex B e
'leHee BHTKa, Il0K3331l COOTBeTCTBeHeO Ha pee. 161, a e 161, 6. lfa K8J>-
THHbI pacnpe.neneHHH HanpHJIU!tfJJA CJle,ZlyeT, IJTO B HB.pylf<Hlifl[ BOJlOKH••
BHTKa, pacnoJIO)KettebIX co cToponbl oca npylKll.Hbl (TOllKa A). HanpH)K.eii<dil
,, R -i• coarra.naJOT no eanpas.11e11e10. ITosToMy NaKc11Manbawe HanpH>Kea•
B npy)Keee 6yAyr
I " 4P 16PR
'tmax = 'S + 'tmax = ndª + ndª 1
llJIH

l6PR ( d) (9.46)
'tmax = ndª 1 + 4R .
242
OpH pacirete npy>K1111 60JiblllOro cpe.naero pa.n11yca R as TOHKOii nposo-
JJO Kll, Kor.na :R « 1, MaKCllMaJibHOe eanpK)KeHHe e AOCT3TO•rnoii CTene-

HblO TO'!HOCTH MOlKHO onpe,neJillTb no cj>OpMyJie

16PR
't'max = ndª . (9.46)

¡Ha npaKTHKe np11 pacqere npyaum B tPoPMYJIY (9.46) BBOJlllT nonpa·

eo~Hl>la icostjujJu~ue¡.¡m k, Y'IHTbJBBJOllXHll: KaK 11JIHHHHe nepepea1>Isa10~ei
CJ!Jlbl, TaK 11 HeKOTOpble .npyr11e <PaxTOpbl (11ar116 CTep)KHH npy)KllHbI, npo-
JIOJlbHble .ne<PopMau.1111 11 T, n.). B 3TOM eJiy•rne qiopMyJia (9.46) npellHMaeT
BllJl
MKP 16PR
't'rnax = k WP = k ndª • (9.47)

Q=P
a 5
Pttc J 6,

3Ha'!eHlle nonpasoqeoro KOStPtPHUHeHTa k S3BllCllT OT QTHOllleHHH pa.n11yca

npy.11rnHbl R K pa,n11ycy BHTKa r H onpe;teJIHeTCH no cpopMyJie
k _ 4m - 1 + 0,615 (9.48)
-4m-4 m '
r¡¡e m = R/r,
3eaqeHHH K03cpcj>11u.HeHTa k ,nJIH paaJIHqHblX OTHOllleHlrll: Rlr np11se.ne-
Hb1 HJ!)Ke; t¡
R/r 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10
k 1,58 1,40 1,31 1,25 1,21 1,18 1,16 1,14
Ya11u1-1e1-1ue (eJIH ocaoica np11 C)KaT1111) npy:J1Cu1-11>1 onpe,11.eJIHeTcH TaK:
8
A.= 64PR n (9 .49)
Gd4 '

r,l\e n-
qHcJIO BHTKOB npy)Kllffbl.
Dpn pac'!eTe npy)KllH Ha npO'!HOCTb B CJiyqae CT3Tll'!eCKOii Harpy3KH
JlOnycKaeMble HanpHlKeHHH Ha cpe3 CJie,nyeT Bbl611p3Tb B 33BHCHMOCTH OT
JlH3MeTpa npOBOJIOKll, H3 KOTOfoii 113f0TOBJIHeTCH npy)KllHa • .Ll.JIH aaKa-
JleHHOii npylKllHHOii cTaJI11 [T =
500 Mna np11 ,nHaMeTpe npoBOJIOKH
d = 6 MM, [TJ = 400 Mna npH d = 10 MM, hJ 350 Mna np11 d = =
= 12 MM¡ AJIH XpOMOHllKeJieBOii CT3Jlll [•) =
700 Mna npH d = 12 -
 ~ 16 MM; llJHI <f>oc<f>opHcToli: 6poH3bl e G = 4,4 • 104 MTia ['t) = 130 MOa
npH d = 16
MM.
B
cJiyqae H3MeHll!OW.HXClI Harpy3oK yKa3aHHble 3Ha'leHHlI ['t} AOJDKHH
6b!Tb yMeHbIUeHbl npllMepHO Ha 30 %' a npH Hen¡;epbIBHOii pa6oTe npy:lll.. ¡
Hbl B ycJIOBHlIX nepeMeHHblX Harpy30K - Ha 60 %• l
1-IaCTO npH pac'leTe 8MOPTH38UHOHHbIX npy>KHH (npy>KHH lVUl CMlll'- \
'!eHHlI pesKHX TOJl'IKOB) 3a OCHOBY 6epyT KHHeTH\lecKy!O SHeprHJO T, xo;¡
Topyio llOJl>KHa nor JIOlll,aTb npy>KHHa (peccopa) npH 9KCnJiyaTaUHH. l
: TipH T8KOM (9HepreTHqecKOM) nOllXOAe 06'beM npy>KHHbl npH saaaHHO»l
aonycKaeMoM Harrp11>KeHHH [•) onpeae.11HeTClI no <f>opMyJie ~
- 4GT ~~
V - [•1 2 • 1
l\OHCTPYHPYlI npy>KHHY no Hat..i
o(T ,!leHHOMY 06'beMy, cneayeT Bb16Hpaj
ee pa3Mepb1 R, a H ne TaKHM pac11:;j
~2 TOM, 'IT06bl npH rrposepKe ocaAKll np 1

>KHHbl A. He 6b!JIO 3aKpblTHlI 3830p

Me>KAY BHTKaMH.
Ko1-w'lecKue euHmDBwe npy"'u
24 Ha npaKTHKe npllXOAHTClI BCTpeqaT
Cll e KOHH'!eCKHMH rrpy>KHH3MH (B Bll
yceqeHHOro KOHyca). EcJIH R1 H R1
2,0 COOTBeTCTBeHHO MHHHM8JlbHblH H Ma
CHMaJibHblH paAHYCbI KOHUeBblX Bll
1,6 KOB npy>KHHbl, TO MaKCHM3JlbHOe K
caTeJibHOe HarrpH>KeHHe Mo>KeT 6bl
f.2 onpeAeJieHo no <f>opMyJie (9.45)
(9.46) nocne 3aMeHbl paa11yca R BeJJ
as 'IHHOH 60Jiblllero paaHyca Rs:
o a04 0.08 0,12 0.16 0,20 2j 16 p R
2
PHC. 162 'tmax = ndª

9.4. KoHl,\8HTplL\H• HanpRHC8HHlí npH Kpy11eHHH

MaKcKMaJit.Hoe HanpH>KeHHe B 30He KOHueHTpaTopos (Haapesos,

TOqeK, OTBepCTHH, pe3b6bl H T. n.) rrpH KpyqeHHll MOlKHO H3HTH no
MyJie

rae 'tff - HOMllH8JlbHOe H8IIpH>KeH11e, Bbl'IHCJilleMoe MeTOA8Mll conpOTllBJI

HHlI MarepllaJIOB, B 'laCTHOCTH, llJIH Kpyrnoro BaJia paAHYCOM r no <f>oPMY

MKP
'tH =---¡;- r;

a't- K09<f><f>KuHeHT, lJOK33blB3IOIUHH, BO CKOJlbKO pas B MeCTe KOHueHT

Topa BOSpacTeT HOMllH8JlbHOe HarrpH>KeHHe. l(os<f><f>11u11eHT ª" orrpe
f JilleTCll MeTOllaMH TeOpllH ynpyroCTH HJ!ll 9KCrrep11MeHT8JlbHO Ha ynpyr
MOAeJllIX H 06bl'IHO H83blB8eTClI TeopeTll'4ecKHM KOS<t><i>HUlle1110M KOHUeHT
UHH. '111
~ i
1'
1 ; J
1' 11
 Ha pHc. 162 rrpHse.n.eHbl rpacj>HKH 33BHCHMOCTH ex-i = f (2pl d) .11.Jlll
dJJ!HqHblX OTHOrueHHH Dld (pHc. 163)-
p ,LlJill CJIY'IBH KpyqeHHSI rpy6'18Tb!X TOHKOCTeHHblX B3JIOB e M8JlblMH
nonepeqHbJMH OTBepCTHHMH (pHC 164, a) K03cpcj>HUHeHT KOHuearpauHH
OKOJ!O OTBepCTHH paBeH qeTblpeM.
JleilcTBHTeJlbHO, Bbl.11.eJIHB BOKpyr OTBepCTHH rJiaBHbIMH IIJIOW.8.11.KBMH,
no rpaHHM KOTOpbIX 6y.n.yr .n.eiiCTBOB3Tb HOpMaJibHble HaIIpH}KeHHH a =-e
b
r '

a ó
PHC. 163 PHC. 164

(no IIJIOma.n.KaM ab H ca - paCTHrHBalOll{He, a no IIJIOIUB.11.KaM H be -

ClKHMBIOW.He), HeKOTOpb!li: SJieMeHT (pHC 164, 6) H rrpe.n.craBHB KapTHHY Ha·
ªª
rrpHlKeHHil y OTBepCTHH OT paCTHrHBBIOW.HX HarrpH}KeHHH (pHC. 165, a)
H OT CJKHM810ll{HX HarrpmKeHHll (pHC. 165, 6), pa3.n.eJibHO HaX0.11.HM B TOll·
Kax m (cM. pas.n.eJI 4.4)
ªmax = 3a +a = 4a;

Puc. 165
B TO'IK8X n
amln =-a -3a = -4a.
ílocKOJ!bKY
MKp
ª"=a= 't' = WP '
TO
MKp
0 max = 4aH = 4 W P '

TaKttM o6pasoM, B paccMaTpHBaeMOM cJiy11ae K03cpcj>HuHeHT KOHUeHrpaUHH

cz~ = 4.
Bo.11ee IIOJIHble .n.aHHble o K03cj>cj>HuHeHT3X KOHUeHrpaUHH rrpH Kpy'le·
H1111 IlpHBe.n.eHbl B TipHJIO:lKeHHH 2.
 Ta 6JI H ~a 23. fip116.111JKeHHwe pac'feTHWe cjlopMyJW AJUI onpe11.eneH1tR
M8KCHM8JlbHOro KacareJibHOrO HanpHlKeHHH 'tmax 11epe:s OTHOCHteJlbHWA yro.n ~
1¡ SaKpf'IHBaHHR 0 B creplKHRX HeKpyrnoro ce'lelfHR "
''
~I
1~
t
t '
4>opMa nonepeqRoro ce<1ennsr
CTepJKHR
Tmax (B Mila) sr roqKa, B KoTopoA
ORO HMeeT Mecro
I
1
---------ir-----------¡11
A ~
'
,,¡
a2b
2G0 a' + b11. e TO'IKax A ~
1
A l

_ _,_ _ _, 2a
~

G9 (2R - r) B TO'IKe A

f G0bk B cepe)lHHe )lJIHHHblX CTOpOH

i:
'< h/b 1,0 1,2 1,5 1,8
'r " k 0,6753 0,7587 0,8477 0,904+
11 2,0 2,5 3,0 4,0
h/b
¡l
k 0,9301 0,9681 0,9855 0,9970:

lt 6,0
l-+.-1
h/b 00
b
~
k 0,9999 1,0
1
'''
246

J
1
 npooo11:J1Cef1ue maó11.23

<l>op'>!a nonepe•1Roro ce'!eRH>t 'fmax (B Mila) H TOQKa, B KOTOpoA ODO

CTeplKRW HueeT MecTO

1, 18G9/ np116Jt11s11reJibllO B cepe.1111He

.11.JIKHHbIX cropou s roqux A. B ~rJio­
A soli BlileMKe B TO'IKe B - KOHl~earpa·
UHH HanpS!>KeHllA

A
b

2b

,..., 1, 13G9t
B cepe.1111He .11.maaoA cropo.
Hbl, B TO'IKe A B yrJIOBIXX shleMKax 11
TO'IKax B - 1ro11uearpau1111 uanpIDKeHHA

..., 0,267G9t 11 TO'IKBX A;

A ..., 0,26G9t B TO'IKSX B.
B yrJIOBbIX BbleMKax - KOHUeHTpaUHR
uanp11>KeHHli

t t

t t

..., 1,015 Get B TO'!Ke A B yrJioBbIX

BbleMKaX - KOHueHTpaUllH HanpmKeHHii

241
 · llpooo11~e1-1ue ma6.11.23

4>opMa nonepeqaoro ceqeRRR

CTeplKRR
Trnax (B Mila) H ToqKa, B KOTOpoA º~º '1
HMeeT MeCTO -

b
B
.
- 1,04 G0t B TO'lKaX A¡
- 1,0 G0t B TO'lKaX B .
..o 1
N B yrJIOBbIX BbleMxax - KOHUeHrpaum1'
HarrpH:acemrli

¡
1 t 3
l\
1 b
r,
t
'1
1

l b
t
- 0,782 G0t .11.JIH b/t:;;.. 3 H
' - 0,934 G0t .11.Jllr 1,5 < b/t < 3 B
'' TO'lK8X A.
B yrnoBblX BbleMKax - KOHueurpau11
Ha~emrli

A ('\' + 1) G0t B TO'lKaX A. Bo

uax yrnax - KonueurpaunH
HHH

b/t 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

'\' l,154 1,681 2,194 2,701 3,
b/t 4,0 5,0 10,0 20,0
-~-=-t--i-,_ A.-+-'-t-+-,_
'
1 ' '\' 3,709 4,713 9,720 19,723
2b

l
2 Get » cepe,l\HHax cropoH

b
'j
r Jl A 8 A 10

M3rMI

10.1. HopMani.Hwe Hanp•>HeHH• npH nnOCKOM H3rHl5e

Pac'leTHhle <f>opMyJJbI AJJll orrpeaeJJeHHll HOpMaJJbHhlX earrpll}KeHHii np1

H3fH6e o6bl'IHO BblBO,lll!T H3 paccMOTpeHHll IIJJOCKOro 'IHCTOro H3rH6a
(pl!C !66, a).
4HCTblH H3rH6 xapaKTepeH TeM, '!TO H3 llleCTH KOMIIOHeHTOB BHyrpeH-
HHX ycHJJHH TOJJbKO Mx He paBeH HyJJio, a

N = Qx = Qy =O; Mu = M 2 =O.

a ó
•
PHC. 166

JlcA08ue pa8H08eCUR, CBll3blB8IOW.ee H8IIpl!}KeHHll H BHyrpeHHHe ycH•

JIHll B rrorrepe'IHOM Ce'leHHH 6aJJKH (pHC. 166, 6) (orrycKaeM HHaeKC X y MO·
MeHTa), HMeeT BHA

)" aydF = M. (10.1)

p

I'eo.Mempu<tec/CaR cmopo11a saaa'IH BblTeKaer HS pacCMOTpeHHH Kap-

THHbI ae<f>opMaUHH TOH }Ke 6aJJKH (pHc, 167).
Ha6n10aall sa ae<f>opMauHeli: ceTKH, rrpeasapHTeJibHO eaeeceHHoll na
6aJIKy (pHC. 167, a), JierKO 3aMeTHTb (pHC. 167, 6),QTO rrpO,llOJJbHhle JIHHHH
IIpH 'IHCTOM H3rH6e HCKpHBJIHIOTCll no ayre OKpy}KHOCTH, KOHTypbl n0ne·
pe'!HblX Ce'leHHH OCTaIOTCll IIJJOCKHMH KpHBblMH, rrepeceKall rrpoaoJJbHble
JIHHHH rroa rrpHMblMH yrJJaMH. 3TO CBHAeTeJJbCTByeT o TOM, QTO rrpH 'IHCTO\I
H3fH6e norrepeqHble ceqeHHll OCTaIOTCll IIJJOCKHMH H, IIOBOpa'IHBal!Cb, C13·
HOBHTCH HOpMaJJbHblMH K H30fHYTOli: OCH 6aJIKH.
B ClKaTOli: 06JiaCTH (csepxy) BOJJOKHa yKOpaqHB8IOTCll, a B 30He ~c­ r
TfDKeRHH YAJJHHllIOTCll. 3oHa paCTl!}KeHHll H 30Ha C}KaTHll B ceqeHHH 6a.11<H
paaaeJJllIOTCll 11eampaAbHbl.M CAOe.M e paaHyCOM KpHBH3 Hbl p. .lJ,JJHHa Peii-
TP3JJbHOrO CJJOll IIpH H3rH6e OCTaeTCll HeH3MeHHOH.
ÜTHOCHTeJJbHOe YAJJHHeHHe HeKOTOporo BOJIOKHa, HaxoaHw.erocH na
PaccrOHHHH y OT Heli:rpaJibHOfO CJJOll (pHC. 168, a), rrpH qHCTOM H3n>f'e

249
 ~I

1
Hai'f,neM H3 paCCMOTpeHHlI ,ne¡popM3UHH ~qaCTKa 6aJIKH ,llJIHHOÍI dz ·(pm:.¡i
168, 6):
(p + y) de - dz (P + u> de - pqe u (lo,tJ'
8
= dz = pd0 = P·
noACTaBHB ( 10.2) B </JUSU'lectcoe YPa.8HeHUe (3aKOH fyKa)
4
a
B=E' (10

Bhlp83HM HOpM8Jlb~Oe Harrpl!lKeR

a qepes KpHBH3HY l/p:

a="'- y,.,
'E
(10 •

.nanee, IlOJlCTaBHB {10.4) • (10.

UOJifllHM

(10~
{
'
¡

'
'
ó
(3aKOH fyKa npH H3rH6e), a n
1
PHC. 167 CT3BHB (10.5) B (10.4). Hali:,ZleM
MyJiy JlJIH enpe,llem!HHlI HOpMa
Horo uarrpl!JKeHHR B JIIOÓOM CJ!Oe Ce>leHHlI 6aJIKH Ha pa"CCTOlIHHH y
OCH X:

.
l,,
ll
' '
d8

4
'

t
t
J
".. m n n
J
l ª• H.11. dz h.:.
(

" . n
z m dz
a
Puc. 168

l1a anaJIH3a ¡popMyJihl (10.6), ua3hlBaeMOli: <fJopMyAoú Hasbe, CJiell.J

QTO H3MeHeHHe Hanpl!lKeHlrli: no BhlCOTe Ce'leHHlI IlO,lltfHHllfTClI JIHBe
BaKony; Harrpl!}KeHHlI M31CCHM8JlbHbl B CJIOlIX e KOOp,nRJ1ato'il Ym.xt .a
l!HMaJI&Hbl (paBHW uyn10) npu y =O, T. e. B ueli:tpaJI&HOM cnoe.
 f1o¡¡cTaa.rurn a H3 (10.6) B ycJIOBHe N = ¡ adF, Haxo¡¡HM j ydF =

""'Sx =O. 0Tc10¡¡a c.r1e.nyeT, qTo ueihpa.a¡,aax JIHHHll ceqerlHll (ocb x) npo·
xo.nHT qepe3 ueHTP Tff:lKeCTH ceqeHHH.
M

1111 N./1 H.17.

H.ll.
.e: -
'

y y y y

PHC. 169

®g_. ®

t 6mox y
p~
'
170
5;,,ax y

B c.r1yqae Rpl!Moyro,¡¡bHoro ceilelHHi 6aJJKH Bhlcoroll h

h
MYmax M2 M (10.7)
ªmax= lx. = lx. =w;•
rJte Wx=lx!Ymax=lxfh/2 H Ha3b1Bat'T•
Cll MO.MeHtnOM CQnpD.mUBAeNUS ce1terN.UJi
npu uaeu6e (CM. pa!WUI 2.S) •.
QqeBH.!lHO., JlJUl .11wc>oro ce11eHHa.
HMeJO~ero ropHSOHT8JlbHylO OCb CHMMeT·
PHH (PHC. 169)., B.03MO-.lK.eH e,!lHHC'llB.eHHlilA
MOMeHT conpOTHBJle!Hlm npH H3l'lfÓe,B BJIOC.·
KOCTH yz, onpe,1t.eJil!eMhllt> n.o q¡opMy.Jle
lx
Wx=-·
Ymax
ECJIH ceqeHHe He HMeeT ropHSOH·
TaJibHOH OCH CHMMeTpHH (pllC. 1704 CJie· Pite. 171
Ayer paSJIHqarb .zr.sa M-OMenTa conpOTllB·
JleHHR
lx-
Wx = H
W'x==-;-·
lx.
Ymall YinaJI

3n10pa HOpMaJibHblX Hanpl!1KeHHll a B nocJie,11.aeM c.r1yqae He 6y.ner

c~MeTpHqHoll, KaK Mll ceqeHHK e ropaao.uraJibHOA OCblO CHMMeTpHH,
a vy,lleT HMeTb BH,11., DOKll3aHH!ill l!a pHC. J70 H 171.

2St
 ct>opMyJJbl ;\Jlll onpe;¡eJJeHHH HOpMaJJbHblX HanpH1KeHHii, noJJyqeHHble
11 J paccMoTpeHHH qHCTOro H3rH6a, OKa3blBaIOTCH e ¡¡ocTaToqHoii CTeneHbk>,
T04HOCTH npHro¡¡HbIMH ;\JlH onpe;¡eJJeHHH HOpMaJJbHblX HanpH1KeHHii B o(S.)'1
meM CJJyqae HsrH6a, Kor;¡a Q He panHo HYJIIO. 1

11>.l. Kacneni.Hwe Hanps1>1<eHHS1 npH H3rHtle

f
~I
B o6meM cJJyqae nonepeqHoro H3rH6a (pHc. 172, a), Kor¡¡a B ceqeHH
cTep1KHH, KpoMe HsrH6a10mero MoMeHTa M, ¡¡eiicTnyeT T3K1Ke nonepeqHa
CllJJa Q, B ceqeHHH 6aJJKH B03HHKaIOT He TOJJbKO HOpMaJJbHble a, HO H
caTeJJbHbJe HanpH1KeHHH T, paBHO¡¡eiicTBYIO~aB KOTOpblX panHa Q.

z ~ M. o, 8,
M+dM
6 1 8,

1 1: dz A2
ó
]), YI B,
!
a
,.,, n, ·+
·''"'"''''
'
m, dF
X :<:::

e, /J A,
iJ
PHC. 172

Bb!B0.11. <tJopMyJibT ,11.JIH onpe¡¡eJieHHB KacaTeJibHblX HanpH1KeHHii B e

qeHHH OCHOBaH Ha MeTo¡¡e ceqeHHii, J.lH<P<tiepemi;uaJibHOii SaBHCHMOCTH Me
¡¡y MOMCHTOM H nonepeqHoii CHJIOii H SaKoHe napHOCTH KacaTeJJbHblX H
n p HlKeHHii.
PaccMaTpHBaB ~cJIOBHH panuonecHH &JJeMeH1a A 1 m1 m 2 A 2 (p
172, a, 6, B, iJ), Bbl¡¡eJJeHHoro ceqeHHHMH A 1 Bi, A 2 B 2 H m 1 , m2 H3 6aJJ
HarpylKeHHoii cocpe¡¡oToqeaHoii CHJJoii P (pHc. 172, a), Haxo¡¡HM
N1 +T = N 2,
r;¡e
T = i-'bdz;

N1 = s s~r¡
F
a'dF =
F
dF = ~ Sx (y);

N2 = s J F
a"dF =
F
(M -i:,:M) r¡dF = M txdM Sx (y).

Oo¡¡crasJIBH (10.9) - (10.11) n (10.8) H yqHThrnaH saKoH napHoc

KacaTeJJbHblX HanpH:lKeHHii, noJJyqHM </JOPMYllY )KypaBCKOeo ,11.JIH onpeA 1

' 1

~S2 11
'I'
"'1
i
¡

¡¡eJlllll KacareJibHblX HanplllKeHHll npH nonepe'IHOM H3rH6e 6aJIKH npo-

1138oJibHoro ceqeHHll

T' = 't = QSx (y) (10.12)

b (y) J X'
r)l.e SJI (y) - CTaTH'leCKHll MOMeHT OTHOCHTeJibHO HellrpaJibHOI! JIHHHH TOi\
qacr11 nJioma.llH F (y), Koropa!I pacnoJioJKeHa HHJKe HJIH Bblllle paccMarpH·
saeMoro CJIOll MarepHaJia Ha paCCTOHHHH y OT HellrpaJibHOfO CJ!Oll 6aJIKH;
b (y) - uIHpHHa ceqeHHll B paccMarp~aaeMoM CJioe MarepHaJia. XapaKrep
11sMeHeHHH KacareJibHblX HanpHJl{eHHH no BblCOTe 6aJIKH B o6m.eM cJiyqae
3aBHCHT OT <tJopMbl ce'leHHll 6aJIKH.
ITocKOJibKy B paccMaTpHaaeMoM ce'leHHH Q H J JI nocroHHHbl (a n cJiy·
qae npHMoyrOJibHoro CeqeHHH H lllHpHHa b noCTOllHHa), TO, KaK BHAHO H3
qiopMYJibl (10.12), 3aKOH H3MeHeHHH KacareJibHblX HanpHlKeHHll B Ce'!eHHH

Q
©
0 Hll X

A
2R
y y

PE In Pu~1~

ISyJ,ter onpe,11.eJlllTbCll aaKOHOM H3MeHeHHH crarHqecKoro MoMeHra Sx (y).

B qacrHocrH, paccMaTpHnaH craTH'leCKHii MoMeHr nJiom.a.llH C1n 1m 1Ar
(pHC. 172, e), HaXOJ,lHM

bh2 ( 4y•)
S(y)=F(y)yu..T=B 1-F ' (10.13)

T. e. CTaTH'leCKHii MOMeHT no BblCOTe Ce'leHHll HSMeHlleTCll no napa60Jill-

qecKoMy 3aKOHy. Ü'leBHJ.lHO, no raKOMY JKe saKOlly no BblCOTe 6aJIKH H3Me--
HllJOTCll H KacareJibHble HanplllKeHHll, .llOCTHraH MaKCHMyMa npH

bh 2
QSmax QB 3 Q
(10.14)
'tmax = bJ JI = bhª = 2F'
hi2
rAe F = bh - nJioma.llb ceqeHHH 6aJIKH. B HaH6oJiee y.llaJieHHbIX or HtA·
TpaJibHOI! JIHHHH TO'!Kax B HapyJKHblX BOJIOKHaX y = -:t::.h/2 H 't = o.
3nIOpa KacareJibHhIX HanplllKeHHii .llJIH npHMoyroJibHoro ceqeHHH !íaJI·
KH, nocrpoeHHa!I Ha OCHOBaHHH <tJopMyJihl (10.12) e yqeroM (10.13), npH-
Be)\eHa Ha pHc. 173. flpH sroM

't
3Q (
= 2bh 1 - h2
4y2) •
(lo 15)

Ma cj>opMyJibl (I0.15) BH.lJ.HO, '!TO MaKCHMaJibHble KacareJibHble Hanpll-

:IKeHHR a crepJKHe:npllMoyroJihHOfO ceqeHHll, J,tel!CTBYIOIII.He B Heiirpam..

253
 ~

HOM c.11oe, OTJIH'l810TCll OT cpe,nHHX Hanpsi:llteHHA, KOTOpl>le Mor.llH ~'

noJiy'leHbl no <tJopMyJie 'tcp = QI F, B noJITopa pasa, T. e. l
'¡ 'tmax = 1,5 'tcp· (10.11
. Jl.Jill KpyrJioro cetteHH!I (pHc. 174) lj)opMyJia )KypaBcKoro ,nJtll Bep
KaJibHOA COCTaBJilllOlll.eA nOJIHOrO KaCaTeJibHOro HanpHlKCHHll MOlKCT C'.1111
aanHCaHa B BH,ne

4Q (
'(; = 311~ g•)
l - Rt .

:;¡aKoH H3MeHeHHll 't no BblCOTe H B ,naHHOM cJiy'lae OKllSfilB8eTCll lf -

60.11alfeCKRM. B 11aH60Jiee y,naJieHHblx OT HeitTpa.1rr.aolt JfHRHR TO'IK
A (npa y= ~R) T = (t. HaH60.111>mee KacattJrbHOe 1ratrpmtteR11e 6
B 'TO'llt'ax KeATpaJibHOil JIHHHH (npa y ... O):
4 Q Q
Tmax = 3riR2 = 1,33 F •
N
i ...." Q
'
,
í
f!} f 1
©11n11.
f,02 15,.J

PHc. 175

Sn10pa 't ,llJill Kpyr.zroro nonepe'IHoro ce'leam1, noCTpoeHHall Ha o

BaHHH <tJopMyJibl (10.17), npHBe,neHa Ha pHc. 174.
<l>opMyJiy AJill MaKCHMaJlbHblX KacaTeJibHbIX Hanp!llKCHHA npHMe
TCJlblfO K nonepellHOMY Ce'ICHlllO Jiro6oA «P<>PMDI no aHaJJOrHR e (l().
MOlKHO B OOllJ.CM BH,ne npe,ncTaBRTb T8K:

'tmax =k Q
p • (10.

r.11.e k - K034J4JHIJ;HeHT, saBHC!llll.Hfl OT cJ>opMbl ce'leHHll. HanpHMep,

npllMOyroJibHHK8 k = 1,5, AJill Kpyra k = 1,33.
9n10pbl HOpMaJibHblX H KacaTeJibHblX Hanp!llKeHHA, nOCTpOeHHble
OTBeTCTBeHHO Ha OCHOBaHHH <Pof.MYJI HaBbe H )Ky:RaBCKOro ,llJlll ,nByTaB
BOA 6a.nKH .N'2 12 (J X = 403 CM ; smax =
38,5 CM ) npH M == 1961 H
H Q = 9810H, npHBe,neHbl Ha pHC. 175. Ha6JI10,naeMble 11a snrope 't' n
na,nbl O(Í'bllCHllJOTCll pe3KHM H3MeHeHHeM lliHpHHbl 6aJIKH nplf nepexo.n
nOJIKH K CTeHKe.

tO.J. Pac'leT Hil npO'IHOCTlt npH M3rH6e .,

Dpn HsrH6e 6aJIKH B o6meM cJiy'lae, Kor,na M =!= O; Q =fa O (p
176, a}, H9-98 HepaBffOMepHOCTll pacnpe,neJieHHll HOpMaJlbHblX lt KKaT
Hbllt HanpBlKeHHA OTAeJibHble 9JICMeHTN MaTepHaJia HaXO,nllTCB B y~
 33JlílqHoro HanpsrnceHHoro COCTOBHHll (pnc. 176, 6). DpH 9TOM TOJ!bKO
p apYJl{HbJe BOJIOKHB (9JleMeHTbl 1, 2, 12, 13, 14) HaXO,llllTCll B ycJIOBHBX
!l ¡lflel!noro nanplllKeHHOrO COCTOllHHll (pacTllJKeHHB HJIH ClK3THll), sce
~craJJbHbl8 Bbl,lleJieHHble no BblCOTe 15aJIKH 9JieMeHTbl (3-11) HaXO,llllTCll
B ycJJOBHllX nJJOCKOro HenplllKeHHOro COCTOllHHB, npHqeM 9JleMeHTbl (6,
8) Hei\rpa.llbHOro CJIOB Haxo.nwrcB B ycJIOBHllX qffcToro c,nsnra. XapaK·
7y~pHO, qTO npH )le<PopM!U.HH lf9rH6a M8KCHM8JlbHble snaqeHHll HOpM&JlbHblX
" KBC&TeJibKblX H&nplllKeHHA OK83blB8fOTCll B paSHbllt TOqKax ceqeHHll.
B roqKax, r,ne a MaKCHMBJlbHO (napy>1rnm HOJIOKHB 6aJIKH), 't O, H, =
Rao6opoT, T3M, nr.e 't MBKCHM8Jlbl!O (neiiTpBJibHblH CJIOI\), CJ = Q,

RA=21KH 40KH H. •J71<H

2' '
r-'-'--'-'--'-tT1T1-rrrrrMTrrrr-rrr-r-T+-1-l-.Ll..L.LLL.LLLJ...l..U f B@ KH

1
1
t
1
JHI a
1

ó
Pnc. 176

TaKnM o6pasoM, JiornqHo paccMaTpHBaTb ,nsa ycJIOBHll npoqnoctH,

OTHOClllll.HeCll K pas.11nqm.TM 1'()11KaM (ÍBJIKH:
a) no HOpM8JlbHblM HanplllKeHHJIM

Mmax 9)
ªmax = W ~[a], (10. I

15) no KaCaTeJibHblM HanplllKeHHllM

(J{) 20)
•mall == QmaxSmax
bJ < ['t]. '
Ü(ÍblqHO HS ycJIOBHll npollHOCTH no HOpMaJibHblM HBilplflKeHHllM (1-0.19}
onpe,neJillIOT pasMept:.r 6a.ilKH npHHllTOJ\ lflopMbl nonepeqHor-0 ce'lef!Hll

M
w~ mall (10.21)
1a] '
 '

a nOTOM npOBeplllOT, y,11.0BJleTBOplleT JIH Bb16paHHOe ceqeuue 6aJIKH i(CJIO· J

BHIO npOqHOCTH no K8C8TeJlhHblM HanplllKeHHllM (10.20).
Ü,11.HBKO T8KOli no,11.xon K pacqeTy 6aJIOK, oco6eHHO 6aJIOK e OnTHM&Jlb~'
HOÜ <j>opMOH ceqeHHll, 06ecneqHB810w;eü MHHHM8Jlbffblff BeC H He06XOA
MYIO npOqHOCTh (nByTaBpOBble, TaBpOBble, llIBeJ1Jiepuble H npyrue npo<t>u
JIH), ew;e He rapaHTHpyeT npoquocTb 6aJIKH. Bo MHorux cnyqallX B ceqe
HHllX 6aJIOK HMelOTCll TOqKH, B KOTOpb!X O,!lHOBpeMeHHO ,nelkTBylOT 6oJI
llIHe HOpM8JlbHble HanplllKeHHll (M8JIO OTJIHqa10w;HeCl1 OT MaKCHM8JlbHbllt
H 60JihllIHe KacaTeJibHble uanplllKeHHll. '
' . B qacTHOCTH, Talloe coqeTanue a H T HMeeT MecTo npu usru6e ,11.ByTa
poBOA 6aJIKH B sone nepexona nOJIKH B CTeHKY (pHc. 175). B TaKHX CJI
qallx BOSHHKaer neo6xo,nHMOCTh npoBepKH 6aJIKH na npoquoCTh no rJia
HblM uanplllKeHHHM.
B o6w;eM cnyqae nJlocKoro HanplllKeHHOro COCTOllHHll, HCnh!TblBaeM
ro 9JieMeHTOM MarepHaJia 6anKH (uanpHMep, sneMeHr 5 na puc. 176), lf1
KOTOpb!H ,11.eiicruy10r era= a, onpe,11.enHeMoe no <t>opMyJie Hauhe, Ta
= i-11 = 't, onpe,11.eJilleMble no <t>opMyJie )KypaBcKoro, H npH a11 = O, rna
Hble nanpHlKeHHH uaxo,nHT no <t>opMyJiaM (cM. pas,11.en 5.5):

eri = ~ [er +Yer• + 4t1J¡

er1 =O; (10.
era= ~ [a - Y a1 + 4-rl].

3Hall rJiaBHhle HanplllKeHHH, MOlKHO no pasJIHqffblM TeOpHllM npoqu

CTH Bblpa3HTb 9KBHBaJieHTHble uanp lllKeHHll, KOTOpble He ,11.0JI>KHbl npeB
maTb ,11.onycKaeMh!X.
TaKHM o6pasoM, ycJtOBHll npoqnocru no pasJiuqHblM TeopHllM
6b1Tb npe,11.CT!BJieHbl B BH,11.e (CM. pas,11.eJI 6.1)

ersKaI = ; [er +Y a 2 + 4T1] < [er]; (10.

ersKalI = 0,35a + 0,65 Y a + 4-ri < (erJ

1 (npu µ = 0,3);

ªsKaIII = Y al+ 4-rl < [a]; (10.

erSKBIV = y g2 + 3i-2 <[a); (10.

ersKa M
_1-m
- 2 a+ l+my 2
2 er + 4-r 2
<[a), (10.

r,11.e
l
CTpu npoaepKe npoqHOCTH 6anoK no rJiaBHhIM uanplllKeHHllM
~
qac~
B03HHK8eT Heo6XOAHMOCTb 3H3Tb He TOJlbKO BeJIHqHHbl rnaBHb!X uanp~
)KeHHH B roü HJIH HHOH TOqKe, HO H HX HanpaBJieHHll. .~
B qacrHOCTH, sro neo6xo,nHMO npu KoncrpyupoaaHHH lKeJieso6erol
HblX 6aJIOK, B KOTOpblX apMaTypy CJie,11.yer pacnonaraTb T8KHM o6pas~
qro6bl º"ªconpOTHBJlllJl8Cb ,nei\CTBHIO paCTllrHBBIOlll;HX HanplllKeHR
B JIIO(ÍOÜ 6anKe MOlKHO nocrpoHTb JIHHHIO, KaCaTeJlbH8ll K KOTOpoA B Ka

256
 ¡¡ ToqKe 6y.ner xapaKTepH30BaTb nanpasJieHHe rJiaBHhJX 11anprnKeJJ11il.
~o KaSI Kp11saS1 Ha3bIBaeTCSI mpaeKmopuea eAaoHblX HanpRa1ceHuú. Tpaeino-
p
1~11 rJiaBHb!X HanpSllKeHHil SaBHCSIT OT BH.na Harpy3Kll H YCJIOBHSI 3aKpen-
JI eHll SI
6aJJ KH.
Qqes11.n110, qepe3 K3lKJIYIO TOqKy 6aJIKH npOXOJISIT .nse rpaeKTopHH
r11aBHbJX 11anpsilKeHHil, COOTBeTCTBeHHO O¡ H Cf3, nepeceKaJOmHeCSI MelK.ny
co6oil no.n npS1MblM yrJIOM. B JKe.1Ie306eTOHHblX 6aJIKax 06blq110 cTpeMsiTCSI
pacnoJiaraTb apMaTypy B HanpaBJieHHH TpaeKTOpHH rJiaBHblX paCTSirll·
8310 m11x HanpS1JKe1111il (pHc. 177).
,
q p
j!lliffl!fltlll!!t!:t

r
[

a
,
6;,·wPl
p

'~ ~I
ó
PHC. 177 PHC. 178

10.4. KOHl.\8HTpi11.\IUI Hanpsi>KeHHH npH H3rH6e

f1pH HSrH6e, KaK H B CJiyqae paCTSl)l{eH1111 HJIH KpyqeHH!I, B Mecrax

pe3Koro H3Me11e11HSI pa3Mepon HJIH <tJopMbl nonep.eqHoro ceqe11H11 B03HHKaer
KOHUeHTpauHSI Hanpsi)l{eHHil. CTpH CTaTHqeCKHX 11arpy3Kax KOHUeHTpaUH!I
HanpSI)l{eHHil B .neTaJIHX, HSrOTOBJieHHblX H3 nJiaCTHqHblX MaTepHaJIOB, ne
HBJISierc11 onacnoil BcJie.ncrnHe nepepacnpe.neJieHHH 11anp11JKe11Hii B soHe
KoHue11rpaUHH sa cqer reKyqecTH MarepHaJia. B cJiyqae xpynKHX Mare-
pnanon, Kor.na ne npHXOAHTCH paccqHTblBaTb Ha nepepacnpe,neJieHHe Ha·
npsi)l{eHHil H orpaHHqenHe MaKCHMaJibHblX 11anp11JKeHHÍI npeAeJIOM TeKy-
qec111, KOHUeHTP3UHJO Hanp11lKeHHil CJie,nyeT yqHTblB3Tb H npH CTaT11qecKHX
Harpy3KaX . .LionycKaeMble M3KCHMaJibHble 11anp11)1{eHH!1 B 30He KOHUeH·
Tparopa ne ,noJI)l{!lbl ,nocrHraTb npeMe1111oro conpor11sJieHHSI Marep11ana,
f!BJISIIOII{eroc11 B ,naHHOM CJiyqae npe,neJibHblM.
B.IIH!IHHe KonuenrpaUHH. B03HHK3JOlll.eA 8 Mee me peBKOeO UBMeHeHU!I
iJuaMempa eaAa (pHc. 178, a), MO)l{eT 6b1Tb yqreno nne,nenHeM neKoroporo
K09cpcjJHUHeHTa KOHUeHTpaUHH a:

= Pl/W, 11aii.n;e1111oe ,nJIH naJia e ,nHa'deTpOM, pasHblM

r11e cr 11 MeHbmeMy
IVJa\1erpy Ba.1a (pHC. 178, 6) npH OTCYTCTBHH KOHUeHTparopa .
• 311aqe1111si K09cpljJHUHenra KOHUeHTpaUHH CG ,!l.II!I paSJIHqHblX OTHOl!Je-
Hlltt .nnaMerpon D/d H pa,nHycon JaKpyrJieHHii n raJITeJIH r, 11aii,ne11Hb1e Me·
TO.IJ.aMH TeopHH ynpyrocTH ;¡JJSI DI d = 3 H D/d = 1,5, npHBe,neHbl B sn.ne
rpatjiHKa a= f (rld) (p1rn. 179).
9 7·458 257
~I
¡
 MaKcHMaJibHble HanpsrnceHHH B aoHe KOH!feHmpamopa e n11acmuHe ;
e iJeycmopoHHeü BIJlmOttKOÜ eunep6011uttecKoü <fJopMbt npH qHCTOM HsrHfe
B IlJIOCKOCTH ITJiacTHHbl (pllc. 180) MoryT 6b1Tb onpe¡¡eJieHbl no CJie,Zlyrom.eA
lj>opMyJie, noJiyqeHHOii Meto¡¡aMH TeopHH ynpyrocTH:

a -a
4~p Vª P
rnax - H
3
[V pa + ( ~ - 1
)
arctg rÍ
1
~
] •

l'íi\
d

4
~·J~~M ',

J Kp1Je11aR ea11me11b
M
6,,~0.fd' 6=d6;,
\ 2
I z
o ..r:
0.2 0,3 0.4 d '--V
PHc. 179 Pttc. 180

1 o 10 20 30 40 1
r PHC. 181 PHC. 182
¡
r¡¡e

t
¡
<JH
3M
= 2a 26 (6-TOJIW.HHa IlJiaCTHHbl).

1 Ha pHC. 181 npHne¡¡eH rpa<tJHK sanHCHMOCTH ªmax OT OTHOIIIeHHll a!p.

f
' pHC. 182 ¡¡aHbI 33BHCHMOCTH TeopeTHqeCKOro K03cM>HUHeHT8 KOHUeH
UHH a
¡¡JI!! pa3JIHqHblX OTHOIIIeHHli IIIHpHHbI nJiaCTHHbI H K ee IIIHPHHe
B MeCTe BbITO'IKH pa¡¡HyCOM p OT OTHOIIIeHHSI p/h.
Ha pHc. 183 ¡¡aHbI rpacpHKH pacnpe¡¡eJieHH!I HanpllJKeHHli B 30
,,
'' KOH!feH.mpamopa B euiJe il/l/lunmu'lecK020 omeepcmun B mupoKoü n11acm
ílpH qHCTOM H3rH6e B ee ITJIOCKOCTH ,llJill CJiyqaH, KOr¡¡a //p = 25. DO
' y¡¡aJieHHH OT ¡¡Ha BbITO'IKH, a T3KJKe B HanpasJieHHH B.ztOJib OCH y H80 1

'1<eHHll 6bICTpO y6b1B3JOT. llirpHXOBOli JIHirne8 noKaaaHO pacnpe¡¡eJieiall

Hanpll'1<eHHii, Bbl'IHCJieHHbIX no 3JieMeHT3pHOH TeOpHH H3rH6a nyteM rifi 1

Ta OCJia6JieHHll ce<1eHH¡¡ OTBepcTHeM. ,,~

258
1

.• 1
rr------(M\/,M~---~éj,,.,N
/

(6,),=0
(6,),=0
/

y
-26,,
-54, -44, -~·¡__ _.t'---+----'-t---J
b b

PHC. 183

.....
- .....
/
I/
T
/
o 10 20 30 40} Cel/eH/Je X=O
PHC. 184 PHC. 185

5
M{
46,,
-·-p=0,5
411 ---p=0,3
!?,= ,rra'
----)l=D.2

o JO
'º PHC.
20
186
 J
HaH(5oJI1>wee HanplllKeHHe, BOSHHKaIOm.ee 1f AHª l!GToqRH, MOll!RO
cmpe;¡eJIHTh no cpopMyne
. 1

3aBHCllMOCTb ªmax OT OTHOWeHHll t/p rpa<tJHqecKH npe.11cTaBJie11a Ha pHC.

)lJill KpyrJioro OTBepcTHll O'maa =
20'. f1pH p-+ oo O'max _.,O'.
B c11yqae e.11y60Koa Kpyeoeoil BblmO'lKU H.a me.11e epaw.eHu11 (pHc. 1
na11l50llhwee HanplllKCHHe npH H3rH15e BOSHHKaeT y ,U.Ha BGTO'IKH, r.ne M
'lepHaJI HaXO)l.HTCll B ycnOBHllX Ol5'heMHOro HanpRlKeHHOro COCTOHHll

\.
2
' :-...
r-.... ~
~-
1 1 1
'
1 1 1 1
o a1 a2 .!:.
d

Puc. 187 PHc. 188

Ha pHc. 185 noKasaHO pacnpe.neneHHe Bcex rpex rlfaBHblX uanp11lKeR

(a1 , o 2 , o 3), a Ha pnc. 186 JJ.auo pacnpe)l.eneHHe HanplllKeHHÍI a1 H 0' 2 y /l.
HblTOqKH B saBHCHMOCTH OT OTHOWeHH!I a/p npH paSJIHqHblX K09cpcf>HUH
TaX f1yacCOHa.
B cny'lae .Me.11Kux eblmO'leK H.a iJema.1111X epaW¡eHU!I BellH'lHHa K
UHeHTa KOHUeHrpauHH saBHCHT, rJiaBHblM o6pa30M, OT OTHOWeB
pa¡¡uyca saKpyrneHHll r K JJ.HaMet

'---~'-':e-
BblroqKH. Ha pHc. 187 npHBe;¡eH r
----- - -- -
cf>HK saBHCHMOCTH CG = f (rl d) llJIH
·--· • rf110X • tm'!X ,
ro cJiyqall,
----- - -
----- ----- ·-- - BecbMa pacnpocrpaHeHHblMH K
1 ueHrparopaMH B pa6ora10m.Hx Ha
a ó tJ ru6 neralfllx Mawnu llBlfllIOrc11 pasJI
Roro po;¡a nonepe'lHble omeepc
Pnc. 189 KoHueHrpaun11 B 9TOM CJiyqae saB
OT OTHOllleHHH ;\HaMerpa nonepe'lB
orBepCTHll d K JJ.HaMerpy JJ.eralfH D, B Koropoü sro oraepcrne c;¡eJI
3aBHCHMOCTb K09cli<t>HuHeHTa KOHUeHrpauHH CG OT d!D npuae;¡eHa B B
rpacf>11Ka Ha pHc. 188.
ÜTMeTHM, 'ITO npH H3rH6e B03MOlKHa He TOJibKO KOHUeHrpaUI!H
MaJlbHblX HanpHlKeHHH, HO H KottueHrpaUHH KacaTeJibHblX Hanp11lKell
B Mecrax pe3KHX nepexo;¡oB, B 'laCTHOCTH B ce'leHHH 1-1 .n;ayraBpO
l'íaJIKH (pHC. 189, a, 6). Ü)lHaKO BCJie)lCTBHe 3aKpyrJieHHH B Mecrax n
,.
1 xo;¡a CTeHKH B IlOJIKY KOHUeHrpaUH!I HanpHlKeHflii CHH:lKaeTCH H BM
smopb1, n0Kaaa1111oii Ha pnc. 189, 6, noJiy'laercH smopa, noKaaaHHaH
'\
pHC. 189, 8.
1

"
. 260
"
 to.s.
A,11pq>epeHq11an1tHoe ypaaHeHMe 1tlorHyToA oc11 6anK11
(ynpyroA n11H1t1tl
B HHmeHepHoü npaKTHKe npHXOAHTCH npoBOAHTb pacqer 6anoK npH
3r116e He TOJ!bKO Ha npoqHOCTb, HO H na meCTKOCTb, HJIH .ne<\JopMaTHBl!OCTb.
R flecfJopMamUIJHOCmb 6aJlKH B AaHHOM ceqeHHH xapaKrepH3yeTClI rrpo-
p!60M w H yrJIOM noBopora e.
HmpopMaUHIO o w He KaK <!JyHKUHlIX KOOPAH-
Harnoií ocH, COBilaAa10w:eü e OCblO 6aJIKH, MO)l{HO noJ!yqHTb, 3HalI ypaBHe-
H!le H30rllyroü OCH 6aJIKH (ynpyroií JIHHHH).
Ynpyaoa AUHuea Ha3b!Baercsr IlJIOCKaH KPHBaH, <\JopMy KOTOpOÜ npH-
¡JHMaer oc& 6anKH npH nJIOCKOM H3rH6e. Ha pHc. 190 H 191 :fnpyrtte JJHHHll
H3o6pameHbl TOHKHMH JIHHHHMH.
8>0 y
..--t- p
z X

z o,
Puc. 190
8<0 y

PHC. 191
w z
M M }M O
~¡:o
M M }M>O
~J<o
~}1:º
2

M M P O ~}1:º
M M f1 O
z w
Pttc. 192

YpaBHeHHe ynpyroií JIHHHH nerKo noJiyqur&, s11aH Bb1pa:1KeHtte Kpu-

8U3Hbl qepe3 H3rH6arow:uií MoMeHT M (z) B AaHHOM ceqeHHH H H3rH6Hyro
>i.ecrKOCTb EJ nonepeqHoro ceqeHHH 6aJIKH (cM. pas.n;en 10.1)

P1 =±ET,
M (z)
(10.28)
li BblpameHHe KpHBH3Hbl qepe3 K00p.D;HH3Tbl roqKH B ,llaHHOM ceqel!HH w
11 z, H3BeCTHOe H3 Kypca Bb!CllleH MareMaTHKH:

d 2w
l dzi
p = [1 + (~: J3'2 . f ( 10.29)

Y'lttThIBaH SHaKH AJIH M H l/p B saBHCHMOCTH or 11anpaBJ1eHHlI .neií-

~TBHsr MOMeHTOB H pacnoJio}l{eHHH KOOpAHHaTHblX oceií (pHC. 192), MO)KHO
PHP 3 BHllrb npasb1e qacrH BhlpameHHÜ (10.28) H (10.29), npHHHB B (10.28)

261
 i
~11
3Hi!K «IlJllOC) ,!(Jllr Bb16paHHOf0 paHee IlOJIO}l{HTeJibHOro aanpaBJieHH.9 oc-
w 1rnepx. Tor.n:a TOtJHOe ypaBHeHHe H30fHYTOH OCH 6aJIKH no;¡yqHM B BH...j
d 2w
'¡ (iz2 M (z)
1i [l + ( ~~ )2]3/2 = EJ •
~
l
ECJIH 6bl OCb w 6blJI8 HanpaBJieHa BHH3, TO B npaBoll qaCTH (10.

i•
'
t'Jie,!(oBaJIO 6bl nocTaBHTb SHaK «MHHyc».
B CBH311 () M8JIOCTblO necpopMaUHll l'iaJIKH (Wmax = (0,01 - 0,001) l
{Jrnax <: 1°) B cpopMyJie (10.30) MO}l{HO npeHe6pe11b 'IJleHOM (dw/dz)S ~
1 or.n;a ,n:HcpcjJepeHullliJibHOO ypaBHeHHe MOlKHO nepenHCaTb B BH,n:e

r
¡
d2w M (z)
dz2 = ET· c10.a1 1

l¡
4
p
z
B
z
::ho H ecTb TO HCXO,!(Hoe (npH6JIHXCeHH
au¡f;¡f;epeHU,UaAbHOe ypaBHeHUe U302Hgm
ocu 6aAKU, peIIIaH KOTopoe, MO}l{HO DOJI
'IHTb ypaBHeHHe ynpyroií JIHHHH
H ypasHeHHe yrJia nosopoTa 0 =
= f 1 (z).
w= f (
dw/dz
l' L
CTpoHHTerpHpOBBB yprurneHHe (10.3
nepsblií pas, Haií,AeM

PHC. 193
0(z) =
dw
Yz=
s M (z)
EJ dz+C 1 • (10.

Opo1rnrerp11posaB BTopoií pas, noJJy'IHM

M (z)
w (z) = SS dz ET dz+ C1 z+ C2 ,
r.!l.e C1 H C 2 - nocroHHHble HHTerpHposaHHH, KOTOpble ,n:oJI}l{ffbl 6b1Tb e
lleHbl ff3 rpaHH'lffblX YCJIOBHH (yCJIOBHH Ha KOHD;ax 6aJJKH).
ECJJR 6aJJKa sa,AeJiaHa OJl.HHM KOHUOM (pac. 193), TO nporH6 H y
noeopora B sa.n;eJJKe paBHbl HYJIIO:
WB=O; º/j=O.
,llJifl 6aJIKH Ha .n;syx rnapHHpHblX onopax (pHc. 191) paBHbl HyJIIo nporu
Ha 9THX onopax:
w 8 =0.
YqHTblBaH ,n:HcpcpepeauHaJibHYIO sasHCHMOCTb MelKl\Y HSrH6a10mH11
11eHTOM M (z) H pacnpe,n:eJieHHoü HarpysKoii (cM. pa3¡¡eJI 3.6)
d 2 M (z)
dz~ = q (z),

Bblpa}l{eHHe ynpyroli JIHHHH (10.31) MO:lKHO sanHC8Tb B BH,!(e

d2 [ d2w
dz2 EJ (z) dz'
(z)] = q (z). (10.
/
B 9T011 cpopwe .n;mp¡pepenuHaJJbHOe ypasHeHHe npHMeHHIOT o6w•
npH pactJeTe 61JIOK Ha ynpyro'1 OCHOB8HHH, a TaKlKe npH paccMoTpeB
KOJie6aHHH 6aJIOK.

262
;
ji
~r
 JlJifl HJIJIIOCTpauHH HaXOlK.l(eHHH ypasHeHHH ynpyroii JIHHHH w =-
'(z)H yrJia nosopora fl = f
(z), a TaKlKe onpe.l(eJieHHH MaKCHMaJTbHblx
;orttÓOB Wmax H )rJJOB flmax (npe.l(CTaBJUl!OW,HX HaHÓOJ!blllHH npaKTll'leCKHÜ
Hflrepec) nyreM HHTerpttpoBaHHH ,nmjJ<jlepeHuHaJTbHOro ypaBHeHHH ( 1O.31)
a 'CMOTpHM HeCKOJlbKO npttMepoB.
P ' )lJifl KOHCO/IU nocmoRHHoeo nonepettHoeo cetteHU!! npu deúcmeuu cocpedo-
moqeHliOÚ CU/lbl p Ha CB06oi)HOM KOHl{e (pHC. 193) H3fHÓ8IOW,HH MOMeHT Ha
paccroHHHH z
OT KOHU3 6y.uer
M (z) = -Pz,
a ¡¡H<jJ<!JepeHUH8JlbHOe ypaBHeHHe H30rHyTOH OCH KOHCOJIH (10.31) npttMeT
BHil
tPw Pz
dz2 = - EJ '

OocJie ,AByKp8THOrO HHTerpHpOB8Hffll 6y.n;eM HMeTb

dw Pzt
dZ=fl(z) = - 2EJ +c 1;

Pz3
w (z) = - 6EJ C1 z + +C 2•

nocTOliffHble C1 H C1 onpe,AeJIHM H3 YCJIOBHH

w =O nptt z= I;
0 =0 npH Z =l .
.H3 sroporo ycJIOBHH noJJy'IHM
Pl 1
C1 = 2EJ ;
113 nep11oro ycJIOBR!l nony'lRM
Pts
C1 = - 3EJ •

YpasHeHHH nportt6a H yrJia nosopora CJie.n;yIOW.He:

w (z) = -
p¿s [ z
6EJ z - 3 T + ( yz )ª] ; (I0.35)

P/2 [
fl (z) = 2EJ 1 -
( z
T )2] . (10.36)

MaKCHM8JibHble 3Ha'leHHH w H 0 HMelOT MeCTO Ha CBOÓOJ(HOM KOHUe

6aJIKH B TO'IKe A:
P/3
Wmax = fA = - 3EJ ; (10.37)
p/2
9max = flA = 2EJ · (10.38)

ÜTPHuaTeJibHOe 3Ha'leHHe fA CBH,AeTeJibCTByer o TOM, 'ITO nportt6 HanpaB·

.ll~H B CTOpoHy, npOTHBODOJIO:lKHYIO nOJIO:lKHTeJibHOMy HanpasJieHHIO OCH
w, ílOJIU:lKHTeJibHOe 3Ha'!eHHe 0 DOKa3blBaeT, '!TO nosopOT Ce'leHHH npOHC·
Xü.U.HT npoTHB '!aCOBOÜ crpeJIKH.

263
 l
B cJiyqae uaru6a 6a11Ku, iuapHUPHO onepmoa no trottqaM u ~CIJ#4e41
paeHoMepHo pacnpeoe11eHHy10 HaepyaKy q (puc. 194), Bblpa)Keuue earll6atcr ~
mero MOMeHTB 6yJleT
ql qz'
M(z)= 2 z - 2 .

8 JlH<tl<f>epeHUHBJibHOe ypaBHeuue HaoruyToA OCH 6aJIKR (10.31) npuMeT

d2w 1 ( ql qzª)
(iii" = EJ T z - 2 .
w npoHHTerpupoBBB ZlBl>KJlll, DOJlyqe
dw ql q ~
0 (z) =-¡¡;: = 4EJ z1 - 6 EJ zl + C1 ;
l ql qzt
l
¡
)
w (Z) == 12EJ zS - 24EJ + C1z +e
l
fpaauqu¡,¡e ycnoBHll cJie.11yro~ue:
1 í
w =O npu z =O;
W =0 npH Z =J.

¡ ' Ha nepsoro ycnoBHll uaxo.11u11 w (O} ~

== C1 = O; us BToporo ycnoBHH e11ee
qlS
C1 =-24EJ •

f noJlCT8BHB aua11eHHll C1 R C1 B
f pa>KeHHll JlJIH w (z) H 0 (z), nonyqe
Puc. 194 ypaBueHHe ynpyroA JIHHHH R ~PBBH
HHe yrna DOBOpoTa: '
f
+ ( Tz )ª] ;
3 2
l
ql z [ ( z)
' w(z) =-24EJ 1 - 2 T
(10.
0 (z) =- qlS [ ( z
24EJ 1 - 6 T
)2 + 4 (Tz )ª] .
MaKCHMaJibHoe sua11eaue nporu6a 6yJleT nocpeJluHe npoJieTa
5 ql 4
wmax = f=- 384 EJ • (10.

MaKCHMaJibHble SHatJeHHli yrJia DOBOPOTa 6y,11;yT Ha onopax

ql3
fl (O) = SA = - 24EJ ;

flA = - flB,
YpaBHeHHli H30fHYTOÜ OCH 6aJIKH, 3Ha1JeHHH MaKCHMaJibHblX npor
6oB u yrJIOB noeopoTa onopHb!X ceqeuulf JJ;JIH pa3JIHIJHblX cxeM aarpy*..:
HHH npocTeHIIIHX 6aJIOK npuBe,!l;effbl B ta6JI. 27.
Tipu onpe,!l;eJieHHH nepeMe~eH!IH OTJleJibHb!X CeIJeHHH 6aJIKH B pll.d
CJI} qaeB y,11;06Ho HcnoJib30B~Th zpa<fJoaHa11umuttecKuü 1remod ( ~1emod Mopa). ,
o:HoBal!HbIH Ha auaJJorHH MeM,l\Y .z¡;ucpcpepeuuttaJibHbIM ypaBHe11tteM ynpy• A

264 ;11
.)
~
J
 ¡¡ JUIHllll ( 10.31) H .nmf><j>epe11UH8JlbllOli 38BllCllM( CTblO (3.3), CB!l3b1Bal0-
roeil 113 r 11 6aJOW.llli M0Me11T 11 1111Te11c11BHOCTb pacnpe,11;eJJett11oli 11arpy3K11.
~Ka38HH811 a11a11or1111 no3BOJl!leT Bbl'lllCJl€Hll4 npor116a w no 113BeCTHCMY
~ 8 ecTH TaK :iKe, KaK onpe.u;e11e1111e M (z) no 113BeCTHOMY q (z). Op.u;11Hara
EJ
,1teiicrBllTeJJb11oii 9nIOpbl M (z), .u;eJ1eH11a11 11a EJ, paccMaTp11BaeTc11 KaK
HHTeHCllBHOCTb 11exoropoli cj;uKmueH.oil 11.aepysKu
M (z)
qc1> (z) =ET.
Ter.na RCKOMble npor116 w (z) 11 yro11 noBopoTa 0 (z) 3a.u;aHHoii (.neii-
crBHT€JlbHOii) 6a11Kll onpe.u;eJJ!llOTCll COOTBeTCTBe11110 KaK 113r116a10w.11ii MC-
M€11T M <\> (z) 11 nonepe1111a11 c1111a Qcl> (z) B ce11e111111 z <P11KTllBHoii (B3811ll'Hoi')
lía 1KH OT <jJHKTllBlloii 11arpy3Kll q<I>. JJ,1111 63JIKll noCTOllHllOfO nonepe'lHOfO
ce11eHHll 33 llllTellCllBHOCTb <jJHKTllBllOli 113rpyaK11 y.no611eii npllH!ITb BeJIH•
q¡¡Hy B E J paa 6611bIIIy10, T. e. op.n1111aTy .neiicrB11TeJ1b11oii 9n!Oplil M (2),
a HMeHHO qcl> (z) = M (z). B 3TOM c11y11ae

M<I> (z)
w (z) = EJ
(10.42)
Qcl> (z)
0 (z) = EJ ,

r,11;e M<I> (z) H Qcl> (z) - COOTBeTCTBe11110 11ar1163IOW.Hli M0Me11T 11 nonepe•1pasr

CllJl3 B <P11KTHBllOli 63J!Ke OT <t>11KTHBll01i 113rpy3KH Qcl> (z)' p3BHoli 3Illüpe
M (z) .u;elicTBllTeJlbHoli 6a11K11.
<l>11KTllBll311 (Ba311M11a11) 153JIK3 11MeeT ,n;JJ1111y ytl3CTKOB, p3BHYIO AJJH·
He Y'l3CTKOB .n;eiiCTBllTeJlbllOli 6aJJKll, a onopbl Bbl611p310TCll T8KllM o6pa30M,
'IT06b! y,11;oa11eTBOpRTb yCJIOBll!IM .u;e<jlopMBUllll .u;eiiCTBRTeJlbllOH 6aJIKll.
CoqeTaH11S1. onop11b1X 38KpenJJe1111ii .u;eiicTB11Te11b11oli R !pllKTllBHoii 6aJICK
np1rne,11;ettb1 B Ta611. 24.
noc11e)l.OB3TeJlbllOCTb onpe,11;e11eH1111 )l.e<jlopMau11li CJle)l.ylOW.3SI.. CTpOllT•
CH 3lll0p3 113fllÓ3IOW.ero MOMeHT3 .u;eliCTBHTeJlbllOli Ó3JIKll; BblÓllpaeTCll co-
OTBeTCTBYIOW.311 cxeM3 <jl11KTllBll01i 6aJJK11; <jJllKTllB11311 Ó8JIK8 113rpy:iK3eTCll
3llIOpoil 113r116a10w.ero MOMellT3 .neliCTBllTeJlbllOii Ó3JIKll; B BblÓpaHHOM ce-
'leHH 11 cp11KTllBHOil Ó3JIKll on pe)l.eJllllOTCll <jJllKTllBllble 113rRÓ3IOW.Hil MOM€11T
M<I> (z) 11 nonepe•rna11 c1111a Qcl> (z) 11 no <jlopMyJJ3M (10.42) Bbl'lllCJJHJOTCll
3H3'leHHSI. npor116a 11 yr113 IlOBOpOT3 B BblÓpaHROM ceqe1111R.
np11 Bbl'lllCJleHllll Af.p (z) H Qcl> (z) B CJJyqae CJIO>KROli KOll<jl11rypau11u
30IOpbl 113fllÓ3IOW.ero MOMellT3 )l.eiiCTBllTeJlbllOil 6aJIKll, npe)l.CT8BJllllOW.eil
ct>HKTHBHy!O H3rpyaKy, ee p33ÓllB8IOT 113 OT)l.eJlbllble npocTeiiIIIlle <jl11rypbl
(CM., H3np11Mep, p11c. 255), IlJIOW.3)1.11 11 noJ1o:lKell11S1. ue11TpOB TSl.}KeCTll KO·
Topwx H3BeCTHbl (CM. Ta611. 30).

10.6. OnpeAenea11e nepeMell(eH1tii a 6anKax

no MeTOAY HB'lan~HWX napBMerpoa

Onpe,l\e11eHHe nepeMew.eHHli MeTO)l.OM Henocpe,11;cTBettttoro H1nerp11¡:0-

B~YHH ,l\HcjlcpepeHuH3JlbllOfO ypaBlleHllSI. ynpyroil JIHHHH B CJJyqae 6a.~OK
e G01LIUHM 'IHCJIOM y11aCTKOB, K8:lK,!l;hlil 113 KOTOpb!X xapaKTep113yetclI cr~l!M
Bb!p ª'KeHHeM H3rH6a IOW.ero MOMeHTa, conp!DKeHO co 3H8 1JHTeJlbHblMll Tr) A·

265
 ROCTSl.MR, CBSl.33Hffb!MR e onpep;eJJeHReM npoR3BOJJbffblX IlOCTO!IHHblX H&-
TerpRpOB2HRSI.. npH RHTerpRpOB3HRR AHct>QieeeHUR3JJbRblX ypaBReHJlt 1

1i.n11. n yqacrKoB npRXOAHTCSI. RMeTb )(eJJo e ABORHblM tJRCJJOM noCTOSl.HRl>ll•

HHrerpRpOB3HHSI. • .[Lo6aBRB K ABYM OCHOBHb!M YCJJOBRSl.M H3 KOHU3X Ó3JIK
2 (n - 1) ycJIOBRii Henpepb!BHoro R nJJaBHoro conpH1KeHRH Bcex yqacTK.Oa'
ynpyroii: JIRHRR, M01KHO COCT3BRTb 2n ypaBHeHRÍÍ: 11.JISI. onpe)l.eJJeHRSI. 9THx:'
npoR3BOJibHblX nOCTOSl.HHblX.
' 3a,11;aqa CT3HOBRTCSI. P.eCbM3 rpy,11;oeMKOH y1Ke npR rpex yqacTKar,
'
¡ TexHHKY onpe.11:eneHHS1. nocroHHHhlX RHTerpRpoBaRHSI. Moxrno cymecTBeH
;ynpOCTRTb, CBe,11;11. ee K 0Tb!CK3HRIO BCero ABYX HeR3BeCTHblX - nporR
'
e

p
qc
R1=~, '
F
s
f b
e
r f d

!,I,,~ l,
l1
1 ' e
ri a
tt
1
w z
'
ll p
'
t/c
z
1 lü 1Y
'tJ-c.
1 v11
i'i
11 J 1
(fid) 111

1 j
e
d
z
f
' ó
PRC. 195

R yrJJa noBopoTa B Bb!ÓpaHH.OM R31J3JJe K00p)l.RH8T. 3TOT Mero.u. H33b!Ba

MemoaoM Ha'laAbHblX napaMempoo. PaccMOTpRM HeKoTopyio tJ3CTh óaJJ
(pRc. 195, a) ,D.JtRHOi\ z, np<me.11.11. Ce'leHRI!. JS TOIJKBX o
H L. MeTOll. OCROB&
Ha CJie.nyIOIURX HCXOJl.HblX nonoxceHR!JX,
l. HaliaJIO KOOpAHH3T Bb!ÓRpBIOT B KpaAReii: JieBol'i TOIJKe pacCMaT
BaeMol'i 'l3CTR ÓBJIKR R ORO sraJJHeTCH OÓW.RM ,ll;JISI. Bcex Y'l3CTKOB.
2. Bb1pa1KeHRe AJIH R3fRÓ3IOIUero MOMeHTa M (z) cocraBJIHeTCH nyT
Bbl'lRCJieHRSI. MOMeHTOB CRJJ, pacnoJJoJKeHHblX CJieBa OT paccMaTpRB3eMO
cetJeRRSI., B3Sl.Toro HB paCCTOSl.HRR z OT H3'l3JI3 K00p,ll.RR3T.
3. npH BKJllO'leHRH B ypaBHeRH!!. BReUJRero COCpe,ll;oTO'leHHOfO MoMeB
Ta M, npRJIOJKeHaoro Ha aeKoropoM paccToHRRR a or Ha'laJJa Koop.lJ.RHaT,
ero YMROlK3IOT "ª MHOlKRTeJib (z - a)º, palÍHblil e,ll.RHRUe.
4. B cJJytJae o6pb1B3 pacnpeJJ.eJieRHol'i RarpyaKH (aanpHMep, B ceq •
RY:H z = d) ee npo,11;JJeBa10T .no KORUa paccMarpRBaeMoro yqacrKa (pi«:.,

,.,,'
p
195, 6), a ,11.JIH BOCCTaHOBJieRRSI. cpaKTR'lOCKH ,11;eiicTBY10meii Ha ÓaJIKy Rll+
rpyaKY: BBO)l;Sl.T KOMneHCRPYIOIUylO H8rpy3KY o6paTHoro RanpaBJieHHJ i
266 .4
11 :, i1
' ,,¡'
, 1
 crpanOJl!!pOB3HHYIO .nonoJIHllTeJibHYIO 11arpy3KY H Harpy3Ky, ee KOM·
( 91< CH yromyIO, npHHSl.TO noKa3b!BaTb lllTpHxaMH).
oeH 5.p tt11rerpHposa11He ypasHeHHH Ha scex yqacrKax npoH3BO.l\Sl.T 6e3
c1<pb1THSI. CK060K.
Pª DpH raKOM no.n;xo.n:e Bhlpa:1Ke11ue H3r116a10mero MOMeHra Ha J11060M
qacrKe npe.n;craaJieHo qepe3 sce CHJIOBbie cpaKrophl, .n;eiicrsy10mHe cJiesa
~T paccMaTpHsaeMoro c;,eqeHHSI., BKJIIOqaSI. H3fH6aIOW,llH MOMeHT Mo H no·
nepe 4 11y10 cHJIY Qo, .n;eHcrsyiomHe s ceqe1111H, cosna)(aIOmeM e HaqaJIOM
J<OOp.llttHaT. BeJIHqHHhl Mo H Q0 raK :1Ke, KaK H nporH6 w0 H yroJI nosopora
0 B HatJaJie KOOp)(HHaT, Ha3bIBalOTCSI. HQ'tQ/lbHbl.MU napa.Mempa.MU. J1srH·
6 ~ 10 m11ií MOMe11T s ceqeHHH 6aJIKll, n0Kasa1111oií 11a pHc. 195, 6, Ha paccro·
¡¡Hllll z OT 11aqaJia Koop,!(!!HaT B roqKe o
(Ha nSl.TOM yqacTKe 6aJIKH) 6y,n:eT
(z - c) 2
M (z) = M 0 + Q0z + M (z - a)º+ P (z - b) + qc +
2
(z-c)S (z-á)2 (z-d)3
+k 6 qd 2 - k 6 '
r,11e

DocJie no.D;CT3HOBKH H3fH6810lll,efo MOMeHTa B ,!(Hcp<jJepeHUH3JlbHOe

ypas11e11He (10.31), ABYKP2THoro ero :1rnrerpHposa11HS1. H onpe,n:eJieHHH no-
crollHHblX HHTerpHpOB3HHli, KOTOpblMH OKa3blB3IOTCli Ha•rnJibHble na-
paMeTpbl

ypasHeHHSI. 0 (z) = f 1 (z) H W (z) = f (z) B CaMOM 06lll;eM BH,!(e MOfYT Ób!Tb
sanHcaHhl raK:
1 [ z '\"1 (z - a) z2
0 (z) = 00 + EJ M0 1T -t- ~ M ¡! + Q0 2f +
'\"1 (z - b)2 '\"1 (z - c)3 '\'1 (z - á)ª
+~ p 2! + ~ qc 31 - ~ qd 3! +
+~ k (z ~! c)
4
_ ~k (z """.;,d>4]; (10.43)

(10.44)

Do;¡yqeH11oe ypasHeHHe (10.44) 06blq110 H33blBaIOT yHueepca11bHblM

ypaeHeHUe.M ynpyeoa /IUHUU, HMeli B BH,n:y, '!TO OHO Mo:IKeT 6h1Tb npHMe11e110
npH JII06blx pactJeTHbIX cxeMax 6aJioK.
B ypasHeHHSI. (10.43) H (10.44) no.n:craBJJl'llOT Harpy3KH, pacnoJio:IKeH·
Hble CJiesa oT paccMaTpHsaeMoro ceqe11HS1.; 3HaKH cJiaraeMblX onpe,n:eJISl.IOTCH
SHaKoM COOTBeTCTBYIOmHX CHJIOBblX cpaKTOpOB. HraK, onpe)(eJieHHe nepe·
Mem,e1111i'I no MeTO.llY H31J3JlbHblX napaMeTpOB B KOHetJHOM C'lere CBO,!(HTCSI.
K onpe)(eJie111110 Ha•iaJibHhlX napaMeTpoB Q0 , M 0 , 00 H w0 • DpH 9TOM crarH·
~eCKHe Ha'laJibHhle napaMeTpbl Q0 H M 0 11axo.1(S1.TCS1. H3 ycJIOBHSI. pasHoaecHSI.
3JIK11, reoMerpHqecKHe 11a'laJibHble napaMeTphl 0 H w onpe,n:eJISl.IOTCSI. H3
0 0

267
 l
~

yc.r10BHI'! Ha onopax. }l.JIH onpe.ueJieHHH HaIJaJibHbIX napaMeTpOB Q0 H

MoryT 6b1Tb HCilOJib30BaHbl .uaHHb1e Ta6JI. 7, a .UJIH onpe.neJieHHH napaMeT·,
Moj
pos 0 0 H w0 - .uaHHble Ta6JI. 27. ;
BocnOJib3yeMCH noJiy'leHHbIM.YHHBepcaJibHblM ypaeHeH!leM .UJIH onpe·
.neJJeHH!l npor1160B KOHCOJIH (pHc. 196, a, 6) B TOIJKax z = a H z = 2a., 1

YpaeHeH11e ynpyroií JIHHHH Ha yqacTKe, r.ue npHJI01KeHa HarpyaKa q~,

6y.ueT HMeTb BH.U

w (z) = w6
zt + Qo 3T
+ fl 0 z + EJl [ Mo 2f zª - q Ti
z4] .
}13 ycJIOBH!l paBHOBeCHli 6aJIKH HaXO.UHM
qa2
Mo=MA=-2; Qo=RA=qa.
!~

TaK K8K Haqa;¡o KOOp.UllHaT COBna.ua "'

R,=qa e sa.ueJIKOH, TO reoMeTpH 11eCKHe H8!

(r
qa'
A
M.= 2 !----"ª'----+----"-ª--<
qaJibHble napaMeTpbl - nporH6 H yro
IlOBopoTa B HaIJaJie KOOp,UHHaT - p8B
Hhl ttymo:

w a w0 =O; 6 0 =O.

c=r~-
YpaBHeHHe nporH6oB Ha
y'laCTKe 6y.ueT
A.l..l.l..l..l.l..i.u...L.J:++H+H+++++H""'°"z
1 rqa 2 z2
M.=ji---~ª'----'-~~ª"--~~ w (z) = EJ L- 2 2r +
ó OpH z= a
Pttc. 196 qa4
Wc=- 8EJ ·

YpaBHeHHe nporH6a Ha BTopoM yqacTKe CB 6y.ueT

1 [ qa 2 z 2 z3 z4 (z - a) 4 ]
w (z) = EJ - 2 Ti + qa 31- q 4T + q 4! '
flOJIO}l{HB z = 2a, .UJI!l npor116a CBOOO,UHoro KOHua IlOJIYIJHM
7qa 4
W3=-24EJ'
Onpe.ueJIHB nporH6bI H yrJihl noBopoTa, M01KHO npoBepHTb >KeCTKOC
6aJIKH HJIH no.uo6paTb ee CeqeHHli H3 ycJIOBHli :lKeCTKOCTH
wmax = f < [fl.
Jl.onycKaeMble BeJIH'lllHbl nporH60B [f) ycTaHaBJIHBaIOTCH H3 ycJIOBH
9KCilJiyaTaUHH HJIH 9KCnepHMeHTaJibHblX .uaHHblX. ,
B cJiyqae pacIJeTa nepeMeme1111i\ 6aJIOK e npoMe1KyTO'IHblM mapHHp
yttHBepcaJibHble ypaBHeHHH (10.43) H (10.44) ,UOJilKHbl ÓbITb aanHCaH
B B!l.Ue

e(z) = ºº +a (z - e)º+ ~J [Mo -IT + L M (z ~I a)+

z2
(z - b)2 ~
~ (z - c) 3
+QoTt+ ~P 2! + ~Qo 3! -
~ (z - d) 3 ~ (z - c)4 ~ (z - d)4]
- ~ qd 3! + "-1 k 41 - ~ k 4! ;
'I~ 268
.
"1
 w (z) = w0 + 00 z +a (z - e) + di [ M0 ~~ +
~ (z - a) 9 z3 ~ (z - b)S
+ ~M 21 + Qo 3f + ~ p 31 +
+
~ (z - e)' ~ (z - d) 4
.i.,J qc 41 - ~ qd 41 +
~ (z - e)• '\-, (z -
~ k 51 - ~ k 51
d)•] •
(10.46)
3.necb a - yroJI, Ha KOTOpbIH OTJIRIJaIOTCll yrJibl noBopoTa CTep:¡¡rnel'!,
npHMblKa!OW.RX K n poMeMyTOIJROMY mapRRpy' T. e.
e (e)n +a= e(e)np•
r.ne fl (e)np - yroJI noBopoTa npaBoro crep>KRll TOIJKe S (pRc. 195);
B
0 (e)n - yrOJI noBOpoTa JieBOfO CTep~R!l B TOM >Ke IIIapHRpe S. CJiaraeMble
e co\!HOJKHTMe~i (z - j) <O, r.ne ¡ =a, b, e, d, npH pacIJeTe Re YIJHTbl·
JlllJOTC' ll

p p

A E E
e, e,
l l

PRc. 197 PRc. 198

BsaHMHbll'i yroJI RaKJioHa a llBJilleTCll ,nonoJIHRTeJibHoií tte113BecrttoA

BeJIRIJRROH B ypaBHeRHllX (10.45) R (10.46). KaK H Ha'!aJibRbie napaMeTpbl
w0 R 00 , yroJI a onpe,neJIHeTCll R3 ycJioBRH Ha onopax. B saBHCRMOCTH oT
pac'leTHOH cxeMbl 6aJJKR B03MO}l{Hbl ,D;Ba OCHOBHblX CJiy'lall COCTaBJieRH!l
orropHbIX ycJIOBHA.
1. YroJI a Mo>KeT Ób!Tb onpe,neJieR H3 ycJioBRll paBeHcTBa RYJJIO npo-
rtt6a Ha npaBoií onope (pRc. 197).
2. YroJI a onpe,neJilleTCll BMecTe e 00 Rs ycJIOBHll paBeHCTBa HYJJIO
1IpürR60B Ha onopax B H C (pRC. 198) nyTeM perneHRll CRCTeMbl .l(BYX a;¡re6·
paHqeCKRX ypaBReRRH.

t0.7. PacLter 6anoK nepeMeHHoro ceLteHHll

"ª npO'IHOCTb H >KeCTKOCTlt
CryneH'laTble cTeplKRR. ílpR pac'leTe Ha npOIJHOCTh crynettqaroro
creplKRff, R3fOTOBJieRROro R3 llJiaCTll'IHOíO MaTepRaJia, ycJIOBRe npOIJllOClR
6) ll,eT HMeTb BR,l(
Mm ax
0 max = W <[a). (10.47)

llJrn CTep:¡1rnsr R3 xpyrrKoro MaTepRaJia CJie,n:yeT Y'IRTb!BaTb KOHU€11Tpa·

IUno 11anpmKeHHli B Mecrax conpsrMeHHff ,n:Byx ceIJeHHii pasHoro .l(HaMe1pa.
B Jro-_1 c.iyqae ycJIOBHe npoqHOCTR cJie)(yer sanHCbIBaTh B BH,n:e
M
ªmax = rxaH =a W <[a], (10.48)

r,;e CG - TeopeTR'leCKRH K03cjlcjJRU,ReHT KOHUeRTpauHR HanpsrMe1rnií (en.

26)
 j

npuJIO)l{eHHe 2). B oóeux <jlopMyJiax w- MOMeHT conpOTHBJ!eHH!l OCJia6.¡

JieHHOro Ce'!eHHH.
npu onpe,n:eJieHHH )l.e<jlopMaUHH cryneH'!aTOH ÓaJIKH (pHC, 199, a) He.e
c6xo)l.HMO sanucaTb .n;mp<jJepeHuHaJibHOe ypaBHeHue H30fHYTOH OCH 6aJIK
)l.JIH Ka}l{)l.OH H3 cryneHeli, HSfHÓHhle :>KeCTKOCTH nouepe'!HhlX Ce'!eHHH K
rophlx coorBercrBeHHO paBHhl EJ1: EJ2: EJ 8 ; ... :
• d'w M (z)
t
dz 2 = EJ 3 ' ' ' '

3aMeHHM cryneH'!arylO 6aJIKy SKBHBaJieHTHoii

ce'leHH!l e MOMeHTOM HHepUHH J º' paBHhlM MOMeHTy HHepuuu O)l.Horo
.,' yqaCTKOB 6aJIKH, HanpuMep BTopor
' Jo = J 2• YMHO)l{HB 'IHCJIHTeJib H SH
MeHaren& npaBoli qacru Jl.H<jJ<jJepee
aJibHoro ypaBHeHHH (10.49) )l.JIH n , •
H3BOJlhHoro yqacrKa n ua J0 , nonyq
d 2w M(z) J 0 M(z) J 0
dz 2 = E J n Jo = E Jo Jn =
M (z)
=-e¡-o ~n.
Jo
r.n:e ~n = J n - Kos<jJ<jJuuueHr npHBe
HHH. B npuMepe, npuBe.n;eHHOM Ha p
199, J1:J2:J3=1:3:2 H ~1=
~2 = 1; ~3 = 3/2.
TaK KaK uaru6a10~ul'I MOMeHr
JI!leTCH JIHHeiiHol'I <jlyHKUHeii Harpy3K
TO )l.Jl!l Ka)l{)l.OH qacru ÓaJIKH BM
yMHo}l{eHHH Ha Kos<jJ<jJuuueur npeBe
HHH Haruóaio~ero MoMeura MOJK
YMHO)l{HTb Ha STOT Kos<jJ<jJuuueHT
BHeIIIHHe aarpySKH ,n:aHHOH qa
BMecre e BHyrpeHHHMH ycHJIH!!MH
u M B Mecrax conpH)l{eHHH pa3JIHqH
{
cryneHeli (pHc. 199, 6, e). Coe,n:HH
( or.z¡;eJibHhle qacru o.z¡;uy e Apyroii H np
cyMMHpoBaB BHyrpeHuue ycuJIHH
Puc. 199 l:Th!Ke, noJiylJHM 6aJIKY ílOCTOSIHHO
ceqeuu11 o usrH6uoli )l{eCrKocrhIO E J
Harpy)l{eHHYIO npHBe,ll.eHHhlMH BHe
HHMH Harpy3KaMH (r. e. HarpysKaMH, H3MeHeHHhlMH B ~n pas). flpu s
B Mecrax conp11>KeHHl'i óy.z¡;yr uaóJIIOJJ;aTbCH CK8'1KH nonepe'IHhlx cuJI H
ruóaro~HX MOMeHTOB, COOTBeTCTBeHuo paP.Hhle

l1Q1 = Q1 (~2 - ~¡); l1Q2 = Q2 (~3 - ~,);

l1M1 = M1 (~2 - ~i): l1M2 = M2 (~3 - ~2)·

B Mecrax CTh!Ka qacreli 6aJIKH aa.n;o npuJIO)l{HTb .z¡;onoJIHHTeJibHhle

cpe.n;oroqeHHhle CHJihl u cocpe,11,oroqeuHhle MoMeHThl, onpe,n:eJI11eMhle npH
ii.eHHhlMH <jJopMyJiaMH.
noJiy'leHH8SI TBKHM o6p830M 9KBHB8JieHTH8!! Ó8JIKa (pHC. 199, e) 6y~
.n:er HMeTb ynpyryio JIHHHIO, ílOJIHOCTblO COBnaii.aro~yro e ynpyroii JIHHHe
aaii.aattol'! cryneuqaroii 6aJIKH (pHc, 199, a).

270
•
" {
 flepeMerneHllll T8KOii (ÍaJIKH MO:lKHO onpe)1eJll!Th, llHTerp11py¡¡ Jlllljiljie-
peffUl!8JlbHOe ypaBHeHlle

(IO .51)

rlle Mnp - MoMeHT np1rne.neHHhIX BHell!HllX Harpy30K 11 .nonoJIH!ITeJibHhlX

arpysoK 6.Q 11 6.M, onpe.neJISLeMblii, KaK 11 B 06b1•1Hoii 6aJ1Ke, Harpy>KeH·
8
0 ¡¡ no cxeMe p11c. 199, 2 • .llJill onpe,neJie1111¡¡ w 11 0 MO>KHO BocnoJih30BathCH
:aKN<e yH11BepcaJ1bHbIMll ypaBHeHl!llMll (10.43) 11 (I0.44) Metojla H8'18Jlb-
HbiX napaMeTpOB, paCCMaTp!!Ball np11Be.neHHy10 (ÍHJIKY K8K 6aJIKY noCTOllH·
aoro ceqeHHll o 11sr116Hoii :lKeCTKOCThlO nonepeqHoro ceqeHHll E J 0.
6aJJKll e nenpep1>1eno 113MeHlllOW.HMCll no AJJHHe ceqe1111e111. EcJin
83 Mephl ce'leHllll crep*Hll HenpepblBHO H3MeHlllOTCll no AJil!He, to cpopMy-
~¡,¡, noJ1y'leHHhle Ha oCHOBa111111 runore3bI nJIOCKllX nonepe'IHblX ce'leH11l'l,
ctaHOBllTCll HeBepHblMll, K8K 11 caMa r11nore3a, Ü.D:HaKo, KaK noKa3blB810T
e3 yJibT8Tbl pacqera MeTOAaMll reop1111 ynpyrocr11, B TOM cJiyqae, KorAa
~roJI H8KJIOHa 06pa3yrorneii noBepXHOCTH crep*Hll K ero oc11 He npeBhilllaeT
15-20º, pacnpeAeJieH11e HopMaJihHhlX Hanpll*eH11ii no Bblcote ce'leHl!H
MON<HO np!!HllM8Tb Jil!HeliHbIM. TorJJ.a, ecrectBeHHO, MO)!{eM 11cnoJib30BaTh
o6bl'IHOe ycJioBl!e npo'IHOCTll 11 A!!cpcpepeHUl!aJibHoe ypaBHeH11e ynpyroii
JillHHH
M (z)
ªrnax = W (z) <.[a]; (10.52)

d2w M (z}
dz = EJ(z} '
2 (10.53}

ITorpewHOCTH npu Bhl'lllCJieH1111 KacaTeJibHblX nanpS11KeH11ii no cpopMy-

Jie /l(ypaBCKoro
QS (y)
't = b (z) J (z} (10.54)

8 Jl.8HHOM CJiyqae 6YAYT (ÍÓJibWHMH, qeM np11 Bbl'lllCJieHllll HOpMaJibHblX

Hanpll)!{eH11ii no cpopMyJie HaBbe
M (z) y
a= J (z) . (10.55}

<I>opMyJiy (10.53), Bblpa)K8JOW.YIO .n11cpcpepeHUll8JibHOe ypaBHeH11e 113·

rn6a 6aJIKll nepeMeHHoro ce'leHllll, MO)!{HO aan11catb B Bl!.ZJ:e

d2w Mnp (z)

(10.56)
dz 2 = EJ 0

r.ne Mnp (z} = J lo(z) M (z} - np11Be.D:eHHblii 113r116arorn11A MOMeHT, CMblCJI KO·
roporo OTJil!'leH OT Mnp• BXOAll!llero B cpopMyJiy (I0.51}; J¡¡ - MOMeHT
HHepu1111 K8KOrD-Jil!(ÍO ce'leHl!ll, o6bl'IHO Ha1160Jiblllllii HJIH H8HMeHblllllii.
BaJIKa, MOMel!t conpotl!BJieHHll Kotopoii 113MeHlletcll nponopu110HaJib·
f!O H3rH6aiow,eMy MOMeHTY OT BHell!HHX Harpy3oK, H83blB8eTCll 6aAKOÜ
PaeHow conpomUBAe'iUJI u3zu6y. Pacc'IHTblBaetcll raKall 6aJIK8 no cpopMyJie
M (z)
W (z} =Tal. ( 10.57)

B 6aJJKe paaHoro conpoTllBJieHl!ll 113r116y MaKCHM8JibHhle HanpH*eHHll

8 JllOÓoM Ce'leHHll OJJ.HHaKOBhl 11 paBHhl ¡¡,onycKaeMbIM [a). OpnMepoM 6aJI-

271
 11
'1
~
KH paBHoro conpoTllBJieHllll MoJKer CJIYJKllTb KOHCOJJb e nocTOllHHOÍI WH Pll· 1
HOÜ b 11 nepeMeHHOÜ BbJCOTOii h (z) (p11c. 200), onpe,neJ111eM01% 113 <!JopMyJJbl
(10.57). Tor¡¡.a '
bh 2 (z) M (z) Pz
W (z) = 6 =Tal = [cr] ,

6P ,r-
h (z) = V b [a) r z. (10.58)
1
Cne¡¡oeareJJbHO, Bblcora 6aJIKll MeHS1erc11 no napa60J111qecK0My saK011y.·
llOCTHra11 M8KCllMYM8 B Mecre saKpenJJeHllSI

-.f 6P ,r-
h0 = h (/) = V b [a] r l.
CTocKoJihKY corJiaCHO (I 0.58) B Mecre np11JioJKe111111 CSIJibl (z = O) h (O) = ·
= O, ro Bhlcora Kouueeoro ceqeHllll onpe.ne·
JI.11erc11 113 ycJioBllH cpe3a
3 p 3 p
Trnax = 2 F = 2 bh <. [T],
OTKy,na

Puc. 200

Ba.1K11 napa60¡¡11qecKoro oqepraH1111 (BeCbMa Bhlro,nHbie e roqK11 3peHlllt

9KOHOMllll MarepllaJia) 113·38 CJIOlKHOCTll 113fOTOBJieHllll np11MeHlllOTCll BeCb•
Ma pe¡¡.Ko. Ha npaKTllKe qacro np11Mellll10T 6aJIKll paB11oro conpor11BJie1111st
11sr116y, llMelOlll,lle noCTOllHHYIO BblCOTY h 11 nepeMeHHYIO ll!llPllHY b (z}\
(pttc. 201). '
3aKOH llSMeUeHHSI lllllpllHbl b (z) Haii,neM 113 (! 0.57):
b (z) h2 M (z) Pz
W(z)= 6 =Ta1=2raJ'
OTKy,na noJiyqaeM JlllHeA11y10 38BllCllMOCTb
3P
b (z) = h 2 [a] z.
CTp11 z = l/2
l ) 3Pl
bo = b ( 2 = 2h 2 [a]
MaKCllM8JibHhli% •npor116 raKoA 6aJIKH paBnoro conpor11eJieu1111 11srH6f
onpe,neJilleTCSI 1!8 OCHOBaHllll ( 10.56), Do H3BeCTHbIM I O• I (z) 11 llX OTUO• '•
ll!eHHIO
b0 h3 b (z) h 3
lo= 12; / (z) = 12 ;
10 b0 i
I (z) = b (z) = 2Z
MO}J<Ho ualir11 np11ee,neHHhli% MoMeHr

M (z) Pt 10 Pl
Mnp (z) = I (z) Jo = 1f I (z) = T ·
272
 no.acraBJJSISl Mnp B (10.56), ílOJJY'laeM
d 2w Pl
dz 2 = 4EJ0 •

!1ttrerpnpyll sto ypasnenne .nsa)!{)lbI, naxo.nHM

dw
- dz = -4 z + e1 ) ·•
- 1 (Pl
e(z) = EJ 0

1 ( Plz2 )
w (z) = EJo S- + C1 z + C 2 •

IToctollHHbie nnrerpnposaHHll
onpe,neJJlllOTCH H3 ycJJOBHH

w (O) = O; 0( ~ ) = O.
ÜTCIO)la
Pl 2
C1 = - 8 ; C2 =O.

---- ------,
1 ~¡
1

j..d:U-1.Ll..J..LI..Llil.l..LLLLJ...cto¡ ®
p
2
µw..Ju.:t::LCLI..L.Lf,-,..,.,..,...,...,,-Tl ®
E.
U..W-'-""..J....L.J.-'1 2

PI ......,..,....,...,..,.....,...........,..,..,..,.,..,...,.,; f'ii:'.
7¡ u..ul.llJw.J...L.J....Oo:..u..Ll.J..LLJ..LJ.J '0J/ e
PHc. 201 Pnc. 202
Tor .u.a
1 (Pl pz2 )
w (z) = EJo 8 z2 - 8 z ,
a
l ) p[3
Wmax = f = w(2 = 32EJ0 •
Orc10,na stt,nno, '!TO MaKcnMaJJbHblii nporn6 paccMarpnsaeMoii 6aJIKH pas·
Horo conpornsJJeHHll H3rn6y s noJitopa pa3a 60Jib1I1e nporn6a 6aJJKH no-
croSIHHoro ce'leHHH e H3rH6Hofi )!{eCtKOCTblO E J 0 •
6 Ilpttse.neHHaH teopHll e ,l\OCTaTO'IHOli creneHhlO npH6JIH)!{eHHll MOMeT
bITb HcnoJJb3osaHa np11 pacqere peccop (pnc. 202, a, 6, e, 2). flpu

273
 'I
j
9TOM IUHpHHY KOHUeBhlX Ce'!eHHii 6aJIKH onpe,neJI.lllOT 113 YCJIOBll.ll cpeaa
(crvi. p11c. 203, a, 6)
p p
'tmax = p =TI <. (i-J,
'(

l
a

ct>opMyJibl .nn11 onpe,neJie111111 pasMepoB none-

peqHoro ceqe111111 11 MaKCllMaJibHoro npor116a ()a.
JioK paBHoro conporHsJie111111 np11se,ZleHhl s ra6.ir.
25. B ra6JI. 26 ,!l8Hbl ypaB11e111111 ynpyroii JIHHHH,
ó 11 yrnos nosopora nonepe'!Hb!X ceqe1111A KOR·
COJlbHOii 6aJIKH nepeMeHl!OH BblCOTbl .l(JIH 11eKOTO-
P11c. 203 Pb!X cnyqaeB ee 11arpy:iKe111111.

to.a. Pac'leT Ha H3rH6 e y11eTOM CHn HHepL\HH

.ll.eiicrs11e c11n 1111ep~1111 cne.nyer yql!ThlBaTh np11 pacqere sJieMeHTOB

KOHCTPYKUHii, 11cnhlThlBa10w,11x 6oJibllll!e ycKope1111.11. Dp11MepoM MOJK ·
cny1Kl!Tb cnap1111K AB (p11c. 204), coe.n1111H10w,11ii .nse oc11, o,n:Ha 113 Kotopwx
(01) .llBJIHeTCll Be.nyw,eii. JI106of¡ 9JleMeHT .l(Jll!Hbl cnapHllK8, OOl!CblBa!Ow.H

l
1
1
P11c. 204 P11c. 205

1 i
. OKpy:iKHOCTb pa,n11ycoM r c yrJIOBOii CKOPOCTblO ro, llCilblTblBaeT L(eHTp«r
crpeMl!TeJibl!Oe ycKope1111e ro2r. l1HTeHCllBHOCTb B03HHKarow.eii no .l(JlllH

t
f
1 ¡
l
'
cnap1111Ka pacnpe.nene1111ofi 11arpysKH 6y,Zlet

qH =-w
yF
2r
1 • . g '
~
r.ne F - nnow,a,nb nonepe•rnoro ceqe1111H cnap1111Ka; y - y.11eJibHhlii .eec ~
Matep11aJia; g - ycKope1111e CB060,n11oro na.ne111111. i
Ha116onee orraCHbIM nono:iKe1111eM cnap1111Ka 6y,ner Kpaii11ee 1111:iK11ee :¡
'"'"""ª"' °' o•• aaopu•• q. n º' '°"" 1
1
A,B,, npn <0rnpo• mpym
CTBeHHOro seca qc cyMMllPYIOTCH: l
qmax • qH +q 0 =V: 2
ro r + yf =:vF ( 1 + ~').
274

'
'I
 paccMaTpHBa5! cnapHHK KaK 6aJJKy Ha .Qayx rnapHHpHbJX ono¡:iax,
¡¡axoJI!lM M8KCHM3JlbHblH H3fH63IOlll,HH MOMeHT
2
_ qmaxl _ qFl 2 ( ro 2 r)
Mmax - 8 - 8 1 + g
1160JJb1I1ee HanpmKeHHe
11 88

0
_ Mmax =
max - W
.!_ 1'1 2 1
W 8 I +
ro 2
g
r) ·
C11JJbl 1rnepum1 Heo6xo.QHMO yqHTbiB8Tb TaK)!{e npH pacqeTe rnaTyHa
oopwHeBOH M3lllHHbl (pHc. 205). illaTyH HcnblTb1BpeT lfHépUHOHHYIO pac-
npe.QeJJeHHYIO Harpy3Ky, H3MeH5!10lll,YIOC5! no JIHHeHHOMY 33KOHy, K3K no-
J{838H0 11a pHCYHKe. MaKCHM8JJbH85! HHTeHCHBHOCTb HHepUHOHHolí Harpy3·
J{H 6y.QeT B TOqKe A' TOf .Q8 Kp HBOIIIHn COCT8BJJ5!eT e IIl8TYHOM yroJJ 90º¡

1'F
qmax = g w2r,

r.ne , - pa.QHYC KpHBOIIIHna.

MaKCHM8JJhHhlií H3fH6BIO!UHH MoMeHT B lllaTyHe (npH paccMoTpeHHH
ero KaK wap1111p110 onepTOH 6aJJKH), K8K lf3BeCTHO, 6y.neT 118 paccT05!HHH
¡/y3 or roqKH B:

Mmax =
a M8KClfM8JlbHOe Hanp5!)!{eHHe

Do,ZlCT8BJJ5!5! SHaqe¡¡He qmair.> HBXOJlHM

qmaxl 2 Fyl2ro 2r
ºmax = 9 YJW
= 9 JÍ3W

10.9. KacaTeni.Hwe HanpR>KeHHR npH H3rH6e 6anoH

TOHKOCTeHHOrO npocf>HnR. 14eHTp H3rH6a

<I>opMyJJa )l(ypaBCKOfO .Q8eT aepHble pe3yJJbT8Tbl B CJJyqa51x, K0f.Zl8

wHp1rna 6aJJKH (ceqe¡¡¡¡51 mn "ª
p11c. 206) .QOCTaroq¡¡o MaJJa no cpaBReHHIO
C Bb!COTOH h.

Q Q

<:: H.11. H.11. <:: m n H.11 <::

m - n m- n - !1/1
--.n,
m n

o ó o .... ..... e iJ ...

PHC. 206
B ceqeHH5!X m1n1 nOJJOK TOHKOCTeHHOfO npoqmJJ5! (pHC. 206, B, e, lJ)
HanplllKeHH5! T, napaJIJJeJJbHble ycHJJlflO Q, H8CTOJlbKO M8Jlbl, qro HMlf MO)!{·
Ho npe¡¡e6peq¡,, Ho B 9THX noJJKax B03HHKBIOT KacaTeJJbHble Ranp5!)!{E'Hll5!
tu, nepneH.[IHKYJJ5!pH1>1e ¡ycHJIHIO Q. YqHTblBall Many10 TOJI!UHHY noJJKH t,
275
 MOlltHO cqHT8Tb, qTO KacaTeJibHble HanpinKeHHll "t'n no TOJllllHHe DOJIKH Ple>
npe,AeJieHbl paBHOMepno. Tor.na HX BeJIH'lHHa onpe,11eJIHTCll no 4>0pMyJ1e
QS (x)
1'n = Jt (10.59},i

y
PHC. 207

Haii.neHHOA H3 pacCMOTpeHHll ycJIOBHll paBHOBeCHll qaCTH noJIKH ,n:By

poBoro ceqeHHll .l(JlllHOA az (pHc. 207), r.ne CTHTHqeCKHA MoMeHT -1

S (X) = ( ! - X) / (: - ~), (10.

Q
~ 26.SHna
! ~ ....rf1'1 irh...
. © ~~I (J
!
j .1.w~ 1
8.'J,5Hfla
... §"' G ": rn
___ ,_ ___ ,
~
_
_
_
.
t
5.2!-111' r,; T,,
Hll tOB,4Mna
1r Tcm
X H!l
H/1
t l! r
t
1

--- '---- 1
- _,
""'1.1 JJ.I"' T,, T,,'
y a ó

Pnc. 208 Pnc. 209

lfa conocTaBJieHHSI <!JopMyJI (10.59) H (10.60) BH,1\HO, '!TO 33KOH pacnpe.n

HHll KacareJibHhlx nanpmKeHm:i: no urnpnne nOJIKH onpe,rteJilleTCll saKoHO
H3MeHeHHll craTH'leCKOfO MOMeHTa s
(x), T. e Tn pacnpe,rteJilllOTCSI no JI'
neil HOMY saKony.
3nIOpbl 1<aca renbHbD- nanpmKeHHil, nocrpoeHHbJe ,rtJill ¡¡syTaspoBO
ce4CHHll N2 20 nptt Q = 98,0665 KH, np1rne.n:enw na pnc. 208.

276
 KacaTeJJbHblll Hanp11>KeHHSI B nOJJKaX TOHKOCTeHHblX npocjlHJJeli cv·
mecrseHHO BJIHSllOT Ha xapaKTep HanpsuKeHHOro COCTOSlllHSI CTep>KHSI H Bllll
ero ,necpopMaUHll.
EcJJH ce'!eHHe HMeeT ¡¡Be OCH CllMMeTpHH H CHJIOBaSI nJJOCKOCTb npo-
xoJIHT qepe3 01111y 113 HHX (p11c. 209, a), TO B ce'!eHHH B031111KalOT paBHO-
JieilCTBYIOll\He ycHJJHSI s crenKe TcT H B nOJJKe Tn (p11c. 209, 6). B CHJJY
cll~ 1 ~1erpHH noJJOK ycHJJllSI Tn B3aHMHO ypaBHOBell!llBaIOTCSI Ha Ka>K¡¡oli noJJKe
l1Ha'le o6CTOllT ,neJJO, ecJJH rJJaBHaSI UeHrpaJJbHaSI OCb, nepneH.l(HKY·
.n11pna5t K HeihpaJJbHOii JIHHllll, He SIBJISieTCSI OCblO CllMMeTpHH (p11c. 210, a).
KacareJJbHbie HanpSI>KeHllSI B cTeHKe 11 noJJKax npllBOJlSITCSI coOTBeTcrBeH-
HO K yc11JJHSIM TcT 11 Tn (pHc. 210,6). y

.-
flpH 9TOM BeprllKaJJbHhlMll Kaca- Xo X dx t Tn
reJibHhlMll HanpSI>KeHHSIMll B nOJJKax ~1 1
npeHe6peraIOr. ITonepe'!HaSI CHJia z;, 1 1 Xc
'
Q = TCT' t r g¡ 1 ¡;,,,
t 1
Dptt 9TOM OHa He npoxo¡¡11r '1epe3 - ¡ o~"' Hll
ur
l(

4 A o HI/
iiT
neHTP Tl!>KeCTH, a, 6y,ny'IH paBHO- ¡ d ~ "'
,neHCTBYIOll\eii CllJJbI TcT 11 ¡¡Byx CllJJ • ¡- ~
a Q~
T co3,naIOIJlHX napy, cMell\eHa Ha
•~l- ____
ª'
HeKOTOpoe pacCTOSIHHe Xc (p11c. 210,6) 1

11 nepeceKaeT HeiiTpaJJbHYIO JIHHlllO

'b
.
1 2p_ r;,
B TO'!Ke e.
CMel1\eHHe Xc MO>KHO a rJ
onpe,neJJllTb HS yCJJOBHSI PHc. 21 O

L MA = Q ( xc + ~) - T n (h - t) =O,

(10.61)

fJ x
0
QS (x)
Jt dx =
-<x.-d)

_, 1·
-cx.-d)
Q (b - x0 -

Jt
x) t
h-t
2
dx =
Qt (h- t) (b-d) 2
41 ,

<jlop\IYJJY (10.61) MO>KeM san11caTb B OKOHIJareJibHOM BH)le

t (h - t) 2 (b - d)2 d
Xc = 4J -2'
CMell\eHHe paBHO¡¡eiicTBVIOl1\eii OTHOCllTeJJbHO ueHrpa TSI>KeCTll Ce'!• lid SI
H1 p;iccroH1111e xi;-+ x
0, KaK 9To CJJe,nyer 113 cxeMbl, npHBe,neHnoil Ha
rirc 21 l, a, npllBO,l\HT K TOMy, '!TO BHellIHSISI Harpy3Ka P, ,neliCTBYIOl1\3SI B
li 1XKO, Tll zy' BbI3bJBaeT B ce'!eHHH 6aJJKH He TOJJbKO nepeMeHHbiii no .l(Jl!IHe
;i
~ 06J10n¡Hii MOMeHr M (z) = Pz, HO raKlKe KpyTHl1\~il: MOMeHr (p11c. 211, 6)
'hp = p (xo +
Xc) 3a clJeT CMel1\eHHOCTH nonepe'IHOll CHJlbl Q = p (RB.~lllO·
U\eilcSI pasno.neil:crsy10U1eii ycllJJHii T cT H T nl. BcJJe,ncrBHe !no ro 6aJ1Ka
6Y.ner He TOJlbKO 113rH6aTbCSI, HO H CKpy'IHB8TbCSI (pHC. 211, B).

277
 l

,ll,Jrn npe.llOTBpameHllSI CKpyqHBaHllR: Ha npaKTHKe llCnOJibSYIOT CHM-1

MeTpHqHble ceqeHllSI 113 .nayx lllBeJIJJepos HJIH Bb!HOCSIT TO'IKY npHJIO:lKe· ':'!
HHSI Harpy3Kll H3 rJJaBHOií nJJOCKOCTH TaK, qT06bI OHa npOXO.l{HJia qepea '
TO'IKY C (pHc. 211, z).
B sToM cJiyqae yqacTOK 6aJIKH .llJJHHoii z noJJHOCTblO ypaBHOBelllHB&eT·
CR: CHJlaMH p' Q (z) = p K MOMeHTOM M (z) = p (z) - 11 Kpy'leHllR: He
6y.neT. CT03TOMY TO'IKy e Ha3b!BalQT l{eHmpoM useu6a UJIU l{eHmpoM :11eecm-

P11c. 21 I

Kocmu. U:eHTpbl 113r116a acex Ce'!eHHií 6aJJKll pacnoJio:iKellbl Ha n~

' KOTOpaR: H83hlB8eTCSI OCb/O :llCecmKocmu 6aJJKll (pHc. 211, 6). Ü'leBll.l{HO .n.11

i
CTep:iKHeH e .nsoiíHoií CllMMeTpHeH OCb :iKeCTKOCTll 6amrn cosna.naeT e ;Cbl()
Ha KOTopoií pa3MemeHbl ueHTpbl TSI}f(ecT11 ceqe1111ii.

to.to. O pac'leTe 6anoH Hit ynpyroM oCHoellllHH

flp11 paCCMOTpeH1111 6aJIKll Ha cnJJOl!IHOM ynpyroM OCHOBaHH

(p11c. 212) npe.nnoJJaraeTCR:, 1 'ITO peaKUllR: OCllOB8Hll.ll B KH:iK.l{Oii TO'll(
nponopn110HaJ1hHa ynpyrOMy npor116y w B sToií ToqKe.
}

lt
1

¡¡
;

z
ciW{ZJ
11'
1
! t'HC. 212 P11c. 213
¡
' 1
t
.
06o3Haqasr Koscjx!J11u11eHT nponopu110HaJI&HoCTH, 11Me10U1llit pasMe~

f CllJI8
HOCTb (.llJ111Ha)2• 6yKsoii a, noJiy'laeM, 'ITO llHTeHCllBHOCTb

~' OCHOBaHllR pasHa aw.

µ:
tt
TaKllM o6pa3oM, npH sa.naHHoií saelllHeii pacnpe.neJJeHHoii Harpysg
q (z) noJIHaSI pacnpe.neJJeHHaSI Harpy3Ka, .neiícTBYIO!llaR Ha
p (z) = q (z) - aw (z).
"
[t'¡,
~r. 278
' r

pacqeT 6aJJoK Ha ynpyroM ocH0BaH1111 npe.QcTaBJJSieT co6oll CTaT11qe.

11 Heonpe.neJJllMYIO 3a¡¡aqy, I1HTeHCllBHOCTb peaKll,llH OCHOBaHll51 CB513aHa
cK¡¡ecj¡opMau11eü 6aJJKll, noaTOMY np11 perneH1111 3a¡¡aq cHa'!aJJa Heo6xo.QllMo
e ai\TH ynpyryIO JJllHllIO 6aJJKll • .[(11<!i<!JepeHu11aJ1hHoe ypanHeH11e 113orHyToü
~cH 6aJIKll corJJacHo (10.34) MO)!{Ho, y'lllTbIBa51 npHH51TbJe Ha p11c. 212
¡¡anpasJieHll51 oc11 w 11 Harpy3Kll q, 3an11caTb B a11¡¡e
d 4 w (z) 1
dz4 = EJ [q (z) - aw (z) ]. (10.63)

EcJ111 pacnpe¡¡eJJeH!laSI Harpy3K3 OTCYTCTByeT, T. e. q (z) =O

(pHC. 212), TO ypaBHe1111e ( 10.63) npllHllMaeT Bll.Q
d 4 w (z) a
dz4 =-E¡w(z). (10.64)

Bw6epeM Ha'laJio Koop¡¡llHaT Ha JJeBOM KOHue paccMaTp11aaeMoro yqacTKa,

r¡¡e Ha'laJibHblMK napaMeTpaMH 6y.nyT w0 , 80 , M0 11 Q0 (p11c. 213). Bae.nSI
0603Ha'!eH11e

(L llMeeT pa3MepHOCTb ¡¡JillHb!) 11 3aMeHllB He3aBllCllMYIO nepeMeHHYIO z

6e3paJMep110A a6cu11ccoü
z
6= r·
ypasHeHHe (10.64) nepen11weM s BH.lle
d4 w
ds4 + 4w =o.
061.Uee perne1111e 3Toro ypaaHeHll SI
w = C¡eE cos 6 + C2eE sin 6 +Cae-Ecos 6 + c,e-E sin 5. (10.65)

B3RB COOTBeTCTBYIOI.Ulle np0113BO,QHble OT (10.65), Bblp3311M qepe3 HllX Q,

M 11 8:
dw . .
ds
= 8L = C¡e~ (cos 6 - Sln + Caea (cos ~+Sin 6)-s)
- Cae-E (cos 6 +sin 6) + C,e-E (cos 6- sin 6); (10.66)
d2 w M (z) L 2
d62 = -
, •
EJ = -2 (C1e~ sm
,
Cae· cos 6- s-
- Cae-E sin 6 C,e-E cos 6); + (10.67)
d 3w Q (z) Lª , • .
dsª =- EJ =- 2 [C¡e· (cos 6 +Sin~) - C2ea (cos s- sm s) -
- Cae-E (cos 6- sin s) - C 4e-E (cos 6 +sin 6)). (10.68)
0oJJO)!{llB B (10.65) - (10.68) S= 0, noJJyqllM Bblpa)!{eHll51 ,1\Jl51 Ha·
'laJJbl!bJx napaMeTpos:
w0 = C1 +Ca;
L80 = C1 + Ca - C3 +C4 ;
LªM 0 = (-2C 2 + 2C4) EJ;
L Q0 = (2C1
3
- 2C 9 - 2C 3 - 2C4) EJ.

279
 ,l
'~11
':' ' jll
'
Pew11a c11creMy 9TllX qeTb1pex JIHHei!:HblX ypaB11e1111i!: or11oc11reJ1hHO nocto. ~I
HHHblX 1111rerp11poaa111111, noJJyq11M Bhlpa:i1rn1111e nocJJe,n:HllX qepes HatlaJJb'.
,' 1 Hhle na paMeTpbl a a11.n:e
Wo L0o L2Qo
t
C1 = 2 +4 + BEJ ;

Wo L0o L3Qo •
Cs=2-4- BEJ '

L00 L 2.,,,,1 0 L 3 Q0
C,=4 + 4EJ - BEJ •
J1
flo,n:CT8BllB Bhlpa:iKeHllll nOCTOlll!HhlX HnrerpHpOB8HllH B (10.65)
(10.68), 11aA.n:eM
-1
¿2;wo LªQo
w(z) = w0 Y1 (6) + L00 Y 1 (6)- EJ Y 3 (6)- EJ Y,(~);

JI
lW (z) = 1W0 Y1 (~) + LQ0 Y 1 (6) + allw0 Y 3 (6) + aL 3 60 Y, (6); 1
4
Q (z) = Q0 Y1 (~) + aLw0 Y 2 (6) + aL 200 Y3 (6) - L M 0 Y, (~),

r.n:e Y1 , Y1 , Y 1 , Y, - <!JyHKUllll A. H. KphlJJosa*;

1
Y 1 <6) =ch 6cos 6= 2 (ee +e-e) cos 6;

Y2 (6) = ; (ch 6 sin~+ sh 6cos 6) =

= ~ [(eE +e-e) sin 6 + (ee - e-e) cos 6];

Y1 (6) = ; sh E. sin 6= ; [ ; (eE - e-9 sin 6] ;

Y4 (6) = ~ (ch 6 sin 6- sh 6cos 6) =
1 •
= 8 [(eE +e-E) sin 6- (eE - e-e) cos 6J.
flp11 .n:11<!J<!Jepe11u11posa111111 ljJyHKIU!li KphIJJOBa cnpase,n:JJllBbl CJJe,n:yIOIUHe ea~
Hble 98Bl!CllMOCTll:
LYí=-4Y 4 ; LY~=Y 1 ; LY;=Y 2 ; LY~=Y3 •
B o6Il{eM cJJy'lae (p11c. 214), Kor.n:a Ha órpe3Ke Oz .n:eiicTayer cocpe '
TO'!eHHhili MOMeHT lW¡ B TO'IKe e a6culfccoj'¡ ª{• cocpe.D,OTO'!eHH8ll C!!Jl8 P,
a TO'!Ke e a6cu11ccoli b, 11 paBH0Mep110 pacnpe,n:eJJeH11a11 Harpy3Ka q:

* 311aqe11m1 a111x cpyHKUllH np!!Be,n:eHbl B IlpHJJO:iKeHHll 4,

280
 sa Y
qaCTK8 OT z ==e 1J.O z = d, ol'lmne ypaBHeHHll ]J.JISI w, e, Q H M
nr.teIOT 11111J.

w(z) = woYi (l) + 00LY1 ( t )- E¡J {M L Ya ( ~ )-j- 0

1

+ Q LY,( r) + L' LM,Y (z~ ª')-La LP Y (z-¡ b¡) +

0
3 8 1 4

+ ~'~q,[Y1 (z-¡c')-Y1 (z-¡d')]}: (10.69)

(~ )-i1 {M LY ~) + Q L Y ~) +
0(z) =00 Y1 0 1 ( 0
2
1 (

+ 4f wov,(~)+LLM,v 1 (z-¡ª')-L•LP,v 1 ('-¡b')-

1

-Lª ~q 1 [v, (z-Zc')-v, (z-¡d')]}: (10.70)

d
e
z
N
p
~ VM{z)
Q(z)

w z

Puc. 214

(10.71)

Q (z) = Q0 Y 1 ~) + aLw Y ~) + aL 0 Y ~ 4~0 Y ~

( 0 2 (
2
0 3 ( )- 4 ( )-

4 ~ 1Y 4 (z -L ª') -,¿_¡P
-L,¿_¡M ~ 1Y 1 (z -L b1) +
~ q¡ [Y
+ L ,¿_¡ 2
(Z-C¡)
L - Y2
(z-d¡)]
L · (10 72)

-
TaK1n1 o6pa3oM, npn H3BecTHbIX ffaqaJibHblX napaMerpax w0 , 00, Mo n Q0
BP"~H4HHhl w (z), e
(z), M (z) H Q (z) Moryr 6b1Tb onpe,lleJieHbl B JII060M ce-
'10HHH e l\OOp,llHHaroií z 110 cjJopMyJiaM (10.69) - (10.72).
HaqaJJbHble napaMeTpbl B Ka»<,llOM KOHKpeTHOM CJiyqae Moryr 6b1Tb
onpr¡¡eJJPHbI 113 ycJioanií Ha Ko11uax 6aJIKll. 3rn ycJJOBHH ,llJIH pasJIH'IHbJX
1
c' Y4aen saKpenJJeHirn 6aJIKH nptt COBMemeHHll ttaqaJia KOOp,llttHar e JierblM
ee "ºllUOM npe,¡¡craaJieHbJ HH»<e.

281
 1,
J
j ~I
~
' -----------.....,-----Jl-C-Bbl_A_K_O_H_eu----;---n-p-aB_b_IA_K_O_H_Cll---,1;
VcnoBHH Ha KOHU8X

j
6aJJKH (Z = 0) Z =i Q '~
Q
f JI eBhil1 KOHC'U
OpaBblíl
Koneu
ft M w fl M

.
{

it Cno6o.neH
Cnooo.neH
Cno6o.neH
Onept
3a.neJiaH
Mo
Mo
/\-1 0
Qo
Qo
Qo
o
o o
M¡
M¡
Q,

t
Orrepr Onepr o Mo o M¡
3a.neJiaH o Mo o o
3a.neJiaH 3a.neJiaH o o o o
Al¡ e O¡ - cooTBeTCTBeHHo BHemnne cocpeJl.OTO'leBHhle MOMeHT H CHJJa Ha npasoA ono~
1
Opu Bbl6ope HaqaJia KOOp){HHar Ha JieBOM KOHUe OJJ,HonpoJieTHO:li 6a <
1 KR JJ,na HaqaJibHblX napaMerpa BcerJJ,a HSBeCTHbl. Ll:JISI onpe,lleJieHHH JJ,By

'1
Apyrux napaMerpon Heo6xoJJ,HMO pemerb cecreMy .nnyx aJire6paeqeCKH
ypanHeHeii, cocranJieHHyw es ~cJioneii aaKpenJieHHSI npanoro KOHll
6aJIKH.

10.11. M3rM6 6anoK, Matepwan KOTOpWX

ee cne,qyet laKoey ryKa

LI:uarpaMMbl paCTSDKeHHH H cJKaTHSI, sanecaHHble ){JISI MatepnaJIOB,

CJie.ny1omux SaKoHy fyKa (qyryH, KaMeHb H JJ,p.), noKa3b!BalOT, q¡Q
npiuKeHesi pacryr Me.nJieHHee JJ,eqiopMaUHll e orcranaHHe pocra HanpmtceH
OT JJ,e<l:>OpMauuii SHaqHTeJibHee npe pacrsiJKeHHH, qeM npH CJK3THH (p
215). B _3TOM CJiyqae HeiirpaJibHasi JIHHHSI He npoxo.nur qepes UeHrp TH
15 y
~ © Et
~
1

E2 ~

11
o - -
Ocó ÓOl!kll -<::
-<::

1 1 <,
Heümpo11bHbl11 c11ou z
)
/) <1
;<!

Puc. 215 Pee. 216

ere nonepeqHoro ceqettusi, a cMew;aerc11 B cropoHy ueurpa KpHneSHhl

6aJIKe (pee. 216). CTo H3BeCTHOMY pa.n:eycy KpeneSHbl HeiirpaJibHOrO CJI
p Ha OCHOB8HHH runoresbl IIJIOCKHX ceqeHHH OTHOCHTeJibHOe yJJ,JieHe
' BOJIOKHa, Haxo.n11w;eroc11 "ª
paCCTOHHHH y OT HeiirpaJibHOro CJIOH, 1(
'' H npeJK}le, onpe.n:en11erc11 usnecrHoii qiopMyJioii

y
e- - -
p.
Oo3r0My npeJK}le ncero cne.11.yer Haiira noJioJKeune H pa.11.uyc KPH
Hbl 11einpaJ1bHOfO CJIOH.

m ~
. ~I
~
 PaccMOTpHM 6aJIKY np11MoyroJibHOro ceqeuttsi us MaTep11aJia, ue cne-
ioI.Uero 38KOHY fyKa (p11c. 217). Yq11TblB8SI, qro )lJISI MHOrHX MarepH3Jlll8
P.Y "CllMOCTll 8 = f (a) nptt paCT!l)l{eHllll 11 C)l{8Tllll MOryT 6bITb npe.z¡cr;;u-
saB"
JleHbl B Bll.Lle
(10 74)

r.lle kP' kcm• n 11 m - seJ111q11Hbl, xapaKTep113yrom11e !f¡¡¡311qecK11e csolkTBa

Marepttana, noJioJKeHtte ueiirpaJibHoro cJiosi MO)l{HO onpe.z¡eJillTb 113 ) cJios1:if

LZ sadF =
F
= O;

L Mx saydF - = M= O
F

h, h,
b( S apdy - SªcmdY) = O; (10.75)
o o
h, h,
b( Sapydy + Sªcmydy) = M. (10.76)
o o
Ha OCHOB8Hllll (10.74) H (10.73)

(10.77)

Oo.z¡CT3BJ!Slll (10.77) B (10.75) 11 (10.76) 11 HHTerp11pysi, COOTBeTCTBeBllO

noJiyttaeM
1 1
n ( h1
n + 1 kpp
)n hi - m ( h2
m + l kcJKP
)m h2 = O; (10.78)

1 1
n h )n ( h )m
+ 1 b ( kpP m
1 2 2 2
2n h1 - 2m + 1 b kcw.P h2 = M. (JO. 79)

YttHTwsa11, ttTO h1 + h = h, 113 nocJie.z¡uux .z¡syx ypasueuuli uaxo.z¡11M p,

2
/11 ll h 2, a 38TeM no ¡f>opMyJiaM (10.77)- Hanp11)1{eH11si ºP 11 ªcm·
Mol!rno peU111Tb 11 06paniy10 3a.z¡atty: onp~ .z¡eJIHTb uatt60JibWll ii .z¡onycKa-
eMwíí 11Brn6a10m11il MOMt'HT no .uonycKaeMblM uanp11)1{eHHHM pacT!l)l{eHHH [op)
llJJH C.lKaTttff (ocm.1· 0pH 3TOM, íl0Jlb3j!!Cb ct;opMy,1a\IH (10.77), Onpe.z¡eJJSllOT
Hanpa)heHH!I B KpaHHHX BOJIOKHax:

(10.80)

283
 1

'I' 1
Í1 Ha OCHOB8HHH (10.80) Bb!paJK.eHH!! ( 1O.78) H ( 1O.79) MO)KIJO npeitcT8BHTb
B BH){e
1

(10.81)
1

(10.82f
'
1
,t KpoMe Toro, H3 ypasueuu11 (10.80) cJie¡¡yeT, qTO 1
'
¡' 11

h1 a~kp
71=
2
m
02 kClK
(10.83)

...;I

¡
1

PHC. 217 Puc. 218

0oJib3Y!!Cb COOTHOilleHH!!MH (10.81)- (10.83) H yqHTb!B8!1, qTQ h1+hª

= h, MOJK.HO no H3BecTHOMy [ Op) HJIH [ ªc)K l
onpe,ZJ,eJIHTb DOJIOJK.eHue HeR
paJibHOii ocu u .n:onycKaeMoe SHaqeuue usru6a10mero MOMeHTa {M].
B CJ!yqae, Kor.n:a M8TepuaJI CJ!e¡i:yeT 38KOHy fyKa, HO MOJtYJIH ynpyroc
npu pacTHJK.e1mu EP H cJK.aTHH Ecm ueo¡¡HHaKOBbl (o6bl'IHO Ecm > EP)
&n!Opa HOpM8JibHblX Hallp!!JK.eHHii 6y¡i:eT HMeTb BH¡i:, npuse¡i:eHHblii Ha pu
218, a MaKCHM8JlbHble H8Dp!!lK.eHHSI npH H3BeCTHOM .n:eiicTByromeM HSfH
IOW.eM MOMeHTe M .D:JIH CTeplK.H!I np11MoyrOJibHOro celJeHHSI 6y.n:yT onpe
JI !!TbCSI no $opMyJI aM

B cJiy<iae, Kor¡¡a uanp11JK.eHHH onpe¡i:eJ11110rc11 qepes OTHOCHTeJibH

1le4JOpMa!\HH B KpaiíHHX BOJIOKHax, Haii.n:eHHble e DOMOlllblO TeHSOMerpo•
lj>OpMyJibl (10.84) Jiy'lwe npe.n:cTaBHTb B BH.n:e

284
 Ta es JI u u a 24. CxeMw .11.eAcTBHTtJILHWX H cooTaeTcTayiow.11x HM
4>HKTHlllllllX 68.llOK

JJ.eACTllBTe.llbB&ll ClaJJK8 4>BKTUB&a11 Ganxa

t l 3" ~ L f

~. l .\ ,_ l
.r

lt.aX l .t t. l. l
t
•

!~:E ~I l t. 1 l
1 !. ~
-

~- l .,. I. l
.I
.
-
285
 '
''
11
Ta 6 JI u u a 25. 6aJIKH panuoro conpoTHBJJeHHll uaruoy

.
CxeMa 6aJJKH H ee rrorrepeqnoe <l>opMyJJbl l(Jlll orrpe,llenemlll pa3Mepoe rrone-
ceqeHH e peqnoro ceqemlll 11 MBKCHM8JlbHoro nporn6a ·

'
'

•'KOaifJUm,·1HaJ1
napaoona 1
r-~
z h
z
= v 6Pz . _ BP (
b[a] ,f- Eb h
!_) 3
'

.
-~11
1

11
~~~~~~¡~~~~~~~~__,,¡¡¡

~::i---rl ~ -.,

r-=, __.. 1•-,_.z~~., p 6Pz 6P ( l) a

.i:
~
bz = h2 [a] ; f = Eb 7i '.
~ .C::,r--~,_

.- 1

'
.

. ...- .J_'d
-r-
'
--..!.-11--::
~J..-"
~
t" áz = ..,.3/32Pz
r n [a)
KyótneÚr1111 p tfz
'
! Papaóana
!:
¡
í

q
"' r3i/ '

V 8 [a]
' ' ' ' l_J_

¡~
..:!~ hz = z
""v
J.¿ z

·l i '
~
¡

5' 286
•
~
 flpofJo.11~eHue ma6.11. 25

cxeMa 6anKH H ee nonepequoe <l>opMynh! ,!IRR onpe,!IMeHHR pa3Mepoe none-

celJeHHe pequoro ceqeHHR n MaKCHMaRbHoro nporn6a

h = v6Pcz . h, = v6Paz'
z bl[a]' z bl[a)

hz = V 3q/2 (
4b (a]
z2 )
1 - 4 l2 ;f=
3ql4
16bEhª

3Pz 3p¡s
bz=h2[aJ; f=sbEhs

l 2

287
~ T a 6 JI H u a 26. YpasHeHHSI ynpyroü JIHHHH H yr Jla nonopOTa nonepe'!HblX ce'lelfHH KOHCOJlblfOH óaJIKH nepeMelfffOH BblCOTbl

CxeMa 6aJIKH H YpaaHeHHe l(npyroA JIHHHH llpaaeeHHe yr.na noeopoTa

HarpysKH

Plª[ l a 2l+a
EJ -lna+z+2(a+z)+ 2L
ª]
(l-z)-2l 2
Pl
3
[ 2z
EJ 0 2 (a+ z) 2
+a -
21
'fI2
+ ª]
0

3
pL { l
- 2 E ¡ 2a lrt a+ z - (a+ z) [In (a+ z) - l ]-
0

4al-a 2
---u. 2- (l - z) +(a+ z) In L-

-~2 (-¡
a+z
- _!_)-L}
l
 tOtl tt?

P oL3 f PoL
3
L
- 6EJol l 3a (a+ z) [In (a+ z) - l] - 3aL ln L -
\
+

~
6EJ ol - 3a ln a+ z + (L - 2)
2
- 3a2 In a +L z + ( 3a ln L + T
3a - L - aª)
2l 2 (l - 2) +
( 1
+ 3a2 a z- + L1) - as
2 X
3
+ 21 [l2 - a
(a+ z)2j + 2 ( 1
a+z- y1 ) +3al } X [(a~ z)2 - b]}

t ll.z:lt
3

ML
EJ 0
3
[ z 1 2/
2l 2 + 2 (a+ z) -'f['i"""
+ ª] Ml
EJ 0
[ 1 1 ]
2(a+z) 2 -2L2

Ta 611 n u: a 27. YpasHeHHll ynpyroif JJHHHH, MaKCHMaJJbHble nportt6bl H yrnw nosopora KOH~eswx n onopHWX ce'!eHHli
C.Ta'rH'lecKH onpe)l,eJJHMblX 6aJJOK IlOCTOllHHOro nonepe'IHOro ce'!eHHll

CiteMa Í>aJJKH "YpaeneHHe ynpyroil JlltHHH Wz H M8KCHM8JlbHhlil nporHó t YrOJJ noeopOTa e

0-<:z<l

b A
w

l_
B
_¿_
Wz = - ~Z
2

Mo12
( 1- Tr llPH z- 0
f = - 2 EJ nptt 2 = 0
 n po8011J1Ce11ue ma611. 27

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O...:z<:a
1
wz= -m [(M1 + M2) (l- z) 2 - M1 (a-z) 2 -
- M 2 (a+ b- z) 2 )
a...-;:z...-;:a+b
w-2[' .1f z =- 1 +M (l - z) 2 M2 (a+ b - z) 2¡
1
6 = EJ[(M1 +M 2) l-M1a-M 2 X
Wz 2EJ [(M1
,_q..,p,f- 1) -

r
X (a+ b)J
l
a+b<z<i;;:l llpH Z =Ü
(M1 + M2) z2 ( .!..
Wz = .,- 2EJ 1- l
1
f= -m [(M1 + M2) t 2 -M1a 2 - M2 (a+ b) 2] llpH

z=O

O<z<.l

r] ml2

E1=r. Wz= mlª

6EJ [ 2-37
z + ( lz 9 = -2EJ
z
( ml 3
= 0
~ , '

..
t-w npu z=O
llpH Z

·li.J~··-
"~-- 'l& ·' ' "· ..
"'·
.... ~l ~~J..t..~~..Z.há_~_.Jiíl.#'t__!_fu ..~~-
'
 - -

' o..;;;.
"
p¡2

62
z..;;;. [

Wz = -6EJ
3
Pl [ 2 - 3 Tz ( zl + rJ 0= '2EJ

IlpH Z = 0
p¡a
f=-3EJ npH Z= 0
O<.z<.a

Wz
Pb3 ( l- Pba ( a - z
= 6EJ 1 - 3 -b- = - 6EJ 3 -b-
z) + 2)

EEr
Pb2

Pb~ (
Wz = 6i!J
Pb3

l )
e- e- zr
a<.z<l

-b-z - 3)

Pbs (
-¡;-
0 =2EJ

npH Z = 0

f = 6EJ l - 3 b = - 6EJ 2 + 3 ba ) npH Z = 0

0-<.z<l

~
4 q[3
z ql [ 3-47
Wz=-24EJ z + ( Tz )'] O= 6EJ
ql' npH Z = 0
f =-sEJ IlpHZ=O

O<.z<.b

~
4 4 qlª ( a3)
a8 8 = 6EJ 1 --¡s
a
ql
Wz = - 2VJj 3 - 4 [3
[
+ l'a - ( as ) z
4 1 - ya T + [4
z' ]

l IJ<.z<.I
npH Z = 0
 npnao~:J/Cel-lUe ma6Jt. 27

CxeMa 6a111rn Ypaeeeeue ynpyroi\ llHHHH "'z u M3KCHM31lbHbli! npore6 f YroJI n~eopora 6

4 4

Wz
ql [ a3
= - 24 EJ 3 - 4 [3 + p:a - (
4 1-
a3 ) z
f3 l +
z 4
(z -
+p:---¡,- b)']
f= - ql' ( 3 -
24EJ 4 ªª + ª')
j3 [4 rrpu z =O

O<:z<.l
4

+ [6z5)
E:r4:'
ql ( z
Wz = - i2oEJ 4- 5T
q/8
ql' 0 = 24EJ rrpH Z = 0
f = - 30EJ rrpH Z =0

O<. z <.l

~
--¿-:r·z + 5 z'[& - z5)
4
ql ( z
Wz = - í20E.l 11 - 15 T z6 ql3
' • j 11 ql 4
8 =8EJ rrpH Z =0
.1= :-J~QPJ apu z-o
=A&~;~'.\~, - ,o ,

.'· '-, / . ,,
--
ol,
(ify
O~z~a

iZ':1 [ s -7 + 'H) - s (6 - s; +
+ 3 [2ª2)
= - 4 (5 -
f fiz 1
\ qq¡' ( a

+ 3 7z) ++ ª~:3] U = 24 t.J G - 8 T np11 z = o

qalª ( a a3)
f = - 30EJ 5 - 5 1 +¡a rrp11 z =O

O<z<a
3
qal [ a
Wz = - 12 0EJ 20 - 10 l + ¡a13 - (
5 6- 4 y+
a
qal2 ( a a 2)
2 4
e= 24EJ 6 - 4 T + f2
+ {2a ) z
T + 5 zat3 - z& ]
az¡a rrpH Z= 0

qa[3
f=-120EJ(20-107 +¡3
, a a3) npH z=O

o< z < l/2

l09qt 4 [ 140z 32z5]
Wz=-1920EJ l-!09[+109/5
l/2 < z .,.;:l
7 ql3
_ 109 q}!_ [ 140
Wz -- - 1920 EJ 1 - 109 l + 109 ! 5
~ ~~ ~
109
(z-f
¡& -
r] O= §6 EJ
IlpH Z = 0

¡ -- - 192EJ
10,9ql4
rrp11 z =0
 npOOOM!CeHUe ma6Jt. 27

CiceMa 15anKH Ypa11ee1111e ynpyroll m&111111 r11

11
e 1118KCRManbewll nport11S f YrOJI noBopoTa e

O..;:z..;:l
Wz ==-12~~J [IJql + 4q9-5 (3q1 + q2) ~ +
4 0 - 3q 1 + Qz l3 npH z = O
+ 5q1 zz' + (q2 - z5] - 24EJ
q1) "i5
-
f- -
+
l lq1 4q, 4
l 20EJ l rrpH z= 0

O<:z<z
Wz = -
M0 I 3
( z
6EJ 2 T -
z3 + rszS)
3 "[í' Mol
0 =- 3EJ npH z = 0
M I3
0 M0 l
w = - l GE¡ rrpu z = L/2 0 = GEJ rrpH Z = [
3
Mol
f =- 0,0642 EJ rrpu z = 0,4221

w
M, ~
1
I e= - ~J~ \2 - 6 ~- + 3 ~:)
nµ1 ¿=O
e __ M, t ( 1 a + ª2)
- EJ 3 - ( l'
IlpH Z = 11,

e=
M 01 1 as)
zs IlpH Z = /
6EJ \ 1 - 3

0 <:Z <;l/2
Ptª ( z
Wz=-48EJ 3-¡-4fi
zs) Pl'
0= - l 6E l npH Z = 0
l/2 < z< l
p/2
_ _ Pl 3 [ z z8 8 (z - l/2)ª] = z= l
Wz - 48EJ 3 T - 4 [8 + /3
0 l 6EJ npH

PlS
f= - 48EJ np¡.¡ z = l/2

O.;;:z.;;:a Pba
Pa b
3 3
z z zs ) e= - 6EJl (a+ 2b) =
Wz = - 6EJl
(
2 a+b - a'll p12 ( b b1)
=-6EJ l - ¡s
a.;;:z.;;:l
Pa 2 b3 [ l - z l - z
Wz= - 6EJ/ l2-b-+-a--~
fl - z)ª] llpH z= 0
ex""ª Cí&JllOl YpaaReRne ynpyreft nBHHH w2 H MaKCllManbnult DPftnlfS f Yron ooaoPOT• 11

Pb
llf = - 48El (31 2 - 461) DpB 2 ... l/2

"'=-m
p¡a (ú)2
¡¡ npu z= a Po.
e= 6ElL (/! - a1) np!l ? = l
2
V3 ~ í (1 - ~) 3
2
V_
l~
Phl _b
f= - 27 El V l2 /
npu z=
3

Wz
Pa
3

= - 6EJ l 3 1
f ( + a¡,) az - zª] aª
_ Pa (a+ '1)
O- - 2EJ
a.ri;;:z.ri;;:a+b
OJN.! Z = 0
- Pa(a+b)
O- 2FJ
D p11 l = J
¡~~~~~~-.0~~"7'.:z~<~i,-~~~~~~-\-~~~~~~~~~~~
Wz = - 2 ~~J [-[-2 (+ + r (+rJ 0= -2~l;J
3
IlpH z=O
5ql 4 ql
f = - 384EJ IlpH z = l/2 8 = 24 EJ IlpH z= l

1 b3 b2 )
+2 [3 - ¡z.
IlpH Z = 0
1
d=c+2b

rrpu z =O

IlpH Z= [
 ll poOOllO/CeHue ma611. 27

CxeMa 6aJJKH YpaaReHee ynpyroll JIHHHH wz H M&KCHM"PhHhlll npornó f YroJJ noaopoTa B

~ (z-a)']
+a l - 3 a1l
qa3[ ( a
w = - 24EJ 4 - 7 T + 3 [2ª2) npu z= a

O..;;:z.;;.l 7q{3
4
Wz = -
ql
360EJ
(7 z
T -
zª + 3 [6
1O l3 z5) 8 = - 360E J npH z= 0
8q[3
ql4 e = 360EJ r¡pu z= t
f= - 0,00652 EJ npu z = 0,5193!

0.;;.z.;;.a

Wz =- 3~~J [ ( 4Q - 45 -[ + 12 ~) ~ - qa2[ ( a a2
8 = - 36 0EJ 40 - 45 [ + 12 ¡z-)
- 10 ( 3 - 2 7)::l + 3 ~:[] np11 z =O
a.;;.z.:;.l

Wz=-;;;~[(5-3lz r
2
a Z -5 (l aJZz)ª]
qa21 (
e= 90LJ 5-
ª2)
3 tz

qa3l ( a npH Z = l
w= - 45F.i 5- 9¡ + 4 az)
li npu z= a
' \
 qb2l 1 b"Z>)
~ 10 -
Wz = -
2

3¿~~ ~ [ (JO - 3 ~ r:) - 10 : 2]

&= - 360EJ

Ilpll z =o
3 [2

a-<:z-<:l
0- qb3l ( b
+ 3 b2[2 )
Wz = -::;J [(Jo_ 3~) !..
a
_JO~+
a[2
3(z-bSa[a)•]
- 360EJ 20 -

Ilpll z =l
J5 -l

w= - qab2t (
360EJ 2 ºT -b b2 )
J3 [2- rrpll z =a

w q q 4qz(L-z)
''--- z ¿2 q[S
IA11 1 ll j r¡¡..._ -Z
- 6J ql' 0 = - 30EJ npll z = O
'" ~- 2J.. 1 ,,;.:.- f- - 5760 EJ npll z = l/2
qlª
z 0 = 30EJ np11 z = l

O .;;:z.;;: l/2
3
Wz =- L. (~8 _!_t _
24EJ
~
ts + -2 z6 )
5 [5
&=-_5_ql
J92 EJ npll z =O
5 qll
f= -
ql4
120EJ npll z = l/2
e = 192 EJ rrpll z = 1
..,o npaíJO!l?lceltue ma611. 27
o

\ paAHeHHe ynpy"oil JJHHHH wz " MaKcHM3JlbHbli1 nporuú f Yron 0

\ nopopora

o <.2 <.l
2 1
Pal ( z z ) Pal
Wz = 6EJ l - l3 e= bEJ npn z =O
l..;;.z..;;:l+a Pal
Pat2 [ z z3 (l a) (z - + 1)1] e= - ,Jf;J np¡.¡ z= [
Wz = 61:;J l - [3 a/3 +
Pa
wmax = 0,0642-¡;¡
Pal 2
npH z = 0,578[
O = - béJ (2l + 3a) npH z = l +a

Pa 2
w= - 3EJ (f +a) npH z= l +a

0<.z<.a

Wz
Pa2 [
= - fJEJ (3l + 2a) - 3 (l +a) -a- +
z z3]
a 2 Pal
() = 2EJ np¡.¡ z = a
w
<2z
Pa2 [
= - oEJ ('3l +
a..;;.z<.l

2a) - 3 (l +a) a
z
+ <12
z3
- (z -
_a_2_
a)
1
l 8 = - lEJ
Pal
np¡.¡ z =- a + l
Pa (a+ l)
Pa? 8= z= 0
w= - EJ (31+2a) npH z = O 11 z = 1 + 2a 2¿¡ npH
6
Pa (a -1- l)
Pal 2 l 1-
21 !
npH z= 2a+ l
f- kíT nptt z = a + ?
 O...;;:z ..;;:l
qa212 ( z z2 )
Wz - ; 12EJ T - za
l..;;:z..;;:l+a qa2/
Wz = - 2q:~~ [( +
4 3 T) - 4 ( l + ~) (1 + T_ e= 12EJ

qaJl
TJpK z =O

- +) + ~ ( + -'t - -Y) 4]
1
0=-w UpH z=l

qa2z2 qa'
O= - 6EJ (a+!)
W = 32jfj npH Z = l/2
qa2¡2 npu z = l +a
Wmax = 0,0321 EJ npH z =- 0,577!
qaª
w = -2 4 EJ (41+3a) npH z = [+a

O..;;.z..;;:z o= - 21~1 ( 1- 2 ~2')

Wz =- 2~;J [ ( 1 - 2 f:) ; - 2 X nptt z =O

2~~J ( 1 + ~:)
(l - J2ª2) zª + z4 ]
o=
X (3 [4
llJlH Z = [
l..;;:z..;;:l+a qlª ( aª
_,, _L[( a 3
a a') ( f2a2 - O= - 24 tJ 4 ¡a + 4 12a2 - ¡
)

Wz 24EJ 4 [3 - T + 3 [4 - 4 1 +
 TI p0iJoA'1CeHue ma6A. 27

Ypauaeaae ynpyroll JIHHHH wz a MBKCHMaJlbHblll npore6 f YroJJ noBopoTa e

a3) ( i+-f-T
+4¡s a a z
+ i+T-T z) ( )4]
npH z = l +a
w= - ql4
384EJ
(5
-
ª2)
12
¡2 npH Z = l/2

w= -
qa' (
24EJ 3 + 4 al - /3)
/i3 npH z = l +a

O<:z<:a
Wz
q/4 [ ( 1 -
= 24iIJ a2
6 ¡2- - 3 [3
ªª) Ta - ( 1 - 6 a2
[2 - e= -
ql
3

24EJ '1 -
( a
2

6 ¡2 - 4 13
ªª)
z ª3)
-4¡s y-¡;r z4] npH Z = 0

a<:z<:a+t e= - q/3 ( l
4EJ -G -¡2
ª2)
~
~-z Wz = 24 EJ
ql4 f(l a2
1 - 6 ¡2 -
a
3
ªª)
13 7 - , 1 -
(
6 ¡i
a2
-
npH z =a

ª3) 4 e = 4q~~ (-~- - ~2~)

- 4 ¡a Tz + 2
( 1 + 2 Ta) (z
- -- 13 -
a)ª
-
z¡4 ]
npH Z= a +l
qa13 ( a2
w = 24EJ 1 - 6 [2 - 3
ª3)
f3 npH z = oH z= l + 2a ql
3
a -
2
ªª)
e= 24EJ (
1- 6 ¡2 4 ¡3

w=-16EJ 24-z¡
ql4 (5 ª2) npu 2 = a+2
l npa z = l +2a
. ~'.>~~,.,,..,.,.~'l'{~-l"'?~~~~~<r~~~
~*'J:::"'-i'''"'"'"- ,,_,_\' .. , ,.
~~
;t
"
"' ~
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nponepKa npo•!HOCTH npH CJJOlKHOM Hanp11lKeHHOM cOCTOllHliH ocy
CTBJllleTCli Ha OCHOBaHlili aaRHblX o liaHÓOJJbllleM cyMMapHOM HanplllKeR
Ó'leBlill.HO, npH CJJOlKHOM usrn6e ªm"x 6yayr a TO'!Kax, HaH6oJJee Y.ita
llhlx or He11rpaJJbHOii JJHHHH (TO'IKH A H B Ha pnc. 224). B aaHHOM en
1 B TO'!Ke A B03HHKaIOT HaH(ÍOJJbll!He pacTlirHBaIOW.He HanplllKeHHll, B
8 - Hali60Jlbllllle ClKllMaIOw.He HanpllJKeHHII. YcJJOBHH npO'IHOCTH es
HMeTb B li.!l
MxYA MyxA
1 0 max =ªA= Íx + Jy
MyXB
< [Cl+JI (t
MxYB
0 rn1n,. O'B = - Jx Jy < [º-l· (l

Pnc 223

B C?JJy'!ae Kocoro li3fH6a (pRc. 222, 6) ycJioDHH npO'IHOCTH

B BH¡J.e
x8 sina y8 cosa)
0max = CIB = Mmax ( Jy + Jx < [Cl+]i

ºinin= 0 n=-Mmax (
XD sin a
Jy +
YD cos
Jx
ª) <:[cr_].
B 'lacrnocrH, .!lJili npaMoyroJibHoro ce'!eHRll, Kor.na

1•
1

cpopMyJibl (11.10) H (11 11) Moryr ÓbITb npeac1auneHb1 raK.

·;
~

(ll.

(ll.
~
-j
'I
'
 On e;¡eJJeHIJe pa3\1epos ce'!eHllll B eJJy1Jae HenJJOeKoro H3rll6a npOH3·
T ~FeTO):\OM n0):\6opa, Sat\aBaf!eb pa3JJlllJHb!Mll OTI!OrtlCJIHf!MH MOM€11TOB
¡¡oiJ.R oTllBJJeHUH KacareJibHbre JJanpH.IKCJlllH MoryT GL11 b onpeiJ.eHhl no
conP K
~opMYJ!e ) ypaseKoro

Depe\lew;ettllf! onpe):\eJJHJOTCf! rro rrpllllUHITY llesasllCHMOCTH )lelkTBllf!

JI Ee 1 ¡¡ w - nporn6 B ttanpasJJellllll r Jiasttoii: ocll y, v - nporH6 B Ha-
CH as11eH!1ll rJJaBHOii OCll X (pile. 225), TO .z¡;mp¡pepellUll8JlbHble ypaBlleHHf!
~;r!l6a B ITJJOCKOeTf! X yOz H xOz 6y .n;yr HMeTb
y
BH/(
d 2v
EJ y dz 2 =- My. (11.14)

YpasueHrlll (11.14) pemaJOT JIJOÓbJM HSBeCTllblM

'cnoco60\1 KaK )lJJf! npocToro H3rll6a
BeJJHIJHHa noJilloro rrporu6a B JJJOÓOM ce-
qeHHll 6aJJKll MOlKeT 6bJTb noJiy1Jella reoMerpll-
qeCKllM C)'MMllpOBBHlleM nporll60B B pa31lhlX
nJIOCKOeTHX no <JlopMy Jie

f= Yv2+w2. (11.15)

HanpasJiettRe noJittoro nporll6a neprreH)lH·

KYJillpHO K lleii:TpBJibHOH JlllHHH (CM. pHc. 225). PHC 225

1t 2. J,farH6 e paCTll>KeHHeM

CosMeCTHoe )leikTBlle H3rll6a H paCTll}Kellllll (clKaTllll) HMeeT Mecro

rrpH rrpo):\OJ!bHO·ITODepe1JHOM )leiicTBHH HarpysoK; BHeuellrpellHOM pBCTll·
JKeHHH (clKaTllll).
CJioJKHblii Jt3rH5 e pacrSJJKe1meM (cJKarHeM) rrp11Moro 6pyca. B o6w;eM
cJJyqae (pile. 226, a), Kor)la Ha 6pyc )leiicrsyJOT rrpo)lOJJbHb1e ll rrorrepe1JHble
CllJlbl, nPpeeeKBIOII\lle ocb 6pyca, B ce1JeHHH B03HllKIJOT ycHJJHf! Mx, My, Qx, Qy,
a TaKlKe npo)lOJiblloe ycllJille B nanpasJiellttll ocH z - N z (pile 226, 6)
HopMaJibH&le llaIIpl!lKettRll B npoll3BOJib uoli TOIJKe npH :iroM onpe)leJif!JOTCR
lj>OpMy JJOH
Nz Mx My
a=-+-y+-x
F lx Jy (11.16)

floJJaral! nanplllKeHllOe cocroHHHe B onaeHoii T01JKe JJHtteiittbIM (rrpene6pe•

raeM rrpH &TOM KBCITeJibHblMll nanpHlKettllf!Mll), ycJJOBHe npOIJHOCTH Sd·
nmneM B OÓhllJHOM BH,Ae
ªmax<[o] (11.17)

JI.JI¡¡ C€'leHll.ll e )lBOHll.OH CHMMerpneli ¡popMyJ!a (11 16) npll.MeT Bll)l

N Mx Mu
ª.± = F ::!:: Wx .:t: Wv'
TIJ!OCKO'!TH Xy
N Mx
CJ±==p-z= Wx. (11.18)

307
 ~
•
'
9-rn cpopMyJibl rrpHMeH!ltOTC!I TaK}Ke npH pacqeTe Ha rrpottHOCTb ITJIOCKH. 1
paM u apOK MaJiofi KpHBH1HbT B 9TOM cJiyqae orracHb!MH ceqeHHHMll 6y
Te, r¡¡;e ¡¡;el\crsyeT Mmax
BneQeHrpennoe pacTR>KenHe (c>Karne) npRMoro 15pyca. 51.u;po ce'fen
Ha rrpaKTHKe qacTo H3rtt6 coqeraercR e pacT!l}KeHHeM (c}Kar11eM),
06ycJ10BJ1etto sueueurpeHHblM rrpnJIO}KeHHeM Harpy31rn, rrapaJIJieJib
oc11 cTep}l{Hll, Korna pasuo¡¡eficrsywrn:aR P He cosrranaer e OCbJO 6aa
(p11c. 227) 0603HaqHM KOOp.D;HHaT1>1 roqKll llpllJIO}KeHHR paBHO¡¡;elicTIJ
meli Xp 11 Yp· a pacCTORI!He OT 9TOÍÍ roqKH ¡¡;o OCH z, Ha3b!Bae~oe 9KCIJ,e
p11a11TeroM,- e BttyTpeHttHe ycHJIHR B JI1060M ceqett1111 pasttbI
N = P; M 11 = Pxp. Mx = Pyp.
nanpH}KeH!IR B llPOH3BOJ!bHOii TO'IKe ce'1eH11H onpe¡¡;eJI!llOTCR cfOPMYJIOli

N Mr¡ Mx
Oz =-p-t-¡;- x+ lx y. (ll.

a ó
P11c, 226

HJIIJ

'
l

I' P ( Xp
+ --'2" Yp )
X +-¡- y

¡ Oz = F l
lg '"

Ypasnen11e neilTpaJibHoíi JIHHHll (cr =O) 11axo,n11M 113 (11,21)1

, (11.

l
i
Xp
-2-Xo
ly
+-r
Yp
lx
Yo==-1. (11.
¡
Orpe3KH, OTceKaeMble H<l!hpaJibHOÍÍ JlllHllel! Ha OC!!X y 11
11ai\¡¡eM 113 (11.22), rroJIO}KHB x0 =O, Yo= O:

¡~
Yu=- Yp • (11.

308
 (! 1 21) CJIC,\)' T, lJTO HeinpaJibH3il JIHHliil rre¡leCeKaeT KOOp'\ll!l lTI !le
113 TO !1'.3\, npHHa)l.Jiell\alll.liX KBa¡¡paHTy, rrpOTliBOITOJ!OlKHOM) TO"v!y,
B
oc!l o OVI 11axOJJ.HTCil TOlJKa rrpRJIOlKeHHil CHJ!bl p
B J(O~ %10Bllil rrpo'lHOCTli IJ:Jlil TO'leK e HaliÓOJ!blliliMH paCTi!fJ1Bd!OJJ)l\!fl
i6oibWHMfl ClK!l\!3!0lll.HMli Harrpi!lKeHHi!MH (coorsercrseHHo TO'leK A
3
: ~ HJ pHC 228) '\10)1\HO 3anm:aTb B BH)l.e

P { Xp Yp )
ª111,,. =ªA= p \1 +-2-
ty
xA +-2-YA
lx
<[a+], (11 2-1)

ªm = ªB = ~ (1 - X~ ly
X3 - y~
lx
Ys) < [a_J ( 11 25)

H rnp5l)l,eHl!ii Uz rrpRBe)\eHbl Ha pttc 228

,Umr CTeplKHH rrpHMoyrOJibHOrO
Ce'!eHliH yc,1os1ie rrpO'lHOCTfl y)l,OÓHO
rrpe¡¡craBRTb cJie¡¡y10rn.RM o6pa3oM

Puc 227 Pttc 228

O ~' \ 1 (11 24) - (11 26) crrpaseii;JIRBbl R B cJiy'!ae, Korii;a c 1 1a P HB·

·lil2fUl OKHMaJOw.eii, rrp!i ~CJIOB!ili, '!TO Her orraCHOCTH rrorepn ycTOll'lH·
BOC 111
Pa CTOl"JHHe ReiírpaJibHOii JIHHliH OT U€HTpa Tl"JlKeCTH H BeJill'll!Hbl 309
CC'leH ll ¡¡ HCITb!TbIB3JOW.liX paCTH rliBJIOIUlie li ClKHM310lll.lie D' Cli'1fli!' 3 aBli·
CHl OT 31 e ~eHTpliCliTera e. QqeBliJlHO, O¡¡Ha H3 30H MOlKeT orcyTCTBOB3Tb
(rrp11 [Ju--TfOKemrn - 30Ha clKaTRH, rrpli ClKaTRll - 30lia pacnrn<eHl!l"I),
a HeH1pa1¡,¡¡a¡¡ JIHHHH He 6yner rrepeceKaTb ce'leHHlI.
Ilpe¡cTaB 1ReT (ÍOJ!blliOII rrpaKTli'!eCKHii liHTepec, oco6eHHO Jlfll BHe·
r¡, !T')emto\l OKJTHll KOJIOHH li3 MarepHaJIOB, llJIOXO COllpOTIIB11l!Olll.HXClI
!' T> \µHll!O (HarrpHMep, Klipllli'lHOll KJl3)l.Kll), 31i3Tb TO , aKCl!MJJibHOe
3
faq ) 'Cll.eurpHC!1Tera, rrpli KOTOpOM B ce'lelllili He 6y;.;,;yr D03Hl!KaTb
finry¡
){ l"T paCTi!lKelll!H, T e
•
HeHTp3JJbH3H JlllHHli
6 y¡¡eT "
h2 dTC.1hI!OI{
0
C llHlllO
Huo O> ucmb eoKpya 4eHmpa m11:J1Cecmu ce'leHu11, fmympu Komopoü npu 10?1Ce·
oaH Cll 1bt P 6btabt6aem eo ecex mo<uwx nonepe'IHOco ce'leHufl HanpJJa1cc1-tufl
llH¡¡ozo BHaiw, Haabwaemcfl ¡¡(}poM ce'leNufl. ,UJIH onpeii;eJJeHHlI H¡¡pa ce•re-
l!eo no TJ.HMO 3 a;l,aBa TbCH p 33JIH'I Hh!M li nOJIOlK eHH HMH uelí rp a~ 1 01!

3ú9
 JlliHlili, rrpOBO)lll ee KaCaTeJibHO K KO!iTypy li HHr}l,e He rrepeceKasi
(pile. 229), H Bbl'IBCJ!HTb KOOp)lBHaTbl COOTBeTCTByIOID.liX TO'!eK np
>KeBBH CliJ!bl rro CJie,aylOID.HM, BbITeKa!Olll.HM H3 (11.23) lj>OpMyJJaM:
.2 .2
- - - 'x- ,.
Yp Xp=--,
ty
YH XH

Bbl'IBCJ!eHHhle T8K!iM o6pasoM TO'IKH H orrpe,aemn KORTyp ll)lpa ceqeu

Ilp!i ITOBOpOTe HeliTpaJibHOH J!HliHH OTHOC!iTeJ!bHO HeKO\Opoli li
BIUK!ioli TO'IK!i KOHTypa Ce'!eHlill, HanpRMep TO'!Kli A, TO'!Ka DpliJJO>Ke
CRJlhl nepeMeru.aeTCSl B)lOJib HeKo'fopoli rrpl!Moli, HarrpRMep 2-3.
Jlnl! nocTpoemrn H.apa Ce'!eHHl! xa1rnir-JJn60 qmrypbl, HanpRMep n
11oyroJibHlfKa (pHc. 230), neo6xo,aRMo paccMoTpeTb pl!Jl rroJio>KeHRli

5 ¡3 1L /)
J, 2 .f
X 4 ' 'B°'
----......~
¡
X 2
-
'
1
8 e t{

2' ~-

,__ fi 'J °"1'<> .

"-.¿ ~ ~
- °"I«>
y
_g_ _'AA"l-'.~--~.J,..-t_
2 " !

IJ ti~ Al f; I])
2

¡1
PHc. 229
Pee. 230
¡
Tpa.1lbeoli JHfHHH, conrra,11a10ll(Hx co CTopoHaMn ceqeRKSl. CoBMeCTHB
l
\
TpaJI&HylO JJRHKIO co CTOpoHOíi CD (noJJo>KeHHe 1-1), nOJiy'IKM Ya =
x 11 = oo; ror.aa Jra ocoonamm (11.27)
.2
lx
b .2
Up=--=-1p
YH
- - -'11
Xp --- , o
00

~ ly bh 3 h3
'u = T = l2bh = 12 ·
TaKHM o6pa30M, orrpe,aeJIRM KOOp)lHHaTy TO'IK!i 1 ll)lpa Ce'leHRH.
MCCTHB DOJlOlKeHHe HeíhpaJJbHOíi JJllliHH co cTopoHoíi AD (noJJOlli
2-2), aRaJIOrnqno rroJJy'lRM
h
Yn = oo; X" = - 2'
a KoOp)lliH8T8MB TO'IKH 2 ll)lpa 6y)lyT
.2
1y hll h
Yp =O; Xp =- x,. = - 12(- ~)
3a;J.aBaSICh COOTSeTCTBYlOUI.HM!l IlOJlO>KettliflMlf HeHTpaJJbHOii ,/lBHHIJ
H 4-4, no 8H8Jl{)fJdH onpe]\eJIHM KOOJ>.8)1Har¡,¡ TO'leK H)lpa 3 u 4.
B ra6n. 28 npliBeAeHa l}>opMa H pa:n1ephl ll,!lpa ceqelilIH ,ll.Jlli
Rbrx ceqeunii 6pycbeB.
pa~ •
310
 11 .3. H3rH6 e 1<py11eHHeM

KpYrJJbtii saJJ. CosMeCTHoe .11eüctBHe H3rH6a H K pyqettH SI HB M"" r ur

!l6o.iee xapaKTepHblM CJJyqaeM Harpy:)!(eHHH BaJIOB. B STOM Hanpa)l\ell·
¡¡a 1 cocTOS!HllH HMe!OT MeCTO nHTb XOMnotteHTOB BHyTpeHHHX ycHJ!llH'
ffÜ~
M KP = M<!'.; Mr; Mx; Qy H Qx.
npu pncqeTe BaJJOB cttaqaJJa cTpGi!T smoph1 nsrn6a10rn.nx Mx H M!I,
pe 3 yJJbTHPY!Olll.ero M, aTaKlKe Kpynr..ul!x MKP MOMeHTOB n ycTaHaBJJl!Baror

Puc. 232

Puc. 231 PHC. 233

OTIHCttoe ce•1e1me (pnc. 231, a, 6, IJ, e, o). Pe3yJJbTHpy!Olll.Hl! H3rH6alOW.HH MO-

Meut onpet1emuor no cpopMy.11e
M=JÍM2+M2 (11.28)
X U
ITo H3BecTHbIM M 11 MKP B onacHOM ceqeHHH onpe,11eJIHIOT MaKCHMaJib·
"e ble HOp\laJJbl!hle H KacaTeJibHLie l!allpH:lKeljHH B OTiacllHX TOqKaX ceqe¡¡¡¡¡¡
pnc. 232) no cpopMyJiaM

M
Y M~+
X
M 2y
(11.29)
ªmax = W - w
(11 .30)

311
 fJJaBHbie HanpS1lKenn11 B naHóonee onacHoÍI TOqKe (ToqKa B
~ pm·. 233) 6yJJ.yT (cM. pa3,11en 10.3)
1 1
cr1 =2(cr+JÍa 2 +4't 2); cr2 =0; cr 8 =2(cr-}Ícr 2 +4i; 2).

1 ,UJJSI npoaepKH npo'lHOCTH 9JleMeHTa, BbJ,!leJJeHHOfO y onaCHOH TO

cJJe,11yeT BOCnOJib30B3TbCH O,!IHOH 113 cjJopMyJJ COOTBeTCTBY!Oll(eH Teop
npoqHOCTH: .

1-m l+m
ªsKaM = 2 a+ 2 JÍ a 2 + 4't 2 "" [a];
0'9KBIV = -V at + 3i;2 "" [ cr],

<l>opMyJJa (11.32) npnro,11Ha npH m<

1 JlJJH xpynKHX MarepnaJJOB H
m= 1 ,!IJIH nJJaCTH'lHb!X MarepH3JJOB.
DO,!ICT3BJIHH B cpüpMyJJbl (11.32) H (11.30) Bbipa:lKeHHH ,!IJJH HailpSI
HHii H Y'lHTbIBaH, 'lTO W P = 2 W, noJJyqaeM

_1 lÍ
-
cr,,KaIV - w 0,7 5'12
"Kp + M2 X
-1...
1 y"" [a].
M2

BTopble coMHOlKHTeJJH B 9THX cjJopMyJJax npe,11cTaBJJH!OT co6oii npHBeJJ.e

MOMeHTbl Mnp• ,!leHCTBHe KOTOpb!X 9KBHB3JJeHTHO COBMeCTHOMY JJ.eiic
MOMeHTOB M x• M Y H MKP B cooTBeTCTBHH e 11pHHS1Tb!MH Teopn11MH n'
l!OCTH:
'
1
¡
•

AHaJJorn'lHO JlJJH JJ.pyrHx Teopnif npo'lHOCTH noJJy'lHM

MnpI=~[VM!+M;+ VM~+M:+M~P]; (1

t.lnpII = 0,35 V M! + M;+ 0,65 Y M~ + M; + M~P (npH µ = 0,3) (U·~

MnpIII =V M! + M; + M~p· (ll.

YcJJOBHSI npo•rnocrn (11.34) H (11.35) Momno Bbipa3HTb o,11ttoii cjl<>

JJOtt

Orcro,11a

312
 ;viaMerp naJia onpeAeJJHM 1u yc.~OBllll
8

d> V 32Mnp ; / M np
n[u],.,, r !OlUJ. (1143)

ílP" 5< :lf HHble cpopM yJJbl

lTOJIHOCTblO ITPH MeHll·
pac•1ere B8JIOB KOJJbUeBoro ce'!CHH5L
r.[bl H ¡,pl!
6pyc nps;~IOYTOJJbHoro ce'leHHll. Dpu aa-
rpyixeHHH T<!KOrO 6pyca, Hanpl!Mep, CllCTe·
MOit ca.1 P 1 ll P1 (pnc. 234, a), Bhl3b!BBJ01u11x
ceqemm MO\lCHTbl Mu My a MKP' pacqer
8
nposo YT no cJieAyrorn.eií cxeMe. BHeUJHlle
cnJibl p.. cK.1aAb!Ba1or Ha cocraBJIHIOW.He, npll·
BO)lll !IX K OCH Ba.~a. ,llJHI HaXOlK.!leHHH orrac·
1¡oro ceYeHllH crpowr smopbI Mx, M Y ll M Kp
(p!!c. 234, 6). Y craHoB11 B no snJOpaM onacaoe
ce'leHlle 1-1, paCITOJJOJKeHHOe JJeBee T04KH
npHJJO)!(eil!IH CllJJbl p ª' HaXO,l\HT onacHyJO TO'!·
KY B HeM, ,l\JJH qero crpOHT SITIOpb! HantJH·
)l(CHHtt or acex CH.10BbJX cp&KropoB (pHC. 235,
a, 6, 8, e, o,
e): Uz (Mx):• Oz (M y); Txz (Qx)i
t11i (Q y); 't (M_K_p).
3mopa 't ( M Kp) )l.JIH )lJJllllHOH CTOpOHbl KOH·
Typa !!\leer M8KCllMyM, KOTOpblií OÓ03Ha'IHM
'trnax ( M Kp). HaHÓOJJbUJylO op¡¡,l!Hary snfüf,bl
,. (MK))) "ª KOpOTKOH cropOHe OÓ03Ha4HM
t,;.ax (MKp). ~TH HaDpJ!lKeHHH ~JO:ll(HO paCC'IH·
TaTb no H3BeCTHblM cpopMyJJaM Kpy'leHl!H 6pycbeB
npHMOyfOJJbHOfO ce'!eHHH (CM. pa3,l\eJJ 9.2): Pac. 234

M~ •
'rnax (MKP) = T:L = T:N = rthb2; 't;.,ax (MKp) = TM = TK = '\'Tm,>x ( HHpl•
X

z
ó A
X
X~
e
1 •.;Y
1

L. Tyz(Qy}=&§.'!!1}
• ~b
JJ '-,,,,..
z
A
iJ e
P11c. 235
31J
 1
¡
i
B ¡¡aHHOM
-
cnyqae or1dX OT 113f!I6a He COBITa,!la!OT e "m"~ or Kpy'leH!HI, ll09
11
MV ,!IJHI BblHBJieHHH O)l.HOl\ onacHoli TO'!KH npHXO)l,HTCll paccMarpllBaTb e:~
qeraHHe 1tarrpS1lKe1rnli B HeCKOJlhKHX TO'!Kax. 06bITJHo ÓbTBaer .11ocraroqH
rpex roqeK· oJJ,HOH fl3 yrJJoBblX (A HJIH C), O)l.Hoii nocpe¡¡tttte JlJIHHttoli (
H.~H N) tt om1olí nocpe¡1.tttte KoporKoií (M HJJH K) cropoH rrpHMoyroJI
HHK8. TaK, ,!IJlfl TO'!eK e,
L, K

Mx Mu
ºe= W X + W y <[a]; (ll.

MKP 3 Qx
' 't L = (iJib'2 ± Z bh ¡ ( 11.
*t
¡
; * MKP 3 Qy
g
tK =y ahb 2 ± 2 bh • (!t.
!
06bl'!HO KaCaTeJibHbJe Hanp!!lKeHHH OT nonepe'!Hb!X CHJI Qx H Qy M3Jlbl H
1 MOlKHO npeHe6petib.
3KBHBaJieHTHhie HanpHlKeHHlI B To'!Kax L H K corJiacHo IV reop
npoqHocrH H reopHll KyJJoHa - Mopa paBHbl:
1 B roqKe L
~
ªs!<!!IV = 1/ (~:r +a (~i)ª < ra1: (11.

1 1-mMx l+m1/-(Mx) 2 (MKp) 2

ªsKsM = 2 Wx + 2 V Wx +4 ahb2 <fo]; (11.

B T04Ke /(

ªsKaIV =
,Vf (Mu)' (* MKp )
Wy + 3 Y a¡¡¡;2
2

<[a]; (11.
2

ª9KsM=
1-mMy
2 wu+
1+m .. Í(Mu) 2
2 V Wy
(*MKp)
+4 Yahb2 <[o]. (11.

Ta~ll\I o6pa3oM, HaHÓOJJee Oll8CH8l1 TO'IK3 onpe.11eJJHeTCl1 TOJibKO B p

r 3YJ1bTafe Bbl'IHCJieHHll 9KBHBaJieHTHblX HallplilKeHHH BO Bcex rpex TO'IK8

(C. L H K) no cpopMyJiaM (11.44), (11.4?') - (11.50). flpH 9TOM B K8lKA.
KOHKpeTHOM CJiy'lae ITOJIO}!{eHHe HaH60Jiee onacHOH TO'IKH saBHCHT OT coo
oomeHHH \IOMeuroB M,., My H MKP
06ll.\HH CJly'laii AeHCTBHll CH.1 "ª
6pyc. EcJIH B Ce'leHHH creplKHfl Aeii
Byror oceBaH cuna N,,
Hsrn6a10JJ,tte MOMeHTbl B rJiaBHblX nJIOCKocTHX Mx
My, a raKJKe KpyTHmHii MOMeHr MKp'
ro ycJJoBHe npotIHocTH, HanpHMep
IV reopHH npoqHOCTH, B TO'!Ke K (pHc. 235, a) 6y,ner

i
\1 ~ ~
l o3KeIV lM1t (M:.:.:.!P.. )2
= / ( Wy + F + 3 ahb2 <[a]. )
Jl4
Ta 6 JI H u a 28. 4>opMa H pa3Mepbl 11.npa ce'leHHR

f'oncpe'IHOe ceqem<e! flll,pO Pa 3Mephl ll/Ula ceqemrn

ceqeHH~ (sawTpHXOBaHo)

KBa)J.paT

X¡= Y1 ""' h/6;

X2 = Y2 .. h¡3;
r mln = 0.0589h

Op11MoyronbHHK

X¡ = b/6; U1 = h/6¡
x1 = b/3; Ya = h¡3¡
bh
r mln = 6 V + hª
b2
XX X
b
y

5l)J.po-poM6

PaBHo6e,npeHHblii
TpeyroJJbHHK

y
X1 = b/8; Y1 = h/12; Y2 = h/6
1
/ CTpn h = -
V3 b (paBHocTopoHHHH
-<::: 2
1 X
Tpeyro;1bHHK)
f X1
b V3 . V3
X
X¡= S j Y1 = - b , Y~= - b
b 24 12
y

.s:Iirpo no.1106110 nonepeq.

HOMY ce'leHl!IO

SIS
 1
t npoiJ011Jrce1me ma611. 28
1
nonepeqeoe ceqeeue: !!Apo
ceqeHHff (3arnTpHXOB8HO)

flOJJb!H npS!MOyroJJbHHK

J y 6,
'' 1 hbª -h1br
X1 - - • •

X /, ~ 'lx
1 - 6 b (bh - bih1) •

"""'
"< ~ -<::I 1 bhª - b1hr
""' 1
Yi=6. h (bh - b1h1)
x, x, I1pH h = b H h1 = b1 (ITOJlblH KBa.11paT)
/¡
y
'min = 0,0589h [ 1 + (~ )]
5bpo-poM6
1'
' 1

BocbMHyroJJbHHK

r mm= 0,2256R
' ECJJH BOCbMttyroJJbHHK nOJJb1ii (paJ1nych! o
caHHblX OKpylKHOCTeií HapyJKHoií - R2 , BlfY
t peHtteií - R1 , TOJJIUHHa rTeHKH paB
¡ O, 924 (R2 - Ri)), TO

+(~) ]
2

'min=0,2256R2rl
t
t' H.11po-Boi:L 11nyroJJbHHK

1'
Kpyr

r = D/8
y

316
 ll pOOOllJ!CeHUe ma6A lo

PaaMepbl ll¡:¡pa Ce'leHH!I

no11IH Kpyr

d
lJ
YI

5JJipO-Rpyr
ToHKOcTeHHaff Tpy6a

r=D/4

5I¡¡p0-Kp yr
 r JlABA 12

OBW.ME TEOPEMbl 06 YnPYfHX CMCTEMAX.

Ó6W.HE METO,l\bl OnPEAEnEHl1SI nEPEMEW.EHHFI

12.1. 0606114eHHwe cwnw M nepeMe~eHMll

BcTpeqaIOillHecll B sa.11aqax corrpoTHBJieHHH MaTepnaJioB H cTpOHTem,.

HOH MexaHHKH BHelliHHe Harpy3KH BeCbM3 pa3HOo6pa3Hbl H o6blqHO npeJJ.·
CT3BJ!5llOT co6oií rpynny CHJI. Pa6oTy rpyITITbl [10CT051HHblX CHJI MOlKH
1 t npe.11cTaBHTb B BH,!le npOH3Be,!leHH51 .!IBYX BeJIHqHH
1
1
A= Pl!.p,
il
l

¡¡
1

1 1 1 p_ B 81

1 '
p

PHC. 236 P!IC'. 237

B KOTOpOM MHOlKHTeJib p 33BHCHT TOJ!bKO OT CHJI rpyITITbl H H33bJBaeTCll

o6oótu,eHHOÜ CU/IOÜ, a¡) p 33BHCHT OT nepeMellleHHH H H33b!BaeTC51 o6o6wpt-'
HblM nepeAteU{eHueM.
TaKHM o6pasoM, !IO,!I 06061IleHHOH CHJIOH 6y.11eM ITOHHM3Tb JII06yl0 Ha·
rpysKy (cocpe.110To'!eHHble CHJibI, cocpe.110ToqeHHble MOMeHTbl, pacnpe)le-
JieHHble HarpysKH), KOTopa51 C!IOC06Ha COBepruaTb pa6oTy Ha COOTBeT-
CTBYIOilleM 06061IleHHOM nepeMellleHHH.
TaK, paccMaTpHB351 pa6oTy CHCTeMbl CHJI, .11eifcTBYIOillHX Ha CTeplKeH&
(pHc. 236), noJiy'laeM

A = Pt!. 1 - Pt!. 2 = P (t!.1 - ii 2) = Piip,

r.11e P - 06061IleHHaH cnJia; iip = t!.. 1 - t!.. 2 = .il - 0606IlleHHoe
MellleHHe.
Pa6oT~ CHCTeMbl CHJI (pHc. 237)
,,.
A = P · AA 1 + P · BB 1 = P (OA + 08) d0 = Pad0 = Md0.
í1 3.11ecb 06061IleHHoií cHJJoií HBJIHeTCH MoMeHT M = Pa, a cooTBercTBYIOillHM
0606IlleHHbIM nepeMellleHHeM - yroJI lIOBOpoTa d0. -
t
l
,UJJ51 CHCTeMbl CHJ1 (pHc. 238) 06061IleHHOH CHJiol\ 51BJI51eTC51 MOMeHT M,
a 0606rn;eHHbJM nepeMeilleHHeM - H3MeHeHHe yrJia a. MelK.!IY 3JieMeHTaMll
AB H CD, T. e.
Í).p = d01 + d02. ~''

06biqHo npHHHT)o o6osHa<ta¡b o~o6IlleHHble

nepeMern;eHHH JIHHeA•
HbJe, TaK H yrJIOBble 6yKBaMH u H V e COOTBeTCTBYIOW:HMH .!IBOHHblMH Hll•
(~"aK ~t
.neKcaMH, flepBblií HH,!leKO yKa3b!BaeT TOqKY H HanpaBJieHHe nepeMellleHHR1 1
318
/
~
~11
\ ~11
r o )011 - CIIJ!OBOH cpaKTOp, BbJ3BaBll!Hii STO nepeMemettHe. HanpHMtr,
¡ 01Ha4aeT nepeMeW,eHHe TO'!KH llpHJIOiKeHH!I CHJ!bl p 110 HanpaBJieHll!O
e::er1cTBll!I, Bbl3BaHHoe TOií JKe CHJIOií p (pHC. 239, a), ¿',MM - rrepeMeme-
e T04Kll npHJIOiKeHH!I MOMeHTa M B HanpaBJJeHirn .z¡eiícTBH!I MOMeHTa,
H~3saHHOC STHM MOMeHTOM (pnc. 239, 6).
13
Jl.~SI o6osHa'leHH!I IlOJ!Horo nepeMew.eHH!I, Bbl3BaHH0fO HeCKOJ!bKHMH
¡¡ 1osL1Mll cpaKTopaMH, npH /i coxpaHHJOT TOJibKO nepab!i'1 HH.z¡eKc. TaK,
~0:1Hblll nporn6 ll yroJI ITOBopoTa KOHLl,8 6aJIKH (pnc. 240) COOTBeTCTBeHHO
Bbipa3HTC!I cpopMyJiaMH
lip = lipp + lirQ + lipM; }
(12. 2)
/iM = ¿',MP + +¿',MM·
/iil-IQ

~A
M A d@,~lvf

~~:@,
B,1 !¡; ~
~r--~=-~3-
A.::;M:
/'
\ I
\ d I
~ I

PHc. 238 Pnc. 239

nepeMe!Ll,eHH!I, Bb13B3HHble e.z¡HHH'IHOÍÍ CHJIOÍÍ (p = 1) HJIH e,n;HHH'IHbIM
MO\!ellfOM (M = 1), npHH!ITO o6osHa'!aTb 6yKBOÍÍ {j ll Ha3bIBaTb yoe.1bliblM
nepe uet«eHueM, EcJIH e,11HHH'!Ha11 CHJia P = 1 BbI3BaJia nepeMemettne fip. TO
no.~noe nepeMeW.eHne lip, BbI3BaHHoe cn-
Jloií P 6y .z¡eT
(12. 3)

ÜTCIO,D;a pa3MepttOCTb y,11eJibHOfO ne-

pe\lell(eHHff PHc. 240
{j _ pas\1epHoCTb o6o6meHHoro nepeMemettHH
[ l- pasMepHOCTb o6o6meHHOií CHJ!bl (l 2.4)
EcJJH CHJIOBble <jJaKTOpbI, ,11eiícTsy10mne Ha cncreMy, o6o3Ha'!HTb coor-
BeTCTBeHHo X1 , X 2 , X 3 H T. ,n.. (pnc. 241 ), ro nepeMew.eHH!I no HanpaaJie-
lilllO Ka)K,lloro H3 HHX MOJl<HO BbipasHTb <jJopMyJiaMH
li1 = i'i 1p +X 1 fi 11 +X 2612 +X 3 fi13 ;
li 2 = li 2p + X .6 + X 6 + X 6
1 21 2 22 3 23 ; (12.5)
/i 3 = li 6p + X 6;i + X 6 + X 6
1 1 2 32 3 33 ,
r¡¡e
X16u = liu; X2Ó12 = li12; XaÓ1a = l'i1a: . '.; X,óm, = lim¡·
Pa3\lepttoCTb nepeMew,eHHií óml MOiKHO ycrattoBHTb, YMHO)l{HB nocJie.z¡Hee
pasencrso Ha xm. flpH 9TO\l Bb1pa1KeHHe XmXtllm, = Xmlim, llMeeT pa3Mep-
l!ocrb pa6orbl (.ll.lK), oTKy,ll,a noJJy'!HM

,ll,iK

31!
 HarrpHMep, B clJopMyJie (12.5) pasMepHOCTb
,il>K H .M 1
[B1s1 = [X 1] [X 3 ] = H • H · M = H ·
p p
8 B A 8 A B
I
1
..,j" ~ 0 ~ 1
1 1 X,
1
e\
·f
JJ Ll,, o.,, e,
1 l lli 1 ó,
-
X,=/
032

PHc. 241

12.2. Pa6ora BHeWHHX CHn

¡ 11s paccMorpeHHlI KapTHHbI ,n.eclJopMaunn yrrpyroro aJieMeHTa

! 2i2, a) B rrpe,11eJiax saKoHa fyKa, rrpe.a.craBJieHHOÜ B Koop.a.Httarax· 06
meHHaH CHJia P - o6o6mettHoe nepeMelll.ettne t. (pnc. 242, 6), cJie,11y

ll P•dP
p

¡
l

a -7/......_.LI..L...H+.u...--A
¿J d.11
ó
PHc. 242

qro npHpalll.eHHe cHJibl dP Bbl3bIBaer 6ecKotte'!HO MaJioe nepeMelll.eH

d!i. Pa6ora BHeurnnx cHJI rrpH aroM, ecJIH rrpene6pe'lb 6ecKOHe'IHO MaJI
BTO poro rrop11.a,Ka, paatta
dA = (P + dP) d!i ~ Pd!i.
CToJIHalI pa6ora, coBeprneHHalI crarnqecKH rrpHJIOiKeHHo ü o6o6lll.eHH
CHJIOÜ P, BbI3BaBrneü o6o6meHttoe nepeMemettne !i = Pópp (Bpp - n
l
1
1 emettHe or P = 1), BbipaiKaercH clJopMyJioü
p p

1 t
t
{ A= s s
~
Pd!1=
o
Pd(Pópp)= s
o
PóppdP= Óp;P ¡
2

! l5ppp2 112 P!1 ·:¡¡

A= 2 = 28pp = 2 · 0 ·6'~:
2

TaKHM o6pasoM, í:JeücmeumeAbHafl pa6oma npu cmamu'lecKDM í:Jetícmeu

o6o6w,eHHOÜ CUAbt Ha ynpyzy10 cucme1>1y paeHa noAoeuHe npouseeí:JeHUH oKDH·
'lameAbHDZD BHa'leHUfl CUAbt Ha OKOH'lameAbHOe BHa'leHue coomeemcmey10w,eeo
nepe.1rtew,eHUfl. f'
320 l1
~I
 Dptt ¡¡ei'1cTBHH Ha ynpyry10 cttcTeMy HeCKOJibKHX 06ofírhlllHb1x C'HJI
p , , p 1 (puc. 243) pa6oTa JJ.ecj>opMaUHH paBHa noJI~ e~ MMe npou3-
2
P;~eHH!i OKOH'l3TeJ!bHblX 3Ha'leHHH 06061UeHHbJX CHJI Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOll'l!e
~KOfl'laTeJibHbTe cyMMapH1>1e 06061UeHHbie m,peMeIUeHll!I

(12. 7)

B He 3aB!lCllT OT nop !i.D.Ka Harpy:ll{eHH!i CHCTeMbl.

u.3. Pa6ota aHytpeHHMX CNn

npu ynpyroii .D.ecpopMaUHH B 3JleMeHrax .D.ecpopMupyeMoro reJia pa3BH·
sarorcÍI BHyTpeHHHe CHJibl - cUAbt ynpyeoco conpomueAeHUJl (puc. 244).
:3rll CllJlbl TaK:ll{e COBepllialOT pa6oTy. IloCKOJibKY HanpaBJieHH!I ynpyrux

¡m
r-
1 <::]

ds

PHc 243 Puc. 244

Cllll (<:Ol{<J33Hbl WTpllX3MH) npOTHBODOJIO:ll{Hbl nepeMemeHH!IM (Ha KOTOpbIX

OHH COBepma101 pa6oTy), Bhl3hIBaeMb!MH BHelllHllMH C!lJiaMll (noKa3aHbl
cnnowHhlMH JIHHH!!MH), ro pa6oma enympenHux cu¡¡ eceeaa ompu4ameAb1ta.
Pa6oTa BHyTpeHuttx CHJI N, Q H M, B03HllKaJOIUHX B 3JieMeHre crep>K·
HH Jl.JJHHoií ds (puc. 244), cosep1IIaeMa!I ocesoü cuJioü N Ha nepeMemeHHH

Nds
~ (ds) = EF '

Mo112•1ro\1 M Ha nepeMemeHHH
Mds
d0= EJ

H aoaepe'lHoii cuJioli Q Ha nepeMemeHHH

Qds
yds = k GF ' (12.8)

l!OlKer 6bITb Bb1pa:ll{ena cj;op'vlyJioií

M 2 d' N 2 ds Q2 ds
dW =- 'i.EJ - 2EF - k 2GF ' (1 Q 9)

l J
321
 .
1'

HHTerpHpyH (12.9) B npe¡J,eJiax KaiK.noro cTepiKHH H CYMMHPYR

3VJibTaTbl no BCeM CTepiKH5!M CHCTeMbl, noJiy•rneM 4JopMyJJy ¡J,Jl5! pa(SO,,
""YTPeHHHX CHJI B CJiyqae nJIOCKoro H3fHCía:
s s s
~sM2ds ~sN2 ds ~ SQ2ds
W = - .t..J 2EJ - .t..J 2EF - .t..J k 2GF ' (12,J
o o o

3aMeTHM, llTO Bb!paJKeHHe ( 12.8) nOJJy'leHo 113 ycJJOBHff

dWQ
yds =-Q,

dW Q = - S 2"1 'f'\7 ds dF = - s"f2ads dF ==

1

F F

¡'
Q2 ds
= - 2GJ2
s 2
Sx Q2 ds
b2 dF = -ky 2QF ;
Xp
2
tl
l
!_
lly = ¡2 f
X F
S dF
~bQ - KOOif><!>llUHeHr, 3aBHCHmHii OT cjJopMbl Ce'IeHH.R,

1 B qacTHOCTll, )lJIR np.RMO)TOJJbHoro ce11eHHH b X h

,l
bh3 bh 2 ( 4y2)
F = bh; J X = 12 ; sX = 8 1- h2 ¡

s(
h/2
9
ky = 2h 1 - 4y2)
h2 dy = 1, 2;
o
32
AJJ.R KpyrJJoro ceqeHHli k = 27 : ll.II.ll npOKBTHLIX npo4JHJieii npHCíJIH.lf'e
F
k= F,
e
r,ae Fe - Moma,ah CTeHKH; F - nOJJHaH nJiom;a,z¡;b ce11eHHs,
.llJIR 'lllCTOfO C,llBHra, Kor,aa
Q
't =7'
J

1 dW Q = - 2
l s Ty ds dF = - 2"1 -r;Fy ds = --r
Qy ds Q2 ds
= -w¡,
j• F

f¡ B TOM cJJy'Iae, Kor.na B cTep:arne ,¡¡eiícTByeT KpyTRmHli MoMeHT M '

npH KOTOpOM SJieMeHTapHblH f'IacTOK CTepJKH5! BaKpy'IHBaeTCli Ha '!jf
MKPds
d0 = GJ ,

r.ne GJ K - iKecTKoCTb nonepe11Horo ce'IeHHH cTeplKHH npH Kpy'leHHH, aJJe-1·

K
·~
"''
«.,l

MettTapHaH paCíoTa BHyTpeHHHX CHJI C'leT Kpy'leHHff pasHa ªª J ••

¡ M:P ds ,_
dW KP = - 2 MKp d0 = - 2GJ ,
K
-"'"'
,
, ~ ~I
322 :ij¡¡
~I
'1
'i
 nomc1 8 51 pa6ota BHyTpeHHHX CHJI B CTe p;1rne ).\JIHHOH l 6yJJ.eT
8
2
¡ MKP ds
wKP = - S2
1
cJK {12.11)

B o6w.eM CJIYT.18€ (pHC. 245), KOfJl.8 B Ce'leHHH CT€piKH5! ).leiícTBYIOT Bce

wec 1 b cnJJDBbIX cp8KtopoB (N, Qx, QY' Mv MY, M 2 = MKp)• pa6oTa BHYT·
peiumx cH-1 ( CHJI ynpyroctH) 6y ¡¡et onpe)J.eJU1TbC5! no <tiopMyJie
2 2 2
Mx ds SMY ds SMKP ds
w= - S
s
2EJ X -
s
2EJ
y
-
s
2GJ K -

2 2

- S
s
N2 ds
2EF - s WF - s
s
kx
Qx ds

s
Qyds
ky 2GF • (12.12)

<l'opMyJI8 (12.12) cnp8BeJ¡JIHBa H )J.Jl5! CTep:arneii M8JIOH KpHBH3Hbl.

PªJ
~ a_·¡¡•ds /J 8
~ ~
X ')<I
a
~

M,
Qy
z
~
.-~-
a :i (• ~ ds

Aao
y ó
PHc. 245 PHC. 246

12.4. npHMeHeHHe Ha'!ana 803MO>KJIWX nepeMe~eHMll

K ynpyrHM CHcteMaM

npHMeHHTeJlbHO K ynpyrHM CHCTeMaM H8'I8JIO B03MOiKHblX nepeMew.e·

HHii MOiKHO ccpopMyJIHpOB8Tb TaK: ec.11u cucmeMa Haxoiiumcsi e f11J.BHOBecuu
noil oeacmeue.M npu.11o:J1Ce1uwü nazpyaKu, mo cyMMa pa6om BHeumux
u BNympeHHUX cu.11 Ha B03MMICHbtX 6ecKoHe•mo MaAbtX nepeMew,eHusix moqeK
cucme;11t>t paeHa Hy.1110:
(12.13)

r11.e pi - BHeWHHe CHJ!bl; !'!¡m - B03MOiKHble uepeMew.em!ll TO'leK DpHJIOiKC•

HH¡¡ 3THX CHJI; L P;ll;m - pa6ota BHelllHHX CHJI; W 1m- pa6ora BHyTpeHHHX
CHJI.
B npouecce coaepmeHHR cHcTeMOH B03MOiKHoro nepeMem,eHHR BeJIH'IH·
Ha H HanpaaJieHHe BHelllHHX H BHyTpeHHHX CHJI OCT8IOTC5! HeH3MeHHb!MH.
no3TOMy DpH Bbl'IHCJieHHH pa!SOT CJie)J.yeT !SpaTb He DOJIOBHHY, a DOJIHYIO
BeJJll'llIHy npOH3Be)J.eHHR COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HX CHJI H nepeMemeHHH.
Y'IHTblBaR MaJIOCTb )J.ecpopMaUHÜ H HX JIHHei!HylO 3aBHCHMOCTb OT H8·
rpy30K, B Ka'lecTae 803MO:JICHblX nepeMtJJ<CltUrl MOiKHO npHHHM8Tb ynpyeue
nepe.11e14eHuJ1, Bt>tS6aHHt>te .11f(){)t>tM euooM Haepya1<u u npoucxoi1J1~ue 6ea Ha·
PYtue'lUJl C6Jl3ea. Pa6ora BHemHHX H BHyTpeHHHX CHJI Ha B03MOiKHblX nepe·
MeUJ.eEHIKX H83b!BaeTCH 603MO:JICHOrl, HJIH 6UpmyaAbHOrl pa6omoa.

ll • 323
,,
'\ PaCCMOTPHM JlB3 COCT05!HH5! DJIOCKOH CHCTeMbl, H3XOJJ.5lllleliclJ B pa
HOBCCHH: COCT05!HHe a, npH KOTOpOM CHCTeMa JJ.ecJlopMHpyeTC5! o6o6meHBo
i'
CHJ!OH p a (pHc. 246, a), H COCT05!HHe b CHCTeMbl, JJ.ecJlopMHpyeMoli CHJJo
Pb (pHC. 246, 6).
ITepeMew:eHH5! COCT05!HH5! b MoryT paCCMaTpHB8TbC5! KaK B03MO:lKH
J(Jlll COCTOSIHH5! a H, Hao6opoT, nepeMemeHH5! COCTOSIHHH a HBJl5!!0TCH
MO)f{Hb!MH Jl.JI5! COCT05!HH5! b.
ITo9TOMy pa6oTa Aab CHJJ COCTOSIHH5! a H3 nepeMemeHH5!X COCT05!HHa
11 pa6oTa Aba COCT05!HH5! b Ha nepeMelll,eHH5!X COCT05!HH5!

l l
!
pasHbl
Aab = pa~ab;
Aba= Pb~ba•

¡' Q/J
N" . N¡,
íl
f4,
¡
!
/J

~ ds .1 ds
lj a ó
P11c. 24 7
1

~
1
1
1
Mt, / 1 M¡, f)/J -----
. 1
1
1
1
Al,
(, I

I
1 \)

\
t !
~

ds ,1(<'ds} ds --
ds -
PHC. 248
Pa6oTa BHyTpeHHHX CHJJ COCTOllHH5! a ~pHC. 247, a - lilTpHX
Bble .1HHHH) Ha nepeMemeHHSIX, Bbl3B8HHbJX Harpy3KOií COCT05!HHH
(pttc. 247, ª·
6), MO)f{eT 6bJTb Hail.neHa H3 paCCMOTpeHH5! pa6oTbl BHY
peHHHX CHJI npH JJ.ecJlopMHpOBaHHH 9JleMeHTa CTep)f{H5! JJ.JIHHOil ds (pHC. 2
HH)f{e npHBeJJ.eHa CXeMa onpe.D.eJJeHH5! pa60Tbl BHyTpeHHHX CHJJ.
TaKHM o6pa30M, DOJJHOe 3HaqeHHe B03MO)f{HOií pa6oTbl BHyTpeHH •
CHJJ CTep)f{HeBOH CHCTCMbl 6yJJ.eT '

Wab -
_ '\1
-,,t_¡
s MaMb ds
EJ -,,t_¡
'\1 s N aN b ds
EF
'\1
-,,t_¡
s k
QaQb ds
GF
s s s
ITo.D.CTaBJIHH (12.14) H (12.16) B (12.13), noJiyqaeM 061I1,ee Bb!pa:¡¡¡:eH•'1
ua4a,1a B03MO)f{Hb!X nepeMelll,eHHii JJ.JIH nJiocKoii ynpyroii cTep:11rnesof~':"
1 '
CJJC reMbl:

\.1 ['\1
l.JPa~ab- ,,t..¡
s MaMb ds
El +,,t..¡
'\1 s N aNb ds
EF
'\1
+,,t..¡
s k
QaQb ds]-
GF -O.
,

t.
,1··
s - <: s
(12.17f
+i
374 ii
1"
~

aewHec ycHJIHe, Pa6oTa eay1pem1en

JJ:c<j¡opMaU,HR CHnbl CoCTOHHHH a Pa6orn BHyTpe1mc l
B 11enc-ray1oll\ee sJieMeH'l'a CHJibl COCTOHHHH a
Ha 3JTeMeHT HS nepe'dell\eHHRX
(puc. 248) COCTOHHHH b B CHCTeMe CTep:»rnen
(pnc. 247, 6)

Nb (l\ds)b =
NbdS
-Na (l\ds)b =
NaNbds
= EF -
LS NaNbd5
EF
= EF •
Q• (yds)b =
_ k Qbds
- GF
-Qa (yds)b =

=-k GF
QuQbds -LS Qªª~dss
k

Mb (d8)b =
Mbds
-Ma (d8)b =
MaMbdS -
s ~ M~M¿d,
EJ
=ET =-
EJ s

Ecmi B Ka'leCTBe B03MOJKHbIX npHHHTb .D.eiicTBHTeJJbHhle nepeMemeHHll

8J. Bb13B8HHble 3a.D.aHHOH Harpy3KOH p ª' TO Bb!paJKeHHe (12.17) rrpHMeT
Blf il

s
s
~ p ªl\ª -[L M~:s + ~ N~;s + ~ ss
s Q~:s]
s
k =O, (12.18)

HJIH

TaKHM o6pa3oM,
(12.20)

(12. 21)

npe¡¡crasnHeT co6oli .D.eliCTBHTeJJbHYJO pa6ory BHeillHHX CHJI B npouecce

crarnqecKoii .D.e!flopMaUHH, a

_ _I_ [~
W - - 2 ,l,..i
s M! ds
EJ
~
+ ,,l,..i s N! ds
EF
~
+ ,l,..¡ s Q: k GF
ds]
(12.22)
s 8 s

1Pe¡¡cras.1>1er co6oii pa6ory BHyrpeHHHX CHJJ B npouecce' ¡craTH'lecKoli .D.e-

'PºPMaU.HH.
3
6 11 ypasttettHH (12.20) cne.nyer, qro .D.elicTBHTeJJhHble 3Ha'leHHH pa-
orhl BHeWHHX H BHyrpeHHHX CHJJ paBHbl no BeJJH'IHHe H npOTHBOilOJJOIKHbl
n O 3HaKy.

32.S
 tl.5. TeopeMw o B3BMMHOCTM pa6ot " nepeM~eHNA .

PacCMOTpHM yllpyrylO CHCTeMy B .D.Byx COCTOHHHHX: CQCTORll

(puc. 249, a) H COCTOHHHH 2 (pHC. 249, 6). Ha OCHOB8HHH npHHUHna
~1o:lKHbIX nepeMew:eHHH DOJiy'IHM .!l.JIH nepsoro COCTOHHHH

P1ll12-~
~[sM1M2ds
EJ + SN1N2ds
EF +
skQ1Q2ds]-o·
GF - '
s ~ s
,a.115! sroporo COCTOHHHH

P1l':.21 -
L[SM2M1d~
E.! + SN2N1ds
EF + skQ2Q1ds]-o
GF - ·
< '
l
¡ ~
Pi
1:=1
l ~
a
~I
~¡jll
P,
t-= j' "t'.
.l
~I
- 1

k ~l1 +i='-l
j
~/J12
ó
Pttc. 249 Psc. 250

TaK KaK BbipaJKeHHH .D.JHI paCíoT BttyTpettHHX cHJI B oCíeux 4JopMyJiax o

HaKOBbl, TO H3 (12.23) H (12.24) DOJJY'IHM paBeHCTBO
P1 A12 = P 2 !:. 21 • (12.
Cl>opMyJia (12.25) BbipalKaer meopoty o BaauAmocmu pa6om (1eopeMy B
Tll): 803MOJICFWJI pa6oma (JfietUHUX (UJIU eHympeHHUX) CUJI cocmo11H.UJI 1·
nepeMeUl¡eHUfl.X cocmofl.NUH. 2 paBHa 803MOJICH011 pa6ome BHCIUHUX (
BHympeHHUX) CUA cocmOJIHUfl. 2 Ha nepeMeUl¡eHUfl.X cocmOH.ltUJI J.
B qacTHOM CJJyqae, KOr.D.a P 1 = l; P 2 = 1 (pHc. 250),
(12.15) noJiy'lHM COOTHoilleHHe
612 = 6zi.
l
~ 1
Bb!paJKalOrn,ee meopeMy o eaaUMHOcmu nepeMeUl,eHurl (reopeMy MaKc
.11a}: nepeMew.enue mo'lKU npU/loJ1Cenu11 nepeoa eiJUHU•moa cuJ1w no ee
npaeJ1eHu10, e1713ean1-toe iJeacmeueM Bmopoa eiJuHU'lHOrl cuAw, paeno nepe
it UJ,l!HUIO mO'lKU npUJIOJICeHUfl. emopoa eiJUNU'lHOa CUAbt no ee ¡.¡anpaB/l.e
ebl38aHHOMY éJectcmoueM nepBOrl eéJU1tU'l1tOrl CUAbt.

:' l1 'll.6. 061L!Me cl>opMynw AR• onpeAeneHMSI nepeMell.\eHM¡¡, ...

MetoA Mopa

OCírn.ue 4JopMyJibI AJIH onpe.D.eJienHH nepeMeUI.eHHH JJerKo noJiyqHTb,,

DOJlb3YHCb H3'l3JIOM B03MOJKHb!X nepeMern.eHHii, ecJJH B KaqecTBe BCDOMO-,,
rareJibHoro COCTOHHHH npHH!!Tb CHCTeMy, ttarpylKeHHYIO B TOt!Ke (nep .
Mew.eHHe KOropoii ttac HHrepecyeT) coOTBercrsyiow,eii e.D.llHll'lHOii o6o~·
~
326 i
~
1 1 1
¡Í A
·•
 oíi cHJJOii X¡= l, KOTopaH ..nom1rna cosepllH!Tb pa6oTy Ha B03MCMHOM
meHH¡ell(eHHH, KaKHM HBJJHeTCH HHTepecyJO~ee Hac nepeMe~eHHe tl,p
nepe~
)leÍÍCTBlleM BHeUIHHX H arpyaoK.
noA 06o 3Hli'!HB ycttJIHH, Bbl3BaHHble CHCTeMoÜ BHeIDHHX CHJI LP (pHc. 251, a),
e ,Wp, N P• Qp, a ycHJil!H, Bbl3B8HHble e)lHHH<!HoÜ c1woli X 1 = 1
qep 3 - - -
251 6), qepea M 1, N 1 , Q1 , Ha'!aJio B03MOJKHb!X nepeMe~eHHli (12.17)
(pHe• '
ílH BCílOMOraTeJJbHOro COCTOHHHff (npHHl!MaH B KaqeCTBe B03MOJKHOro ).\eÍ!-
~~BHTe.1bHOe nepeMeru.eHHe) MOJKHO 33DHC3Tb B BH)le

l · J. 1p = ~
~[SM,Mpds SN,Npds
EJ + EF +
S Q,Qpds]
k GF • (12.27)
$ 5 5

11 ó
PHc. 251

Ü'leBH)J.HO, B caMoM o6~eM CJiyqae, npH HaJIH'IHH acex We<:TH KOMDO·

neHTOB BHyTpeHHHX yc11,1u1il:, <t>opMyJfa (12.27) npHHHM8eT BHJl

il¡p =
~
~
s[M7M:. + MYM¡. + Mf Mj}' +
EJ X El y
p
GJ K
$

QfQ$ QYQ~ N,N P]

+ kx GF + ky GF + '"ff ds. (12.28)

cl>opMyJJa (12.28) HBJfsercs HaH6o.aee oómeü p,;zs onpe,lle.aettHI! nepeMeme-

HHl\ B crepJKHHX H 1!83b!BaerCH l/JOPMYAOr1. Mopa. ÜHa np11MeHHMa raKJKe
,1v1sr pacqera CTepJKHeií MaJ101i KpHBH3Hbl. OnpeAeJieH11e nepeMemeHHli no
iJ>opMyJiaM (12.27) 11 (12.28) HaSb!Ba10r MemoaoM Mopa. CTp11 !lTOM Tpe6yeT·
CH Bbl<!HcJieHHe BXO)J.Hlll.HX B yKa3aHHble 4>opMyJlbl TaK H33blBaeMblX HHTe·
rpaJJOB Mopa, .!l.JJH qero He06XO)J.HMO nepeMHOJKHTb !ID!Opbl COOT.BeTC rayro-
11\H)( YCHJIHÜ. no:noMy Mero.D. Mopa HHOr)J.a H83b!B8IOT MemoiJoM nepeA!ilO•
:xce1tu11 :m10 p.
B 60JiblliHHCTBe c,11yqaea npH onpe.D.eJieHHH nepeMell\eHKA B 6aJJKax,
Pa:.iax H apKax no Mero)J.y Mopa a <t>opMyJ1e (12.27) MOJKHO npette6pe'lb
BJJiorn•rnM npO,llOJJbHblX JJ.e<t>op111auuü H CABHra, Y'IHTblBaH Jil!llib nepeMern.e-
HHH, Korop¡,¡e Bbl3b!BalOTCH H3rH6oM. Tor)J.a <t>opMyJ1a (12.27) Jl,JIH DJIOCKoÜ
CHC:TeMbJ MOJKer 6b1Tb 3allHCa11a CJle,llYIO~Hllf o6paaoM:

(12.29)

327
J
'1

tJ.,p = [s M7Mf, El X
ds
+
s
npu npocTpaHCTBeHHOM uarpyJKeHHH <t>opMyJJa Mopa npHHHMae-r

MfMi ds
Ely +
sAf~PAfi¡J'
GJ KP
ds]
•
s s •

npH pacqeTe lllapHHpHb!X lf>epM, Ot5p830B3HHblX H3 npHMhlX CTep

B <jJopMyJJe Mopa coxpaHReTCR qJ!eH, co).lepJKamuli JJHlllb npOJlOJI
CHJJy:
~N,Np
tl.¡p = ,t..¡ 7!Jr l.
<!> opMy .11a (12.31) H83b!BaeTcR tjJopMyAoa MaKCBtAAa.
nopR)lOK onpe.D.eJJeHHH nepeMemeHHli lIO MeTO.D.Y Mopa.
l. CTpOHTCH scnoMoraTeJibHaH cucreMa H uarpyJKaeTCR eJ(HHH
uarpysKoli B ToqKe, r.a.e tpe6yeTCR onpe.a.eJJHTb nepeMemeuue. fipH o
J(eJJeHHH JJHHeÜHb!X nepeMemeHHli B aa).laHHOM HanpaBJJeHHH npH
BaeTCR e.D.HHH'!HaH CHJJa, npH onpe.D.eJJeHHH yrJJOBblX nepeMem,eHHA -
HH'tHblH MOMeHT.
2. Jl.JJR KalK.D.oro yqacTKa CHCTeMbl BblDHCblB8IOTC.ff Bb!pa2KeHH•
1 JJOBblX <fiaKropos s npoHSBOJJbHOM ceqeHHH aa¡¡auuoli (M P• N P• Qp) e

l MOrareJJbHOii (M¡. N,. Q{) CHCTeM.

3. Bb!qHCJJlllOTCll no BCeM yqacTKaM cHcTeMbI HHTerpaJJbl Mopa.
pacqere nJIOCKHX 6aJIOK, paM H apoK HCDOJibayeTCH <PopMyJJa (12
'

l npH pacqeTe <t>epM - <PopMyJia (12.31).

4. EcJIH BblqHCJieHHOe nepeMemeuue HMeeT noJIOJKHTeJibHblÜ
TO 9TO auaquT, 'ITO ero HanpaeJieHHe cosna)laeT e HanpaBJieHHeM eJ(a
HOH CHJibl. ÜTpHUaTeJibHblH 3H3K YK33b!BaeT Ha TO, '!TO ).lelicTBHTeJI
nepeMem,euue npOTHBOnOJJOlKHO uanpaBJJeHHIO e).\HHH'IHOH CHJ!bl.
B ra6JI. 29 npuBe.D.eHbl attaqeHHR HHTerpaJJa Mopa JJ.JIR uau6onee
npocrpaHeHHblX cnyqaeB CO'IeTaHHR 9niop M, H Mp npu usru6e.

fl.7. nepeMe1!4eHMSI, Bbl3BaHHble N3MeHeHKeM TBMReparypw

npe).\DOJIOJKHM, qTO 9JJeMeHT CTepJKHH ds HarpeT BHH3Y ).\O TeMlI

TYPbl t" H HaBepxy - .D.O t.. (pHc. 252, a, 6), a TaKJKe, qTO no BblCOTe
HHR reMneparypa HSMeHHeTCH no JJHHelittoMy aaKouy. Tor.D.a y.D.JJHH
BepXHHX H HHJKHHX BOJIOKOH paccMaTpHBaeMoro 9JJeMeHTa 6y.D.yT

ti 8 (ds) = at 8 ds; }
i'i 11 (ds) = at 11 ds
¡
r.D.e a - Ko9<jJ<jJHUHeHT JIHHeilttoro pacurn pettHR.
Y.D.JJHHeuue no ocu HepaBHOMepuo Harperoro aJieMeHTa H BSalDI

t yro.11 noeopoTa ero KpaiíHHX ceqeHHií Bb!COToií h onpe.D.CJIRIOTCH c.00111111

CTBeHHO <jJopMyJJaMH
t¡
\

(d0) 1 =
tJ. 11 (ds) - tJ. 8 (ds)
h = a
(t" -h / 8)
ds. (12.
j
Jl.Jrn onpe.D.e.11ettHH nepeMeIQPHHH mo6oií ToqKu K cuCTeMbl B ni()(!(>
HanpaBJie;IHH l - i, Bb13BaHHOrO pa3HOCTblO reMneparyp, Bb!ÓHpaeM BCn1
.,j
328 'I
11
1
~1
MOrareJibHYIO CllCTeMy ~ HarpyiKaeM ee COOTBeTCTBYIOW,efi o6o6ll(e!l Jl0H
HHllqHOfi ttarpy3KOi! X = l (p11c 252, e) DpHHHB 1rnrepecy10ll(ee Hac
~!peMell(eHlle 3a B03MO)!{~Oe, 3an11WeM B COOTBeTcTBllll e (12 27) cpopMyJiy
B03MO)!{Hb!X nepeMemeHHH npHMeHllTeJibHO K pacCMOTpeHHOMY CJiyqafO

~" = ~ f
e
M 1 (d0) 1 + ~ f N, (~ds) 1
s
(12.35)

YtJHTbIBaH (12.33) H (12 34), rroJiyqaeM

~" =
~
~. N/x
f- /H +(
2
B
ds
~
+,t..¡
s- M/x
fH -
h
{B
ds. (l 2 36)
l 1

<PopMyJia (12.36) rrpHMeHllMa H .!l.JIH pacqera 6p) CbeB M3Jl oií Kp11Bl!3Hbl.

m n !Ja{ds}

m
a ó /}

P11c. 252

B cpepMax, r.D.e .D.eücrByJOT TOJlbKO npO.D.OJibHble ycHJIHH, reMneparyp-

Hble nepeMemeHHH onpe.D.eJIHJOTCH no cpopMyJie

~, 1 = ~ N(xtl, (12 37\

r.D.e t=
f11 + fB - reMneparypa Ha ocu crepiKHH.
2

11.8. Bw11KcneHNe NHTerpana Mopa

l1ttrerpaJI Mopa f M, Mpdz .D.JIH cJiyqaH, Kor.D.a 9rr!Opa OT 3a,na1mofi

Hat py3KH HMeeT npoH3BOJibHOe, a oT e.D.11H11qttoü - npHMOJIUHeiíttoe oqepram1e
(pHc 253), OKa3aJIOCb YJJ.OÓHb!M onpe.D.eJIHTb rpacpo-attaJiur11qecKHM cnoco6oM,
npe;i.10JKeHHbIM A H Bepew,ar11Hb!M.
Dp11MeM cJieJJ.yIOm,He o6o3ttaqeHHH Q - nJiow,aJJ.b 9nIOpbI M p oT aHeWHt:ci'I
Harpy3KH; e- ueHTp THiKecTH 9íl!Opbl, Me - ºPJJ.UHaTa iln!Opb! OT e,nl!Hllq-
Hoi\ 11arpy3KH no.D. uettrpoM THlKeCTH 9!I10pb1 Mp. QqeaH.D.HO,
Mpdz = dD
(;¡11cp l epeHUHaJI nJioll(aJJ.H 9n10pb1),

M l = z tga;

fT1 1 \l¡;dz=iga.\ <dQ,

l 1
¡
~ zdQ = zeQ; tg a • ze = Me:

¡ 1

~ M¡Mpd2= QMe·
¡ o
1

A o o
~

71
PHc. 254

Oó~H cpopMyJia nepeMew.eHHH .11.Jlll CHCTeM, COCTOHW.HX

HeHHhlX SJieMeHTOB

sarn11lleTcs B BHJle

&ro H ecTh cpopMgAa Bepe~azuna. Bl11"1HCJie

no M"Oií cpopMyJie npOHSBOJJ.HTCH no yqacTK8M
Ha Ka:lKjl,OM H3 KOTOphlx npHMOJIHHeiíHaS amop•
AOJIJKHa 6h!Th Óe3 nepeJIOMOB (pHC. 254).
B Tex CJiyqaHX, KOr;¡a o6e smophl M u Mp,
1
npHMOJIHHeHHhl, MOlKHO YMJIOJKa1a. IIJlOlllllJIJ> OJJ.Hol
H3 HHX Ha Op,llHHaTy ;¡pyroli amopbl, paCIJOJIÓO
lKaD!)llO lI0,11 ~HTpOM Tlll'.RCTH neµBOll\.
!D:10pa M p IOO:lHeT 61i1Th p336HTa Ha
4>Hryphl (puc. 255}, ~Jffl Kam:.11.oli H3 KOTOplllJ,
PHC. 255 JierKO onpe~MHTb KOOpJJ.HHaTy ~HTpa TSIJ!reCTB.
Dp u aToM WIOmaAb Ka.lK,!lOii cp.11ryp hl YMH-01Kll«»" •
OP.llHHaTy eJJ.HHH'IHOH amopbl no.11 ee ueHTpolt,
THJKecTH, 00031l!l"r8eMYJO trepes 'l)k (BMeCTO Mek). <l>opMyJia Eepew.ar!l'd
B 9TOM CJiy'lae npttMeT BHA
-
~
(12.39) ~
k:=-1. 2, 3, ..

B TaóJI. 30 npttBe11.eHhl nJIOW.aAH e KOOPAHHaThl a;eHrpoB T!l}KCCTR

neKOTOphlX SJieMettrapHhlX q>Hryp. e
t
1
l
 DpH yqeTe Kpy'leHHl! B COOTBeTCTBYIOlllllli 'IJiell o6rn_eií cpopMYIIbl
(J2.38) 6y,!(eT BXO,!\llTh JKeCTKOCTh na KP} '!e1111e GJ k· EcJJ11 9mopbl M P
11 A1t npOTllBO!IOIJOJKHbl !10 3HaKy, TO pesyJibTaT HX YMHOJKeHlll! llMeeT
snaK «Mlll!YC».
06mall cj>opMyJJa Bepemar1111a np11Me1111Ma 11 npn pac'leTe crepJKueli
nepeMennoro ceqeHHl!'. B 9TOM cnyqae 1111rerpaJ1 Mopa sannchIBaeTcl! a a11,!(e

- Jo

!J.íP =
~sM;Mpdz
kJ EJ (z) =
~sMp
kJ
m _
E Jo M;dz,
1 1

r)l.e J (z) - MOMeHT 1rnepu1n1 !IJio~a.na npOH3BOJ1baoro ceqe1111H;

J 0 - MOMeHT 1111epu1111 onpe.nenennoro (xapaKTepnoro) ce'!eHlll!. Ha-
soaeM BeJIH'I 11 ny

npueeíJeHHblM U82u6a10u¡uM MOMeftmo.M e meKyu¡eM cecteHUrt, Tenepb HHTe·

rpaJI Mopa MOJKeT 6b1Tb aanncan B BH,D,e

a cjJop\lyJJa Bepein:ar1111a -
~QnpMc
IJ.¡p = kJ EJo ; (12.40)

r)l.e Qnp - nnoma,nb 9!110pb1 M 0P; Me - Op)l.11HaTa e,D,HHH'IHOli 9mopw no,11

UeHTPO\I Tl!JKeCTll npHBe¡\ellHOli 9n!Opbl.
B cJiyqae, ecJIH 9!1JOpbI M p Oll[epcre11bl no Kaa,npaTl'IOli napa6o.ire HJIB
npH\loli, a M¡ - no npl!Moli, 9cjJc!JeKTllBHO np11Meffe1111e rfJopAtYllbl CuMn·
coHa - KopHoyxoea

/J. -
,p -
~ _l_ (MJIB
,,l,.,J 6EJ
t
MJIB + 4Mcp Mcp + MªP MªP)
P ' P ' P '

r¡¡e 6yKBaMB «IJB», «Cp», «llp» o6osHa'leHbl COOTBeTCTBeHHO Kpalinne JieBble,

cpe;itt11e 11 Kpalinne npaab1e op,nnnaTbI nepeMnoJKaeMblx 9lllop.

B COOTBeTCTBllll e 3aKOHOM coxpaHeHlll! 911epr1111 pa6ora BHeWHllX CllJI

np11 ¡¡ec!JopM11poaa111111 ynpyroli cncTeMbl ne npona,D,aeT, a rpa11ccjJopM11pyeT-
CH B nore11u11aJ1bHYIO 9Hepr11IO )l.ec!JopMau1111, KOropal! MOJKeT npOHBllTbCH
B a11¡¡e pa6orb1, coaepwaeMoii a11yrpe111111M11 c11J1aM11 np11 pasrpysKe. TaK,
npu 43CTUlJHOH pasrpy3Ke (p11c. 256) 6aJIKa, necKOJlbKO BblllpHMJll!HCb
u npuno¡¡HllM3H 0CT3BWYIOCSl '13CTb rpysa, COBepwaer onpe)leJieHHYIO pa-
6ory,
Opene6pera¡¡ np11 cTaTll'leCKOM 11arpyJKe111111 K1111e111'leCKOA 911epr11eii,
ª TaKme norepH\IH 911epr1111 na anyrpennee rpe1111e, 11sMe11eH11e reMnepa·
rypb1, MarnllTHbie ¡¡ 9J1eKrpw1ec1rne HBJJeHHH, HMeIO~He Mecro np11 .necjJop-
Mauu¡¡, MO:>K110 yraepJK,llarb, 'llO yMeHbwenae nore11u11aJ1b11oii 911epnrn

331
 rpy3a paBHO li3MeHeHHIO !!OTeHuHaJJbHOH sHeprHH ¡¡eljlopMaunH, HaKOnJJeH-
HOH ynpyrott KOHCTPYKUHeil, T. e.

U=Up,

rn;e U - npnpaw,eHne noTeHuHaJibHOll: SHeprnn ,!1.eljlopMauttn; U p- yMeEii.-.

wem1e no1eHuHaJJbHOll: sHeprHH rpy3a. •
YMeHbllleHHe noTeHuHaJJbHOtt SHeprnn rpy3a <mcJJeHHO pasHo ¡¡eli-
CTBHTeJibHOtt pa6oTe BHelllHliX CHJJ !!pi! HarpyJKeHHli TeJJa. CJJe)\OBaTeJJ&-
HO, noTeHuHaJJbHal! stteprHl! ¡¡ec!JopMaunn 'IHCJJellHO pasHa pa601e BHew.
HllX CHJJ npH Harpyi«.eHlill CliCTeMbl HJJH pa6oTe BHyTpeHHHX CHJI, COBep.
wettttott B npouecce pa3rpy3KH. CorJJaCHO (12.12) noTeHuHaJJbHal! SHeprHll
neljlopMauttn B o6w.eM cJJy'lae MOJKeT 6b!Tb onpe¡¡eJieHa ljlopMyJJott

U=A=2
1 sM~ds +2 sM~ds +2 s
EJx
1
EJy
¡ M!Pds
GJK +

+2
1 SN2ds
EF
s

+2
1 s s

Q;ds
kx GF
o

+2 s
1 s <
2
Qyds
ky GF ' (12.41
s s
(A
: -- ----- --- g,~ª'
1
1 1
'
~ -~
...J....Iu..
Pnc. 256 Pnc. 257
;
flOCKOJJbKY l!OTeHuHaJJbHal! SHeprHll ¡¡ec!JopMaUl!li l!BJllleTCl! KBa¡¡pa~
Tli'IHOll: cpyHKunell: o6o6w.eHHb!X CHJJ (HJJH o6o6w.eHHb!X nepeMew.eHHll:).
o Ha seer ¡¡a noJIOJKHTeJibHa. ¡

12.tO. TeopeMa KactMni••Ho. TeopeMa narpau>Ka

PaccMOTpHM ynpyrylO CHCTeMy (pnc. 257), CTaTH'leCKH HarpyJKe1rny
!!pOH3BOJJbHOll: Harpy3KOH Q li HeKOTOpOtt o6o6w.eHHOH CHJ!Ott p. nepeM
w.eHHe TO'IKH npHJJOJKeHlill CHJ!bl p no ee HanpaBJJeHHIO ¡¡ OT ee ¡¡eiiCTBll
6yn;eT l'lpp1 a nepe'.lew.eHHe TOH lKe TO'!Kli no¡¡ ¡¡eiíCTBHeM CHJJ Q 6y¡¡
J

i ¡ l'l PO· Opa nOJIH0\1 nepeMem.emm paccMarpttaaeMott TO'!Ktt, pasHOM l'l P

+
= l'l p p l'l PQ• l!OTeHullaJJbHal! 9Hepr¡¡¡¡ ynpyrott CliCTeMbl Bblpa3HTCl! cpop
MYJJOH
'1
! r¡¡e U QQ - sHepnrn, HaKonJJeHHafI B pe3yJJbTaTe ¡¡e¡jiopMaum1 cncTe\lbl TOJib•
KO 01JJa'>!tt Q ¡¡ 1JHCJiem10 pasua¡¡ pa601e CHJJ Q Ha Bbl3BaHHb1x HMH nepeMe• 1
U\dlllSlX.
TaK KaK l'lpp = p{jPP• TO npnBe¡¡eHHYIO Bblllle <PoPMYJIY MOJK!IO aanll•
1 CJ fh B Bli)\6
(12.42) •
,,,

332
11f
'
 Avhepettu.HpoaaB SITO Bb1paJKe1rne no c1rne P, noJiyqHM
npo/lH<J"f'
au
8P = Pfipp + !J.PQ = IJ.pp + !).PQ =/).p.
TaKH\I o6pa30M,

(12 43)

nepo1eu{eHue mo'IKU npuAoa1eeHUR c6o6w,eHHoú CUAbl no Hanpae,1eHwo

ce aeücmeuf! paeHo 'lacmHoú npou3eo8Hoü om nomeHl{UOAbHOÜ rmepeuu no
amoií. cuAe. B 9 roM cocTOHT meopeMa KacmVAbf!HO. •
3aMeTHM, qTO BTOpaH npOH3BO)\HaH OT noTeH¡¡HaJibHOH 9HeprttH no
CH•le (o6o6w,eHHOtt) COfJI3CH0 <j;opM} Jie (12.42) paatta

a2u a&p
apa = éJP = fipp (12.44)

ff l!MeeT cyw,eCTBeHHO nOJIOlKHTeJibHYIO BeJJH<rntty.

( 12 41)

s
,l.lJJH nJIOCKOiÍ CTeplKHeaoii CHCTeMbl ljJOpM y JI a npHMeT BH)\

U= S
M 1 (s) ds
2EJ +
N 2 (s) ds
2EF +
s Q2 (s) ds
k 2GF ' ( 12.45)
• • •
r¡¡e M (s), N (s), Q (s) -
ycHJJHH B ceqeHHH CTeplKHH.
npHMeHHH npaBHJIO .!J;H¡jJ¡jlepeH¡¡HpOB3HHH no napaMeTpy, H8XO)\HM

/';p =
au
éJP =
SM (s) ds éJM (s) SN (s) ds oN (s)
EJ oP + EF
Q(s) ds
oP + k GF
s aQ (s)
iiP (12.46)
• •
HJIH, npeHe6peraH BJIHHHHeM Ha aem1qHHY nepeMew,ettHH oceBblX H IIO·
nepe<JHblX CHJI, IIOJiyqaeM

M (s) ds oM (s)
ó.p =S EJ aP ' (12.47)
•
Ec,1H npH onpe.l\eJieHHH nepeMemettHtt TOqKH no ycJIOBHIO 3a¡¡aqH Her
COOTBeTCTBYIOmeií o6o6meHHOtt CHJ!hl, ee BBO)\HT B Bll/¡e ijJHKTHBHOiÍ. Co·
CT3BJieHHOe Bb!paJKeHHe )\JIH noTeHU.HaJibHOiÍ 9HeprHH ¡¡,eijiopMaU.HH .!J;HijJ<j;e·
pettunpyeTcH no 9Tott cnne, nocJie qero otta npnpaBHHaaeTcH ttyJIJO.
EcJIH npe)lcTaBHTb noTett¡¡HaJibHYIO 9tteprul0 ¡¡eijJopMaU.HH KaK KBa/l·
paT!l'!HyJO ijJyHKU.HIO He3aBHCHMblX nepeMemettHií Ó.¡, Ó2, .• ., Ó.n, TO OKd·
8hIBaercH, '!TO qacrna¡¡ npOH3BOJlHaH OT noTett¡¡na.~bHOiÍ 911eprHH no JIJ06< •
My nepe\remettHJO, paBtta CHJie, ¡¡eiÍCTBylOw,ett no hanpaBJieHHIO nepeMemc·
HH51, 1 e.
au ( 12 4 '<)
"'fil:.=
(
pt'

B 9 To 11 co:To llT meope.Ma JI aepaH:JICa.

3~3
 t2.tf. TeopeMa o MMHHMYMe no1eHL\Mani.uoii JHeprMH
3aMeHHM B CTaT!!'!eCKll Heonpe¡¡eJlllMOA CHCTeMe (p110. 258, a) n
ene cBl!311 cooTBeTCTBYIOW.llMll peaKuHl!MH X1. X2. Xi, ... (pHc, 258,
KOTopwe 6y)leM paccMaTp11BaTb KaK He3aBHCHMble Jlpyr OT .llP yra BHe
narpy3KH, 11 Bbl'!llCJIHM no Mero.ay KacTHJibllHO coorBerctJJ yrouvie 11
Mew.eaHll A1, .12, .13, ...
311a¡¡ sapa11ee, qTo yKasaattwe nepeMemeHHll paBHbl ayJIIO,
IlHCaTb
au au
.11 = iJX1 =O; .1.a = iJXs =O, • ' •'

r¡~e U= U (X1, X 2, X 8, ... , P) - noJIHal! noreHuHaJibHa.11 &Heprasr

tfiopMaUHll CllCTeMbl,
¡

~1t ººº± a
1
.D
J,,

~t~ onn B
D
tx,
lx,
{Í

PKC. 258

JierKo y6e.aHTbCfl, q'I'() paBeHCTB8

au au au
0X1 =O; f>X 2 =O; oX 3 =O; '• •

swpalKalOT ycJioBllll !ilKCTpeMyMa cpyHKUHll U. Hetpy.Il.HO BH)l.etb,

9TOT !ilKCTpeMyM l!BJil!eTCl! MllHHMyMOM. ,lJ:oKa3aTeJibCTBOM nocJle,llH
CJIYlKHT noJIO)KHTeJlbH.Wii élHaK BTOPblX n¡XH!3BO.llHblX, KOT<:>plie corJI
(12.44) BblpalKaJOT nepeMemen11¡¡ 11 11 , 6 22 , 11 33 , ... , J1BJI111011u1ecl! cy
BeHHO nOJIOlKllTeJlbHblMH BeJIH'lllHaMll:
iJ 2 U iJ?.U
ax~= Ju: ax~= 622:

TaKllM o6pa30M, e cmamu<teCKU 11.eonpeiJellUMblX cucmeMaX 11uw11.ue

U3BtcmHbte ycu11u11 npuHUMatom ma«ue aHa<ielUJJl, npu KOmoptJlx nome
a.AJJ11.a11 !JHepeu11 iJeifJop.Maquu UMeem 11.auMeHbUICe BHa<teHue (meopeMa
11.a6pea). Sra reopeMa 113Becr11a taK:iKe K8K meope.Ma o HaUMr!Hbtuea pa'6c
raK KaK BMecTo noTeHUllll.JlbHOi! 9HeprHH MOlKHO rOBOPHTb o 'lH<:Jle
paBHOii eii pa6ore BHelllHllX CHJI. 11s aee CJif..!lyer, 'lTO np¡¡ .uofiaBJie
B ynpyry!Q CllCTeMy KaKHX·JIHOO CB!l3eA noteHll.H8JlbH8Sl !ilHeprHll CJI
Bcer;ita yMeHhmaerc¡¡,

¡i
I'
 Ta 6 JI H na 29. B&1palf<eH1rn HHTerpana Mopa 5M, M pdz nn11 pa:iJJlfqffhJX coqeTaHMll smop M¡ M M P (l - ocHosaHMe
nno~a,11.H smophl)

3mopa

·~" ,,~~ 6
M1
-~:1111lf11111 ~h f •

3mopa 2
Mp
1 2 3 4 5 6

~h 1
2 hiíl
1 -
3hhl
l
6 h (h1+2hJ l
1
6 h (2ha - h1) l
1
6 hii (1 +a> z

1 - 1 -
5bhl
1 -
6 h (2h1 +~> l
-
6-hh(l +J:I>- l

l
l - l - 6
l -
[h1 (2h1
-
+ h2) + 1il [h¡ (h2
-
-
-
2h1) + ·5 ((1 + -J:I) h¡ +
2 (li,, +ha) hl 6 (h1 +~> hl
+ha (2h2 + h Z + h2 (2~ -
1 )] h1)] I + (1 +a) hiJ h1
....
w
.....
 2 3 4 5 6
1

l
Lf1Tu~h l 1 - 6
1
((1 + t') h1 +
-
6í(l+a)ÍÍ2 - l - -
1 2 hld 6 (l +a) hh1 ·~r hhl npH a = a
:.....('( ! ~--'fi- ft!__ + (1 +a) h2] hl - (1 + (3) ii1J hl

l -

~ ¡-
l - - l - -
1 - l - 6 1h, (2h2 + h1) - 6 [h2 (2h~ - h¡) - 6[(l+a)h2 -
2 (~ - h1 ) hl -5 (2hB - h¡) hJ
h, -h1 (2ii1 + h2) Jl -h¡ (~ - 2Íz)] l -<1 + Ei hiJhl

hh ( a)
6~ 3-3a-a-
2

¿~
;5'"- ft!.... __,..
hhf}l _!_ hiif3l
2
1
2
- -
h (h1 + /iz) fil 2
1 - -
h (~ - h¡) t\l
11p11; <a
hh ( a,2)
,_J..L..-J 6 3-;;~ l
upn a> a

~b 3
l
hhl I.4 hhl 1 -
12 h (h1 + 3h1 ) l
-
i21 h·(3h
- -
1 -h1) l i21 hh- ( l +a- +-a 1
) /

.
.. -
~~¡.,...,¿._
 ' ,
rj~- f 1
3
l
hhl r
1 -
f2 hhl 1 -
f2 h (3h 1 + hs) l
- l -
I2 h (h 2 - 3hJ l
-
~hii (1 + ~ + ~2)1

~
2 1 l l
- hhl
3 3
hhz 3 h (h1 +Ti;)Z 3 h (hz- hi) l 3l (l
-- -
+ex{}) hhl

d11]]JJJl]11 2 -
3 hhl
5 -
I2 hhl
l - -
12 h (3h1 + 5/za) l
l - -
12 á (5h1 - 3h¡) l 121 (5 - - - -
{} - J:I~) hhl

h~ 2
3 hhl
1 -
-4 hhl
1
12 h (5h1 +
- -
31za) l
1
12 -
h (3h2 -
-
5h1) l
1
i2 -
(5 - a -
-2 -
cx ) hhl

1 -
1 - ¡_ - l - - 6fh1(I+!3l+
• • 6 h (h¡ +h2+ 1 - 6 (hth1i + 4hh 0 + 6 (h 2h 2 + 4hho -
,J -lJ 4 A h (h 2 +2h)1 + h 2 (1 +a)+
..... ,___§g__¡ /¡ + l/,¡ l + lzakz) l - h¡lt;.)I + 2hs (l +a~)] iil
w
..... 1
1 1 1
 Ta 6 JI H u: a 30. nnoma.u.H R KOOP.Il.HHBTY ueurpou r11JKecru ueKoropyx _
aJJeMe11rapu1i1x 4Juryp

l<OOPJl,HR8Tbl i¡eHTpa TR)l(eCTI¡

Elmopa M
•e 1-zc

lh .!_ l
2 3

h1 +2h 1
3 (h1 +h2) l

-<::
lh a+l
._____ ~ +t
z, 1-z 2 3 --r
l\
1
I\1rn¡¡parHqHaH
napa6ona

lh 3 1
4l -l
3 4

ll
' Ky611qecKa H napa6ona
J
tl lh
4
4
1i l
1
5l

IlOJIO!lHHB KBa.n;parHq·
HOH napa6onbl

2 ~,
3 lh 8

338
 npofJ011r;1ce¡.¡ue maó11. 30

1<oop111111aTbl l\el!Tpa T>DKeCTH

3mopa M Onom,aAb lii
zc l~zc

Ksa.npani•rnaa
napa6oJ:Ia

2 1
-<::
3 lh 2l ..!..
2
l

Zc l-z, _
l
----·
KBa.n;patH'IH8H
napa6oJ:Ia
l 6a 2 l + 8al 2 + 3/3
~ [!ª+
1
c = 4 3a 2l + 3al 2 +/3 ;
/ 6a2l +
4a/2 + /3

a
z, 1-Zc + 3a (a+ l)] l - zc = 4 3a21 + +/
3al 2 3
"
' r JI ABA 13
l
" CTATH~ECKM HEOnPEAEnMMblE CHCTEMbl

tl.t. OcHoaHwe nanw pac'!era narM'leCKM

HeonpeAenMMWX CMCTeM

CTaTH'leCKH Heonpe.neJIHMblMH H33b!BaJOTCSl CHCTeMbl, CHJIOBble

TOpbl B 91leMeHrax KOTOpb!X He MOryT !'.íb!Tb onpe,neJleHbl TOJlbKO H.9 ypaa
Hl' ri paBHOBeCHll TBep.noro TeJla. B TRKHX CHCTeMaX HMeerc11 ÓOJ!bllle Cl
sdí, qeM 9TO Heo6xo.n;HMO .!l;Jlll paBHOBecHll. TaKHM o6pasoM, 11acrb CBll
B 9TOM CMblCJle llBJIHeTCll KRK 6bJ JIHUJHefi, a COOTBeTC'IBylOrn,He .,CH

:f
A 1P,
H,
a
PHc. 259

t:• tRe
;! OOiO;!, i
Aj:i---...~ _i.....f _,c
,...H_...lf..._i

a ó
Pnc. 260

RBJlllJOTCll AUUlHU.MU HeU36eCmHbl.MU. flo 'IH

JIHlllHHX CBl!3ei\ HJIH JIHlllHHX HeH3BeCTHblX y
JIHil ycraHaBJIHBaJOT cmene11b cmamu'teCKoil
onpeiJeAU.Mocmu cucme.Mbl.
Ha pac. 259, a npase.neHa craTH'lecKH on
R, ,neJIHM3ll CHCTeMa, a Ha pHc. 259, ó - O)\HH
B \ craTH'leCKH Heonpe,neJ1HMaH. Ha pHc. 260, a

::J~
Ka3aHa )\B3JK)\bl cra1HqecKH Heon pe.neJIHJf
6a11Ka, noJiy'leHHal! H3 craTH'leCKH onpe.ne11
cHCTeMbl (pHc. 260, 6) B pe3yJibTare ycraHo
Pac. 261 .nsyx ll!apHHpHbJX onop B TO'IKax B H C. Ha p
261 IIOK33aHa jlBaJK,l\bl CTaTH'lecKH HeonpeA
Mal! l!JIOCKall paMa.
CraTH'leCKal! Heonpe,l\eJIHMOCTb MOiKeT Ób!Tb pe3yllbTaToM He ron
BBe,neHHll .nonOJIHHTeJibHb!X CBSl3ett, HO TaK:tKe 11 ycJIOB!leM o6pa30B3HHll ,
creMbl. I1puMepoM MOlKeT CJIYlKHTb paMa (puc. 262, a), B KOTOpoii peaK
onop RA, HA• RH nerKO onpe.ne.Hl!OTCll H3 ycnosuü pasHosec11l!, HO
CJle)\HHe He ll03BOJ!l!IOT H3HTH Bce CHJIOBble ¡jlaKTOpbl B ee 91leMe!lTaX. p
pe3aB paMy Ha )\Be '13CTH H paccMaTpHBal! paBHOBeCHe 0)\HOÍÍ H3 HHX (p
262, 6), ycraHaBJIHBaeM, '!TO S1Ta paMa npe¡¡c1as1rner co6oií CHCT
meCTb pa3 cra1nqec1rn Heonpe¡¡eJIHMyJO, raK 1rnK KaJK¡¡b1i'1 33MKttyrb!A (6
wap1rnpHbJH) KOHTYP l!BM1e1cll rpH pa3a crau1<1ecKH aeonpe.nennMbl
·JI
11
~I,,
 ~'craHOBK3 mapHHpa Ha OCll crep:lKHH (pile. 263, a) (Ot\llHOql!b!H map·
p) o6parnaeT B HYJJb ll3rtt6a!Ornllií MOMeHT B 9TOM ce'!eHllll H, CJJe¡¡;OBa·
Hil~bHO, CHH:lKaeT cre_neHb CTaTH'!eC!<Oii Heonpe¡¡;eJJllMOCTll Ha e,L\llllllUY;
ITiapHllp, BKJJIOqeHHbJH B y3eJJ (06rn1m mapttllp), r¡¡;e CXOt\HTCH n crep:iirnell
(C\l., HanpllMep, pHC. 263, 6, 6), CHH:lKaeT sreneHh CTaTll'leCKOÜ Heonpe¡¡;e·
¡¡~t0CTH Ha n - I, TaK KaK SaMeHHeT co6on CTOJ!bKO :lKe 0¡:\llHOqHblX wap·
~HpoB (pilo. 263, e). CreneHb craTll'leCKOH Heonpe¡¡;eJJllMOCTll nJIOCKllX
cHcreM (s) Mo:lKer 6b!Th onpe¡¡;eJieHa no <j>opMyJie

s = 3k - Ul, ( 13. 1)
rae k- '!llCJIO 3aMKllYThlX KOHrypOB, Ul - '!llCJIO wapHllpOB B nepeC'lere
¡¡J o;¡HHO'!Hble. ÜCHOBaHHe (3eMJill) paccMarpllBaerc¡¡ KaK crep:lKeHh Gec·
1{0He'!!!OH :lKeCTKOCTll (E J =
oo).

P,

P, P,

~ HA
A B
RA Q,
RA R,
a ó
Pttc. 262

' a ó
KK fJ e
Pile. 263

Optt pacqere craTll'!eCKll Heonpe¡¡;eJillMblX CllCTeM MO:lKHO B KaqeérBe

Hett3BeCTHblX npllHHMaTb KaK CHJlbl llJill CHJIOBhie <j>aKTOphl, T8K ll nepeMe·
!QettHH HJill ¡¡;e<j>opMaUllOHHhie <j>aKTOphl. B nepsoM cJiyqae llMeeM TaK Ha·
3b!BaeME.Iii Memo(} cuA, ao aropoM - .Memoo nepe.Metu,eHuii*,
Pacqer no Mero¡¡;y CHJI npono¡¡;Hr n raKoii nocJie¡¡;osaTeJibllOCTll.
1. y CTaHaBJillBalOT creneHb CT8TllqeCKOH HeOnpe¡¡;eJillMOCTll.
2. OyreM y ¡¡;aJieHllH JIHlllHllX CBH3eii aaMeHHIOT llCXOt\HYIO cllcreMy
CTarnqeCKH onpe,L\eJillMOH, Ha3bIBaeMOH OCH06HOii cucme.Moii. TaKHX CH·
ere°" MO)KHO nOCTpOHTb HeCKOJihKO, co6JI10¡:\aH npll 9TOM ycJionlle llX reo·
Merptt'!eCKOÜ Hell3M eH 5! eMOCTll.
3. 0CHOBHYIO CHCTeMy Harpy:lKalOT aa¡¡;aHHbIMH BHeUIHHMH CHJiaMH
H IIHWHHMH HeH3aeCTHb!Mll YCllJillHMll, 3aMeHHIOl1'HMll ¡¡;eücTBlle y,L\aJ!eH·
HLix CBH3eil, n pe3yJihTare qero noJiyqaIOT &KeueaAeHmHylO cucme.My.

cr * CnpaaotIHHK npoeKTllpOBW.llKa npoMhllllJieHHhlX, :lKHJibIX ll o6me·

roªeHHb!~ 3.ll8HllH u coopy:lKeHuA I
no,ll pe,ll. A. A. YMallCKOfO.- M.:
ccrpo1rn3¡¡;·ar, 1960.- 1040 e,

341
 4• .Il:JISI o6ecneqeHllll 9KBHBaJieHTHOCTH HCXO).l,HOH H OCHOBHOfi C11c'll1
"'"'"'""hl' ym•• aon~'" '"" "'"'°"P••M '"• "''"
OCHOBHOH CHCTeMbl He OTJIH'lBJIHCb OT ,llecpopMaUHH llCXO,llHOH CT8T&
A•Óo~
neonpe¡:i;eJIHMOli CHCTelllbl. ,ilJil! 9TOro nepeMern.eHHll TOqeK TI'PflJ!O
.llHUJHHX HeH3BeCTHbIX no aanpas.11eHHIO HX ¡¡ei\CTBHll npHpaB.HBlla'JIJ'r
JllO. 113 no.11yqeF1HblX TBKIU.I 06pa30M ~ paBHeHHH onpeiJ,eJISIIOT 3Hl-.et
JIHillHHX HenssecTHblX yctt.llllfi. Onpe.l{eJI€HHe nepeMew.eH11fi COOTile'TC'llll
IUHX TO'!eK MO>KHO npOH3BOll.llTb JIIOfü,¡M CilOCoOOl'il, Ol!.HBKO Jl)"lllle 11~
30BaTh nptt 9TOM Hatt6oJiee o6rn.nfi MeTOJI. Mopa.
5. CToc¡¡e ycrattOBJlettttll aHa'!eHttfi JIHlllHttx HettaseCTllb!X ycttJIHfi
H3BO)l.llT onpe,lleJI,fHHe peaKIUIH H nOCTpOeHHe 9n10p BHyrpeHHHK y
llOJJ.6op ceqem1.ií H npoaepKy npo'IH-OCTH o6bl'!Hb!M cnoco60111.
PaccMorpaM Dptt111ep pac'!.eUI CUll
CKH Heonpe¡¡eJIHMOH CHCTeMbl (pttc. 264,
1 RA ._ !la
flpttHl!B peaKuttIO onopbl B sa JIHWB

~.
(, HettsBeCTHYIO X1. nOJIY'IHM OCHOBB
~ CHCTeMy B BH).l,e KOHCOJIH, ttarpySHB K
MA ¡ py10 pacnpe¡:¡eJieHHOH HarpysKofi q H
'
! q
Q

A~ JJt Jf Ji f tl f 18
q
ó x, \

Pttc. 264 PHc. 265

.11tteM X 1 , nptt¡:¡eM K 9KBttsaJiettTHOfi CHCTeMe (pttc. 264, 6) • .ZJ:onoJIHHT

Hb!M ypaBHeHHeM nepeMew.eHHH 6yD.eT paBeHCTBO HYJ!IO nporH6a B TO'lK

.:11 =o.
flOJitthlfi npora6 .:11 MOJKHO npe,llCTaBHTb K8K C)'MMY nportt6oB OT BHeW
WlrpysKH (pHC. 264, 8)
qJ4
L1¡p=-sEJ (

e or Hell3BecTHOH peaKD,lltt X1 (pHc. 264, e)

X l¡s
.:111 = 3EJ
1
YpaBHeHtte (13.2) MO>KeM 38IIHC8Th B BH).l,e

111=L1¡p+11 11 =O,
1 HJIH

342
11
QtC!O.lla HaXO,!\HM HCKOMYIO peaKUHIO
3
X1 = Bql. (13.6)

l1 ) panHeHHSI CT3THKH JierKO HaHTH OCTaJibHble peaKUHH, a 3aTeM 06bl'l•

H
!M Bcnoco6oM nocTpOHTb 9n10ph1 Q H M, KaK 9TO noKa3aHo Ha pHc. 265.
ra6JI. 31 npHBe,!\eHbI pactieTHble cjlopMyJibI ,!\Jlll onpe,!\eJieHHll onop·
abIX peaKuHii, nonepetIHoi\ CHJibl Q, H3rH6a1011J,ero MOMeHTa M H nepeMe·
me1rnii ,!\Jlll OCHOBHblX CJiyqaeB Harpy>KeHHSI CTaTH·
qecKll Heonpe,!\eJIHMblX 0.1\HOnpoJieTHblX <5aJIOK,
a B ra6.~. 32 - .llJlll cJiyqaeB cMelll.eHHll onop H He·
pasttoMepHoro HarpeBa 6aJioK.

l
f 3.2. KaHOHH'leCKHe ypaaHeHH• MeTo.qa CHn a
.UonOJIHHTeJibHbie ypaBHeHHSI nepeMell(eHHH,
8 wpama10mHe paBeHCTBO HYJIIO nepeMemeHHii no
8
aanpa13JleHHS1M JIHlIIIH!X HeH3BeCTHblx, Y.llOl'.5Ho co-
craBM!Tb B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH KaHOHU'teCKOª <jJopMe,
tx,
T. e. no onpe,!\eJieHHOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH. DoKa>KeM
aro aa npHMepe pelI!eHHll npocTei\mei\ CTaTH'!eCKH
tteonpe,!\eJIHMOH CHCTeMbl (pHC. 266, a).
Bb16epeM B Ka'!eCTBe OCHOBHOH CHCTeMbl KOH·
COJlb' B Ka'!eCTBe 9KBHBaJieHTHOH CHCTeMbl noJiy'lHM
KOHCOJlb, Harpy>KeHHylO BHelI!Heii CHJIOH p H JIHIIIHei\
aeH¡rnecTHoii X 1 (pHc. 266, 6). .UonoJIHHTeJibHoe
ypaBHeHHe nepeMemeHHii, Bblpa>Ka!Olll.ee paBeHCTBO
HYJIJO nepeMemeHHll TO'IKH B OT CH.JI P H X 1 , <5y.lleT
e
L\ 1 = L\ (P, X 1) =O. (13.7)
Ha OCHOBaHHH npHHUHna He3aBHCHMOCTH JleH·
CTBHSI CHJI 3anHI1IeM
L\1 = L\¡p + L\11' (13.8)
a
r11e L\ 1p - nepeMemeHHe OT 3a,llaHHOli Harpy3KH p
(pttc. 266, o); L\ 11 - nepeMemeHHe OT CHJibl X1•
Ü003Ha'lHB nepeMemeHHe OT X 1 1 no = ee HanpaBJie·
HH!O 'lepe3 611 (pHC. 266, O), noJiyqHM e
L\11 = 611X1. PHC. 266
Ypas11eHHe nepeMemeHHii (13.8) npHMeT BH.ll

611X1 + L\tP = 0. (13.9)

::iro KaHOHH'!ecKaSI <f>opMa ypaBHeHHSI nepeMemeHHii AJISI O,!\HH pa3 CT3TH·
qeCKH Heonpe,!\eJIHMoA c11cTeMbl. Hs cjlopMyJibl (13.9) 11MeeM

L\1p
X1 = - 6il. (13.10}

Il.-~SI CHCTeMbl, HMe10meii ,!\Be JlltlIIHHe CBSl3H (pHC. 267), K8HOHH'!ecKHe

Ypas11em1si 6y.llyT

611X1 + <\2X2 + L\¡p =O;} o3.11)

Ó21X1 + 622X2 + L\2p =O,

343
 tfi! ;¡¡ _..~---::;; ;,, ;;;;t t a "'::G~,,.

Ta 6 JI n u a 31. OnopHble peaKuun, nonepe'iHble CHJJbl, H3ru6al0ll.\He MoMeHTbl u nepeMell,\eum1 s craruqecKH

HeonpeAeJIHMblX OAHOnpoJieTHblX 6aJIK8X

CxeMa Harpy>KeHHSI OnopHb!e peaKU.HH, nonepe'IHaSI CHJJa Q, Ypasuenm1 ynpyroll JJHHHH w (z),
~aJJKH usrn6a10uu1n MoMenT M, Koop,11unaTa onaceoro yroJJ nosopoTa 0 Konu.esoro ceqeeu 11,
8moph1 Q u M ce 1eHH5I z 0 , MaKCH o1aJJbHbl~ MO\IJeHT Mmax MaKCHM8JJbHblll nporu6 f (npu nocTOllHHOM EJ)

RA = RB =2¡,
3M0
MB =2
1
Mo w (z) = -
M 0l
4E J
2
(zª¡a - 2 z/2 + Tz )
2

0<.z<.l
1!'d.j11111l<ii111111 ®
2 i Q= -
3
:/º ; M = M0 ( 1- ~) f=-
Mol2
27 EJ npn z = //3
Mo~ @ M 0l
~ 0 =- 4EJ npu z = O
2

@J
A fvf,BRh

a l1o
z
L

,,.-111111191111111®
J!:f{1--P1 M..,
a< z < l M = M0 [ 1- } (J- ~;) T 1
w (z) = -
J\1
EJ
0(2[ 41 ( 1 - ¡¡-a2) (z3j3 - 3 Tz) -
-~(~+1,)+1-]
z; = l M:ax =- ~M 0 ( 1- 3 f;) "'_ M 0 l
<1-EJ
(~ _!_
¡-4-4¡2
3 ª2)
npu z =0
npu a< 0,275! i M'max ¡ < ¡ M'"
max I
npu a= 0,577! M"'
max =O

5 11 3 o..,¡;: z ..,¡;: l/2

RA = 16P; R 8 = 16P; M 8 = wPl 3(
o..,¡;: z ..,¡;: l/2
P/ z
w (z) = - 96EJ 3 T - 5 f3
z3)
5 5 l/2 ..,¡;: z < l
Q= i6 P; M = f6 Pz
z3
l/2 ..,¡;: z ..,¡;: l w (z) =
p ¡a [
- 96EJ
z
3 f - 5 lª +
z
+ 16 (z-1/2)ª] Plª ( 22
¡a = - gBEJ 15 l - 24 l 2 +
Cxelld Harpy)KeBBll Onop1u.1e pe&Kll.HB, nonepe'IB&11 cHn• Q, YpasueHHll ynpyroA JJHHHH w (z),
6&JJKH, HSrH6&10~Hll MOMeHT M, KOOp,1'HH8T8 onacuoro yron OOBOPOTa ij KOHU.eBoro ce4eHHH,
Smopw Q n M ceqeeUH 2,, MaKCHM&JlbHblA: MOMeHT ."1max MHKCHMaJJbHblll nporu~ f (npn nocroRHHOM EJ)

+11:;-2)
Pl 3
3 f = -0,0093 EJ TIPH z = 0,4471
Zo = l Mmax = - 16 Pl p¡2
0 = - 32 EJ npH z = O
7Pl 3

, oj) ~ · ~ (3 - ~ T( t:) ;
W = - ?BBEJ npH z = //2

md y) ; Rn
P
RA = = 3- 0<.z<.b
z ~
Pab
:~~ [1; (3 y-~)- 3 ~: ]
2
b
1
a M B = 212 (l + b} w (z) = -
~ITTi'irnl @
0<.z<.b Paªb2 (3a +
4b)
MI13
_.Q) lllilli11, Q=;~(3-y): M=~~(3-y)z
W = - 12 /ªEJ npH z = b
21 ll
1 b<.z<.l

~~ b<.z<.l

Q=Pl-}~(3--f)-1];
w (z) = - BEJ
Plª [RA (
p
z
3 ( -
z3)
¡3 -
a2z
3 ¡a +
, A.f-RaL~fa-~J .... ,~] +(f-7)3J
 a= o,5861
M~ª" = ~~:b ( 3 - -T)
npH HBH!loJ!blllHH nporH!'í
zó = b npH z=b
np11 a = 0,634/ Ha1160JibUJee 3Ha'!eHHe
p¡s
f= -0,0098 EJ
M:r,ax = 0,174Pl
,, Pab p[I (al\-p-¡2a2)
z0 = l M;;,ax = - 212 (l + b) 9 = 4EJ
np11 a= 0,423! HaH60JibUJee 3Ha'!eHHe npH Z =0
M~ax = -0,193Pl

3 5 1
RA=3ql; RB=3qt;M 8 =sql 0-<:z-<:l
O..;.z"'-l q/4 ( z4 z3
w (z) = - 48 EJ 2 "f4 - 3 13 + yz )
Q = ql (i - y) ; M = qlz ( i- ~ ·T) f = - IBSEJ
ql4
npH z = 0,4211
1
Zo = l M max = - S q ¡2 q/3
3 q
0 = 48 EJ npH z = 0
2
zó = S l M:nax = 128 ql

11 21 5 .
RA=Mql; RB=Mql; MB=64q/2
o< z"'" 1/2
Q = ql (~ - ~); M = qlz (M- } ;: ) q/4
f = - 289 , 8EJ npH z = 0,5l

l/2 "'"
1
z -<'. l

........
....
Q = qt [ (y - {) (y - {) - 6;]
-
 npoíJOJl!HceHUt maÓ/l. 31

CxeMa Harpy>Kea1rn Onopuble pe&KD:lm, nonepeqaaa cuna Q, Ypasnenna ynpyroll JJHHHH w (2),
6aJ1KH. nsrn!iiaIOII\Hll MOMeHT M, Koop¡¡naarn onacaoro yron noeopoTa eKOH!(eeoro ceqeana,
8mopb1 '< H M ceqeHHH Zo, M8KCHMaJlbHblA MOMeHT A1max M8KCHM8JlbHblll npornfii f (npu DOCTORHHOM EJ)

~- _!_4 ( ~ - _!_2 ( ~l - -~)

2

M - q/2 (!_!_
- 64 l l
- _!_)
3 2
+
z
+31 ( y-21) ª]
5
Zo = l Mmax = - 54qlª
3
ZÓ = 0,415/ M~ax ""64 qf2

1 2 1
RA = [Oql; RB =5 ql; MB =Is q/2
0<.z<.l

qlª (
Q = 1Q 1 - 5 [2
zª) ; A1 = 2qlz ( 51 - 1
3
z2
/2
) f = -
ql'
4,JgEJ npH z = 0,447!
qf4
q/2 w= -
Zo = l Mmax = - J5 42fi,BEJ npH z = l/2
 1 ql4
f =- 32?,SEJ npH z = 0,402/
q(4
w = - 349 EJ npH z = l/2

l/IOÓOfl Hatp!/3Ka
I?.

w= w 2
• ( l) + MEJl 8
1
npH z = l/2
16
napaMeTpbl co 3H8KOM • COOTBeTCTBYIOT CTa·
rnqecKH onpe¡i;eJIHMOfi 6aJIKe Ha ¡:¡syx onopax
(CM. pHCYHOK)

ab ab
RA = 6M 0 ¡a; R8 =6M 9 ¡a;
b a
o"" z ""ª
MA=M 0 z2 (2a-b); M 8 =M 9 ¡z(2b-a) (3 r zª 2 21
w (z) = 6EJ l-RA ¡a+ 3M A [a =
6~~g~ 111111~~ 111111 ® o"" z ""ª M0 bz 2
( a b az')
M,--r-.,c¡;,,~ @ Q= -6M/[t ; M= Mo ~: (2 - %- 6 f) = 2EJ! 2y -y - 2 z2

~=~u.
 ' '~"!; 1ti'52±22 f!f!!6 54 9 2 f§$2&'. @Si faU!'.:Z:::-:t=t:=:;:::;;~ . . .o;;;;~ z,.~,.,,...,_~-.,-'"'
•

npo80A'JlceHue maÓA. SI

CxeMa aarpylKeHHll OnopRMe peaxnee, nonepe'1Ha11 CRJJa Q, Ypaaeeee11 ynpyroA JIHRHR w (2~,
Cí&JJl<H. esnrCía10ll\Hlt MOMeHT M, Koop.z¡eeaTa onacROro Yron noaopoTa & KOHUeBOro ceqeRHH,
amop"' r.; a M ce1.1eHHR z 0, 111aKcRM&JibR&d[ MOMeHT Mrnax M&KCHMaJJbHblA npornCí f (npe nocTORHHOM EJ)

a<.z ..;;.l
ab
Q = -6M 0 [í ; M
ab (
= M 0 f2 b z (2)
2 - a - 6 T +"(lb
b l/3 <a< 2//3
ZÓ = O M~ax = M 0 (2 (2a - b)

ªª) wmax<>O) npn z=i-(2-~)t

z0,, = a Mmax
'" = -M 0 ( 1 - a
4T + 9 f2a2 - 613
Wmax (<O) npn z = ! (1+ i-) l
11, ,,
z0 = a Mmax= M 0 4 T - 9 f2
( a a2
+6 ªª)
(3
a
z!v = l M~':x = -M 0 f2 (2b - a)

o<. z <. l/2 O<.z<.l/2

1 1
Q = 2" P; M = -8 P (4z - l) Plª ( z2
w (z) = - 48E] 3 z2 -
zS)
4 [3
l/2 <.z <. l
1 1
D.- - ..,.. p, Al.,--... Ri1ll- t'2l
 ZÓ = l/2 Mmax = {- Pl P ¡s

( 'o =O;
I '"
Zo -
- l MNrnax -- Mmax
'" -- - 8l_ PI
f=- 192 EJ npn z=Zl2

RA = p
b2 (3a
[3
+ b) RB =
p a 2 (3b
/3
+ a) ;
b2 a2
MA=Pa[2; M 8 =Pb[2
O..;;:z..;;:a 0..;;:z..;;:a

Q=P
2
b (3a b)+ b2 (3ª
; M=Pa[2 ---a¡-z-1
b ) + Pab 2 z2 ( z b z )'
w(z)=-bEJ p: 3-3-¡--a-y
13
a<.z..;;:l
a> b
(tR~,R, a 2 (3b +a)
,t~
A B • Q=- P /3 ; 2 P a3b 2
M, a b
_ _j__ 8
b f 3a
2
b +
l (z - a) ] 2 f= - 3 +
EJ (3a b) 2
M=Pªl2lalz- b2 a -1 2al
ab 2 npH z = 3a +b
z~ = O M;,,ax = -P "'[2
a<b
" a2b2
z0 =a M~ax = 2P¡a 2 P a2 b3
f = - -3 EJ (3b +a)~
,,, = l
Zo
M"'
max
= -P ba2
¡2 2bl
eCJIH a<b 1
'
M rnax 1
> M"max > ' M"'max 1
1 npH z = l - 3b +a
erJIH a> b 1 M ,,,max 1
,,
> Mmax > ' M'n ax 1 Pa 3 b 3
4 w = - 3EJlJ npH l =a
HaHÓOJibnree 3HaqeHHe 1M~ax1 = 27 PI
l
npH a=3

---------
 ll poaOA:JICeHUe ma6A 3J

CxeMa Harpy>KeHHll Onope&1e peaKU.HH, nonepeqea>1 CHJia <J, YpaeueHHll ynpyroA nHHHll w (2),
68JIKH. usreliaiow.el! MOMeHT M, KOOpl\HHaTa onacuoro 111'1'0.ll llOBOpOTa 6 KOIU.leBOro ceqeum1,
Smopbl Q H M Ce\leHHSI 2.,, M8KCHM3JlbHhl~ MOMeHT Mmax MBKCHM8JlbHblA nporelii ¡ (npe DOCTOllHHOM E:J)

O.c;:z.c;:l
q/2z2 ( z )2
w(z)=-24EJ 1-¡
q/4
f = - 384 EJ np11 z= l/2

7q/4
f= -3S4oE.1
npH Z = l/2
 ')
zJ - O; z: - l M;,,ª" = M;;,ax = - % qf2
"' q/2
z~' = 1/2 Mmax = 32 1
3 7 q1 2 q1 2
RA = 2oql; R 8 = 2oql, MA = 30 ; M 8 =To
O<.z<.I

Q=íq1(1o-~): ql4

M = ql2 ( 2o T -
3z
6
lz3
[3 -
!)
30
f= - 764 EJ npH z = 0,5251
q[4
ql2 W =- 768EJ npH z = 1/2
z; =O Mmsx = - 30 ;
ql2
z;' = l Mmax = - 20 ;

m "' qll
z" = 0,548! Mmsx ~ 46,6

•
RA = RA -
MA -MB
1 w= w 2
•(1) T
(MA+Als)fi
i6F/
• MA-MB npH Z ~ l/'2
Ra=RB+ 1 napaMeTpb! r-o lH lK0\4 * COOTBeTCfBYIOT CTa·
TH4ecKH onre~enHMOtt 6anKe Ha ~syx onopax
2EJ * * 2EJ • •
MA ~ -1- (20A - 0a); Ma = -1 (20B- A¡ e 1 (CM. pHCYHOK)

..,,
w
....
 'll ¡
AttaJIOfH'IHO MOfYT 6h!Tb HanHca!lbl B K3HOHH'leCKOH cjlopie ypaBue. ~
HHll nepeMeLitel!HH JVHl mo6oli n pa3 CT3TH'leCKH Heonpe,l\eJJHMOH CH· 1

CTeMbl

ll 11X 1 + ll 12 X 2 + ll 13 X 8 + • • • + ll1nX n + A¡p = O,

ll21 X1 +ll22 X 2 +ll23 X 8 + ... +ll2nXn+A 2 p=0;
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . (13.12) «

•
'"

p p p

Pttc. 268

•
1
¡
----
X,~t X,=!

PHc, 269

CTepeMeU\eHHH A¡p H 6 1¡, BXO.l\!ILitHe B KaHOHH'lecKHe ypaaHeHH ,

CJJe.l(yeT onpe.zteJJ!lTh uo MeTO.llY Mopa. DpH pactJeTe paM H 6anoK, IJ.JISl
TOpbIX OTHO!lleHHe Bb!COTbl CTepJKHSI K ero ,ltJIHHe, KaK npaBHJJO, MeH
6,1, B 06L11.eii c{JopMyJJe Mopa orpaHH'IHBBIOTC!t' coxpattetttteM HHTerpa.n
~ qHThIBa10L11.HX JJH!llb H3rtt6810L11.He MoMeHTbl. DpH 9ToM npHKJJaJ(bIB& .
11: OCHOBttoii cHcTeMe e.ztHHH'IHble HarpyaKtt X 1 =
l, X 2 = l, ... , Xn =}
a T8KH<e HHe!llHHe Harpy3KH H cTpO!IT COOTBeTCTBYIOLitHe Sn!Opbl MoMeH
K8K SITO nOK838HO npHMeHHTeJJbHO K TPH)K)l.bl CT8TH'!eCKH HeOnpep:eJIHMO
CHCTeMe (pHC. 268) Ha pHC. 269. ÜpJ(HHaTbl 3Il!OP H3fH6a10urnx MOMeH
OT saJ(aHHoli Harpy3KH P (aoaroHHHe P) H Ka>K.ztoft eJ(UHH<ittoft cuJibl X1 ""'
(cOCTO!IHHe _1), ?<2 = 1 (COCT05IHHe 2) tt T. )l.. 0603HaqHM COOTBeTCTBeHHO
, 1 ~pe3 Mp, M 1 , M 2 , ••• , Mn. Ha OCHOBilHHH (12.29) HaXOJl.HM

M 1 Mpds SM EJMpds ; · · · ;
2 SMnMpds
i'i¡p = S
s
EJ ; A2p =
s
/'J.nP =
s
EJ (13.13)

Y!leJJbHh!e nepeMelll.eHHSI, lfMelOU\He o.ztttH8KOBh!e HH)l.eKCbl (rJJaBHh!e

K03cjJ:jJHuHeHTbl K3HOHHqecKHX ypasHeHHii), onpe.Z(eJJSIIOT no cpopMyJJaM

M1 M 1 ds JMaM 2 ds SMnMnds
611 = EJ ; f>2 2 = EJ ; ... ; finn = EJ , (13.14)
S
s s s

3m nepeMemeHHSI MoryT 6h!Th noJJO}l{HTeJJbHhlMH HJJH oTpHuareJibHblMH,

a raK}l{e paBHbIMH ttyJJIO.
Ha OCHOBaHHH TeopeMbl o B38HMHOCTH nepeMeIUeHHH

f>tk = 6ki.
,UJJll CHCTeM, COCTOSIUJ,HX H3 npllMOJJHHeHHblX 9JJeMeHTOB, Bbl'IHCAeHHSI
nepeMeIUeHHii YA06Ho npoH3BO.ltHTh no cnoco6y BepeIU8fHHa. HanpttMep,
)\:HI CT8TH'leCKH Heonpe,zteJJHMOii CHCTeMbl (pHC. 266, a) HMeeM (CM. PHC.
266, 6, e, e) a,
ropMcp ro1Mc,
A1p = EJ 611 = EJ 1
p¡2 - 5
O>p = 8 ; Mcp = 6 l;
[2 -- 2
ID1 = 2 : Me, = 3 l.
CJJel{osa1 eJJ hHO,
5 p¡a
¡a
A1p = - 48 EJ ; 611 = 3EJ'
1-fa cjlopMyJJbl (13.10) H8XO,ltHM

A1p 5
X1=-511 =15P.
EcJJB ytJHTh!BaTb BJJHSIH!fe p83HOCTH TeMnepaTyp, TO nopSIJl.OK pactJeTa
COXp3HHTCSI npeJKHHM, a CBOÓO,ltHhle 'IJJeHbl K8HOHH'!eCKHX ypaBHeHHH npH
llTOM 6y,ztyT npe,ztCTaBJJSITb co6oü nepeMeIUeHHll B OCHOBHOÜ CHCTeMe He TOJ!b·
KO OT 38,lt8HHOA Harpy3KH, HO H OT H3MeHeHH!I TeMnepaTypbl:

61•1~1:-.6102~2:-::·.~6~n~n.~~1~:~1~ '~;} (1 3.lfi)

5n1X1 + f>n2X2 + '· · + f>nnXn + AnP +/ti.ni= O,
F)l.e A,t_
nepeMeW.eHHe B OCHOBHOA CHCTeMe no H8Ilp8BJJeHHIO CHJ!bl X¡, Bbl·
383 HHOe p83HOCTblO TeMneparyp.

12• 355
 l IocJJe onpe11e.neHHH K03<jl<jrn1meHToB l'i 11 H CBOOOJIHb!X 'IJJeHoB A 1p H ~
11
pem~e\I CHCTeMy K8HOHH'lecKlH ypaBnennfi (13.16) H H8XO,!(llM JJHU!HHe HeHS·
BecTHb!e X¡, X2 , ••. , Xn. llaJJee o6bl'l!lb!M cnoco60'1 CTpo11~1 sniopLr

l
-~
BHyTpeHHHX CHJJ (N, Q 11 Af) nocrpoeHH!I y1106HO llpOH3BO,ltHTb MeTOJlOl\I
cyMMHpOB8HHH no cxeMe 'J
5'¡

:~
M M 1X1 + _!1 2 X 2 + .. · + M p;
Q=Q1X1+Q2X2+ •·· +Qp;
N=N 1 X 1 +NiX 2 + ••· +Np.
(13.17) ,f
ÜTMeTHM, 'ITO BHJI K8HOHH'leCKHX ypaBHeHHH ocraeTCH neH3'1!eHHbll\I
npH JJIOÓOM B03MOJKHOM BapHanTe OCllOBHOH CHCTeMbl, 113MeH!!eTCH J!Hlllb
CMb!CJJ JJHUIHHX tteH3BeCTHblX H reoMeTpH'leCKHH CMblCJJ nepeMelI(eHHH.
.¡
•
:111,''

1
~
1

B Ta6JJ. 33, 34, 35 npnBe,a;ettbl pac'!eTttble <jlopMyJJbl ilJJH onpe¡¡eJJeHHH 'l¡I 1

H3fHÓa!OlI(ero MOMeHTa B xapaKTepHblX ce'!eHHHX HeKOTOpblX BHJlOB era-
TH'!ecKn neonpe¡¡eJJH\lblX paM ¡¡,111 npocTefturnx cJJy•iaeB HX Harpy)KeHHH. J ,~'

.
•' t3.3. MHoroonopHbte Hepa3pe3Hble 6amot . ·"il
YpaeHeHHe 1pex MOMeHToe
~I
Hepa3pe3Hb!Mll ttasb!B8IOTCll 6aJJKH, JieJKalUne 6oJJee 'leM Ha ,a;Byx ono- -;¡
pax (CM., HanpHMep, pHC. 270, a). 'llHCJlO JJHIIIHHX CBl!3eli B HepaspeSHOA ÍJ
6aJJKe, a CJJe,a;oBaTeJJbHO, H JJH!llHHX peaKUHli paBHO 'IHCJJy npoMeJKyTO'I· ./¡
llblX onop. J1HOf)J;8 KpaliHHll onopa BblflOJJHl!eTCll B BHJ(e SalI(eMJJeHHJJ, l

In • 1 •
In,, L_!:._2-4 ¡__ lm-f
a
\
f 2 ry-2 n-1 n n•1 n•2_ ITITF::. m1

Xn.~a¿ 71
1
X, X, Xn: X, 1 Xn Xn•I
ó
PHC. 270

B 9TOM CJiyqae CTeneHb CT8TH'leCKOH tteonpeJ(eJJHMOCTH 6aJ!KH yeeJJH'IH•

BaeTCH H8 e)lHHHUY·
flpH Bb!Óope OCHOBHOH CHCTeMbl 38 JIHIIIHHe CBll3H ueJJecoo6pasHO np
HllM8Tb He npoMeJKyTO'IHble onopb! H JlllIUHlle HeHSBeCTHble peaKUHll B HH
(pHC. 270, 6), 'ITO npHBeJJO Óbl K HSJJHIIIHe rpOM03,!(KHM Bb!'lllCJJeHHllM np
onpeJ(eJJeHHH J!HlllHHX tteHSBeCTHh!X, a H3fHÓ8IOII\He MOMeHTb! Ha npoM
)KyTO'IHblX onopax. B 9TOM cJ!yqae, O'leBH)lHO, OCHOBflOH CHCTeMOH 6yAe
CllCTeMa 0,!(HOTipOJJeTHblX 6aJJOK, coe)lHHeHHb!X Ha onopax lll8pHHp8Mll~
TorJJ;a 9KBHBaJJeHTHal! cHcTeMa npH pactJeTe no Merony cHJJ 6y11er npe''
CTaBJJ51íb co6oií p!!Jt npOCTblX 1I18pHHpHo-onepTb!X 6aJJOK, HarpyJKeHHbi

4
sa¡¡anttoii Harpy3KOH H HeHSBeCTHblMH H3rH6810lllHMH MOMeHT8MH no KOH11
U8M (pHc. 271): 1
M 1 =X 1 ; M 2 =X 2 ; ... ; Mn+1=Xn+1; •.
.llonoJJHl!TeJJbHOe ypaettett11e nepeMeIUeHllÍI ,a;JJ11 KaJK.lloii npoMeJK
TO'IHOH onopbl .ll.OJJ)KHO Bblpa )KaTb ycJJOBHe paBef!CTBa f!)'JllO B38HMH0 -

~,1
356 'I'

~
~
4°1
1 ) rJJa noaopoTa onop11b!X ce'!eHHÜ cMe)KHLrx 6aJJoK. nocKO,rybKY K3WJtaR
! 113 JtByxonopHblX 6aJJOK OCHOBHOH CHCTeMbl 00)]. )l.eiÍCTBl!eM BHe!llllll X Ha-
l rpy30K B npoJJeTe 11 KottueBblX MOMeHTOB ,l\€cjlopMHpyercH He3aBHCHM0 or
l(pyroii, TO TüpUb! Jl.BYX cMe)KHb!X 6aJJOK, r1pllMblKa1QII\HX K O)l.HOH onope,
nanpuMep n-ii (pHc. 272), MOfYT ílOBOp84HB3TbCll Ha HeKOTüpblií yrM ¡\JICR
n
1 H ¡\~pas. TaK KaK B HCXO)l.HOH CT8TH4eCl\lf ueonpe)l.eJJH\!O!l ttepa3pe3HOll 6aJJKe
,~
~
1

PHc. 271

Ka>KJJ.al! napa TaKHX ce4eHHií npeJJ.CTaBJJHeT co6oii O/lHO ce4e1me, TO H3 yc-

11osnr'í cnJJOWHocTH HX B38HMHblii yroJJ noBDpora ,ztOJJ)KeH 6b1Tb paaeH uymo.
Orc10,l\d JJ.JJll h.a)K)l.oii npoMe)Kyro•rnoii onopb!

An =¡\~es+ ¡\~pae =O. (13.18)

TaK K8K OCHOBHall CHCTeMa
COCTOHT H3 OT)l.eJJbHblX, He CBl!38H-
Hb!X Me}K)l.y co6oii O)l.HOílPOJJeTHblX
6aJIOK, TO npH pacKpb!THH yCJJOBHll
(13.18) ,lt0CT8TO<JHO paCCMOTpeTb npH-
\lb!K810II\He K n-1{ onope .ztna npoJJeTa
In 11 ln+i· Tor.zta ycJJoaHe (13.18),
38IlHCaHHoe B KaHOHH'leCKOH <j>opllle,
npHHHMaeT BH.lt

Ón, n-1Xn-1+ l'lnnXn+ l'ln. n+iXn+I +

+AnP =0. (13.19)
B cooTBeTCTBHH e nocTpoeHHllMH,
llíJf!Be)l.eHHb!Mll Ha .pHC. 273, a, 6, ó
B, e,
l ¡.¡)

n
e
PHc. 272 PHc. 273

¡\ 1 lln 1 bn+¡
nP = EJ n COn / n +
EJn+1 Wn+1 -1n+i
- ; (13.20)
f> 1 ln l In
n, tt-1 = EJn 2 • 1•.I=6EJn; (13.21)
ln 2 1 111 +1 2 ln ln+t
2 •I •3 + EJn+I T' I · 3= 3tJn + 3EJn,¡; (l 3 · 22)
1 ln+1 1 ln, 1
6n. n+1 = EJ n+i - 2- • l • 3 = 6
Eln+l ·
(13.23)

351
flo11craBJil!ll (13.20) - (13.23) B (13 19), nOJJyqaeM

Xn-t ln
Jn
+ 2Xn (lnIn + Jln+l)
n+1
+ Xn+l Jln+l
n+l
=- 6 (WnOn
J,,ln
+ Wn+1bn+l).
J n+1ln+1
(13.24)
3aMeHHB OÓ03HatJeHHe JJHlllHHX neH3BeCT!lblX X¡ Ha M¡, nOJJyqHM ypa6HeHue
mpex MOMeHmoe (ypaeHeHue KAaneiipoHa) ~¡1J'

In (ln ln+l) lntl (Wnan

Mn-1-¡ +2Mn J- + ¡ +Mn+i¡-= - 6 j ¡ + Wn+1bn+1)
J l . (13.25)
il~ 1
n 1 n+l n+l nn n+l n+I ¡¡¡~ 1,11
11~

npH pacqeTe Hepa3pe3Hb!X Ó8JJOK COCT8BJ!l!IOT CTOJ!bKO ypaBHeHHH '1i

Tpex MOMeHTOB, CKOJJbKO HMeercll npOMe}l{yToqHblX o~op. Pell!HB noJJyqea;: ~
qy!Q CHCTeMy ypaBHe!!HH, onpe)l.eJJl!IOT JIHW· '
"ª
''" "I
HHe neH3BeCTHbie MoMeHTbl M¡

""' 3m """""'
CHCTeMbl,
onopax.

"º"'"™
BCe J(8JlbHelilllHe "'""""'"º:l'I
pac'!eTbl BblHM•
H !llOT OÓbl'IHblM MeTO)l.OM, K8K npH pacqeT
JJIOÓOH CT8TH 1leCKH on pe)l.eJllíMOH CHCTeMbl. 1
1

,llJJll 6aJJOK HOCTOl!IIHOfO ceqeHHll (J =

= const) ypaBHeHHe rpex MO'>!eHTOB (13.25) ·
yn pow.aercl!:

Mn-1ln + 2Mn (ln + ln+1) + Mn+1ln+l =

= _ 6 (WnUn + Wn+Ibn+l) • 03 _26)
PHC. 274 ln ln+l .·
YpaBHen1rn rpex MOMeHTOB )l.JJll BTopoii H npeJJ.nocJJe)l.neft onop Hepa3pes~
HOH 6aJJKI!, O'leBH)l.HO, 6yJJ.yT CO)l.ep}l{aTb TOJ!bKO )l.Ba MOMeHT8.
YpaBHeHHll rpex MOMeHTOB HCHOJJb3YIOTCll H npH pacqere Hepa3pe3HO
6aJJKlí, O)l.HH KOHeU KOTopoii m:eCTKO 3a)l.eJJaH. B 3TOM CJJyqae COCTBBJIJUO
ypaBHeHlíe Tpex MOMeHTOB T8K}l{e H )l.JIH 3aw.eMJJeHHOro KOHUa, CTaBl! Ta
KaK Óbl npoMe11<yroqHy10 onopy. H B CTOpOHY Sa)l.eJJKH BBO)l.l!T cjJHKTHBHbl
npoJJeT. EcJJH 3a/le:IaH JJeBblH KOHeU 6aJJKH, B vpaBHeHHH rpex MOMeHT
)l.OJJ}l{Hbi Ób!Tb nOJJO}l{eHbl paBHblMH HYJJ!{) 1111_ 1 , ln, a 'T.1eH 6wna 11 /ln 6y,n
OTCYTCTBOBaTb. ECJIH He BCe onopbl Hepa3pe3HOH 6aJJKH HaXO)l.l!TCl! OJ(HO "ª
ypOBHe, a HMeeT MeCTO C\1ew.eHHe HeROTOpb!X onop, TO B 6aJJKe MOryT
HHKaTb 3Ha'IHTeJJbHble Ha'laJJbHble nanpm1<e111rn. 3rH HanpmKeHHll 3aBHCl!T o
p83Hlíllbl B ypOBHl!X onop H }l{eCTKOCTH 68JJKH, yBeJJH'IHBa!lCb nponopuH
naJJbHO yKasaHH blM BeJJH'IHHaM.
BJJHl!HHe cMew.eHHll onop Ha Hanpl!}l{eHHOCTb Hepa3pe3HOH 6aJI
MO}l{eT Ób!Tb OUetteHO cJJe)l.ylOW.HM o6pa30M. nycTb HMeeT MeCTO K8pTH
cMemem111 onop, npHBe)l.ennall Ha p!íc. 274. YrJJbJ nosopota JJesoro H np
Boro npoJJeTOB OTllOCllTeJJbHO onopbl n 6yJJ.yT

e _Yn+1-Yn
n+l - l n+l
YroJI nosopora C'IHT8eM noJJo}l{HTCJJbHblM, ecJJH cetJeHHe noBopa'IHBae
no qacosoii crpeJJKe. 0'1eBHJJ.HO, B3aH\IHbJH yroJJ noBopora ropueBblX e
Hnii Ha onope n
An = O,,+ t -· e,,
Teuepb KaHOHH'leCKOe ypaBHe1me np11 pac'leTe Ha CMeW.eHlíe onop,
po.1b AnP Hrpaer A,,, npHMeT BlíJJ.

Bn. n-1Xn-1 + BnnXn + Bn, n+IXn+I + An =O,

358
 B cnyqae 6aJJKH nOCTOHHHOH :mecTKOCTH e ytJeToM (13.21) - (13.23)
11 ( ! 3.27)
ypaBHeHHe Tpex MOMeHTOB (13.28) OKOH'laTeJJbHO MO:meM sanHC3Tb
B su.ne
Mn-1ln + 2Mn Un+ ln+l) + Mn+iln+l = - 6EJ (On+l - On)• (13.29)
EcJJH KpOMe CMelll.eHHH onop )l.eHCTBYIOT BHelllHHe Harpy3KH, B npasoii qac-
Tll ypaBHeHHH (13.29) )l.OJl}l{Hbi Ób!Tb coxpatteHbl 'IJJeHbl, CO)l.ep:malll.HeCH
8 npasoií '13CTH ypasttettttH (13.26).

13.4. Pi!C'leT CTilTH'leCKH HeonpeAenHMWX KpHBOnHHeHHWX CTep>t<HeH

npu pactJeTe CT3TH'leCKH Heonpe)l.eJJHMbIX ynpyrHX CHCTeM, CO)l.ep}Ka·

ll{HX KpHBOJIHHettttbJe CTep}KH!i, TaK }Ke, KaK H npH pactJeTe JJIOÓblX CT3TH·
l!eCKH Heonpe)l.eJIHMb!X CHCTeM, peKOMeH)l.yeTCH nOJJb30B3TbCH KaHOHH'le·
CKHMH ypaBHeHHHMH MeTO)l.a CHJI. ITpH 3TOM nepeMelll.eHHH, BXO)l.HW.He B Ka·
HOHH'leCKHe ypasHeHHH, CJJe)l.yeT Bbl'IHCJJHTb no MeTOJl.Y Mopa.
p p p p
B,

A A,

X=!!.
J 2
p

a ó D e
PHc. 275

B KatJecTBe npHMepa paccMoTpHM Kpyrosoe KOJJbUO nocroffHHoro no-

nepe'!ttoro ceqeHHH, pacTHfHBaeMoe Jl.BYMH paBHbIMH H npOTHBOnOJJO:mHO
HanpaBJJeHHblMH CHJJ3MH p (pHC. 275, a). .:ha CHCTeMa, KaK H BCHKHH
33MKHYTb1H KOHTyp, HBJJHeTCH TpH:m)l.bl CT3TH'leCKH tteonpe11eJJHMOii. Bb!·
6epeM OCHOBHYIO CHCTeMy' paspesaB KOJ!b·
A
uo no ce'leHHIO 2 (pHc. 275, 6). lb ycJJO· (J

Bl!S! CHMMeTpHH CJ!e)l.yer, 'ITO nonepetJHaH B,

C!!JJa B 9TOM cetJeHHll X 2 =
O. Paspesas
KOJJbUO no )l.HaMerpy A 1-A 2 (pHc. 275, e), .:.:A'!.!'.,-+.JL--:~
113 ycJJOBHH paBHOBeCHH OTCe'!eHHOH
'l<lCTH HaXO)l.HM 3Ha'!eHHe HOpMaJJbHOÜ
l'tfJJbl X 3 =
P/2. HeHsBecTttblii H3rHfa10-
._i.11¡¡ MOMeHT X 1 Haii)l.eM H3 paCcMOTpeHHH
3h.Bl!BaJJeHTHOÜ CHCTeMbl (pHC. 275, e). a ó
I\attOHHtJecKoe ypasHeHHe nepeMelll.e·
PHC. 276
1i11l!, Bb1pa}Katolll.ee paseHCTBO HYJJIO ssa-
llMttoro yr JJa nosopoTa B ce'!eHHH A
2 ,6y)l.eT

611X1 +A¡p=0, (13.30)

r¡¡e

A¡p =
s M 1 Mpds
EJ ; ( 13 31)
11

s
1

M1M1ds (13 32)

llu = EJ •
8

359
 1lp11 &TOM Mp 11 .Ñ/ 1 corJiacHo p11c. 276, a, 6 Mory1 Cb!Tb llhlpa:1KeHb1 <flop.
My.1ai,m

Mp = -
PR
2 (l - cos cp) ( O< cp < 2:rt) ; M1 = -1.
nol(CTaBJll!Sl 3TH Bb!palReHHll l(JJH Mp H M1 B (!3 3!) 11 (!3,32), noJiy•1aeM

n/2
_ (' PR~ (1 - cos cp) dcp _ ~ (..::!.. ).
- 4 ) 2EJ - EJ 2 - I '
o
2nR
-1-,

8,

~¡I ,,,
p p
2 2
"'
'
B,

'
(0 ®
Puc. 277
'1!

Tenerb ypaa11eH11e (13 30) Mo}KeT 6b1Tb nepenHcaHo n1K:

2nR 2PR2 ( :rt )

LJ X 1 +ET 2-1 =0,
OThYJtª

(13.

TaKHM o6pa3oM, H3rtt6df0ll1HÍI Mo\lenT B ce11eHttH A

M A= - 0,182PR
H 11anpaBJ]€H B CTopo11y, npoTHBonOJJOlRHYIO npHllHTOÍI paHee.
H3rH6aIOmHli MOM€HT B n püH3BOJ!bHOM C€4€HIHI MO}KHO BbJp3311Tb
My,101i
PR
M (q,) =-y (1-cos rp) + MA;
M8KCHM3JlbHblií M0\1€HT
Mmax = M 8 = -0,318PR. tll
.J
OonepC'lH!lH CHJ[a B .11060M ce'l€HllH BbJpa}Ka€TCH cpOpMyJJOH Q (4(>} ==í)I
= 0,5P ~1n 'f. oceBall ctt.1a N (<¡) O, 5P co~ = rr
an¡opu M, Q 11 N.
Ha pnc. 277 npmie)leHll/
j
360 ~1'
"'
~I
 B Td6.~. 36 up1rneJJ.eHbI pac'leTHbie <jlopMyJJhT JJ..151 onpeJJ.eJJeHllH ycHJJIJH
H nepeMew.e1rnií B pa3JJH'IHblX cJJy'lal!X HarpjlKCirHll K0,1bUa.

13.5. OnpeAeneHMe nepeMe~eHMM a ctaTM'leCKM

HeonpeAenHMblX CMCTeMax

ITocJie onpeJJ.eJJeHHll 3Ha'leHHii JJHlllHHX HeH3BeCTHbIX ycHJJHii H no-

crpoeHl!ll 3n!Op uepeMern.eH!IH B CTaTH'leCKH Heonpe;¡eJJHMbIX CHCTeMaX
MO)l(HÜ HaHTH 06bJlJHbIMll cnoco6aMH. f1p11 9TOM B Ka:lK)l.OM KOHKpeTHOM
C.1) qae C.1e)l.yeT HCílOJlb30BdTh TOT MeTO)l., KOTOpbIÍÍ HaH6oJJee npoCTO npH-
BOJ111T K pe3yJJhTaraM HanpHMep, nportt6hI 11 yrJJhI nosopoTa ceqeH111I
crar11'leCKH Heonpe)l.eJJl!MbIX 6aJJoK, Hecyw;ttx cJJol!rny10 HarpysKy, peho·
M€HJJ.jercll onpe,11eJJl!Tb no M€TOJJ.y Ha'laJJhHhIX napaMeTpos MeTOJJ. Mopa,
5lB 1lllOW:liiÍCll HaH6oJJee yHirnepcaJJbHbIM, o6hl'IHO HcnoJJb3ylOT npH onpe-
i!€1€HHH nepeMeru;eHHii B 6aJJK3X, paMaX H <jlepMaX.
IIcnoJJh3Yll <jlopMyJJy Mopa

-
,',¡p -
~sM,Mpds
-t..J EJ
\.'ISÑ,Nprls
+ -t..J EF
\.~ f
+ -t..J . k
Q.Qpds
GF • (13 34)
s s s

c1e;¡\eT pacc\IaTpl'saTh OK011'1aTeJJbHbJe 3íl!OpbI lv1, N, Q OT CHJJOBhIX <jlaK-

ropos cTarttqec1rn Heonpe)l.eJJttMoii cttcTeMbI, a TaKMe 9n!OpbI M" N 1 , Q, or
e;um11YJ!OfO CIWOBOfO <jlaKTOpa' COOTBeTCTByiow;ero HCKO~!OMy nepeMeill;PlllllO
Dp11 3ro\1 JJ.Jlll ycra11osJJeHHll 9Il!Op JVf,, N1 H Q, UeJJecoo6pas110 e)l.HHH'lll)IO
H3ípV3KY npHKJl3)lblB3Tb K OCHOBHOii CT3Tll'l€CKH onpe)l.eJll!MOii CHCTeMe.
B Ka'leCTBe np11Mepa Bbl'IHCJIHM ssa11MHhle nepeMeiueHHll TOlleK A 1-A 2
11 B1-B2 COOTBeTCTBeHHO B ropH30HT3JlbHOM ll BepTHKaJJbHOM Hanpas.1l·
HllllX ;¡ 1ll CT3TH'leCKH Heonpe¡¡eJJllMOii CHCT€Mbl, npe,J,CT3BJllllOIUeii co6cii
on110KoHrvp11yIO pa\ly, no,:¡ JJ.eiicrs11eM CHJI P, npHJIOMeHHhL\ no cxeMe, np11
11P1e11Hoi"1 H<' p11c 278, a f1peM;¡e scero onpe,11eJIHM JIHWH11e 11e11ssecTHb'e
3TOH TílHlK)l.bl CT3TH'!eCKH Heonpe,ne,llHMOii CHCTeMbl. Bb16ep€M OCHOBHY ::¡
e'''€\!{, pd3pi!33B º"llY H3 crOeK no OCH CHMMcTplrn (pHc. 278, 6) BcJie;i-
cr~ JP cmnierpHH Barpy3KH s \Jecre paspesa nonepe'!Ba!! CHJJa X 2 ~ O
111 fld2C\!0TpeH1H! ycJIOBHii paBHOBecm1 IlOJIOBHHbl paMbl (p11c 278, 13) Ha-
X(11Jl~I

Jlmu11111'i
HettssecTHb1ii M0\1e11r X 1 onpe)l.eJJHTCll H3 cJieJJ.YIOlllerO KaHOHH 1iecKoro
ypasne1mw
( 13 35)

3¡¡ecb \ 1p - nepeMemeB11e B HanpaBJ1eH11H ,11e1icrs11si )CllJIHII X1 OT c11JJ P

11 X1 - P/2.
¡¡ 1SI onpe)l.eJieHl!ll nepeMemeHllii ¡\IP H c\1 crpOH\I COOTBeTCTB)!OlllHe
8
Di0pb1 (puc 278, z, ,'l) 11, noJJb3yl!Cb cnoco6o\I Bepew;artttta, BaXO)l.11\!

Pli Pli
(13 36)
8 ~ 4FJ 1 '

(13 37)

361
 Oo1tcTaBHa (13.36) H (13.37) B (13.35), noJiylfHM

2 ( l1 12 ) Pli
7I 11+1 2 Xi+4e1 1 = 0 ;

Br J,
' l,
A ..-<--- A,
~
B, J,,

p p {}
. a ó
r

i p

(M> (ji1 (ill

e )/( 3
Puc. 278

Pl
X1 = -16.

Ha pttc. 278, e, ~. a nocTpoeHbI 9mopbl M, Q H N JVlll paccMoTpee _,

p8Mbl. -
)lJil! onpe1teJieHHll B38HMttoro nepeMell{ettnll TOlfeK A 1-A 2 B ropRS
TaJibHOM uanpaJ!JleHHH llPHKJI3JtblB3eM K OCHOBHOH CHCTeMe B 9THX TO'ltlf(I
e,11HHHlfHble CHJibI (pttc. 279, 6) X,= l. f1epet.iHOlK81I 9mopy M P• KOTOP

y.11,o6Hee 11pe11.CT8BHTb B Bll)te, IJOK83aHHOM Ha pHC. 279, a, H8 itmopy

uaXO,!IHM (npH l 1 = l 2 = 1 H J 1 = J 2 = J)

\"1fM,Mpds
AA,-A, = ~. = ¡[,.. EJ
s
362
lfT i6w onpe1teJIHTb B3aHMHOe nepTttKaJibHoe nepeMemetttte TO'leK H 1 ::: 8 2 ,
flpl!KJla,AbTBaeM K OCHOBHOÜ CHCTeMe B 3THX TO'IKaX e,AHHH'IHble CHJlbl Xk = 1
(pnc. 279, e). nepeMHOJKall .9Il!Opb! Mp 11 Mk• HaXO,AHM

~sMkMpds ¡ (p¡2 l p¡2 l !2 Pl )

i\3,-B, = !lk =,l..¡
s
EJ = EJ Tif 2 - J6 B' 2 +B 16' 2 =
5 p¡s
=192EJ'

B CJJyqae ,AeÜCTBHII Ha CTaTll'lecKH Heonpe,AeJIHMYIO CHcTeMy TeMne-

pa1ypb! K nepeMeru;eHHSIM OCHOBHOH CHCTeMbl, Harp)"KeHHOH HaÜ;r.eHHbIMH
J]llll!HllMH HeH3BeCTHblMH, CJie;r.yeT }l.068BHTb reMnepaTypHbie nepeMemeHHII.

·-+--
X~=!
B,
®
D
Puc. 279

CTptt .9TOM cjlopMyJia (13.34) e y'-!ero111 (12.36) npHMeT BH}I.

~sM,Mtds
A _
iP - ,l..¡ EJ + L~sÑ,N1ds ~sk Qº9tds
EF +,l..¡ F +
s s s

(13.38)
s s

r11.e M1, N 1, Q1 - .9n!Opbl oT JIHWHllX He11aeeCTHblX, o!lycJIOBJieHHblX ,neikT-

BHe\l TeMnepaTypb1.
B Ta6JI. 31, 32, 36 np11Be,ll.eHbl Bbrpa:i1teHHII }l.JIII nepeMeru;eHHH B craTH-
'lecKH Heonpe)1eJHlMb!X 0)1HonpoJieTHblX 6aJIK8X 11 KOJlbU.e AJJíl pa3Jill'-!Hb!X
CJiy'laeB HX HarpyJKeHlllI.

13.6. O pac11ere npocrpaHcrae1111wx paM111o1x c11creM

KaK H3BeCTHO, e caMOM o6meM c:.1Iyqae B ce'-!eHllH CTeplKHII ,ll.eÜcTny101

lliecTb BHYTpeHHllX c11JIOBb!X cjlaKTopoB: N2 , Qx, Qy, Mx, Mg 11 Mz. 11
Ll,.~íl Heno11.BHJKHoro aaKpenJieH1111 ce'-!eHHII HYJKHO HBJIOlKHTb ll!eCTb
CB5!Je1r, }CHJl!ISI B KOTOpbIX MoryT 6b!Tb Haü11.eHbl H3 wecTH ypaBHeHnii 1
PaBHosecn¡¡ TBep,ll.oro TeJia.
l\OJJH'leCTBO CBII3eií: B npocTpaHCTBeHHOH CHCTeMe, npeBblWalOIUee
KKaJ8HHOe 'THCJIO, 11.aeT CTenettb cTaTII'-!eCKOÍÍ Heonpe11.eJJHMOCTH TaK, nro-
TpaHcTBeHH81I paMa, ilOK838HHali Ha puc. 280, a, IIBJiíleTCII CllCTe~ l;H

363
1ueCTb paa CTaTl!'leCKH Heonpe)l.eJIHMOií, T3K KaK 113 ypaBHeHHií pa!lHOBe-
CHíi MOJKHO oupeJJ.eJIHTb ,1Hl!Jb peaKUHH 0)1.HOH JKecTKOH onopb1. Ü)l.HH H3
sap11aHTOB OCHOBHOH CHCTeMbl BblweyKa3aHHOH paMb! npr!Be)l.eH Ha
pnc.280, 6 . .[lJill onpeJJ.eJieH1111 l!leCTn tteH3BeCTHb!X ycnJIHÍt Heo6xo.n.11Mo
pelllHTb weCTb KaHOHll'lCCKllX ypasHeHHií o6wrnoro Bl'Jl3

• CTpücTpaHCTBeHHall paMa, llOK333HH31I Ha pHC. 281, a, IIBJIIICTCII C

CTCMOH 24 pa3a CTaTl!qecKH Heonpe¡r,eJIHMol\. ÜCHOBHall CHCTeMa (p
231, 6) co;r.eplKHT 'ICTb!pe pa3pe3a, B K3JK)l.OM H3 KOTOpb!X llMeeM m
HeH3BeCTHbl X ycHJIHiÍ.
A
8 KOHCTPYKUII.l!X BCTpe'lalOTCII nll.
KHe paMbI, no,11eepJKeHHble ;r.ellcTBlllO n.
CTpaHCTBeHHbIX Harpy3oK. 8 IlJIOCKHX
Max, HarpyJKeHHblX nepneHAHKYJIIIpH
HX IlJIOCKOCTH (pHC. 282, a), CHJIO
<jlaKTOpb!, xap8KTepH3YIOI.nHe pa6oTy p '
11 e ee JKe nJiocKOcTH, paettbl Hymo. Cn
2
BaTeJibHO, H3 l!JecTll HeH3BeCTHblX (P.
282, 6) TPH paBHbl HyJiro, T. e. X 4 =X
P11c. 283
= X 6 =O. 3To 06cT011TeJibCTBO ynpo
pacqeT IlJ!OCKHX paM.
np11 pac'leTaX IlJ!OCKHX paM npOCTpaHCTBeHHble Harpy3KH paCKJ[
Ba!OT Ha COCTaBJISIIOJ.U.He, )l.el\CTBYIOJ.U.He B OJIOCKOCTH paMbl H nepneHJlR
Jlll¡>Ho K Heii 11, llCTIOJ!b3Yll npHHUHil HeaaBHCHMOCTH ;r.eikTBHll CHJI,
C'I !Tb!B3IOT CHCTeMy OT)l.eJibHO )l.Jlíl KalK)l.Ol\ H3 Harpy30K, AeHCTBYlO
B pa3Hb!X IlJIOCKOCTIIX.
8 Ka'leCTBe npttMepa npHBeJJ.eM pac'ler no MeToii:y CHJI paMbl, noK
HOÍI HJ pHc. 282, a. l1a coo6palKeHHii CHMMeTpHH Bb!CíepeM OCHOBHYIO
cre\ly B BH)l.e, np11ee)l.eHHOM Ha pHC. 283. 3TOT BapH8HT yao6Hee, qeM n
Bc1e11HbIÍl Ha p11c. 282, 8, TaK KaK KpYTIIW.Hll MOMeHT X2 H nonepe'I

364
c!l.1d X3, T. e. KOCOCllMMeTpHq!lble CHJJOllbie <jJa1nopb1, 0!{3:Jb!B31ü1CH r1rn·
n1>I\lll 11yJJ10. HettssecTHhIH ttsrtt6a10ll\HH MOMeHT X 1 JJerKo onpeAeJJHTh 113
)\JI!Ol!H4eCKOf0 ypaBHeHHII

(13.39)

.U.1!! onpe,11eJJeH1rn nepeMell\elmii il¡p H c\ 1 cTpouM an10pb1 1!3! H6al0ll\llX

11 h)J) nlll\llX MOMeHTOB .z1,1¡¡ P-ro (pHc. 284, a) H e,!IHHll'll!OI o X 1 = l

{pf!C. 284, 6) COCTOHHl!l!. 3mopb! KPYTHll\llX MOMeHTOB DOKa33HbJ WT)JHXO·
Eb;\ld .1 IJIHIHMH.
OpeHe6peraH s.1HSJ1111eM oces¡,1x H nonepe4HhIX cHJJ, tj10 1 M) J1b1 /l\cpa
;¡.1 51 onpe)J.eJJeHH!! nepeMell\eHHÍÍ 3an11chmaeM B BH)J.e

( 13 l 1)

¡;

a J
PHc. 281

Y4HTb!BaH, 410 eAttHH4Hhle ,¡¡¡opw orpa1111qeHb1 npHMWMH JJ11111rnMJ1

ncp¡ '>!Cll\eHHII il¡p H c\ 1MmKeM onpe;¡eJJHTh 110 cnoco6y Bepell\afHHa

Ha oc11osa11HH (13.39) 11ai1Ae'1

36'i
r ne

ÜKOHlJaTeJJbttble smopb! M, MKP H Q npttBe.1ettbl tta pttc. 285.

~[Y,-#)
A
A

e B
B
f(1-§) 1
..
r& \2.
®
Pttc. 285

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''

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366
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1
 Ta 6Jr H na 32. Pac'!eTHble <jlopMyJlbl, Y'IHTblBalOU\Re CMeu\e!-me onop R R3MeReP11e TeMnepaTypbl B cTan1.'\ec.1rn.
tteonpen.emtMblX 6aJ1Kax (npH nocTfülHHOM EJ)

OnopHhle pt..aKU.HH, nonepeqffaH CHJJd Q YpasHeHee ynpyron JIHHHH w (z),

H H3fl16a1ow.HA MOMl.. HT M, KOOp lHHa.Ta Ol!aCHOro
yroJ1 nosopoTa 6 KoHuesoro ceqeeHH
ce4eHH51 Zo H MaKCHMaJJbHblft MOMeHT "''mdX
H MaKCl!MaJJbffbTfi npore!i f

'-':l=Jt)'
N
l
M,
RA =
3EJf o

0
3EJf o
_l_ª_; Ra = -lª-; Ma = -12-

<z<l
3EJfo

w (z) = - f2 ( 2 - 3 -¡
0 z
3
+ zf3 )

3FJfo 3EJf o f =-f0

~)1111!@111111@ Q=---¡a; M = - - ¡3- z npH z=O

~~k
_ 3fo
3EJf 0 0 - 2l npH Z =0
Zo = l Mmax = - -[-2-

w8
D<z<l
Mt~f ~
3EJ0 0 03EJ0 3EJ0 0
B R, RA = - 1-2-; Ra = _¡_2_' MA = --1-
l ( z z~ z3 ')
R, ~¡) "'"" 0 ..,.:z ..,.:! w (z) = -00 2 2 T - 3 12 f3 1 +
l
3EJ0 0 3EJ00 f = -0, 19300[ npn z = 0,4221
3
fl e,1 11 ! 11 ~ 11 1111 ® Q= - -¡2- ; M = - 12- (l - z) 0 = -00 npH z = O
30~
¡ 11,,®
3EJ0 0 l
Zo =O ¡\1max = --[- 0= 2 0o npH Z = 1
 flpoiJ011:nce¡.¡ue ma611. 32

ünopHb1e peaKUHH, noncpeqHall ceJia Q Ypa!lttettee ynpyrol! JIHHHH w (2),

" H3rtt6a10ll\HH MOMeHT M, KoopAHHaTa onacaoro YT'OJIhOBOpOT8 8 KOHU.esoro CeqeHHll
ceqe11m1 Zo " M8KCllMaJlbllblil MOMeffT Mmax " """CHMaJibHbl~ nporH6 f

l2EJ 6EJ
w RA = RB = -¡:J fo; MA = Ma = [2 fo
o..;;: z..;;: l
12EJ 6EJ ( z\
Q=--¡s- fo: M=12fo 1-2-r} / z)z2]
íf0,l 111:: m1mn ® w(:)=-[0 1-\3-2T, [ ti
6EJ f = -fo npH Z =0
:·?t.~ ® z¿ ~O M;nax ~ [2 fo
~BEJ,
¡' Jo .. . 6EJ
Zo =1 Mmax ~~---¡¡--fo

6EJ6 0
RA=Ra= -12-;
2EJ0 0
MB=--l-
0 <z <l
Q-
- _ 6EJ8 0 • 6EJ80 (
M= - 1- 2-3T
z .) tt• (z) = -0 0 l (~ - 2 J; + y)
/2 '
400
4EJ8 0 f = - 27 l npH Z = l/3
Mmax =--z-
2EJ00
8 = -0o npH Z= 0
¡, , '
M ma:it =--- l
 nn f<blCOTe ce•JeHH51
1_;a.11rn Te.-.mepaTypa HS- O<;z<;l
Me1rnercn JJ HHe !rno

.3aMEJ w (z) ~·.

7:0_fl2 ('z_ .2 ~ z~)
¡2 + lª
4h , ¡ - 1
RA = RB ~. 2hl
cu\tl 2
/ = 2'fh UpH Z = {/3

30'.M EJ 3a.MEJ a.MI

Q= -v;¡- ; M= ---;¡¡:¡¡- z 0 = 4i1 llpH Z = Ü
ílllfl$Jllllll®
'JdMEJ 3aMEJ (x - KO?cj>iJHuHeHT JittHeiíttoro pacurnpeHHH
----v¡-
~3dJ1º Zo = 1 Mmax = MaTep¡.¡aJia 6a.c1KH;
® ti! - pa3HOCTh Te.1meparyp sepxHero H 11101<-
Hero BOJlOKOll 6aJJKH)

CTo BbJCOTe ce'!eHHl! 6aJI·

KH Te:1rnepaTypa H3Me-
HSieTCSI J!HHeHHO O~z..:;l

V Wj

·tit j<~ -1

----®
{
r·
t:.t~t,-t, R, , RA=RB=O;
aMEJ
MA=Ma=-h-
0..:;z..:;l
a.MEJ
Q= O M = -h- = const
(a. -

lit -
w (z) =O
K03cj>cjJHuHeHT JJHHeíIHoro
MaTepHaJJa 6aJllrn;
pa3HOCTb TeMnepaTyp
Hero BOJ!OKOH 6aJ!KH)
11acurnpenH11

aepXHl:!fO H lll!Ai.·

·~f UI!llliJTIUTI ®
1
Ta6JIHUa 33 lfartt6dKHUHl ~IOMeHlbl 8 r-o6pa3HOH paMe (k= ~)
CxeMa narpy3KH u 9mopa \1 ~i3rn6a10w,nR MOMeHT M e xapaKTepHhlX ceqeHHHx

B J, C

Pttr~.lb H CTOiiKa J,
[
llH¡lHt!pHO onepTbl ~1
~

j
A
1
a ( l +a) p ji_
Ma [
Mp = a l -
:(!:a)] 2n ;
41
~

_ _:.._(_q_ _ ,_ _ _ _ ª_~----1
t!llflll\ '

: 1 q12 ~I
MB= Bn ~1 1

p
o a (2 - a) kb
Mn= 2n P;
-o a
a= h

kM
M 8 =[3cx(2-a.)-21 2n:
a
a= h
' 1

q
11

-~
qkh 2
Ma = 8n

370
l~
$1
;!'
 ll {JOéJOAJ!CeHUe ma6A 33

Ci<eMa uarpyaKH u amopa M íf3ruóatoUlHn ".foMeHT M a xapaK1epHbIX cet1eHHstx

fopH30HTaJibHoe CMew.eHHe
onopbl e
"--.
• f

BepTHKdJlbHOe
CMeW.eHHe OilOpbl C

BepntKaJJb11oe '3HaqettHfl M Te iKe, 4TO H npu sepTHKaJib·

cMei.uemte onopbl A HO\I CMell\eHHH OnOpbl C, HO C IlpüTHBOilOJl01K•
Hb!MH 31!aKaMH

Harpes Ha At

a- Ko:1<P<t>nuHeHT
JIH Heii Horo
¡ acumpemrn

PHreJib rnapHHpHO onepT,

cToiiKa same~meHa 1 1

371
 ll po()o11ateeHUe ma6A. 33

CxeMa Ha rpy 3KH n 3Iltopa M

o:(I+o:) , 2o:(l+o:)
i'vIA = n aP, ,,¡,,
v
=
11
aP

l Lo:(l+o:) b
i\1p=o: l - aP, a:=-
l
1

" 1

í
-----------·!------------------~,
,¡¡I

M A = [2 + (2 + 3k) o:] n P o:b il

~11
3o:k (l -- a) b
MB= n

MA=la(2-3a)- ~ (l-a)(3a-l)J
kM a
tt/_j=3(1-o.)(.5a-l)n' a=¡¡

q (2 -- 1,) J¡2 q/, /¡~

411 M¡¡ = 4n

372
 llpoéJoAJ1Ce1we ma6A. 39

C1'..LMa Harpy3K11 " 3n10pa M lhruóa10u.v1A M0Me1n M B xapaKTePHhllt ceqeuu11x

ÍOp1130HT8JlbHOe
C\Ieu¡eHHC OilOpbl C

H..LiJ-ililZ:lo:fi-
M A= 6 (2 + 3k) EJ1f
nh 2 ;

BepTHKBJlbHOC
CMemeHHe ODOpbl C

311aqeHHll M Te >Ke, '110 11 nptt aeprnKaJJb•

BepTHKBJlbHOC
HOM CMeu¡eHHH ODOpbI C, HO C DpOTIIBOlIO•
CMeme1111e onopbI A
JIOlKHbJMH 3H3K8MH

floaopoT onopl:il A
Ha yrOJI 0

EJ1
MA = 12(1 +k)n;¡ 0;

Harpea Ha llt

a, - !.03<1iq HUHeHT
Jifl lté¡¡ 1101 U racwnpeHHll

371

11
 ilpOOOA~Jce11ue ma6A. 33

CxeMa narpy3KH H amopa M 1 HarAóa101uuR MOMeHT M e xapaKTepHhlx ce•eunsx

PHreJib H cToiiKa salll,eMJieH1>1

8 J,
__:;_<.:-__¡;e

J,
~
"'
~/ J

A
~fl
'•I
11
------------;------------------;11
p
~11
b
MA
a.2a
-- 2n
-P·'
a2a
M 8 =-n P - ~

ªª
Me= ((2 -a) k + 2 (1- a)) 2n P 1
'111
~,,

Mp=a.aP-aM 8 -(l-a)Me; a=~ J, 1

)1

~ ~11

ab
MA =ll+a.(1+2k)]znP
a.k (1 - a.) b p
Ma= n
~ 1

liM a
Me= (l - a) (3a. - 1) 2il; a= 1i
374
 fl poiJOA:J1Ce1we tna6A. 33
C>eMa uarpya1rn H amopa M l1an16a10lll,HA MC'MCHT M B x apaKTepHhlX ce~eHHllX

M _ q (3 + 2k) hª . qkh2
A- 24n • MB = 12n
qkh~
Me= 24n

f Op1130HTaJlbHOe
CMerueHHe OflOpbI C

OepTliKaJI bHoe
CMem;eHHe OilOpbl C
311aqe1111H M Te >Ke, '!TO 11 np11 aepTHKaJib•
BepTHKBJibHoe
cMeruett11e onopbl A liOM CMelll;eHHH OflOpbl C, HO C npoTHBOflOJIOlK•
HblMli SHaKaMH

DosopoT onopbl A
Ha yroJI 0
M A = (3 + 4k) EJ1
nh 0
EJs
M8 =znre
EJ,
Me=nr 0

Harpes Ha At
3EJ 2
MA = n;¡- 2 + k
( l
+ ¡h2) a!J.t
2 ,

2
6EJ 2 h
MB = fih 1 + (
[2
)
a!J.t

1 + (2 + k) ¡ 2 a.A!
3EJ 2 [ hª]
Me= n¡¡-
a- KO 3cjJ cjJHI(HeH T Jlli Heli.
II oro pacumpeHHH

375
T8 ('í JI Hu a 31. lhr116at0ll\He MOMCHlbl B n-o6pa3HOl paMe (k = 12
h)
J,l
J
~

CxcMa HarpyaKH H on.< pa M 1 ~131 H6a10w,Hn MOMeH r M B xapaKrlpHhJX ce4c1J1rnx

B C
J,

J,
rnapttttptto
onepTbl A ])

ti= 3 + 2k

3ab (3+4k)ab
Ma=A1c=2nlP; J\1 P = 2nl p

(3 - 2a) a 2ql 2
Ma=Mc= 4n •
a
a=y

p!!l!!!I\
1 1 q/2
1
Ma=Mc= 4n
ql'
Mmax = (1 + 2k) Bn

376
 n poiJ011:HCe1me ma61 34

, ,cMa 11 arpy1lm " ~rnopa M 1 Ma1 HtíaIOll\Hn MoMem 11 B xapaKTcpnblx cc<Jc111 >lx

M = [ 1 _ (2 - a) a.k] !!._ p
B n 2
, [ a.) a.k] a
1
1'c= 1 + (2 - n 2-P
Mp = (1 - a.) (Pb + Mn);
¡- b
a.= h

+ (l + 3a.2) k
3
A1a = 2n .#
3 [l + (l-a.2) k]
A1c = 211 M;
a
a=--¡¡

3qh 2
MB = (2 + k) 811
qh2
q Me= (6 + 5k) Bn

íkqh 2
Ma = M, = 60n

q q

Harpes Ha At

{.¿ - - K03tjJ1Jnu.HeHT
J!HHeHHOfO
pacumpe11Hll

377
 1t1

f7 pOOOllJ/CeHUt ma611. 34 :1'l

------------=--------------------,
CxeMa RarpyaKH " sn10pa M l l1aruóa10ll\Hn MoMrHT M B xapaKTepuhlx ceqeue11x
I!

'!j¡ll¡

. 1 11

. '111
1,

11
-1
"'
--41:
1

MA = (2n11 - 2a-
2n2
1) aaP
1
Ma = ( n1
- + 2a-l)
2 ns a.aP
~1
Me= (n1l - 2a -
2n2
1) a.aP
1
MD = ( 2n 1 + 2a-1)
2n a.aP;
2
b
a=-¡

3 - 2a 3 (1 - a.) 2].q/2
MA = ª 2
[ n1 -
n2 -12
3 - 2a 3 (1 - a.) 2 ] q/2
MD = ª 2
[ n1 + n2 12
_ [2 (3 - 2a) 3 (I - a.) 2 ] ~
Me - ª 2
n1 - n2 12
2 (3 - 2a) 3 (1 - a)2] ql'
M3=a2 [ n1 + n g
11·•.
a
a=¡
q
ti l lfÍll 1

378
 1

1
ll pOéJO!l:JfCC/lUP ma6/l. :J4

cxeMª uarpyaKH H 3mopa M YlarH6810lll.HA MOMCHT M B xapaKTCPHhlX ce•IeHHRX

p 1

1 1

[ ,

M _ {I 3 ( 1 - a) k
A- -
ns +
'1
1

a[l+a(l+k)J} a 11
I'
+ n1 2 p '
1
1
M -[3(1-a)k a(l-a)k] a 1
B-
n2 -
n1 -P
2

p MD = { I _ 3 l[ - a) k 'I
ns J, 1
' '
_a [ l +a (l + k)l} ~ p l
n1 2
M _ [ 3 (1 - a) k a ( 1 - a) k] .!!:_ •
e- n2 + n1 2 P,
b
a= h

[ 3a (2 - a) '
1

MA = - 2 + 1- 1 1

11 I
_a (2- 3a) k _ ( 6ak _ 1) J~
1
1

2n 1 n2 2 1

( 2 -3a 3)
M B = ak - 2n1 + ns M

Me= ak
(2-3a + - 3)
2n1 n2 M

[3ª (2- a)
MD= 2 - 1+
a(2-3a)k (6ak 1)]M·
+ 2n1 - n2 - 2 '
a
a=h

379 ii
11
 fl poiJoA:J1Ce1me ma6A. 34

M _ (k + 3 l + 4k) qh2
A - 6n 1 + n2 4
2 1 ) qh2
M B -- ( n- -
-
6n k 4-
2 1

Me= ( -+-
1 2) kqh2-
6n1 n 4 2

MD= (1 +4k_3+k)
n 6n
qh2
4
2 1

f
'
~I

a- KO.:JcjJq¡ttuHeHT
.rnHelíHoro
par1m1penH11

Ta 6 n Hu a 35. lfartt6at0ll.\He MOMeH1 bl e 3aMKHyToii paMe

(k = ~; p = ~; n = t + p + 6k; m = (2 + k) +f (3 + 2k))
Haru6a10111ue MoMeHTbJ a ys~ax paMbl
CXC\18 Harpy3K!t (noJJO)KHTeJibHble MOMfHTbl Bbl3blB8lOT paCTSl>hCR
e euyTpCHHeíl CTopoRbl paMb1)

1 1 - Za) Pl
MA. D=a(I -a) ( m::¡:: n 2 '

MB, e= -a (1 - a) (
2k +3p
km ±
1-
n
2<t) 2 ¡¡
J,
""l A J, a
J, D a= 7
l1
,,__~_..,.,

_l_
'ji
3du
~!
ji
1
 17 pooo 1?Ke11ue ma611 '35

1~3"Hfi.::110rn.He MO\ttHlh1 B Y'3.Jl.1.X paML1

CxeM1 11a r py 3KH (TIO 'JOA<HTC'1bHt.1r M0\1CII fbl Bbl31)1Ba 1T pdCTH./l\( Jllf(
\... 8H)TpeHHel1 CTOpüHbl p'1Mbtl

3 + 2k 1- '.?a) Pl
HA.n=o:(l-o:)p ( km+ n 2

¡V/ B, C = -a ( I - a.) p ( m1 ::¡::: 1 - n 2a) 2Pl ;

7
a
a=¡

(1-a
MA, D =\ m [a (1 + k)- (2 + k] ::¡:
1 } Ph
:¡::nl1+3k(2-a)] 2
( l - rx
M 8 ,c=at- 111
[a(k+Pl+PI±

1
:!: n (3a~ + p) } 2;
Ph

a
a=71

' ql 2 2k -+3p
MH = vi e = - TI km

381
 f 1poaoA:J/CeHue ma611. 35

. '
Hsrn6a10uv1eMOl\leHTb! B ysJlsx PBMbl ~
r-i
CxeMa uarpysKH (OOJlOlKHTeJlbHblC MOMeHTbl Bb!3h1BBIOT paCTllJKeune i!J!
e sHyTpeuHelt CTopOHbl paMbl) ,¡¡¡

------i----------lil
~I
i
3 + 2k ql•
MA =Mn=

p ql'
Ms=Mc=-fñ12
km PT2;

l
,1
'I

-----1----~-----~1
"
[3 - 2a 3(1 - o:) 2 ) ql•
MA, D = ª 2
m ± n 12
a
M e= -a [k~
8,
2
(3 - 2o:) (2k + 3p) ±
± n3 (1 - cz)Z
J12
ql
2
; a= -,a

MA, D = cz2p [~ (3- 2a) (2k + 3) ::!::

a :!:: n3 (! - l
a)' 12
ql2

2 3 - 2a 3 (1 - a) 2 ] q/ 1 •
Ms, c=-CG P [ m ± n 12i,
a
~=y

382
\
!
1 flpoiJoA:J/CeHue ma6A. 35
1

,I
HarHC5al011.J,He MOMCHTbl B y3J1aX paMhl
'11 CxeMa uarpy3KH (OOJlOA<HTeJlbHbie MOMeHTbJ Bbl3bl8310T paCTff>KCHH(,
e BHYTJleHHeA CTOPOHhl paMbl)

111

1¡

h2
q 1 + k ¡2- q/2
I+k T2

i 1
8 + 3k qh 2
ll 1
MA=Mo=- m 60
1
1 1
q

MB, e -_ (3p km
+ 2k ± _!_)
n
~
2

MA,n=-p (
3 +km±-¡¡
2k 1) M
2
1

M
B, e
= -p (2 km
+ k :¡: _!_)
n
M_
2
1
1 1

383
 •i
~
T d 6 JI H ll a u6 ~CHJIHA H ncpcMell(CHHll np11 Harpyll\CHHH KOJlbUa B ero i
1
q
N, Q, M - uopMa.%Ha!I u nonepe•rnal! CHJ!bl lf 1t3r116arolll.11'il
noJIOJKHTeJlbHble uanpasJJemrn II.Jl!I ycuJJHii, ¡¡,e11c1 B) Kllll.1tJti
6x. 6y - H3MeHCHH!I JJ.HaMeTpa KOJlbll8 B uanpalllleHRgj
r; -- MOII.Yllb } npyrocTH MaTcpHaJ!a, F, J - ílJJOll.(3.!\b 1d
l

qR o

o-< rr <. :n/2 O..,;;;: <p < n/2

P ('•,'<l'l3 rn' c1+ srn cp) -P (O 3183 Sin Cf - cos
n'2 ~ (r..;. n n/2.,,;; qi..,;;;: n
P 0,3183 rnsrp -P · 0,3183 sm cp

2P 0<.cp..;;:a O..,;:cp..;.a
o
P (O, 3183 sm 2 a cos cp + p (CO' 'f -
+ srn qi) - O, 3lil1 smJ a sin
a<.cp<n a<rr<n
P · 0,3183 sin2 a cos -P. O, 3183 sin; a sin

384
 11 nocKOCTll

MO\leHT B ce'leHHH KOJlbila, onpe,!\eJIHeMO\I yrJJoM <p (Ha ¡ Hcy111<.e noKa3aHbl

¡¡a 1rnepa,llH Jiexrnmee ce<JeHHe KOJJbUa B 11anpaeJJeHHH so3 1 acrawrn ) r.w r¡ ),
ocelí X H y (noJIOJKHTeJibHoe 3Ha'leHHe COOTBeTCTByeT vseJJ H'lel!HIO llHa~terpa),
MO\leHT HHepaHH Ce'leHHfl KOJibua

M il
. 1 1
--

o qR2
{jx = 611 = EF

-
PR.ª
{jx=-0,137 EJ
-PR ( 0,3183 - ~ sin <p)
PR 3
Óy=0,149EJ

- -
O <. <p <. n/2
PR (0,3183 cos <p +sin q: - PR3
{jk = -0, 1366 EJ
-0,8183)
rc/2 <. <p < re PR3
611 =0,1488 EJ
PR (0, 1817 + 0,3183 cos cp)

- ---
O<.<p<.a l'R 3 ( 1
PR [0,3183 (a sin a+ cosa+ ' = El 2 (sin• a+ 2) +

+ sm• a cos <p - 1) - + 0,6366 (a sin a+ cosa - 1) -

-s1na+stn<p] - 2sin a] 1

I·
0<.qi<n PR. 3 [ 1 1
6y = EJ 2 (sin acosa+ a)+ 1

PR [0,3183 (a sin a+
+ 0,6366 (asma+ cosa - 1)-
-+-cosa+ sin• a cos <p- 1))
-sin a}

385
 .•
J,
CxeMa N Q

O..o;;;:cp<a O...;;: q:> .....: a

P [0,3183 cos qi (sin1 ~ - P [0,3183 sin qi (sin• a-
p p
r -sin 2 a)) - sin 2 fü)

a<qi<~ a<qi<~ 1

P [0,3183 cos qi (sin 1 ~ - P [0,3183 sin a-

qi (sin 2
- sin 2 a)+ sin qi] - sinª~) + cos cp)
11

p p B<qi<n ~<qi....:n
P [0,3183 cos q:> (sin 2 ~ - P [0,3183 sin qi (sin 2 a
- sin 2 a)] - sin 2 ~))

O..o;;;:qi<a O<qi<a
P [0,3183 (a - P [0,3183 (sin acosa-
-sin acosa) - 1) cos q:> - a)+ 1J sin cp

a~qi<n a<= <Jl < n

p. 0,3183(a- P • 0,3183 (sin acosa
- sin a cos a) cos q:> - a:) sin cp

O<q:><a O<:Ql<:CX
p p .
2 sin a cos q:> .
2 sma sin qi

O~cp<n O<qi<n
M Mo 6366smcp
.
Ro 0,6366 cos cp -¡¡o.

~86
 1
1
flpofJ011:J1CeHue ma611. 96

O~qi~o: 3
PR 1
PR [0,3183 (B sin B+cos B- Óx = EJ
[
2 sin 2 o: -f- sin 2 B) +
- o; sin o: - co< o: - sin 2 a cos cp +
+ 0,6366 (B sin B+ cos B- o: sin o: -
+ sin 2 B cos cp) - sin B +sin o:)
o:<qi<B - cos o:) + 1 - 2 sin B]
PR [0,3183 (B sin B+ cos B-
3
- o: sin o: - cos o: - sin2o; cos qi + PR
l'y = EJ 2
[1 (sin B cos B+ B-
-¡-- sin 2 B cos qi) - sin B +sin qi)
B<cp<n -sin o:cos o:- o:)+
PR [0,3183 (B sin B+ cos B- + o,6366 CB sin B+ cos B-
- o: sin a+ cosa - sin 2 a X
X cos qi + sin 2 Bcos qi)]
- a sin o: - ros o:)+ sin o: - sin B] 1
1'
1
1

1 1

O~cp<o:
Óx = PRB[
EJ 0,6366 (sin a - acosa)+
PR [0,3183 (sin a- acoso:+
1
a cos qi - sin a cos a cos cp) - 1 . ]
J-
- cos qi +cosa]
+2 (sin acosa - a) 1

a<qi~n 64 = PRª[
EJ 0,6366 (sin a - a co~ a)+
. 1 1

PR. 0,3183 (sin a- o: cosa+ ' 1

~
1
+ a cos qi - sin a cos a cos qi) -f- cosa+ sin 1 a - 1] 1

O<qi~a
1

1
l! 1

PR (c?s qi _ _1 )
2 srn o: o:
PanHaJJbuoe nepeMell(eHHe ToqKH npu-
JJoJKeHHH CHJ!bl OT ueuTpa 1 l ¡

npH qi =O, 2a, 4a, ... PR [~ (~

3
sin 2ª)--'] 1 :

11(+l _ PR
max - 2
(_J_a __a1)
sin
2EJ sin 2 a 2 + 4 a
PanuaJJbHoe nepeMell(e u He B TOqKax
npu cp = o:, 3a, ... qi = O, 2a, 4a, . , . (K ueuTpy)

,\Ir-)
ni ax
= _PR
!_) a
(-1 _ctg a) PR ( 2
3
1 a cos
2EJ a--sina- sin 2 a
ª)
O< qi ~ n/2

A1 0 ( 0,6366 cos qi - ~) Óx=O

n/2 ~ qi ~ n

,\)º ( 0,6366 cos <Jl + ~) 611 =o

¡¡¡1,
387
'¡i
1
 CxeMa

Ü<rr..,;n
N Q
¡~ <

Mo
R 0,63b6 sin a cos cp

O ..,; cp ..,; a O ..,; cp ..,; a

-qR (3~ sin 3 a cos rp + qR (3~ sin 3 a sin cp - 1

ll'
P= 2qR sin a 1 1

p
+sinasinrp) - sin a cos cp) i< 1

o: ..,,¡;: cp ..,,¡;: n a ..,,¡;: cp ..,,¡;: n

-qR ( 3nl s1n

. 3 acosrp+ q R( 311- 1 sin·. ,, a sin• cp - j

+ sin 2 cp) - sin cp cos cp)

O ..,; cp ..,,¡;: a O ..,,¡;: cp ..,; a 1

P='2qR~1na -qR (sin a sin cp + -qR !sin a cos cp- '

p
+ (1 +cosa) cos cpJ - -(1 +cosa) sin cp] + -~
- N (11) cos cp +N(n)sinrp ~
¡
a ..,,¡;: cp ..,,¡;: n a ..,,¡;: qi ..,,¡;: n ~~ !

+
-qR (1 cos cp)- qR sin cp + N (11) sin qi 411
'J
- N (11) cos cp
11

~
~11
11

qR
N (n) =- n (n -
-sin a+ acosa)
 M

O~<p,,;a
M R2
M 0 [0,3183 (2 cos cp sin
+a) -
1)
a+ 1\ = ;J (0,6366a - sin a)

a < cp < :n M R2
f\,[ 0 [0,3183 (2 cos IJl sin a+ a)] 6y = l:,?J (0,6366a +cosa - I)

O ,,; IJl ,,; a

6x_- '2qR r-~ sin a sin 2 a

4
M (O) - qR 2 [sin a sin q; - EJ 1 --2-+ 2 -

3~
sin 3 a 1 ( a
- 3
sin a (1 - cos cp)] - 1'2 - n 4 - sin a+
a~cp~n
+-J sin acosa+ ~ asin a)] 2

M(O)+qR 2 [ 3 ~ sin 3 a(l-

__ 2qR [J_ sin a 4
asina 2
6y - EJ 12 + 4 - 4
-cos rp) - ~ 2
(sin a -sin cp)] 2
sin 2 a cos a cosa
12 -¡¡-
1 1
M (O) -== qR [ 4 2
+ 2 sin a+ 2
(ª sin2 a + 43 sin a cos et+
1
2
-íl
+ it1 ( stn
.
a -
1
2 a sln 2 a -

1
+~-sin ex)]
sin a 3 a )]
- 3 -4sinacosa-4

:nr.:. <.a< :n
r
qR' ( 2a
,1:• ¡sin 'l srn 'l' -j- (l +cosa) X 0x=-Et. 2- n + 2 sin- - .1í
r,i

1 1 3,:na :reos a aco>a}

>< co~ cp - -ñ (n - a + sin a) j+ - 2 - ¿ + ) ~

+ N (n) R cos cp 0<.a<.rr

a<rp~¡¡ qR 4 ( 2a 2 s1 n a
Óy -= Tr '2 - -! :n -
~
¡¡
,Rl [ cos qi - (sin a - a)] + asina )
+ N (n) R cos qi - '2 -CO>a

: 1
38?
1

'

1 1
CxeMa Q

. 1
1

11
1
O ..,; qi < a O < qi ..,; a
-qR sin 2 qi qR sin qi cos qi
a ..,¡;: cp ..,¡;: n - a a~cp<n-a
-qR sin a sin qi qR sin a cos qi
 M

O<<p<a
qR2
M (O) -
2 sin2 qi Óx =
qR 1 [ .
EJ -sm a -
sin 3 a
- 3- +
a<qi<n-a

M (O)- qR 2 (sin a sin qi- +~(a+ 3 sin acosa+ 2a sin2 a)]

qR 4 [ sin 2 acosa
- ~ sin2 a) "
uy =- 2 •
EJ sin a - 3 -

~ ~+
. 2 cos f- 2 n sin a
Al (O) = qR 2 [ ( a sin 2 a+ - a sin a - 3 +3 + 2

+ ~ sin acosa) - ~ sin 2 a] - ~ (2a sin 2 a+ 3 sin acosa+ a)]

11

11
11
 íJlABA 14

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e npaMott ocbIO lltt<jl<jlepeHuHaJibHbJe saettCHMOCTH Me:iKJIY M, Q H q (íbl.1;: J
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HO .aeftCTBylOT BHelIIHHe HarpysKH.
Pacnpe.aenettHe nopMaJihHWX HanpHlKeHHH B nonepe'!HhlX ce'!eHH&
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npo'IHX paBHblX ycJIOBHllX T€M 60J!bl1Je, '!eM 60J!blll€ KPHBH3Ha 6pyca, x~· 11
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•J8Tb 6pyCbfl MUAOÜ KPUBUBHbl, y KOTOpblX h/ R < 1/5, H 6pt¡Cbll ÓOAbUl 1
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craTO'!HOi! creneHbIO TO'IHOCTH MO:>Klio onpe.neJIHTb no ctJopMyne Han
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Hirn e 0111ollleHHeM /¡/ R = 1115, OTJlH'!alOTCH Ha 2 ~o or 1ianp11JKell

lj
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IJ' ¡qttc.1eHHhJX no <!JopMyJiaM .I(JIH 6pyca 6oJibrnoÍ! KpHBH3Hb1; npn hl R =

_ J/10 - Ha 3,5 % , npH hl R = 115 - Ha 7 %
- PaccMOTpHM CJiy<iaií llHCToro H3rtt6a 6pyca 6oJibrnofi KpHBHJllbl 1

1
(h R :¡¡,. 1/5) (pHC. 286). npe.z¡noJJaraeM, lJTO pa.z¡nyc rH HeHTpaJibHOro CJIOll 11

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B 6p}ce 60JJbllIOfi KpHBH3Hb! llCXO.I(l!T ll3 Tex JKe rHnoTe3, lJTO H npH Bb!BO.'le 1
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l' 1 1

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s
F
crdF =O: (l 4 1)

s
F
crydF = M. (14.2)

M11 = J crxdF""" O.

11 PaccMoTpHM eeo)1cmpu'lecK1110 cmopoHy Baoa'lu. OrttocHTMbHOe y.z¡JIH·

He 11e npoH3BOJibHO Bbl.I(eJieHHoro 9JieMeHrapHoro yqacrKa AB, HaxoJJR·

393
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1 wero B pe3yJTbTare Jie<jlopMau1rn ynn11tte1rne yl'idqi, paBHO

y/'idqi
e= --"----'--,-
(r y) dcp
H - t

r.zte (r" - y) dcp- !lJIHHa 9JieMeHTa ¡¡o ¡¡ecjiopMamm.

Hs paccMoTpettttll cjJu1ui1ec1Coa cmopOHbl aaoa'lu, onpe¡¡enHeMoft saK1
ryKa
El'idcp y
cr = Ee = dcp •
ra-Y'
ycnoBHe (l 4.1) nepenmneM a BH¡¡e

S
crdF = El'idqi
dqi
s _JdF =O
'"-y
F F

E l'idcp __¡_ O
dcp T" •

l
TO
ydF =O.
1 S'"-y
p
113 (14 2) HaXOJlHM

S crydF =
f;f'idcp
d
ip
s '"-¡¡
~ dF
2
= A1
p p

s+
TaK KdK

S y2dF
=
y2 r"11 - r"1'
dF = -
j' ( y
r"r1 )
dF=
1·
F '" - y p , B - y p - 'H - 1/

= - s
P
yd.F + fu s lf~
F
r
»
l/ = -Sx + O,
HJIH !
y 2dF
il' ~-=-S .. = - (-e) F = eF,
r\ ' H -y
11

11

MOlKe\1 npe!lCTaBttTb (14.6) TaK:

1
E/lidqi , 1

dcp eF = M. 1

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d;p- = eF'
r!ll' e - paCCTO!IHH6 OT HeliTpaJJbHOll JIHHIJH .!lo ueHTpa THJKecTR;
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394
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a=- My (14 10)
s .. (r 11 - y)
3.1\ech M - H3rtt6aIOm.ttil MO\leHT B ceqeHttH; Sx - CTan1qecKttil MoMeHT DJIO-
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2 (l 4. l l)

a
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395
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Ji
TaK KaK JJ.JIH np11MoyrOJibHoro ceqeHHH F = bh (h - BblCOTa ceqeHH11; b
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bh h h
re =
s
R,
b~r
= R -
In R: 2,303
R~
lg Ri
·

R,
BocnOJib30BaBlllHCb pHJJ.OM
h h
R R+ 2 l + 2R
In R: = In h= In h =
R-2 l-2R

h )2 h )4
= Rh {
l + 31 ( 2R + 51 ( 2R + ... ] '
DOJIY'IHM
R
e=R-ru=R- -L.!_(!!...)2 _1(!!...)4 •
l ' 3 2R + 5 2R + ··.
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PaccMaTpHBaH <f>ttsHqecKyIO cropony sa)laqH, npe.ncraBnM saBHCHMOCTH

MB>K.llY HanpH>KeHHHMH H )lecpopMaUHHMH B COOTBeTCTBHH e oóo6me11Hb!M
33KOHOM ryKa (5.22) npHMeHHTeJtbHO K ílJIOCKOMY H3llp5!lKCHHOMy COCTOSi•
HHIO B CJie)lyIOmeM BH,lle:
E
o, = 1 - µ2 (er + µea);

ºa= 1 E 2 (eo +µe,).

-µ
YqHTbJBaH (15.2) e (15.3), no.nyqaeM

o,= E (dudr + µ !!__)

l -µ" r
;)
(15 4)
ºo =
E (u du)
l - ~i 2 r + µ dr .
0o)lCT3BHB (15.4) B (15.1), UOJiyqHM JlH<f><f>epeHUH3JlbHOe ypaBHeHIIe
B nepewemeHHHX
d2u 1 du u
dr2 +-, dr-,2 =0. (15,5)

3armcaa 9TO ypaatte1rne B au.n.e

!}__ [_!_ d (ur)] = 0

dr r dr '
nocJie .llByKparttoro ero HHTerpttpoaaHHH Haii.z¡eM oómee peweHHe

u = C1 r + C9 - rl , (15.6)

411
 rAe C1 R C1 - nocTOllllHble llllTerpllposaHHll, onpe)leJilleMble RS rpa1n~,..
11t.1x ycnosHil:. B HarneM cnyqae rpaHH'!HblMH ycnoBHHMR 6y1J.yT

', (orlr=r, = -P11 (ar)r=r, = -Pi·

00)lCT88Jlllll (15.6) B (15.4), H8XO)lHM

E [ 1-µ ]
ªr = 1 - ft2 (1 + µ) C1 - ,2 C2 :

ªa= E [
1 - fl 2 (1 + µ) C1 + l -µ
r~
J
C2 •

Ilocne nOIJ.CTaHOBKH rpaHH'IHblX yCJIOBHÍI B (15.7) nonyqaeM

E [ 1-µ ]
-Pi= 1 - µ1 (1 + µ) C1 - r~ C2 ¡

-P2 = 1 _ ll 2 (1
E [
+ 11) C1 + 1-µ ]
,~ C1 •

PelllHB COBMeCTHO 9TH ypaBHeHH5!, H8H)le\1

2 2
Ci = 1- r1 r ¡ P1 - r 2P2 •
E 2 2 '
' 2 - '1

2 2 ( )
C = 1 + µ '1'2 P1 - P2
2
r r~ - rf
00)lCT8BHB SHalJeHHll ílOCTOHHHblX C1 H C! B (15.6) - (15.8), Haft
OKOH'laTeJlbHble qiopMy Jlbl ll,JIR onpe1J.eJ1eHHll pa,llH8JlbHOfO aepeMem.eHB
u H Hanpmi<eHHil: (</JOPMYAbl JlRMe):
2 2 22( )
1 - µ r¡P1 - '2P2 1+11 '1'2 Pi - P2 1
U=
E ,2
2 ,2
r+ E ,2 2
-;
r
- 1 2- 11

(] = r~P1 - riP2 ri '~ (P1 - P2) 1 .

1 r 2
'2-'1
rrP1 -
2

r~P2
,2
2- 1
rir~ (p¡
r2

-
r! '

Pz) 1
ªa = 2 2 + 2 2 ,1 •

~'
'2 - '1 '2 - '1
i
CKJia,llb!BaH (15 .1 O) H ( 15 11), y6e*.naeMCH, 4TO
•'
•• ar+ a 0 = const,
CJle,llOBaTeJibHO,

ez = - : (a,+ a¡¡) =con,!,

f
T. e. nonepelJHble ce'leHHll UHJIHH.Upa npH 1J.e<t>opMaUHH OCTalOTC5! nJIOCIUt •
'
~'
<t>opMyJlbl (15 9) - (15.11) capaBe)lJIHBbl llJlll 6eCKOH€lJHO IJ.JIHHHOfO '
J!Hll,llpa R ílPHfO)lHbl llJIR HCílOJlb30B8HHll B ce'!eHHRX UHJIHHJ{pa, 1J.OCT8
~, ff,) y )l3JltlHHblX OT IJ.HHID., eCJIH raKOBble HMelOTCll.
1t1
1 !
1 ',¡ 4tl
1 ~

1
 np11 ll21Jll1Hll OCfBhlX Hafp]30K N, llelicTB\IOllllD. Ha UHJIHHllp, B qacT-
HÓCTH npH HaJJH4HH JlHHlll, a ero creHKax B03HHKalOT oceab1e Hll'npsrn.. emrn

N N
(J --- (15.12)
z- F - ;r (r~ - ri)

np11 STOM B (15.9) nOHBJIHeTCH CJl31 aeMoe

.1.u =-µE r, ªz (lt>.13)

a HanrmKeHHll a, H ªe He llSMeHHIOTCH.
B qacrHoM cJiyqae, Kor)la omcymcmeyem Hapy()ICHOe iJaeAeHue (p 2 = O,
p 1 = p), <j>opMyJibt JJ:JJH onpe.11eJ1eH11H HanpmKeHHií 11 nepeMew,eHttií B TOJJ-
crocreHHO\I UllJIHH,n:pe M0:1KHO sanHcaTb B BH)le

(J
',2
= 2
ri (1 - ~)p·
72 '
(15.14)
2 - '1

ªe = 2 ~
' 2 - '1
2 ( + '~)
1 2
'
p; (15.15)

2 2 ~

U= 1-µ 'tP 1 + µ 't '2P 1

rI r+ -· (15.16)
E r~- E ,g_,¡r
OpH STOM
(a,)max = (a,¡,_,,, = -p; }
1+ k 2 (15.17)
(ºe)max = ·(ae)r=r, = _ k2 p,
1 1
r.11e
k = 't .
'2
Pa)lHaJibHOe nepeMellleHlle BHyrpeHHefi noaepxuocr11, r. e. yBeJJHlfe· 1
u11e auyrpeuuero panttyca, pasHo

(u)r=F, = ¿ (:~~;+µ)p. (15 18)

.Ll,JIH Hapy)KHOii nosepXHOCTH UHJlllH.llPª

(o,),=r, =O;
2k2
(Oe)r=r, = 1 - ll~ p; (15.19)

2k 2
(u)r=r, =E r
1 - k2 p. (15.20)

3mopbl HanpHJKettHH llJIH paCCMaTpHsae\IOfO CJ!ytl3ll DpH k = T¡ = 0,~

'1
up11se.ne11b1 11a pttc. :!92, a Hanpir)l{eHHH B.UOJJb paJ{Ryca lf3M€H5!JOTC5! norlf·
ne~60.n11'1PCKOMy saKotty. Onac11b1c TO'IKH (roqKH Ha1160JJbWHX uanpir)l<e-
1 ~H) Paxo.nlltcH "ª s11yrpe1 i.e11 llüBLjJ\HOl.TH ll,HJilfH.11pa np11 r = r 1 •
 113 aHaJrn3a (15.17) cJJe)lyeT, QTO npH r 2 - ... oo H k-... o
(0 rlr=r, = -p; (oe)r=r, =p.
11cnOJJb3Y5! TpeTblO TeopHIO npoQHOCTH, no;¡yqaeM
03KBlll = 01 - 03 <E;'. [ 0) (15.21)

B paccMaTpHsaeMOM npe)leJJbHOM CJJyqae (k - ... O)

1l
01 = (Oe)r=r, = p; ªª = (or)r=r, = -p

ycJJOSHe np04HOCTH (15.21) npHHHMae'f ~

SH)l , ~
2p<[aj, ~

P<[aJ. ~Ai
2 ;}
TaKHM o6pa3oM, UHJJHH.llP e seer.,. ~-,.11
Ma TOJICTOil: CTeH Koil: He .nonycKae-t
SHyTpeHHero )\aSJJeHH5!, 6óJJbWero
a ó onpe)leJJeHHoil: seJJHQSHbl, T. e. yseJill·~
4eHHe TOJIUl,HHbJ CTeHKH UHJIHH,llpa He '
Pee 292
seer .na HSJJHeTCH s<t><t>eKTHSHblM enoco•
l
!
6oM yseJIH4eHH5! np04HOCTH.
PaccMoTpHM qacTHb1ií cJJyqaií, Kor)la omcymcmByem BHympennee iJaeAe~
! nue (p 1 =O, p 2 =
p). <l>opMyJJbI (15 9) - (15.11) npHMyT BH,ll

¡ u=-
l-
E

a = -
µ
2
'2-'1
2
'2P
2'-

,22 (
l +µ
E

,~)
1 - _!_ p·
2
2 2
'1 '2P
'2-'1
2
1
-·
r ' (15

(15.2 '
22):1
r ~-~ ,2 '

1 ªe= - 2 ?z 2 (1 + 'I)
2 p.
i '2 - r¡ r
t l\aK BH,llHO H3 (15.23) H (15.24), o6a hanplDKlHHSI s 9TOM CJI}"ª~ OKH
l M8J0111.He, npeqelll \ a 0 \>\o, 1 • Ha SHYTpeHHeií noaepxHoCTH

(ar)r=r, =O; (15.

2
(ae)r=r, = - _ k2 p; (15.
1
(u) r=r, -- - 'E1 2 P
1 - k2 • (15.

Ha Hapy>Keoil: noaepxHocTH UHJJHH.npa

1 = -p;
( 0 r)r=r,

a - 1 k2 .
( e)r=r, - - 1 - k2 p,
+
t
'l
' (u)r=r, = - i (: ~ ~:- µ) P·
414
.
3mophl HanpmKeHHil: a, H a 0 npH k = r1 = 0,5 npttBe.neHhl 11a pttc.
rJ
292, 6 Hatt6oJihwee no a6coJIIOTHoii seJIHGHHe 11anpmKeHHe a 0 OKa3hrnaercH
1 11a s11yrpe1111eil: nosepXHOCTH UHJIHH,llpa; STH TO'lKH H HBJIHJ{)TCSI onacHhlMH.
11 nOJiolKHB B <tJopMyJie (15.22) T1 = 0 H T = r2, noJiyGHM B€Jlll'lHHY nepeMe·
1 meHH5! "ªPYlKHOil: nosepXHOCTH ,llJl5! cnJIOWHoro UHJIHH,llpa:

(U)r=r, = - P;2 (1 - µ). (15.30)

B ra6JI. 42 npHBe)leHbl pac'!eTHh1€ ¡flopMyJibJ .UJIH TOJICTOCTeHHblX UH·

mrnJipOB npH pa3JIH'lHblx cxeMax ttarpyJKeHHH.

15.l. Pac11eT COCT8BHblX qHnHH,qpoa

C U€Jlbl0 noJiyqeHH5! 6oJiee paBHOMep11orO pacnpe)leJieHHll Hanp5!lK€•

HHH no TOJ!UlHHe CTeHKH H pa3rpy3KH BHyrpeHHHX CJIO€B sa C'l€T JIY'!Uiero
HCnOJib30BaHHfi "ªPYlKHblX UHJIHH.llpbl )leJiaIOT COCTaBHblMH nyreM o,n:eBa·
HHH e 11a11{rOM o.n11oro UHJIHH.npa Ha )lpyroil: (o6hl'!HO e noMOlll.bIO ropH'!eil:
noca.nKH). 8 raKHx UHJIHH.npax seJIH'lHHa .nonycKaeMoro BHyrpeH11ero
.naBJI€HH5! MoJKeT Ób!Tb 3Ha'lHT€JlbHO 60J!blll€, 'leM B ueJibHOM UHJIHHJJ:pe,
'ITO HCnoJib3yeTC5! npH H3rOTOBJl€HHH opy .llHÜHblX CTBOJIOB.

a ó
PHc. 293

Optt noca.nKe o.n11oro UHJIHH.llPª 11a .upyroil: e Ha rnroM 0KpyJKHb1e Ha·

npSDKeHHll BO BHyrpeHHeM UHJIHH.llpe 5!BJl5!IOTC5! c:lKHMaIOUlH!'.!H, a B Ha·
pyJKHblX - pacrHrHBaIOUlHMH. 3nIOpa ttanp51JKeHHil:, B03HHKaJOmHx nocJie
noca.nKH, npe.ncTaBJieHa Ha pttc. 293, a
Oo.n .ll€ÜCTBH€M BHyTpeHHero .nasJieHH5! B TaKOM COCTaBHOM UHJIHH,llpe
B031lHKalOT 11anpSIJKeHH5!. onpe.neJISI€Mb1€ no <tJopMyJiaM (15.14) H (15 15)
f{dl\ .llJl5! U€JlbHOro UHJIHH.npa H xapaKTeptt3yeMbJe 9nIOpaMH, noKaSaHHblMH
H 1 pttc 293, 6. OpocyMMttposaB 9nIOpbl 11anpHJKeHHil:, npnse,n:eHHbJe Ha
P'IC' 293, a H pttc. 2q3, 6, noJiy'lHM 11.eücTBHTeJihHyIO 9nIOpy (pHc. 293, 6),
l'"e1omyio M€CTO B cocraBHOM UHJIHH.Upe npH s11yrpe1111eM .naBJieHHH
113 cyMMap11oil: 9n!Opb1 BH,llHO, '!TO Hanp5!lK€HHll B CTeHKe COCT8BIIOf0
IL!! 1HHJ1pa pacnpe11eJieHbl 6oJiee paBHOMep110, 'IeM B CnJ!Oll!HOil: CT€HK€
1
r opa noKaHHa WTPHXaMH), no9TOMy B COCTaBHb!X UHJIHH.Upax HMeeT
"CºTO 6oJiee panttoHaJ!bHOe HCnOJ!b30BaHHe MaTepttaJia, 'l€M B Cl!JIOU!Hb!X
u 1 1HHJJ.pax.
llpH pacqere COCTaBHb!X UHJIHH.npoB OCHOBHbIM 5!BJl5!€TCSI ycraHOBJ!e·
Pe na nosepXHOCTH HX KOHTaKra npH 3a.naHHOM
filie B€JIH'!Hflbl .nasJieHH5!
lld !SI! e 6, npe.ncraBJIHIOLUeM co6oil: paSHOCTb M€lKJIY na pVROlb'M )\HaMeTpOM
BHy rpeHHero u11mrn.upa 1 H snyrpeHHHM ,n:HaMeTpOM ttapyJKnoro UHJiflHJlPa

41S
 'i'
II (p11c. 294). Oqes11.n110, yMenhwe1rne uap]'KHoto pa)l11yca BHYtpeHHero
llHJillHllPa u 1 n yseJ111qett11e BHytpettttero pa)l11yca Hapy:i1rnoro UHJIHH,llpa
uf/ paBllbl nOJIOlH!He H3THra·
«'l
1U¡\+1 UII =
2 . (15.31)
1

Y4HTblB3H, 4TO 11a111r «'l neCb\13 Ma.~ no cpasHeHHIO e pa.n11ycoM noaepx:.

HOCTI! KOHT3KTa' c411 raeM, 4TO r21 = '• II = rQ (re - pa.nlfyc nosepXHOCTlt
KOHTaKTa COCTaBHoro U.HJll!H)lpa).
Ko11raKrttoe )laBJien11e Pe 6y)leT 11apymttb!M llJIH s11yrpe1111ero UHJIHHJl•
pa 11 BHyrpe111111M .nJ111 11apyi1rnoro UHJIHH)lpa.

I'
,~

I!
ll
u
l~
l
j f>HC. 294

l
l Pa)llfaJihnoe rrepeMe1UeH11e KOHTaKrnoli nosepXHOCTH

!
t
UHJillHllPll oupe)leJI!JeM no ;t:opMyJie (15.29):

Hapy>Knoro -
U¡ = -

no cjiopMyJie
'·('I+kÍ2 -
EL
'1

(15.18):
1 - k¡
µ1 ) Pe•

l
re
un= E
(1 -j- k~ + µ2 ) Pe• (15.33}
2 1 - k22
Do11craBJJHH a6coJIIOTHble anaqett1111 !iTnx nepeMemennii B (15.31)~
noJlyqaeM

re
E,
(11-k~
+ ki _ ) re (1 + ki ) _6
µ Pe+ Ea 1-k~+µ 2 Pc-2'
1

orKy11a, pewa11 ypaBlleHlle OTHOCHreJibHO Pe• H8XO.ll11M

«'l
2
Pe= 'c(l+kr_ µ )+ E'c(l+·k~ + µi)'
E1 1 - k21 1 2
2 1 - k2

416
 EcJIH cocTaBJH!IO!Il,He UHJll!H)lpbl H3fOTOBJJeHbl ll3 O)lHOfO Marep11aJ1a,
¡j¡opMyna ynpow.aerc51 H npHHHMaer Bllll

fiE (1 - ki) (1 - ki)

(15 .35)
Pe= 2r e (1 + ki) (1 - k~) + (1 + k~) (1 - ki)
no Hal\)leHHOMy 3Ha'le1llllO Pe = f (6) onpe)le.n5llOT HalJa.nbHble Hanp5!-
)l{eHH5! BO BHyrpeHHeM (<jlopMyJJbl (15.23), (15.24)) H HapylKHOM (<jlopMyJJhl
(15.14) H (15.15)) uHJJHH)lpax. <l>opMy.nbl (15.34) 11 (15.35) cnpase)l.nHBbl,
eCJJH Hanp5!l!{eHH5! He npeBb!W3JOT npe)leJJa nponopuHOH8JlbHOCTH. npH
noHBJJeHHH npH noca)lKe nJJacrH'lecKHX )le<jlopMauHií <jlaKTH'leCKHe ycHJJHH
Pe 6y)lyr MeHbWe pac'leTHblX.

fS.3. TeMneparypHwe HBnp11HCeHHll a roncrocreHHWX qHnHH,qpax

8 CJJy'lae HepaBHOMepHoro HarpeBa TOJJC10CTeHHblX UHJJHH)lpOB B HHX

pa3BHBaiorcH reMneparypHb1e ttanpH1KeHHH. OpH pacqere TeMneparypHb!X
HanpH:lKeHHii noJJy'leHHhle paHee ypaBHeHHe pasHosecHH (15.11) H reoMer-
pH'leCKHe coor11oweHH5! (15.2) H (15.3) ocTaHyTC5! óe3 H3MeHeHHií, a <f>H3H·
qecKHe saBHCHMOCTH óy.z¡yr HeCKOJlbKO HHb!MH.
06o3Ha'IHB qepes t (r) DOBb!WeHHe TeMneparypbl, 33BHC5!!Il,ee OT TeKy-
[l\ero pallHyca r, 'lepes ot - Koa<f>qrnuHeHT repMH'!ecKoro pacwH peHHH,
11 npHHHB aHa'leHHH MO,llyJJH E H Koa<jl<jJHuHeHTa OyaccoHa µ cooTBercrsy-

l
IOLUHMH cpe,uHeií reMneparype creHKH, aanHweM o6oów.eHHblil: saKoH fyKa
B BH)le

e2 = ~ (o2 - µo, - µo 0) + otf (r) = const;

e, = E (a, - µcrz - µa 0 ) + rxt (r); (15 36)

Be= ~ (a0 - µa 2 - µo,)+ aJ (r). j

Pel.UHB llTH ypaBHeHH5! OTHOCHTeJJbHO HanpH:lKeHHil:, ílOJJY'lHM

ªz = (l + µ) 71 _ 2 P) ((1 - µ) e 2 +µe,+ µe 0 - (1 + µ) rxt (r)J; (15 37)

a,= (I + µ) 7i- 2µ) [(l - µ) s, + µe 0 + µe 2 - (1 + µ) rxt (r)]; (15.38)

ªe= (l + µ)~I _ 2µ) ((1 - µ)Be+ µe,+ µe 2 - (1 + µ) rxt (r)]. (15.39)

~-'ll!ThlB35!, '!TO
e _ du u
r- dr' ee = r' (15. 40)

noc.ne íl0.llCT3HOBKH B ypaBHeHHe (15.1) Bb!pa:lKeHHil: (15.38) H (15 39) Ha·

X0.111M
d2u+.!._du_~=l+µa,dt(r), 0541 ¡
dr 2 r dr r2 1- µ dr
3HaH saKoH HsMeHeHHH teMneparypb1 t = f (r), H3 ypaatteHHH (15 41)
Mom1ro onpe)leJJl!Tb nepeMemeHtte.

14 7-458 417
 OepenHcas (15.41) B sH.ne

!!_ [_!_ d (ur))- 1 + µ dt (r)

dr r dr - 1- µ ª dr '
nocne .llDYKparHoro HHTerpBposaHHll 3Toro ypasHeHHll nonyqHM

u= -1 -1 + µ
r 1- µ
sr

r,
at (r) rdr + e 1' + C-r . 2 (15.42)

IIocrOllHHble HHrerpBposaHHll C1 H C 2 onpe)leJIHM H3 ycnosttil: )lJill cr, Ha

BHyrpeHHeil: H HapylKHOil: nosepXHOCTllX UHJIHH)lpa

(cr,)r=r, =O; (cr,)r=r, =O. (15.43)

Baecll (15.40) H (15.42) B (15.38), óy.neM l!MeT&

a,-= 1 +E µ [ - 11 _+ µµ ,a1 S
r at (r) rdr + _
1
C
2µ. -
1 C2
,2 + 1_
µ
2µ F•
J •

r,
IJO,llCTaBHB 9TO BblpaJKeHH6 B (15.43) H pellIHB noJiyqeHHYIO npH STOM CH•
cre111y .llBYX ypaBHeHHtt OTHOCHTeJlbHO noCTOllHHblX HHTerpHpOB8HHll1 HaAt<
AeM

C1 = (I + µ) (1 -
1-µ
2 µ) l
r~-rf jr,
'r aj (r) rdr - µs
2
;

C2 = 1 ~ µ 2 '12 2 ) aj (r) rdr.

1 µ '2-'1 r,

IJOCJie DO,llCT8HOBKH (15.40) B (15.37) - (15.39) C yqeTOlll (15.42) H Haft•

AeHHhlX SHaqeHHi\ C1 H C 2 nonyqBM

o,= 1-µ
E [-4J' r
aj(r)rdr+ ;
2
-;i
(r 2 - r 1)r 2
's•rf.t(r)rdr]: (15.44)
G G

~ Sr aj (r) rdr + ('2-r¡)r2J

: + ~i '(' at (r) rdr -
' , 2
a0 = at (r)]; (15.45)
1

' j 1 _: µ [ r
1 '
r, '•
'

a,~ 1 .:: µ [ ,¡".". ,¡ Ial(') ,dr + (1 - µ) e2 - at (r) J. (15.46)

HeHssecrHall BeJIHqHHa 8z, BXO)lll~all B nocJie,llHJOJO ¡jlopMyJiy, B C1í'f4'
1 i
! 'lae CBOÓO)lHoro paClllHpeHHll UHJIHH,llpa MOJKeT Ób!Tb Haii,D.eHa HS yCJIOBIUf'
orcyrcTBHll B nonepeqHQM ceqeHHH UHJIHH.npa npOJlOJlbHOil: CHJibl:
'f
' 211 r1
' ''
N= f s cr ¿drdrp = O
~ '•
418
lll!H

Oo)lCTaBJIHH B nocne)lHee paseHCTBO Bb1pa:lKe1rne )lJIH Oz (15.46), HHXO)lllM

ez = 2
' 2 - '1
2
2 J
r,
at (r) rdr.
r,
C yqeTOM nony'leHHOfO Bb!pa:lKeHH5! Ez <tJopMyJla (15.46) npHHHMae1 BH;l

ªz = 1 E
-µ
l 2
'2-'1
2
2 Sat
'•

r,
(r) rdr - at (r)
]
. (15.48)

Bb!4HC.7HTb HHTerpaJI
r,
s
'•
at (r) rdr H onpe)leJIHTb HaIIp5!:lKeHH5! B03MO:lKllO, ecJIH

IJ3BeCTeH 33KOH H3MeHeHH5! reMneparypbl t (r) no TOJlutHHe creHKH.

DpH AUHet1HOM BQKOHe UBMeHeHUJI me,nnepamypbt

t (r) = T '2- ' , (15 .49)

r2- '1

rne T = f 1 - ! 2; f 1 H 12 - reMneparypa Ha BHyrpeHHeil: H Hapyi1rnol\ no·

aepxHoCT5!X UHJIHH)lpa COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
Do)lcraBHB (15.49) B (15.44), (15.45) H (15.48), nocne HHrerpHposa·
Hll5! Hali)leM

0
_ E_a_T_ _ _
.......,._ _ [r _ rr2 -(I _,¡) '~ - '~] . (15.50)
,-3(1-µ)(r 2 -r1) r ~2 r~-ri'

0
e
=
3 (1 - µ) (r2 - r1)
Eat [ 2r+ ,2'~-(I + ,2ri) r~-r~]·
- ?¡ • '~
(15.51)

0
= EaT [ 3, _ 2 (rg- rr) ] (15.52)
z 3 (1 - µ) (r~ - r1) ,~ _ ?¡ '
HanpH:lKeHHH y BHyrpeHHeii nosepxHocr11 UHJIHHJlpa rrpH r = r1 ÓYAYT

0
< rlr=r, = O; )
EaT 2 (r~ - rr) (15.53)
,¡ J.
_ _
0 0 3
( e)r=r, - ( z)r=r, - 3 (1 - µ) (r2 - r1) [ '1 - r§-

Y Hapyi1rnoii nosepxHocTH npH r = r 2

(ar)r=r 1 = O; )
(a )
e r==r,
= (a
z)r-=r1
-
- 3 (1 _
Ea.T
) (r. _ r )
[ar -
2
2 (r~2 - r~)]
2 •
(15.54)
µ 1l 1 '2 - '1

14• 419
 3mopbl pacnpe.11eJ1eHHH TeMnepaTypHb!X HanJrn:lKe1111ií no TOJJU\HHe CTeH·
KH IUlllllH,llpa e OTHOilleHHeM k = C!_ = 0,5 npH µ = 0,3 npHBeJJ.ellbl l!a
'2
pie. 295, a.
B cJiyqae AOZaputfJ,11uttecK020 BaKoHa us.Me1-te>1uJ1 meMnepamypbJ B cmew'e
TOJJCTOCTeHHOro ~HJIHHJl.Pª
'2
t (r) = - T'2 In -
r •
(15 55)
1n-
'1 1

1
noCJle DO,llCTaHOBKH (15.55) B (15.44), (15.45) H (15.48) H BblnOJJHeHHH RH•
TeTpHpOBaHHll cpopMYJJbl .llJJH onpe.11e.JJeHH ff HanpmKeHIJH H COOT- ªr• ªe ªz 1
1

BeTCTBeHHO óy.llYT
,J

~1

0,875EdT

1J
l

¡
t
a ó .,,,
.e;

PHc. 295 "

,'"2111
.z::"' 1

Í1n'2+ ,¡ (1-1)1n'2]; (15.56)

-."''i;ilÍ",..

i a,=- Ea.T
2 (1 - µ) In') l ' r~ - ?¡ ' / '1
\L~
..

·>t~
~,.
i "
¡

l (J
e-
_ Ea.T
'1
lI- In~ -=--'T--= (1 _~}) 1n
,~ - ,¡ ,2 '1
'2]; (15.57)
~

2(1-~1J ln'2 .....,, '

~

a,= E~~ r1 - 21n '2r - rª-rT r¡ ''12].

2
In (15.58)
"/
$',,,_
.,, ,
~ ..
2 (1 - µ) In '.;i [
.. s"-Í/.,,c
'1 ' ~~

y BHyTpeHHell nosepXHOCTH UHJIHHllPª npH r = '1 .:-. ?" <

'••• "
(ae} ,._,. = (aJ,=r1 =
(ar)r=;, =O;
EaT
2(1-µ)ln' 2
1-
l 2r~
2
'2-'1
2
l'1
In r-
2
• (15.59)
,,~,

.t
.¡.'""

;.t,;
\!f

'1

Y Hapy:lKHOlt noaepxHOCTH np11 r = r2 1

., 1

(ae),_,1 = (a2 ) ,..,.,, =

(a,)r=r, =O;
ErxT
2 (1 - µ) In ' 2
[ 1-
2
'2 -
2rf
2
'1
In r-
'1
2 1
•
1

'1.

420
 3mopb1 pacnpe.aeneHHll TeMnepaTypHblx ttanpll:>KeHHtl no TOJilllHHe crur·
KH UHJIHH.apa e OTHOIUeHHeM k = ' 1 =
0,5 npH µ 0,3 B CJiyqae H3Menemrn =
'•
rer.mepaTypbl no norapmpMH'!ecKOMY aaKony npe.acTaBJJeHbl tta pnc. 295, 6.
B6JIH3H TOPUOB UHJIHH.!!pa nanpll:>KeHHll, onpe.aenl!eMble e nOMO!llblO
npHBe.aenHhlX cpopMyJI, MoryT HMeTb MeCTO JIHlllb B TOM cnyqae, eCJIH TOP·
nbl 6y.ayT narpy:>KeHbl noBepXHOCTHOtl narpysKoií, HSMeHl!IO!Ueilcll B COOT·
eeTCTBHH e cpopMyJiotl ,!lJill CJ Z•

t S.4. Pac11et apa"'1"º"'"xc11 AMCKOB

BpaIUalOIUHt!Cl! .ancK 06!:.iquo ncnh!TblBaeT p acTll:>KettHe no.a .aetlcTBHeM
ueHTp06e:>KHb!X CHJI, llBJllllOIUHXCll .QJlll nero OCHOBHOtl narpysKotl, a TaK:>Ke
H3rH6. flpH nepaBHOMepHOM narpeee B HeM MoryT BOSHHKHYTb H TeMnepa·
Typnhle nanpl!:>KeHHll. 06hl'!HO narpysKa H TeMnepaTypttoe none CHMMe·
TpHljHJil OTHOCHTeJlbHO OCH .QHCKa, BCJle.QCTBHe '!ero nanpll:>Kenne llBJIHeTCll
cpyHKUHeií paccTOl!HHll OT OCH Bpa!UeHHll.

a ó
PHC. 296

PaccMaTpHB8ll TOHKHtl nJIOCKHií .QHCK nocTOHHHOtl TOJIIUHHOií h, MO:>K·

HO C'!HT3Tb, ljTO nanp¡¡:>KeHHll no ero TOJIIUHHe pacnpe.aeJieHbl paBHOMepriO,
a nanpl!:>KeHHll, napanneJibHbre ocn .ancKa, OTCyTCTBYIOT (0 2 = O). TaKHM
o6pasoM, sa.ztaqa onpe,!leJieHHll nanpH:>Kenntl B .aHcKe ceo.aHTCll K TaK Ha·
3b!Ba8MOií IlJIOCKoií sa.aaqe TeOpHH ynpyrocTH, a HMeHHO K sa.aaqe o nJIOCKOM
Hanpll:>KeHHOM COCTOl!HHH.
Ecnn .ztHCK, y.zteJibHall Macea KOToporo pasna -v/g, sparn,aeTCSI e yr no-
Bofi CKOpOCTblO ro, TO MaCCOBble CHJihl, .aeiíCTBYIOIUHe "ª
Bbl.QeJieHHblií 9Jle-
MeHT .aHcKa (pnc. 296, a) MoryT 6bJTb npe.acTaenenhl paeno.aeiícTeyromeií
(pHC. 296, 6), Jie:lKaIUeií B cpe.aHHHOií IlJIOCKOCTH 3JleMenTa H pasnoií

.l hrd8dr . ro2r.
g
3JmrweM ycnonne pasnoaecHSI 9JieMenTa, cnpoeKTHposae ece CHJibl na
OCb X

,_
dar
dr
+ ªr - ªe - "
..!...
g
ro2,2 =O. (15 61)

reoMl'TpH'!eCKHe H cpH3H'!eCKHe ypaetteHHSI npH paC'!eTe .QHCKOB 6) AYT

TaKHe :>Ke, KaK~H e sa,naqe J1S1Me ((15.2) - (15.4)). ITosroMy ,nmpcjlepen·
llHallbHOe ypaettenne (15.61) e nepeMeIUeHHSIX e yqeroM (15.4) npnMeT BHll
2
d u + _!_ du __U:_=_ l -µ 2 .1 ro2r. (15.62)
dr 2 r dr r2 E g
42\
 0epenHC3B (15,62) B BH)l,e
1
1
'
j !!_ [_!_ d (ur)] = - 1 - µ2 1.. co2r
drrdr E g
1 ¡ 1 H npoHHTerpHpoBaB ero nOCJie)l,OB3TeJibHO AB8:lKAhl, HaH.aeM
1 '
1 •
1 l
u= C1r +
- e/- i -µ2 v
BE g co2ra, (15.63)
11 ''

1
¡'I' Tio.z¡cTaBHB (15.63) B (15.4), nOJiy'IHM
1 !1
a = C1 + C2 - 3 + µ 1. co1r2; (15.64)
r r2 8 g
11
1 ••
.,
e
! r.11.e
ªa= C1 - C2
,2 - 1 +8 3µ 1.g co2r2, (15.66)

l E -C E C- •
! c1 = 1-p,
1; C2 = -
1-j-µ
2 (15.66)
•

1 nocroHHHhle C1 H C2 (cne.aosaTeJ!bHO, C1 H C2) onpe.n.eJI!llOTC!I H3 rpatteq.

HhlX ycJIOBHtl. )lJI¡¡ D.HCK3 Cl ueHTpaJibHb!M OTBepCTHeM B o6meM cJiyqae
" 1

'~

l ·~MeeM cne,u.y10lll.He ycJioBHll Ha BHyTpettHeM (r = r 1) e BHenrneM (r = rs)

iOHTypax:
1~
~

i B COOTBeTOTBHH G (15.64) 9TH ycJIOBHll ,lla!OT ,llBa ypaBHeHHll

il a,., =

ªr• = C1
e1 + C2
2 -
'1
C2
+ 2r2 -
3

3
+8 µ -gy w2r¡;2
+ µ y
8 -
g
(J)
2 2
r2.
"I

PemaR COBMeCTHO 9TY CHCTeMy ypaBHeHHH, eaxo.U.HM

1

ei = ~ ~ 3+µ y 2(2 2,
2 ?,ª'·-
'2- 1
2
r2- 1
;,ªr,+ 8 -CO
g
r1+r2)•
f
3 + µ 1.
1

1 l e2 = ,2r2
2 1 ª _ ,2r2
1 2 ª _ w2,2¡1_ (15.61).;'.,
2 2 r1 2 2 r1 8 g 1 2
12-r¡ r2-r1

B cnyqae, KOr .aa ar

•
=O H ar =
t
O,

C1 =+8 µ .Yg co (ri + ~);

3 1 (15 ... ~
1 1
e __ 3 +
2 -
8
µ Y w r2,2
g 1 2· -
2 (15.70) -

ITo.11.c1aBHB noCJieAHHe 3Ha'leHH!I C1 H C2 B (15.64) H (15.65), nOJlyqHM

a = 3 + µ 1.. co2 (r2 + ,2_

r Bg 1 2
rir~
r2
- ,1)¡ (15.ft) .1
-' 1

a9 = !; w2 ( (3 + µ) (rr + ,~ + ~:~) - (l + 3µ)rl] • (15.7$ j

x" :¡¡
'122
.~,•
0603H8lJHB

'1 = k; !_ = p; 3 + µ -1 w 2 r~ =e; 1 + 3µ = m, (15.73)

'2 '2 8 g 3 + fl
~·L ¡,eM sanHC8Tb

a, = e [ I

a6 =
+ k2 ( I -
e [ 1 + k 2 ( 1 + ; 2) -
; 2) - p J;2

mp2 J .
l (15.74)

HanpmKeHHe a, noJio:amTeJibHO H .!lOCTHraeT HaH60JibWeii BeJIHlJHHbl npH

~¡-k =
p=r V'i'2 .
-·
(a,)max =e (1 - k)2. ( 15.75)

HanpR:>KeHHe a6 TaK:>Ke noJio:lKHTeJibHO npn scex sttatJeHHRX p H .!(OCTH·

raeT M8KCHM)'Ma npH p = k:

(ae)max =e (2 + (1 - m) k 2 ]. (15.76)

1fa conOCTaBJleHHff ( 15. 75) H (15. 76) CJie.!()'eT' IJTO Bcer Aª HMeeT MeCTO He·
paBeHcTBO (ae)max >(
ªr)max. Dü!:lTOMY ycJIOBHe npü'lHOCTH ¡¡OJI:lKHO 6b1Tb
a rnrrcatto (ttanpttMep, no IV Teopntt) B CJ!e.!(y!On¡eM BH.!(e:

a3KB IV= (ae)max =e (2 + (1 - m) k 2 ]..,.;: [a). (15.77)

B cJiyqae xpynKoro MaTepHaJia cJie.!(yeT noJib30BaTbCR TeopHetl Ky·

JIOHa -
( ¡ 3. 77).
Mopa, KOTOpaR npH = = ªª ªr o
npHBO.!(HT K TOlt :>Ke cjlopMyJie

<l>opMyJihl D.Jlff onpe).(eJieHHff HanpR:>KeHHtl B C!1JIOWHOM ¡¡HCKe (r1 = C)

Ha OCHOB8HHH (15.64) H (15.65) 6y)lyT HMeTb BHA

(J = e1 - 3 + µ _y w2r2· ( 15.78)
r 8 g •

ªe= el - 1
+8 3µ _yg ro 2r 2• (15 79)

EcJIH BHeWHRR irnrpy3Ka Ha Hapy:lKHOM KOHType (r = r2) OTCYTCTByeT,

T. e. ar,=
O, TO corJiacHO (15.78) H8XO.!!HM

C1 =
3
+8 µ 1-g w 2 r~ =c. (15.80)

flO.!(CTaBHB (15.80) B (15.78) H (15,79), !10JIYIJHM

a,= e (1 - p 2); (15.81)

a6 =e (1 - mp 2). (15.82)

06a Hanpn:>KeHlrn noJIO:lKHTeJibHbl H yseJIHIJHB8IOTCff e npH6JIH:>KeHHeM

K uettTpy .!lHCKa. B uettTpe AHCKa nptt p = O

(a,)max = (cre)max =e= 3 + µ 1- ro11r~· (15.83)

8 g
423
 CorJIJCHO (15.3) pa.nHaJibHOe nepeMern,eHHe

u= e¡¡r. ( 15 84)
TaK K8K

I• ea= E1 (ao- µa,),

TO

u= ~ (a 6 - µa,) (15.85)

,UJI¡¡ onpe.neJieHHll nepeMelll,eHHSI Ha Hapy)!{HOM Kot!Type JlHCKa B <jJopMy-

JIY (15 85) Heo6XO)lHMO IlOJlCT8BHTb 3H8t{eHHSI r = r2• ªe= ªe,; a,= a,•.
B CJiy'lae HepaBHOMepHoro HarpeBa /lHCKa K HanpsiJKeHHl!M, Bb13·
B8HHblM ueHTpo6e:lKHblMH CHJl8MH H KOHTYPHblMH Harpy3K8MH (eCJIH T8KO-
Bb!e HMelOTCl!), CJie.nyeT !1pH6aBHTb TeMnepaTypHble H8!1pSI:lKeHHSI TeM-
nepaTypHb!e HailpSl)!{eHHSI onpe.neJISllOTCSI T8K :>Ke, KaK H B TOJICTOCTeHHOlll
UHJIHll.ztpe, IlOEITOMY ypaBHeHHe paBHOBeCHll (15 61) npn (J) 6y.neT =o
COBil8Jl8Tb e ypaBHeHHeM (15 !)•

da
r tk +a, - a6 =O. (15 86)

¡
ÜTHOCHTeJibHble .ne<jJopM8l{HH e y'!eTOM TeMnepaTypHoro pacurnpeHHll
Oíl pe.zteJI l!IOTC ll CJie.ny IOmHMH Bblpa:>KeH H SIMH:

e,= __!_ (a, - µa 6 ) + at (r);

ee = 1 (a 6 - µar) + at (r) •
(15.87)

Pema11 COBMeCTHO EITH ypaBHeHl!ll OTHOCHTeJibHO H8Ilpll:>KeHHA, H8XO)ll!M

a,= 1 ; µ 2 [e,+ µe 6 -(! + µ) at (r)J;)

(15.88)
ªe= 1- µ2 [e 6 +µe,- (1 + µ) at (r)J.

Y'IHTb!B8ll (15.2) H (15 1), noJiyqaeM

dr + µ -¡:
a, = 1 _E µ 2 [du u - (l µ) at (r) ] ; ) +
(15.89)
E
ªe= l -µ2
u
[r
du
+µ dr-(1 +µ) at(r)J.

npH JIHHeHHOM H3MeHeHHH TeMnepaTypbl B)lOJlb pa¡i,Hyca .ztHCK8 t (r) ="'

r - r1
= T nOCJie.ztHHe Bbipa:>KeHHll npHHHMalOT BHJl
'2 - r 1

E [du u r-r 1 ] (15.90)

a,=1-~tz dr+µ-¡-(l+µ)aTr2-r1'

E [u
r + µ du + µ) aT '2r-r 1]
ªe= 1 - ~t2 dr - (1 - r1 •
(15.91)
 Mo.ayJib ynpyrocTH E H KoscjlcjlHUHeHT Dyaccona µ nonaraeM nocrc-
HHHbIMH, He 38BHCRil¡HMH OT TeMnepaTypbl, H paBHblMH HX 3HaqeHHHM
npH cpe.aneii TeMnepaType JlHCKa
no.ztCT3BJlffff (15 90) H (15.91) B ypaBHeHHe paBHOBeCllH (15.86), H8·
XOJlHM

du
2
+ J_ du _ ~ = 1 +µ o.T. (15 92)
dr 2 r dr r2 r,-r 1

3anHC3B 3TO ypasneHHe B BH).te

!!_ [_!_ d (ur)] = 1 +

~t o.T,
dr r dr r 2 - r1

rIOCJJe JlBOHHOro HHTerpHpOBaHHff nOJiy'lH\I Bb!pa)!{eHHe .QJ!ff nepeMen¡eHHff

u= B1 r + 82r + 3(r1 +-r1)

µ o.Tr 2• { 15 .93)
2

fío.acTaBHB (15 93) B (15.90) H (15.91), .QJ!ff naIIpff)!{eHHÚ Haii¡¡eM

B T
a,= 8 1 + -f
r
- (
3 r 2 - r 1)
o.Er, (15 94)

ªe= 81 - 82 - ~ T o.Er, (15.95)

r2 3 r 2 - r1
r)le

81 = E
1- µ
(a1 + '2o.Tri
- '1
);

:. 1

DOCTOffHHble 81 H 82 MOryT 6b!Tb O!Ipe¡¡eJieHbl H3 rpaHHIJHblX ycJIOBHH

(a,)r=r, = a, 1 =O npH r = r 1; (a,)r=r• = a, =O npH r = r 2
2
Hanpn:>KeHHR oT uenTpo6eJKHb!X cHJI n TeMnepaTypHbie nanp»*en1 n
CJie¡¡yeT npocyMMHposaTb. B cJiyqae JIHHeiinoro H3MeneHHR TeMnepaT~ pbl
BAOJ!b pa¡¡Hyca, CJIO)!{HB Ilp8Bb!e IJ8CTH Bb!pa>KeHHii ( 15 64) H ( 15. 94),
a TaK>Ke (15.65) H (15.95), IIOJIYIJHM

a = D
r
+ ,2~ - 3 +8 µ :1g ro2r 2- T
3 (r 2 - r 1)
o.Er¡

a = D - ~ - 1 3µ :1 ro2r2 - ~ T
e ,2 8 g
+
3 r 2 - r1
o.Er,

r.ae D = C1 + 8 1 ; L = C2 +
8 2 - HOBble noCTORHHble, KOTop¡,¡e nattJie·
JKHT onpe¡¡eJIHTb H3 rpaHRIJHblX ycJIOBHÚ

42S
 -- ----
...,,,.,.... ,,,.,. '\'f'IP'"~'L"""' ~'""~~"""""!l."'11.,.; ....,,...,.,,,.......,,...,,. -.,.9íMi6CJJll!fll "'!11!"'14il#;ptl :\ _ _... ..,. ·~~~~,__..,_,,,,,...., _ _.....,,,....__.""' """
,.,, '?!>--- ~ -- - - - - - -----

...~ Ta t5 JI H na 42. PacqeTHhle lfJopMyJlhl .11.n11 TOJICTOCTeHHhlx U.HJ1HHJ1.poe

fndBHble HanpHJKeHHH B Ort8CHOA"

CxeMa HarpyMeHHSI. rnaBHhle HanpsrmeHHll Pa)lnaJJbRoe nepeMell{eHHe TOlJKe; 3KBHB8JleHTHOe
8mopo1 Hanpsr:lKeHHil B TO'IKaX UHJJHHJJ.PH•eCKOil TOqeK UHJJHHJJ.PH•eCKOA Hanp'R}f{eHHe ~JISI onaCHOtl TOqKH
noeepxHOCTH paJJ.HYCOM r noeepXHOCTH paJJ.HYCOM f (k = r,/r .)

r= '1
11.HJJ HH.!IP no.11. .nelkT· ÜTKpbiTbl ¡¡ UHJIHH.!IP 1 +k 2

BHeM BHyTpeHHero <J1 =ªe = ¡- k2 P

.naBJieHHll p pr~ ( r! )
2
r
<Jr = ,"__ ,l" 1 -f2 u --
P'i
E (r~ - r¡) (1 - l µ) r + 02 = Oz = Ü-
UHJIHHJlP
OTKpb!TbIH

pr~ ( r: )
,; ]
+ (1 + µ)-,- k'
<J9 = l
r2-'1
¿ 1+- ,2
O¿ = Oz = J _ k" [J - 33Kpb1Tblif

UHlHHJlp
3aKpb!Thlil UHJJHH,Zlp
Oz = 0- OTKphlTblH UHJIHH.1(p
03 = Or = -p

<Jz =
P'1
2

SaKpb!Tblii
u= --E(-~-'_:.~-,-t)-[ (l - 2µ) r + 2p
2n l l - o JJ(B III = 1 - k 1
'2-'1
+ (l + µ) ~~]
U.HJIHH.!IP

(J9KB
1
M = p( 1-
+ kk
2
2 _¡_
'º·')
10_¡

~ • ~ j~ ;;.l ~ ;:: .., ,(

.-.'-- I _ M o e e 1•""
g:fÍti ~
")' : ._ "' i" $
b 11!) @'ff~ ¡;,ta @lt &\
1
'*''~f .,a~~_..¿- ,.,~
.. .1 '",
 UttJIHH.11P no~ ~eiícT· ÜTKpb!Tb!H UHJIHH~p r= '1
BHeM Hapy>KHOro P'22
( !!:.._
2)
pr: [ <Jr = <1r =O
~aBJiettHll p 1 <1r = - 'i
'2-'1
2 \ 1 - ,2 IU =
E (r2-r1
2 2) (! - µ) r + <12 = <Jz = Q - OTKpb!Tblii
UHJIHH~p
2
(1 + ~!) r~ ]
P'2 p
<12 = <Jz =
<19 = -
r2-r1
2 l + c1 +11>,. l -k2-
3aKpb!TbliÍ UHJIHH.11P
3aKpb!Tb!H UHJIHH~p
<Jz =O- OTK]Jb!Tblii UHJIHH~p 2p
pr22 [ <13 = <19 = - 1- k2
pr; U= 2 i) (l -2µ)r+ 2p
<1z = i - 33Kpb!Tb!H
E(r2-r1
2 (J9KB III = l - k2
'2-'1
UHJIHH~p
r~]
+(I + µ)7 2p (O+ J
ªsKe M = 1 - k2 [o_J

ÜTKpb!Tb!H UHJIHH~p
2 2
!J.HJIHH.11p no~ J(eHCT- '1P1 -r2P2 2 2
BHeM BHyrpeHHero p 1 =
1 - µ '1P1 - r lP2
H Hapy;l!rnoro P 2
<Ir l
'2 -r1 2
U= ~ 2 , r+
r2-r1
.11aMeHHH 2 2
'1'2 (P1 - P2) 1 2 2 r= '1
1+µ'1'2(P1-P2) 1
l
f2-f1
l ,a + E 2
r2-r1
i r- <Jr

(l
=-Pi
+k 2
) P1 - 2p2
2 l 3aKPb!Tb!H UHJIHH~p <19 = 1- k2
r1P1 -r2P2 2 2
09 l l + J - 2µ, r1P1 - '2P i k'P1 - P2
f¿-f¡
u= r l 2 r+ Oz = ¡ _ k2
l 2 '2-r1
'1' i (P1 - P2) 1 2 2
+ 2 ¿ ,a 1 +µ '1'2(P1-PJ) 1
+E- -r
.....
....
r2-r1
r;-rt
 íllABA 16

PAC'fET TOHKOCTEHHblX O&OnO'fEK

t6.t. Pac'leT TOHKOCTeHHlolX o6ono'leK no 6elMOMeHTHOA reopNN

K TOHKHM o6oJioqKaM MoryT 6b1Tb OTHeceHbl UllCTepHbl, BO,!lOH8IIOpHble

pe3epsyapbl, B03D.YWHble H ra3os1>1e 6anoHbl, KyIIona 3.ztaH11ti, repMeT11qe.
CKlle neperopo¡i.KH e caMoJieTax 11 cy.ztax, aIIIIapaTbl x11M11qecKoro Maillll•
HOCTpoeHllff, qaCTll KOPIIYCOB Typ611H 11 peaKTllBHblX n11raTeJ1ei1 11 T. !l.
PaccM0Tp11M 9JieMeHT 06onoqK11, noKa3allHblfi Ha p11c. 297, a, 6. B 06-
meM cnyqae B ceqeHllRX, KOTOpb!MH BblD.eJieH 9JleMellT, 6y¡i.yT ,!leHCTBOB8Tb
noroHHble (OTHeCel!Hble K e,llllHllUC .LlJlllHbl ceqeHHR) ycHJifül (pHC. 297, a)

~
- --.: S2
N, :>'/ -:,"">'f-~
s, ¡~.4?
/
-; /<._ ·~ q;-
2/ ............ 3',
/

ó
PHc. 297

H MOMeHTbl (p110. 297, 6): nopMaJibHlile yc11nHR N 1 11 N 2; KacaTeJibHble

(cii.s11ra10mHe) yc11n11n S 1 H S 2; nonepeqHble c11J1bl Q1 H Q2; 113ru6a1011\He
MOMeHTbl M 1 H M 2; KPYTRU\He MoMeHTbl M 1KP H M 2KP'
Yqer scex nepeqHcJieHHblx GHJIOBblX cjlaKTopoe npH pacqeTe o6onoqeK
n pHBOD.llT K BeCbM8 CJIOJKHblM HCXOD.HblM ii.11<1><PepeHUH8JlbHblM ypaBHellllffM,
peweHlle KOTOpblX ¡i.aJKe il.JIR npoCTblX cnyqaeB ConpRIKCHO a 60JibillHMH'
MaTeMaT11qecKllMH TPYD.HOCTRMll. Bo MHorux cnyqanx 11cxo¡i.Hble ypaaue·
HHR MoryT 6b1Tb cymeCTBeHHO 11npome11bl. 3Toro MOIKHO ,!lOCTllqb HCXO,!lff
H3 caMoro xapaKTepa aa¡i.aq11, Bo·nepBblX, ecn11 o6onoqKa ¡¡peii.cTaBJiffeT
co6oli TCJIO BpameHHff H 11arpy3K8 CllMMeTpHqHa OTHOCllTeJlbHO OCH 060J1oq·
KH, TO Sa,!laqa 11aabmaeTCR ocecuMMemputtnotl H B 9TOM cnyqae ii.nn acell
ceqe11Hfi, o6pa30B8HHblX nJIOCKOCTRMll, npoxOD.ffll\llMll qepes OCb CHMMeT-,
p1111, 11 opToro11aJ1bHbIX llM ceqeH11A cnpase¡i.JillBbl paseHcTBa

M!Kp = M2Kp = S¡ = S2 =O; Ql =o (HJill Q2 =O).

Bo·BTOpblX, eCJill IIO BllD.Y 060J1oqK11, xapaKTepy Harpy3KH H SaKpenJieHHA
MOIKHO no TeM llJJH HHblM coo6paJKeHHRM npllHTll K BblBOD.Y. 'ITO K8KllC•JIH60
ycllJJllR HJJH MOMeHTbl BCIO,!ly M8Jlbl no cpasHellHIO a OGT8JlbHblMll ycHJIHll•
~·11 l!JJll MOMeHT8Mll, TO IIp11HllM8IOT ¡i.onymeHllff, qTo 9TH YCllJillll H MOMCH•
'fbt paBHbl 11ymo. Hanp11Mep; qacro IIoJiaralOT, qTo
M¡ = M2 = M¡Kp = M2KP =O; Q¡ = Q2 =o,
H B peayJJbT81e IIPllXOD.RT K T8K H83bJBaeMolt 6eBMOMenmnotl meopuu 060- ' 1

428
'
¡
 B qacTHOCTH, 6e3MOMeHTHOH TeopHeH 060JJoqeK noJJb3YIOTCS! npH onpe-
¡¡eJJeHHH HanpS!)!{eHHií B pe3epsyape (pHc. 298), npencTaBJJHJOI11eM co6011
oceCHMMeTpHqHyJO o6oJJO'IKy. By.neM C'IHTaTb, qTo MepH¡¡HoHaJJbHbJe ce-
qeHHR cpe]lHHHOH noBepXHOCTH o60JJO'IKH o6pa3yJOT flJJaBHble KpHBble,
a TOJJmHHa o6oJJO'!KH h MaJJa no cpaBHeHHJO e pa¡¡ttycaM11 KpHBH3Hb1. Tor-
na B cJJyqae 3aKpenJJeHHS! Kpaea pe3epayapa TaK!IM o6pa30M, '!TO Ha HHX
MoryT ]leHCTBOBaTb TOJJbKO ycHJJHS!, KacaTeJJbHble K MepH]lHOH8JlbHblM KpH-
Bb!M, MO)!{HO C'IHTaTb, '!TO o60JJO'!Ka HaXO]lHTCS! B 6e3MOMeHTHOM HanpS!·
)K.eHHOM COCTOS!HHH.
Peaepsyap, noKa3aHHblH Ha pHc. 298, 3anoJJHeHHbJií (noJJHOCTbJO HJJH
48CTH'IHO) raaoM, )!{H]lKOCTblO HJJH Cblny'IHM aemeCTBOM, B KOTOpoM ]laBJJe·
1rne OJlHHaKOBO BO acex TO'!Kax nJJOCKOCTH, nepneH]lHKYJJHpHoií K OCH pe-
aepsyapa, npe¡¡cTaBJJS!eT co6otl 060JJO'!Ky, HaxonnmyJOcS! He TOJJbKO B 6ea·
MOMeHTHOM, HO H B oceCHMMeTpH'IHOM Hanp¡¡)!{eHHOM COCTORHHH.

-<:::
N,d51
PHc. 298 Pttc. 299

Bb!¡¡eJJHM H3 paccMaTpHBaeMoH 060JJO'!KH npnMoyroJJbHblH KpHBOJJH·

HeHHbli\ EIJJeMeHT ABCD, npose¡¡¡¡ .nsa 6JJH3KHX oceBbrX cetJeHHS! H ¡¡aa opTo-
roHaJJbHblX K HHM H K noBepXHOCTH o60JJO'!KH ce'!eHHS!. 06o3Ha'IHM ]lJIHHbl
rpaaei\ EIJJeMeHTa qepe3 ds¡ H ds2 (pHC. 299). B rpaHS!X 9JJeMeHTa COOTB€T-
CTBeHHO 6y¡¡yT ]leHCTBOBaTb paCTS!rHBaJOmHe ycHJJHS! (B cJJyqae BHyrpeHHe·
ro JlaBJJeHHS!) N 2ds1 H N 1ds 2 . 3necb N 1 H N 2 - COOTBeTCTB€HHO 11opM2JJb·
Hble YCHJJHS!, npHXOJlRmHeCS! Ha e¡¡HHHUY JlJIHHbl KOHTypa EIJJeMeHTa:

( 16. 1)
rne ªt - oKpy:Hrnoe (ulHpOTHoe HJJH KOJJbuesoe) 1-topMa11b1-toe 1-tanp¡¡:>1ce1-tue,
HanpaBJJeHHoe no KacaTeJJbHoi\ K OKPY*HOCTH pa¡¡HycoM Pt = p 1 ; ªm -
Mepuouo1-ta11b1-toe HopMaJJbHoe HanpS!)!{eHHe, HanpaBJJeHHoe no KacaTeJJb·
HOH K MepHJlHaHy pa¡¡HycoM Pm = P2·
PaccMoTpHM ycJJoBHe paBHOBeCHS! EIJJeMeHTa, cnpoeKTHpoBaB Ha Hop·
M8JJb 001 (pHc. 299) BHyTpeHHHe ycHJJHS!, ¡¡eiíCTBYJOmHe no KOHTypy 1rne-
MeHTa, a TaK:>Ke ]laBJJeHHe p, ]leHCTBYJOmee Ha Bbl]leJJeHHblH 9JleMeHT nJJO·
ll.\8Jlbl0 ds1 X ds 2 :

2N 1ds2 sin d<p 1

2
+ N ds1
2 sin d<p 2
2
+ (N + dN
2 2) ds 1 sin d<p2
2
- pds1 ds2 =O.

Y'IHTb!BaR MaJJOCTb yrJJOB d<p1 H d<p2 H npeHe6peraS! BeJJH'IHHaMH BTO·

poro nop¡¡¡¡Ka MaJJOCTH, HaXO]lHM

Ni+~=p. (16.2)
PI P2
419
Y1!ttTblB3!1 TaK:lKe (16.1) H To, qTo p 1 = p 1 H Pm = p2, na ocnoBaHHH (16.2)
nOJly'laeM

(16.~

"YpaaneaHe (16.3) Ha3bJBaeTCll ypaeH.eHUe.M. Jlan11aca. llnll onpe).teJie-

HH!I ¡¡syx nettsaecTHblX <J¡ ll ªm o¡¡noro ypasnenttll Jlannaca ne AOCTa-
TO'lHO. BTopoe ypasttem1e nerKO MO)KHO noJJy'IHTh H3 paCCMOTpeHH!I ycno-
Bllií paBHOBeCllll HH)i{Helt '18CTH o60JJO'IKH paAHycoM r, OTCe'leHHOlt KOllH·
'lecKolt nosepxttocThlO A1D 1B 1 (pHc. 300):
N 2cosa. 2nr - pnr2 - Qllt - QP =O,

r¡¡e QlK - sec )i{tt¡¡KOCTH HJIH chl!ly'lero Tena, ttaxo¡¡srnieik!I B p accMaTplt-

BaeMolt '13CTH pesepsyapa; Qp - co6CTBeHllblfi Bec paCCM3TpHll3eMOH qac-
TH pe3epsyapa. Orc10).ta noromrne ycHJIHe
B paccMaTpllBaeMOM kCe'leHHH CTeHKH 6y.zteT

N2 -
-
pr
2 cos a
+ 2nr
QlK + QP
co~ ex '
(16.4)

3Ha!I N 2 , MepHJ.tHOHaJihttoe uopMa.l!bHoe

nanpil)i{eHtte <Im cornacno (16.1) onpe)l,eJIHM
H3 cj¡opMyJJhl

Pttc. 300
a = pr + QlK + QP (16.5)
m 2h cos a 2nrh cos a

TaK KaK sa).taqa onpeAeJJeHH!I nanp!IJKeHHlt B CTeHKax peaepsyapa

pernanach B npe).tnoJioJKeHHH, '!TO nanp!I)i{effll!I no TOJJW.Htte creaKH pac-
npe)l,eJJettbl pasnoMep no, ne 6blJJO neo6XO.lJ.llMOCTH paccMaTpHBaTb reollleT·
PH'leCKYIO H <j>H3H'leCKylO CTOpOHbl sa¡¡aqu, T. e. B npHH!ITOií nocraHoBKe ..,
aa.D.aqa o paC'leTe TOHKOCTeHHblX cocy.ztOB OK333JJ3Cb CT3Ttt'leCKH onpe.v.e• ,,,-~
JJ!!Moií. ,I!:11J:
HopMaJJbHble nanp!IJKeHll!I a1 H ªm• .zteiícTBy!OutHe B nJJo~a.ztKaX, rJ¡e "'"
OTCYTCTBylOT KaC3TeJJhHble Hanp!!lKeHll!I, O'leBH.ztHO, !lllJI!llQTC!I fJlllBHblML
lfro Kacaerc!I rpeTbero rnaanoro nanp!!:lKeHHR, nanpaBJienuoro no Hopara.u '!'·
~ l
I< nosepxllOCTH o60JJO'IKH, TO OllO "ª BllyTpeanelt no11epXHOCTH paBHO p, a • ~~
uapy:lKHOlt - HYJIIO (nptt BHyTpenaeM ¡¡aBJJellHH ) • I1OCKOJlbKY B TOHKoCTeHH!d
'.J\«
'r
OÓOJ!O'IK3X <J¡ = ªt H º2 = (Jm SHa'IHTeJJhHO 6Mbllle p, IIOCJ!e¡¡HHM no cpaBHe- ~ ~

HHIO e <I¡ H ªm npene6pera!OT' T. e. <13 n0Jlaf3IOT paBHblM Hy.l!IO. i.:.

Cne.ztoBaTeJibHO, 6y).teM noJJararb, '!TO MarepHaJI o6oJJo'IKH naxo~-:t'ii
B nJIOCKOM Hll!lp!IJKeHHOM COCTO!IllllH. Ilo9TOMY IIpH pac'!eTe Ha npO'!Hlll:a
8 33BllCHMOCTH OT COCTO!IHH!I MarepaaJia CJle).tyeT nOJlb30H3TbC!I C0011MllP'
creyiouteií reopHeií npo<1noc1H. TaK, no IV TeopHH npoqnocrH fcnoaae
npoqnocTH (6. ¡ 7) 6y.zteT HMeTb BH.zt

(HUI
HHJKe npnse).teHhl pacqernhle <j>opMyJihl .ztJISI pesepsyapoB pasmt!l'IHl:I
cpopM.
Cif>epu..ecKuü 6aAAOH aanMne!I ra3oM, .11asnettae KOToporo pBlJllO P•
1
llo)l,cTaBJJ!l!I B (16.3) Pm = Pt = R; <Jm = <I¡ = <J, HaXOJ.lllM
CJ p
2-=-,
R b
430
 ttJHI cr~ pR.

i
cr = cr1 = = (16. 7)
2h
YcJioBHll npo11HOCTH no 1, 111 H IV. TeopHl!M npo11HoCTH npttBOJll!TCll
1 K TaKoMy:
1
0 sKe IV= PR
2ii <= ¡cr]. (1 6 .8)

Il,UAUHiJpu'leCKUÜ 6aAAOH sanoJIHeH rasoM, .naBJieHHe KOTOporo paBHO

p (pnc. 301). B 9TOM cJiy11ae
Pt = R; Pm = 00 •

f,13 (16.3) H3XOJ{HM

a,= PR
T. (16.9)

HanpmKeHHe crm B cTeHKe 6aJIJIOHa, oT.na·

p-~~4
11eHHOÍÍ OT ero TOpUOB, onpe,ll.eJIHM no <Pop-
MyJie (16.5), noJIO>KHB QlK= QP =O; a= O:

<Jm = ~' (16.10) a

HJJH PHC. 801
1
0
m = 2 °t.
C¡/Jeput1ec1Cui1. peaepoyap (pnc. 302) nanoJIHeH >Kn.nKoCTblO HJIH Cblny·
'IHM TeJIOM e nJIOTHOCTbJO y. B STOM CJiy'lae
Pt = Pm - R: r = R sin <p; H = R (cos <p - cos P)t
J p = yH = yR (cos q> - cos P).
f,13 ypaBHeHHll JianJiaca (16.3) H3XO)IHM
•"
a1 + am = ~= Y:ª (cos <p - cos P). (16.11)

BocnoJib30HaBUIHCb <fx>PMYJIOH (16.5), B KOTOpoA

QlK = yV ABC =y• _!_ rcH~ (3R - He)=-

3
= rc y R3 (1 - cos <p) 2 (2 + cos <p), (16.12)
1 3
' íl{)JJO:lKHH B Heii Qp =o H a= 90° - <p, Haii.neM

0
m-
_ yR 2 [1
h
+ cos <P + cos
3 (1 + cos qi)
2
<p
-
cos
2
P] ' (16.13)
3aTeM ns (16.11) onpe.neJIHM

0
t -
_ yR 2 [2 cos 2 <p + 2 cos <p -
h 3 (1 + cos <p)
1
-
cos
2
P] • (16.14)

MaKcttMaJibHOe HanpmKeHHe 6y.neT B TO'!Ke e, r.ne <p = O:

_ _ yR 2 (1-cosP)
0
mmax - 0
tmax - 2h ' (16.15)
Ha Kparo o6oJJo'IKH, npn <p = p
2 2
ºm (P) = _ 0 (P) = yR 2- cos P- cos P (16.16)
t 6h 1 cos ~ +
431
 C<f>epu<tecKutl Kyno.11 pa.11;nycoM R
H ToJIIIJ;HHoii cTeHKH h nsroTOBJieH
113 '118TepHaJia e nJioTHoctbI-O y (pnc. 303). Bec e,nHHHUbl nJioma.nn o6oJioqKH
q = yh. HopMaJibHaa cocTaBJIHI-OIU8ll
Qn = q cos <p = yh cos <p
HrpaeT poJib .11;8BJ!eHHll, npHJIO)KeHHOro K nosepXHOCTH, H B ypaBHeHHH
JlanJiaca (16.3) cJie,nyeT noJiaraTb p =
-qn, a B ypaBHeHHH (16.5) p O. =
YqHTblsall, qTo Pt = Pm = R, H3 ypasHeHHa JianJiaca Haxo.11;HM

ªm
+
h
º1
= pR = -yR cos <p. (16.17)
•
(lcnoJibSYll <f¡opMyJiy (16.5), B KOTOpoii
Qp = qS ABC = yhS ACB = yh2nR He = yh2nR 2 (1 - cos <p),
o r
ci---'-~

Pnc. 302 Pnc 303

T, e.
QP = 2nyhR2 (1 - cos <p);
r = R sin <p; a= 90° - <p; p =O,
a raKme yqnTb!Ball, qro B ceqennn AB Bec qacrn ACB Bbl3b!BaeT cmaTne,
H8X0.1l;HM
cr = - yR (16.18)
m 1+cos<p

Tor.na ns ypaBHeHHll (16.17) noJiyqaeM

_ R 1- cos <p - cos 2 cp
(Jt - 'V • (16.19)
1 + cos cp

Mepn.11;HoH8JibHbre Hanpa)!{eHHll BCI-OJIY c2KHM8I-Oll(He H Bospacral01'

no Mepe y.11;aJieHHll OT BeplllHHbI KynoJia K KpaI-O. KoJibueBble Hanpll)!{eHHll
B BepxHeii qacrn KynoJia orpnuareJibHble (cmnMaI-OmHe); npH <p = 51° 50'
OHH o6paw;aI-OTCSl B HYJ!b, a npH <p >
51º 50' CT8HOBllTCll paCTSlfHB8I-Ow;H·
MH. I1pHBe)leHHbie pesyJibT8Tbl BepHbI, ecJIH ycrpoiiCTBO KynoJia T8KOBO,
IJTO B HeM Moryr B03HHK8Tb peaKU.HH, H8npaBJieHHb1e no K8CaTeJ!bHOA
K MepH.l(HOH8JlbHOii KpHBoii.

16.2. PacnopHwe Koni.qa a o6ono'IK8X.

EcJIH B HeKoropoM ce1JeHHI! AA 1 o6oJioqKH (pnc. 304) HMeeTcll nepe-
JioM, TO KacareJibHble K MepH.11;l!OH8JlbHOH KpHBOH CJieBa H cnpasa OT roq·
KH A oópasyI-OT Me)!{.l(y co6oii yroJI 180° - (a 1 + a 2). I1oroHHh1e ycHJIHff,
B >13B8HHbie MepH)IHOH8JlbHbI\IH HanplllKeHH5!MH H ºm, ºm.
(p11c. 305) Jl ceqe·
' l
11m1x 88 1 H CC1 , 6ecKoHeqHo 6JIH3KHX K AA 1 (o6pasoBaHHbIX KOHf:lqecKHMll 1
nosepXHOCT5!MH 01BB1 H 02CC¡, HOpM8JlbHb!MH K cpe)IHHHOii noBeplrnOCTll 1

432
oóOJIOqKH), 6y.l{yT paBHbl ªm,h1 H ºm,h2, r.ne h¡ 11 h~ - TOJllIJ;HH8 '13CTeH
o6oJIO'lKH 1 H 2.
l13 yCJIOBHll paBHOBecuH KOJibUa BB 1C1 C HMeeM
cr h1 cos a 1 • 2nr = crm h2 cos CX2 • 2nr,
m, '
crm, h1 cos cx 1 = <Jrn h2 co~
•
CX2.

TaKHM ot5pa3oM, npoeKUHH 3THX ycunuii ua OCb ~t5oJioqKH B3aHMHo ypas-

uoeeurnBa!OTCll. B TO >Ke speMH cyMMa npoeKuHH yKa3aHHhlX ycHJIHH Ha
nnocKoCTb AA 1 (p11c. 306) ¡¡aeT noroHHoe pa¡¡11aJibHoe yc11n11e
q = crm1 h1 sin a1 + ªm h 1 2 sin ª2•
_
(16.20)

P11c. 305

P11c. 304 Puc. 306

A

P11c. 307 P11c. 308 Puc 309

Koropoe MO)KHO paCCMaTpHB3Tb KaK MeCTHY!O uarpysKy, C)KllMa!Ow;yio 060-

JIO'IKY 11 Moryw;yio Bbi3B3Tb B ot5oJioqKe 3Haq11TeJibHblii H3r116.
1ITot5bl yMeHblllllTb 11sr116, B pesepByapax 'l3CTO ycT3H3BJlllB3!0T KOJ!b-
ua mecTKoCTll, llJill pacnopHbie KoJihu,a (p11c. 307), K0Topb1e 11 np111111MaIOT
"ª cet5H pa.l(HaJihHbie yc11JI111T q no cxeMe, np11se¡¡eHHoii ua p11c. 308. B KOJib-
ue B03HllK3!0T TOJ!bKO C)KHM3!01lJ,lle HanpH:l!{eHllll, 11 ycJIOBHe npoqHOCTll
J(Jlll KOJlhU,a npllHHMaeT BH.l(

(16 21)
r ¡¡e RK- pa¡¡uyc cpe.l(HH11oii nosepxHocT11 KOJibUa; F K - nJiow;a~h nonepe'l-
lioro ceqeHHH KOJibUa; q- noroHHall Harpy3Ka, J{eií:CTBYIOw;aH Ha KOJ!bU,O, oPpe-
i<f',JllJE'Ma!l no cjJopMyJie (16.20).
l1Hor,!(a BMeCTO pacnopHoro KOJ!blJ,3 B MecTe H3JioMa C03,!(3IOT MeCTHoe
yroJiw;euue 060JioqK11, 3ar116all KpaH J{Hllw;a pe3epsyapa sttyTpb ot5oJio'l-
KH, HJIH, HanpHMep, TaK, KaK noKa3aHo puc. 309 "ª
4.B
 B Ta6n. 43 npnBe)(eHbl pacqeTHble ctiopMyJibI )(Jlll onpel\eJieHHll HarrpH·
>KeHHÍÍ H nepeMern;eHHii B TOHKOCTeHHbIX oeíoJioqKax.
Ta 6 JI H u a 43. P acqeTHWe cj>opMyJibl )(Jill onpe)(eJieHHll Hanp11JKeHHit
H nepeMern;eHHH B TOHKOCTeHHblX oCíoJioqKaX
p- )(8BJieHHe; q - norOHH8ll Harpy3K8l ºm H ªt -MepH.l(HOH8JlbHOO H OKpylK·
Hoe HopM8JlbHble HanpmKeHHll (noJIOlKHTeJ!bHble npH paCTl!)KeHHH); h - TOJI·
w;HH8 oCíoJioqKn; R - pa)(Hyc cpe.z¡HHttoA nosepxttoCTH e nonepeqttoM ceqeHHH
o6oJioqKH; E, µ, y M - cooTBeTCTBetttto Mo.z¡yJib ynpyrocTH, Ko3c!ic!inuneHT
CTyaccotta H YJ\eJibHblii sec MaTepmwa oCíOJioqKn; w - nepeMew;ettne e nanpaB·
JleHHH HOpM8JIH K nosepXHOCTH (HanpaBJieHHe OT OCH HJIH ueHTpa oeíoJio~H
cqnTaeTCll noJIOlKHTeJibHbIM); y - Y.lleJihHblii sec lKH)(KOCTH.

CxeMa

l
! upepnqecKall o6oJioqKa.
l PaBHOMepnoe BHyTpettnee
¡ A8BJleHHe
'
'
!
¡ pR"
1 w= 2Eií (1 - µ)

1 OjiepnqecKall oCíoJioqKa,
BttyTpenttee )(8BJieHHe p = yR (1 - cosa~.

llOJIHOCTbIO aanonHeHH8ll a<ªº

JKH,D.KOCTbIO H onepT85! no yR;B ( 2 cos 2 a )
KOJihUY pal\nycoM R sin CXo 0
m= ""6k: 1- 1 + cos a
'
1
yR2 ( 2 cos 2 rx )
ºt = 6il 5 - 6 cos (1, +1 + cos (1,
(1,
2
> ªº
yR ( 2 cos" rx )
0
m= ~ 5 + 1 - cosa

yR2 ( 2 cos 2 et )
ºt = ffh 1 - 6 cos rx - 1 - cos a

C$epHqecKHii peaepsyap, BnyTpeHHee )(8BJJeHne p = y R (cos <p - cos ~

H8llOJIH6HHhIH :>KH)(KOCTblO,
l(poMKH csoCío.n.Ho onepThl _ yR 2 [ 1 cos <p
CJm - h
+
+ cos <p)3 (! 2
+ cos2 <p _ cos P]
- yR2 [-1 + 2 cos <p + 2 cos 2 <p - COS·~1;
01 - 11 3 (1 + cos <p) 2
npH <p = 0
yR 1 -cos p
CJm = <1t = h 2 - 0 max

434
 TlpoooAJ1Ce1me ma6A 48

CxeMa <l>OpMyJlbl

llpH <p =~
vR 2 2 -
cos ~ - cos 2 ~
0
m = - 0t = h 6 (1 + cos ~)
HsMenenne paAnyca Kpyra na KOHType
'\'Rª sin~ (! + µ) (2 -cosa - cos2 a)
i\ = - Eh 6 (! +cosa)

OpepHqeCKHH KynoJI noA

¡¡eliCTBHeM co6CTJ!eHHOro 0m =
seca. KpoMKH cBo6oAHO - 1 + cos <p
onepTbl 1 - cos <p - cos 2 <p
ªt = 'VMR 1 + cos <p
C1t = 0 npH <p = 51° 50'
ªt <O npn O < a < 51 º 50'
ªt >O npn a> 51° 50'

QpepHqecKnli Kynon. PaB-

HoMepttoe HOpMaJibHoe AaB· BAaJIH oT KpaeB npn H ~ IOh
neHHe. KpoMKH wapHHpHo
onepTbI Ha ynpyroe KOJibUO. PR
MaTepnanw 06ono1JKH H
0m = 0t = 2h

l
KOJlbU8 OAHHaKOBbl Hanpll:>KeHHll B onopHoM KOJILUe

__ pR2 sin a[( cos a-0,39 ::i~a)

(JK - 2 F +0,39h YRh •
' 1

r¡¡e F - nnoiuaAh ceqeHHll onopHoro KOJibU8

.UJIHHHall UHJIHH.Z{pHqecKal!
06o.110qKa e .zurniuaMH. PaB·
HOMepHoe BHyTpeHHee Jl8B- B,zr.ann oT KpaeB
JieHHe
pR PR
Om = 2h ; 0t =h = 0 max

w= p:; (1- ~)

4lS
 fl pooo11:J1CeHUe ma611. 43

CxeMa

UttRHH¡¡p, sanontteHHWH
»rnJ!KOCTbIO. BepXHHe KpaH
csot5o¡¡Ho onepThl

2R
m
- ~-- yHR y (H-x) R
h -
-
-1-- - Om = 2fl; ºt = h

-
~-
"' -
!! _¡
'
-
!
•1
1 l' ,[{RHHHall KOHH'IeCK3ll 060-
RO'IKS. PasHoMepHoe BHYT-

'' . penHee J{asneHHe

B¡¡ann oT Kpael!
px tg a px tg a
1 0m = 2h 0t = h

1 W=
3px2 tg2 a
4hE
•
1
l

i'
''
- '"
1
1
KoHH'IecKall ot5ono'IKa
no.11 .11eikTBHeM cot5CTBeH- B¡¡ann oT Kpaes
HOro seca. Kpall CHo6o.11- i'M x sin 2 a
HO onepTbl
cosa
Pa.l{H3RbHoe nepeMew;ettne Kpal! (x = /)

'YM[2 ( µ )
~ = E tg a sin 2 a - 2

Optt sin a= V~ i\ = O

436
 TI po80.M1Ce1tue ma6A. 4,¡

KoHu'IecKall ot50Jio'IK8, IlOJI·

HOCTblO H8fiOJIHeHH811
lKii;lKOCTbIO. Kpal! cooCío.n·
"\'X tg a (H- f X) •
<Im = 2h cosa
110 onepTbl
yx tg a
<It= hcosa (H-x)
3yH2 tg a 3
CJm
max - 16h cosa
npu x = -
4 H
yH2 tga. H
crtrnax -- 4h cos a npu X= -
2
113MeHeHHe pa,nuyca Kpyra Ha KOHType
yHs tg2 a
i\ = -µ 6hEcos a

Hanpl!meHHll B ,nHuw,e

1' tg a ( 2 )
CJm = 2h cos a H +H 1t - 3 x X

yx tg a
0t = h cosa (H +H K- x)
HK
EcJIH H >3 , To

llHJIHH,npHqecKaH oCíOJioqKa
e KOHH'IeCKHM ,llHHIIl.eM,
"\' !g a (
0mmax= 2hcosa H+3 HK npu X=HK
H«)
SJflOJrHeHH8H )KH,llKOCTblO
HK
ECJIH H < 3• TO

h -·- 0 mmax
3y tg a
= l 6h cosa ( H +H K)
2

- -·- -
npu
3
x = 4 (H + HK)
EcJiu H:;;.. HK' TO
1' !g a
0 tmax = 4 cosa (H +H K)2

H+HK
npu x= 2
EcJIH H < H K' TO
1' tg a
(J -
tmax - h cosa

437
 n poiJo.ll:JICeflue ma6/I. 43

CxeMa

Han p SI:lKeHHH B AHHw;e

yR [ x(3R- x)]
ll.HJIHHApH'IeCKaff OÓOJIO'IK8 ªm = 2h H + He - x + 3 (2R - x)
co ccjJepH'IeCKHM AHHIIJ;eM,
sanOJIHeHHa!l :llrn.llKOCTblO yR
ªmmax = 2h (H + He) npH X= O

yR [ x (3R - x) ]

•
-1--
-- - --
- --
ªt = 2h H + He -
yR
x- 3 (2R - x)

ªtmax = 2h (H + He> npH X= o

)J.JJsr noJiyc<!JepH'IeCKoro ¡:¡HHw;a (He= R)

\ yR
t ªm rnall = ª1 max = 2h (H + R) npn x =O

1 1
¡
1
pR 2a +
R sin <P
Um= 2h a+Rsinq>

Toposasr oCíOJio'IKa. PasHo· pR(2a- R)

11epHoe BHyTpeHHee AaBJie· 0 mmall - 2h (a - R) npn <p = -'lt/2
RHe
1
pR t
ªt = 2h
r
w
pR2
""'2Eii R [a c1 - 2µ) + (I - µ) cos qi
]
3Ha'IeHHff <1m H ªt )IOCTaTO'lHO TO'!Hbl

npH a :;;.. (2 - 3) R
 rnABA 17

PAC4ET KOHCTPYKU,HA
no nPEAEnbHblM COCTOllHHllM

17.1. OCHOBHWe nOHRTMR o npeAeni.HOM COCTORHMM

I1pHBe,!(eHHble Bblllle MeTo.l(HKH p8C'IeT8 "ª npo'IHOCTb CTep:itrneA, 6a·

JIOK H KOHCTpyKUHH 6bIJIH OCHOBaHbI "ª oueHKe npo'IHOCTH MaTepHaJJa
s onacHoil TO'!Ke, T. e. nposo¡¡HJJCH pacqeT no oonycKaeMblM HanpRJteeHURM.
OnaCHblM, HJIH npe¡¡eJibHbIM, COCTOl!HHeM KOHCTPYKUHH C'IHT8JIOCb T8Koe
ee COCTOl!HHe, npH KOTOpOM HaH60JibIJJee MeCTHOe HanpH:lKeHHe J(OCTHraJJO
onaCHOH BeJIH'lHHbl - npe¡¡eJia TeKy'leCTH (AJil! nJiaCTH'IHoro MaTepHaJia)
HJJH speMeHHoro conpoTHBJieHHH (AJIH xpynKoro MaTepHaJia). CocToHHHe
sceil OCTaJibHOH M8CCbl MaTepHaJia BO BHHM8HHe He npHHHMaJIOCb.
B To :>Ke speM11 npH HepaBHoMepHOM pacnpe¡¡eJieHHH HanpH:>KeHH1°',
HanpHMep npH H3rH6e, Kpy'leHHH, B CT8TH'leCKH Heonpe,l\eJIHMblX KOHCTpy1;-
u1rnx, H3roTOBJ!eHHblX H3 nJiaCTH'lHblX M8TepH8JIOB, IlOllBJieHHe MeCTHblX
Hanpn:>KeHHH, paBHblX npe¡¡eJiy TeKyqecTH, B 60J!bUIHHCTBe cJiyqaes He
l!BJIHeTCll onacHbIM .l(Jlll sceil KOllCTPYKUHH B ueJioM.
B CBH3H e 9THM B03HHKJI8 Heo6xo¡¡HMOCTb B oueHKe npo'IHOCTH KOH·
CTPYKUHH no ee npe.l(eJibHOMy COCTOl!HHIO.
flon npeoeAbHblM cocmoHHUeM 1C0Hcmpy1C11¡uu noHUMa/Qm maKOe ee co-
cmoRHue, npu 1ComopoM OHa mepHem cnoco6Hocmb conpomue¡¡HmbCH BHetu-
HUM IJ03oeücmeuRM u¡¡u nepecmaem yooe¡¡emeopHmb npeo7>fl8AHeM11tM " Hetl
aKcnAyama4uoHHblM mpe6oeatWRM.
Pa3JIH'IalOT TpH BH,!(a npe.l(eJibHblX COCTOHHHii: a) no Hecyw.eü cnoco6-
HOCmU (npo'IHOCTH, ycToil'IHBOCTH H ycTaJioCTH). I1pH ¡¡oCTH:>KeHHH 9Toro
COCTOHHHll KOHCTPYKUH!I Tep!leT cnoco6HOCTb conpoTHBJIS!TbCll BHeUIHHM
B03,!(eilcTBHl!M HJIH noJiyqaeT TaKHe OCT8TO'IHbie H3MeHeHHH, npH KOTOpblX
OH8 nepecTaeT YAOBJieTBopl!Tb npe.l('bl!BJ!l!eMbIM K Heil 9KCnJiy8T8UHOHHblM
Tpe6osaHHSIM; 6) no paaBUmUto 'lpeBMepHblX oe<f>opMa4UÜ OT CT8TH'IeCKHX
HJIH .l(HH8MH'IeCKHX H8rpy3oK, npH KOTOpblX B KOHCTpYKUHH, coxpaH!I·
IOw;eii npo'IHOCT b H ycTOH'IHBOCTb, IlOllBJ!l!IOTCll Heo6paTHMble .l(ec¡iopMa UHH
1

HJIH KoJie6aHHll qpeaMepHoii aMílJIHTY.l(bl, T8K 'ITO KoHCTPYKUHll nepecTaer •l 1

YAOBJ!eTsopl!Tb npe.l('hl!BJ!l!eMbIM K Heii 9KCnJiy8T8UHOHHblM Tpe60B8HHm1;

B) no o6pa308QHU/O u paseumuto mpeW¡UHbl, KOr)J.a B KOHCTPYKUHH, coxpa-
HHIOIIJ;eii npo'IHOCTb H ycToH'IHBOCTh, nol!BJillIOTCll KpynHble Tpew;HHbl,
BCJie,!(CTBHe qero ,!(8JlhHei!Uial! 9KCilJIY8T8UHll KOHCTPYKUHH CT8HOBHTCH He-
B03MO:>KHOH (noTepl! rpe6yeMoi1 BO,!(OHenpoHHuaeMoCTH, onaCHOCTb Kop·
p03HH H3·38 noape:>K,!(eHHll OT.l(eJio'IHOfO CJ!Oll H T. n.).
Mero.l(w pac'IeToB no npe.l(eJihHh1M cocTol!HHl!M UIHpoKo npHMeHHIOTCll
npH npoeKTHpOB8HHH CTpOHTeJihHb!X KOHCTPYKUHii H Il03BOJ!l!IOT BCKpblTb
pe3epBb1 npo'IHOCTH, He HCilOJlb3yeMble npH pac11eTaX no .l(OnycKaeMhlM H8·
npmKeHHllM, H yMeHhUIHTb Bec KOHCTpyKUHH.
HH:>Ke paCCMoTpeHbl HeKoTopble npHMeph1 pacqeTa no npe,ll,eJihHblll
Harpy3K8M KOHCTpyKuHii, H3roToBJieHHbIX HS IlJl8CTH'IHblX M8TepHaJioB,
HMeIOw;HX nJiow;a.l(Ky TeKy'IeCTH Ha .l(Harp8MM8X paCTH:>KeHHl!' C:>K8 THSI
H 'IHCTOfO C.l(BHI'8, C ueJiblO ynpow;eHHll pac'IeTOB ,llH8rp8MMbl THna npHBe-
J(ef!HOH H8 pHC. 310 cxeMaTH3HpyIOTC!I TaKHM ol5pa30M, 'ITO y'laCTOK np11-
MOH, Bblp8:>K810w;Hii 38KOH fyKa, Henocpe.l(CTBeHHO nepeXO.l(HT B ropH30H•

~
., 1
439
1
"'1 • 1
1,
,1
~
' 1
 TaJ!bHYIO npl!MYIO 6e3 nJiaBHoro nepexo¡¡a (pHC. 311) . .3THM caMhIM npH·
HHM8eTCll paBeHCTBO Me)K)l.y npe¡¡eJiaMH nponopu,HoHaJibHOCTH H TeKy•ie·
CTH. Jl.JIHHa ropH30HTaJibHOfO y'laCTKa ¡¡HarpaMMbl He orpaHH'IHBaercH,
T. e. MaTepHaJI C'IHTaeTCll H¡¡eaJibHO nJiaCTH'IHblM, He ynpo'IHl!IOIIJ.HMCl!.
TaKaH ¡¡HarpaMMa Ha3hJBaeTCH auaepaMMOÜ n pa1-t8m1111,.
3aMeHa peaJibHblX J(HarpaMM cxeM8TH3HpoaaHHOH ¡¡narpaMMOH I1paHJ(·
TJill npHeMJieMa J(JIH MaTepHaJIOB THna aJIIOMHHHll H BilOJIHe ¡¡onycTHMa )l.JIH
MaTepHaJIOB, HMelOIIJ.HX ¡¡narpaMMbl e orpaHH'leHHoi! J(JIHHOH nnom.a.n.1rn
1
TeKy'leCTH (pHC. 312).
i I1pe.n.eJibHOe COCTOHHHe KOHCTpyKUHH, onpe)l.eJil!eMoe 3Ha'IHTeJibHOH
J nnaCTH'leCKOH ¡¡e<jlopMauHeH, HaCTynHT B Ha'laJie ynpo'IHeHHll MaTepHaJia,
11 H npe¡¡eJihHall HarpysKa MO)KeT 6bJTh Bhl'IHCJieHa no npe¡¡eny TeKyqecn1 •
.Ll.Jill CJIO)KHOro Hanpl!)KeHHoro COCTOHHHll cyw.eCTBYIOT pa3JIH'1Hhle
reopHH nepexo¡¡a MaTepnana s nnaCTH'IHoe cocTOl!HHe. Han6onee npocro

6
6
..

Pnc. 310 Pttc. 311 Pnc. 312 ,

pac'leTbl BhlnonHllIOTCll npH HCnoJih3osaHHH TeopHH nnacTH'IHOCTH CeH·
BettaHa, cornaCHO KOTopoi{ nnaCTH'IHOe COCTOl!HHe MaTepHaJia npH C.lrO)K·
HOM Hanpl!>KeHHOM COCTOl!HHH HacTynaeT Tor.na, Kor.na HaH60.lrblllHe Kaca-
Te.lrbHble nanpHmeHHll .nocTHraIOT npe.nenbHoro sHa'leHHll - npe,nena Te-
KyqecTH npH C,llBHfi
(17.1) '~

Hcxo.zv1 ns H3JIO)KeHHb!X Bb!Uie noJio)KeHHA, paccMoTpHM HeKoTopb!e ,

xapaKTepHble CJiy'laH pacqeTa no npe,neJihHOMY COCTOl!HHIO.

t7.2. Pac'1eTb1 npH pactsnKeHHH " c>KatHH

I1pH paCTl!)KeHHH H C)KaTHH Hanpl!)KeHHll pacnpe¡¡eJil!IOTCll pasHOMep•

Ho no nnom.a¡¡H nonepeqHoro ce'leHHll CTep)KHll. I1osToMy pacqeThl Ha
npO'IHOCTb CTaTH'leCKH onpe,neJIHMbIX CHCTeM no .nonycKaeMoMy Hanpl!)Ke•
HHIO H no n pe)l,eJibHOMY COCTOl!HHIO .naIOT O,l{HH H TOT )Re pe3yJihTaT. B CJIY·
qae CTaTH'leCKH Heonpe¡¡eJIHMbIX CHCTeM pesyJihTaTbl pac'leToB 6y.nyT pa3·
JIH'IHhl • .3To nerKo noKa3aTh Ha npHMepe pacqeTa na paCTl!)KeHHe Tpex·
CTep)KHeBOH no.nsecKH (pHC. 313), Harpy)KeHHOH CHJIOH p. I1now.a.nH
nonepe'IHhIX ce'leHHa F cTep)KHea o.l{HHaK0Bh1; MaTepnan nnacTH'IHbIA e
npe.nenoM TeKyqecTH crT.
I1pH pacqeTe paccMaTpHsaeMOH OJ(HH pa3 CTaTH'leCKH Heonpe¡¡eJIHMOA
CHCTeMbI no .nonycKaeMoMy nanpll)KeHHIO cornacHo ,naHHhIM pas.nena 7.3
npn F1 = F2 = F
p
Ni= 1 + 2 cosª rx; <17 ·2>
cos 2 rx
(17.3)
N2 = N3 = +
1 2 cos 3 rx p ·

440
 Ü'ICBHJJ.HO, acer.l(a N 1 >
N 2 = N 3 , T. e. 60J1b111ee ycHJIHe B03HllhafT
Bcpe)l.HeM cTep)lrne. CJieJ].OBaTeJibHO, B cpeJ].HeM CTep)lrne 6yJJ.eT H H3HÓOJib·
wee HanpH)KettHe
N1 1 P
0 max = F = 1 + 2 cos3 a F ' {17 .4)

3anac npO'IHOCTH npH 910M 6yJ].eT

1 + 2pcosª a FaT. (17 .5)

CTpll pac'leTe paccMaTptteaeMoií: noJJ.eecKH no npeae11bftoMY cocmosmu10

ycHJille B cpeJJ.HeM CTep)KHC npll noJIBJieHHH B ueM nJiaCTH'ICCKOil: .ne<t>OpMa-
UIIH 6y JJ.CT
N 1T = FaT (17.6)

DpH 9TOM corJiaCHO (17.2) BHClliHHH 8

uarpysKa
P1T = (I + 2 coss a.) FaT, (17. 7)
r
/{¡
a ycHJIHH a Kpail:HJIX crep1KHHX pac-
cMaTpHBaeMoií: CHCTCMbl, npeepaTHB· X
111eií:cH B cTaTH'leCKH onpeJ].eJIHMyJO
p p
CIICTeMy, 6y Jl.YT
P-FIJT
N 2 =N 8 = (17.8) Pttc 313
2 cosa.

HecyIUaH cnoco61IoCTb KOHCTPYKUHH BhIJJ.epJKaTb uarpysKy P > P 1T

6yJJ.eT HC'lepnaJia, KOfJ].3 HanpH)KCHIIH B KpaHHHX crep)KHHX JJ.OCTHíHYT
npeJJ.eJia TeKy'leCTH, a COOTBeTcTBYIOIU31l 9TOMY MOMCHTy Harpy3Ka corJiac-
HO (17.8) 6yJJ.eT TaKofi:
Pnp - FaT
N2=Na=FaT= 2cosa.
OTKy,¡¡;a
P np = (1 + 2 cosa) FaT. (17 .9)
3anac npo'IHOCTH nptt pac'leTe no npeJJ.eJibHOMY COCTOHHIIIO
Pnp (1 + 2 cos a) FaT (17 .10)
nnp=p= p •

l1s (17 .5) JI (17.10) Bll,IJ.Ho, 'ITO nnp

conocraBJieHJIH nT' Hanp11Mep, npH>
a= 30º OTHOll!eHJie nnp/nT = 1, 19. TaKIIM o6pasoM, pac'leT no npe,D;eJihHOMY
COCTOHHIIIO n03BOJIHJI BblHBHTb CKpb!TblH sanac npO'llIOCTII KOHcTPYKUHII.

f7.3. Pac'leT npK Kpy'leHKK

Dpll KPY'liHHII crep)KHeií: cnJ10111Horo KpyrJioro ce'leHHll KacaTeJibH1, e
¡¡anpH)KeHHR B ynpyroil: OCíJiaCTH Ha paCCTOHHHH p OT ueHrpa Ce'!eHHS
(pile. 314) onpe,D;eJIHJOTCH no cpopMyJie (9.7):

MKpP
Tp = J ' (17.11)
o

441
 MaKellMaJibHble HanpsDKeHllH no cpOpMyJie (9.8):

MKP
T max-
--• Wp (17.12)

Onaettoe eoeTOHHlle eTep>KHH npll pae'!eTe Ha Kpyqettlle no )J.OnyeKa·

eMblM Han pH>KeHH HM on pe.l(eJIHeTeH nOHBJiellHeM nJiaeTll<!eeKllX .lJ.e<f>OpMa·
Ullil. B KpaiíHllX BOJIOKttax, KOr)J.a KPYTHUJ,lli\ MOMellT
MKp=MT=tTWp. (17.13)
CTpll 9TOM eTep>KeHb eoxpatt11T enoeot'íttOeTb soenpllttllMaTb so3paeTa·
101.l\llH Kpynn.1.¡llH MOMellT Bel!e)J.eTBlle pOCTa llanpH>KeHllH )J.0 ypOBllH npe-
)J.eJia TeKytiecTll TT (pile. 315) s TO•IKax, Jie>Kau¡Hx 6Jill>Ke K ueHTpy ceqe-
HHH (pile. 316, a).

.___ ___,_i'

Pile. 314 Pne. 315

a
Pile. 316

Dpll paeqeTe no npe)J.eJibHOMy eOeTOHHlllO, npll KOTOpOM nJiaeTll'leeKlle

JJ.ecpopMaU.Hll paenpe)J.eJiellbl no sceMy ee<!eHlllO (pile. 316, 6), KpyTH!l\Hil
MOMeHT (pile. 316, 6)

MIIP = ¡ p
d/2
dFtT = TT • 211. J pi dp (17.14)

HJill
rus (17.15)
Mnp = TT """'12 •
BeJIH'lllHa
11.d3
12 = Wp(n.11) (17.16)

Ha3bleaercll: n11acmu1tecKUM MOMeHmoM conpomue11eHu11 npu Kpy1teHuu.

TorJJ.a
(17.17)

442
l¡
l
l
J
 ÜTHOUJeHHe npe.l(eJibHOro MOMeHTa M np K MOMeHTY MT, onpe.l(eJJHeMo-
MY no cjlopMyJie (17.13), 6y.l(eT

Mnp Wp(nn) rcd 3 • 16 4

MT = WP - 12rcd3 = 3 '
llJ!ll

TaKOB CKpblTblil' 3anac npOTIHOCTH cKpY·

TJHBaeMoro KpyrJioro CTep:lKHH, KOTOpblH o6Ha-
PY:lKHBaeTCH npH nepexo.n.e oT pac'!eTa no
.n.onycKaeMblM Hanpll:iKeHHll:M K pacTJeTy no
npe.n.eJibHOMy COCTOHllHIO.
B cJiyqae CTaTH'leCKH tteonpeJJ.eJJHMoll' CH·
CTeMbl, npHBe.l(eHHOH Ha PHC. 317' a, 6, e,
sanac npO<!HOCTH np11 pac'!eTe no npeJJ.eJI h·
HOMy COCTOHHHIO OKa3blBaeTCH B 1, 78 pasa
6oJibwe aanaca npo'IHOCTH, noJiyqaeMoro
npH pac'!eTe no JJ.onycKaeMbIM ttanpll::lKeHHll:M.

8
t7.4. Pac11e1 npK KlrN&e Pile. 317
CTp11 11sr116e HOpMaJibHble 11anpll::iKeHllll: no BbICOTe ceTJeHHH pacnpeJJ.e-
l!eHbl HepaBHOMepHO (pHC. 318, a) H Ha paCCTOll:HHH y OT 11eihpaJibHOil JIH·
llH H onpeJJ.eJIHIOTCll: no cjlOpMy JI e Has be ( 10.6):

IJnpyeoi/ b
a ó JOHO (J

Pile. 318

MaKCHMaJibHble Hanpll::lKeHHll: Ha KpalO ce'!eHllll:

M
ªmax = W 1

TJJ.e W - ocesoll' MOMeHT conporllBJieHHll: nJion¡aJJ.H nonepe•rnoro ceqeHllH

6aJIKH, KOTOpblH, HanpttMep, )l.Jlll: 6aJIKH npll:MOyroJibHOrO ceqeHHH umptt·
Hoii b 11 BblCOToit h 6yJJ.eT
 1

'
J

Onactta¡¡ BeJiuquHa usru6a10mero MOMeHTa nptt pacqeTe no JJ.OnycKae· J

Alb!M HanpmKeHHHM 6y)l.eT (ecJIH npe)l.eJibl TeKyqeCTII npll pacTH:H<:eHHH
H CM3THH O)l.HHaKOBhl)

(17 18)

npu 9TOM (ÍaJIKa cnoco6Ha BOCHpllHHM3Tb B03pacTa!Omttll' H3ftt6a!OUJ,HA

MOMeHT no Mepe yaeJIJI•1ettHH ttaru6a10mero MOMeHTa no cpasHettmo e M 11
nJiacrtt'leCKoe cocroHtttte MarepttaJia pacnpocrpaHHeTCH B HanpasJieHHII
tteihpaJibHOl\: OCH (pHC. 318, 6), BnJIOTb JJ.O noJIHoro HC'lepnaHHH Hecymeü
cnoco6ttOCTH 6aJIKH. Ilpe.l(eJibHOe COCTOHHHe uacTynHT TOf)l.3, KOf)l.a TeKy-
qecTb pacnpocrpaHH.TCl'I no aceMy nonepeqHOMY ceqeHHIO (puc. 318, e),
nocJie qero )l.aJibHeHIIIa11 JJ.e«t>opMaUII!I 6aJIKII 6yJJ.eT npoucxo)l.JITb 6es yse-
m1qett1IH uaru6a10mero MOMeHra B paccMarpttsaeMOM nonepe'IHOM ce'leHIIH
06pa3yercH raK Ha3hlsaeMhlH nAacmuttecKua wapHup, KOTOpmll' nepeJJ.aeT
lt3fH(ÍaJOIUHJl' MOMeHT, paBHhlH npe)l.eJibHOMY ll3rll6aJOUJ,eMy MOMeHTy,
on pe.l{eJIHeMOMY .l\JIH Ce'leHHH, CHMMeTpllTJHOíO OTIIOCIITeJibHO HeJl'rpaJib•
HOH OCH, no qiopMyJie

Mnp = JcrTy
F
dF = oT • 2
F/2
j y dF = º"' · 2Smax• (17.19)

rJle Smax - craTH'IOCKHÜ MOMeHT nJIOUJ,aJJ.ll nOJIOBHllbl nonepeTIHoro ce'leHJill

OTllOCHTeJlbHO Hei'irpaJibROH OCII.
BeJitt'IHHY 2Smax npHHHTO HaSbllll!Tb nAacmuttecKUM MOMeHmoM conpo-
mueAeHUJI npll usm6e H o6osHaqarb W nn• Tor,¡:¡a

(17.20)
ÜTHOWeHlle

(17 .21)

xapaKrepttsyer crenettb yseJIII'!eHHH sanaca npoTJHOcTII 6aJIKH npu nepe-

xone K pac'lery no npe)l.eJibHhlM llarpyaKaM. B cJiyqae 6aJIKII npRMoyroJib·
l!OfO Ce'leHIIH
bh'
wnn 4
J w = bh2 = 1,5,
'• 6
¡

wnn
Dm1 JJ.ByTaapOBbIX npOK8THbIX 6aJioK B cpen.HeM w = 1,18.
B ra6JI. 44 cset{eHb! pac'leTHbJe «t>opMyJibl )l.JIH onpen.eJieHHH nJiaCTII'lll"
CKH X MOMeHTOB conpOTHBJieHHH .l\Jl!l HeKOTOphlX ceqeHHH (ÍaJIOK.

444
T d 6 JI JI u a 44. nnaCTJI'lecKHe MOMeHTbl ronpoTHBJJeHIUI /IJIJI HeKOTOfblX
et 'le Hnii 6anoK

CT.nacrnqecKne MOMeHTbl co11poTHBJJeHH>1

bh 2
wn.n =--¡-; wnJI = l,5117x

wnJI =

bh 2
W nn = l f (2 - V2) ""0,0977bh 2 ; W nn"" 2,36W 1'

-d3
W n.n = 6 , W nn = l ,7W1'

445
 llpoao11J1Ce11.ue ma611. 44

CTnacTH4ecK11e MOMeHTbl conponmne1m~

Wnn -- >; •
~ "'

1
1

1
 r Jl ABA 18

YCTOA"IHBOCTb CH<J. TbfX CTEPH<HEA

f8.f. YctOii'IKBOe " Heycroii'IKBoe ynpyroe paaHoaecKe

B CJICTeMe, H3XOJJ.Hmeií:CH B JJ.e«t>opMJipOB3HHOM COCTOHJIJIH, paBHOBeCHe

Me)l<JlY BHeWHHMH uarpy3KaMH H Bbl3bIBaeMblMH HMH BHyTpeuu.HMH CJI-
JiaMJI YnpyrocTH MO)KeT 6bITb ue TOJibKO ycTOIÍ'!HBbIM, uo H ueycroH'!HBbIM.
Y npyroe paauoeecHe ycmoü<tueo, eCJIH P=P. P>P.
;¡ecjlopMHpoeauuoe TeJio npH mo6oM MaJIOM P<l{p ~P ""
OTKJ!OHeHHH OT COCTOHHHH paBHOBecm1 CTpe-
MHTCH B03Bp3THTbCH K nepBOH3'!3JlbHOMY CO-
CTOHHHIO H B03BpamaeTCH K tteMy nocJie yaa- / 1
JieHHH aueurnero B03JJ.eií:cTBHH, uapymHBIIJero 1 \
nepBOHaqaJlbHOe paBHOBecHOe COCTOHHJie. 1 1
Ynpyroe paBHOBeeJI.e H~YCTOH'!JIOO, ecJIH JJ.e- \ 1
~opMHpOeasuoe TPJIO, 6yJJ.y'!JI BblBe)J.eHO H3 \ J
uero KaKHM-J1H60 B03;l!.eikTBHeM, npoJJ.OJI)KaeT
)J.ecjJOpMHpOB3TbC!I B uanpaBJieHJIJI Bb13B3H-
HOro OTKJIOHeHJill H nocJie npeKpa.w;eHJill B03- aó 8 1¡
JJ.eHCTBHH B JICXOJJ.HOe COCTOllHJie ge B03Bpa-
Pttc. 319
1

maeTCH, MeJKAY 9TJIMJI JJ.BYMH COCTOHHHHMJI

paBHOBeCHH lf8XO,!IHTCH rrepexoJJ.HOe COCTO}{- 1
HHe, H33blB8eMOe KpUmU'l:ec1au1. CT pJI KpHTHqeCKOM COCTOHHHJI )J.ecjlopMH• 1

poaauttoe reJ10 uaxoJJ.rrTc!I B 6eapa3JIHTJHOM paeuoeecHrr: ouo MOJKeT coxpa-

llHTb nepBOHa'!aJlbHO npHJ{3HHYIO eMy ~opMy, HO MO}!(eT H noTepHTb ee OT
caMoro ue3Ha'!HTeJibHOfO B03JJ.eHCTBHH.
Ycroií:'!JIBOCTb ~opMbl pasuoBeCJIH JJ.e~opMHpoeauaoro reJia saBHCJIT
OT BeJIJI'!HHbl npHJIO)KeHHOH K HeMy JiarpyaKH. Haepy3Ka, npeebtmenue
Komopoü ebl8bUJaem nomep1<> ycmoú11ueocmu nepeona•taAbHOÜ cfJopMw meAa,
naableaemca Kpumu1tecKoú naepya1roa u o6osna11aemca <1epea PKp'
Ha pJIC, 319, a, 6, 11 noKa3aHbl B03MOlKHble CJ1y1JaJI JJ.e«1>opMJipoBaHJI!I
CTep)KHH B 38.BJICJIMOCTJI OT C)l{JIMaIOmeií: uarpy3KH: nprr p < p KP «t>oPMa
paBHOBeCII!I OCTaeTCll ycTOH'!JIBOH (Ha pJIC. 319, a); npH p = p Kp - COCTOH-
HHe óespa3JIJI'!HOro paBHOBeCHH, KOfJJ.a crep)KeHb MO)KeT saHJIMaTb OJJ.HO JI3
rpex nOKa38.HHblX cnJioIIJHoií: JI IIITPHXOBblMJI JIJIHHllMJI noJio)KeHJIH (pJIC, 319, 6);
'
1 1
npH p >p KP CTepMeHb TepHeT ycroii'lJIBOCTb, Bblny'!JIBaerc11, T, e. npHMO•
1IHHeiiua11 qiopMa paBHOBeCJIH nepecraeT 6b1Tb ycroií:1J11ooií: (puc. 319, e).
ll:oCTJIMeHHe Harpy3K3MJI KPJITH'!eCKJIX 3Ha'!eHJIH paBROCHJlbHO pas-
pyweHJIIO KOHCTpyKUJIH, raK K3K ueyCTOH'IJIBaH ~opMa paBHOSeCJIH HeMJI-
uyeMo óyJJ.er yrpaqeua, llTO rrpaKTHTJecxH cs11saao e tteorpaHH'leHHbIM poc-
T0'.1 JJ.e«t>opMaUJIJI H aarrp!!)KettJiif. PaapyIIIeuHe o6bitJHO npoHCXOJJ.JIT BHe-
ªª""º or JI3rR6a JI nprr MaJiblX 3HalleHJIHX C)KHMatow,Jix uanpHH!.eHJIA,
Koraa npO'IHOCTb 9JleMeHTa na CMaTHe ew.e JJ.aneKo ue HC'lepnaJia. ll:JIH
o6ecneqeHJIH onpeJJ.eJieHHOro 3anaca y<:TOHllHBOCTH He06XOJ].HMO, 'ITOÓbl
YtlüBJieTaopHJIOcb ycJIOBHe 1
1
p <'. [P), ( 18 1) 1

447 1

l
 1
rJJ.e P - JJ.eikrsyIOmaH uarpysKa; [PI - .l(onycKaeMaH HarpysKa, xoro·
paH npll K09cjlcjmn.Jieure sarraca ycroif'llIBOCTII ny orrpeJJ.eJrnercH TaK:
t
h
l [P) = -
PJCP
ny
· (18.2) 1
TaKJIM o6pa30M, npll pacqere ynpyrnx CIICTeM (B '!acruocTII, raKIIX
THllH'IHh!X CHCTeM, KaKIIMH HBJIHIOTCH C:lKaTbie crep:lKHII) "ª
ycTOH'llIBOCTb
npem:.l(e BCero He06XO.l(HMO orrpe)l.eJIIITb BeJIH'IHHY KPIITlllleCKOÜ CIIJibl p Kp•
HmKe paccMorpuM oCHOBHble cjlopMyJihI JJ.JIH orrpeJJ.eJieHIIH KpllTJiqe.
CKHX HarpysoK rrpll C)l'3THII ,ll.JIIIHHOro TOHKoro CTep:lKHH HJIII npll raK lla•
SblBaeMOM npoOOAbHOM U3eU6e.

tB.2. Cl>opMyna :=.Anepa An• onpeAeneHHR KpHTH'leCKOÑ

Hltrpy3KK C>KltTOro Ctep>KHR

TipeJJ.rro.iaraH, llTO KpllTlllleCKall CJIJia PKp Jie Bhl3b!Baer B crep»rne lla-

npH:lKeHllfi, rrpeBblIIJ310ll.l.IIX npe.l(eJI rrponopUIIOHaJibllOCTII, JI 'ITO HMelOT
Mecro TOJibKO MaJible OTKJIOHeHIIH or npHMOJilllleHHOH cjlopMbl, SHa'leJine
KpllTlllleCKOH CIIJibl p Kp Jl.JIH c:maroro crep:lKHH )1JIIIHOH l, saKpenJieHHOro
no cxeMe, rrp1rne.l(euuolt "ª
pile 320, a, Mo:mllo orrpeJJ.eJIJITh ll3 cJie,n.y10m.e-
ro rrpll6JIJI:iKeuuoro J11Icjlcjlepeuu1IaJibHoro ypas-
z ueJIJIH ll30fHyroit OCH 6aJIKII (p33)l.eJI 10.5):
z p d2w (z)
EJ mln dz2 = M (z),
1
f.ll.e E - MOJJ.YJih ynpyrocrll MaTepnaJia crep:lKHll
1-\"i•
1 rrpH paCTH:lKeHllll; Jmin - H31IMellbIIJIIA MOMeH1"
ji llllepullll ceqeuJIH crep:lKIIH (npll norepe tycroll:
W(Z} t¡JIBOCTII nporll6 npOII30Ü)l.eT nepneH)l.IIKYJIHpH
K ocJI uallMeHbIIIeA :iKeCrKocrH); M (z} - ll3fH
6a10m1Ii\ MOMeHr:
w o M (z) = -Pw.
.. oo
TioJJ.craBIIB (18.4) B (18.3), noJiy'IJIM
a o d2 w
Pile 320 EJ mln dz2 + Pw =O,
IIJIII
d2w
dz2 + k2w =O,
r ,ll.e
PKp
EJmln

PeIIIeHJieM noJiylleuuoro OJJ.HOpoJJ.uoro JJ.llcjlcjJepeuuJiaJibHOíO ypaBH&o _

HHH (18.5) 6y.l(er
w = Asin kz + B cos kz,
rJJ.e A JI B - rrocroHHHhie llurerpupoBaHHH - orrpeJJ.eJIHIOTCH JI3 rpaHJI'l•
tthlX ycJIOBIIA B 'lacruocrll, JJ.JI5! cJiy'laH IIJapllllpuoro aaKpenJieJIIIH KoH·
uos cm:aroro crep:muH (pile. 320, a) rpaHllllHh1e ¡ycJioBIIH JIMelOT Blltl

' w {z) lz=o=O, w (z) \z=I = O

~'
\ 40 1
'''
H:. nep110ro rpaHeqnoro-ycnosnR cneayeT, qTo B ... O, no9TOMY
w (z) = A sin kz. (18 7)

HJ aroporo ycnoaes nonyqaeM

A sin kl ... O.
TaK Katt
A .p O,
to
sin kl =O. (18 8)
KopeHh 9TOro ypaanenes kl MO:lKeT nMeTh 6ecKoneqttoe qncno snaqennA:
O. n, 2n, ... , nn, T. e.
kl = nn,
rJle n - nponssoJ11>noe uenoe qncno.
Qqesn,llno, nepshlA KopeHb kl = o AOJDKen 6b1Th OT6powen, TIK KaK
ou ne cooTBeTCTsyeT ncxo,llnblM AanH'hlM SaAaqn, TaKnM o6pasoM,
(18.9)
Y'IRThlB8R (1&.6) R (18.9), RaXO,llnM RCKOMoe anaqeene C)l(.llMaIOinero yen·
JIKll I

(18.10)

3to Bhlpa)l(.enee sneps1i1e 61i1no nonyqe110 3AnepoM n nas1i1saeTCR </JopMy·

Aoa aaAepa.
HanMen&wee anaqenne KpnTnqecKoA cnn1i1 PKP' nOJiyqaeMoe npn n = 1
u kl = n, onpeaenseTCR cl><>PMYJJoA

(18.11)

Ypasnenne esornyToA nnHHn npH MaJihlX Jlecl><>pMailnsx cornaceo

(18.7) nMeeT sn,ll
miz
w(z)=Astn7 ·

3tta11e11n& A -upalfTef)BsyeTCB 11e11nqHHOA MaKCRM8JlhHOF-O npore6a wmaa = f,

nnz
KOr,!la sin¡== l. Qre.nOlla1'eJlbRO,
nnz
w .... f sin T · (18.12)

MaKCnMyM w (z) RMeeT Me<!T& npe T8KOM aea11eaHH z, IJJft KoToppro

T e,
•
(ji' .... o,

dw mi nnz
-;¡z= f7cos7 =01
HJIK
miz
cos7 =0.
15 7.451 449
 l
11' HaHMeH&mee sHa11eHHe apryMeHTa, nf>H KOTopoM KOCHHYC pa1eH
l¡f aymo, pasuo 'Jt/2, cne,¡:¡osaTeJJ&uo,
mu 'lC
1=2·
orxy,¡:¡a

z z z (18.13)
n•I n2 n=3
Hs (18.12) HJIH (18.13) cne,¡:¡yeT, q10 n pas·

I 1
( HO QHCJJY nonysOJl'H CHHyCOHJlbl, yMem.aIOW.HXC!I
Ha JlJIHHe H3orHyroro CTep)l{H!I (pHO. 321 ).
EcnH n = 1, To z = l/2, u MaitCHMaJI&Hoe ana·
- i
.... qeuue nporu6a wmlll - f HMeeT MeCTo nocpe·
JlHHe JlJIHHbl CTep>KHll. 3To COOTBeTCTsye'T OCHOS·
. - HO'd}' CJlf'laIO, UOK33aHKOMy H8 pHc. 320, 6, KorAa
\- -::!:.
~I
rIOC.118 DOTeJ>H CTep>KHeM ycTOAqHBOCTH npe MHHH·
M8JlbilOM 8H8'1e11HH KJ>KTll'leCKOil: CHJlli1
Ha ero pKP
H30rHymit OCH YMell{3eTCll TOJibKO O)lHa UOJIYBOJJ.
PHc. 321 Ha CHHfCOH)l!i,

t8•.J. 8n~HKe ycnOBMl°i 38KpenneHKR KOHL\08 nepHCH•

Ha aenK'IKHY KPKTK'leCKOl°i CKllW

BJIHllHHe ycnosHil saKpenneHHll KoHuos cTep)l{H!I na eeJJHQHHY KpH•

THqecKoit_CHJibl nerxo Bbl!ICHHTb nyTeM conOCT8BJieHHS BHJl.8 HSOrHyTol

p p
p
1 ,, ,,, -
1 .....¡-.;¡.
1 \
1
1 <;:; '
11
11
11
....1
j
~
11
...... -
\1
\l¡
"
'.. -t<t
p
a ó
Puc. 322 Pnc. 323

OCH c1eplKH!I npH pa3JIHQHblx cnyqa11x saKpenneHHR e cjJopMoil Hsoruyrot ~.­

OCH B OCHOBHOM CJJyqae, T. e. npH mapHHpHoM SaKpenJieHHH o60HX KOHD.09 "'i<
CTeplKHll.
Cmep"'eHb aAUHOil l e OOHUM :llCecmKo saKpenMHHbtM, a iJpy2uM cso6<#-
116'M ICOHtfOM (puc. 322, a). ITpH noTepe yc1ofiqusocTH c1ep:>KeH& HaxoJ1.11T-
e11 B T8KOM )!{e COCTO!IHHH, KaK H nOJIOBHH3 CTep)l{H!I .!J.JIHHOH L = i1
e mapHHpHo saKpenJieHHblMH lt.OHU,8MH (pHC. 322, 6). 91-o SHBQHT, 'ITO j
B paccMaTpnsaeMoM cnyqae cjJopMyna (18.11) npHMeT BHJl
'lCZEJ mln
(1'3.14)
(21)' =
 OpH 9TOM H30rHyTall OCb CTepJKHJI (pHC. 322, a) HMeeT BHJl nOJIOBHHbl
noJiyBOJIHbl CHHyCOH,llbl. 3HaqHT, n = 112.
CmepJ1CeHb OAUHOiJ. l e {)eyM.11 J1CecmKo saKpenAeHHblMU KOHqaMu
(pnc. 323). Dpn noTepe ycToliqHBOCTH cpeJlHllll qaCTb CTepJKHll 6y.lleT
HMeTb TaKylO :>Ke <j>opMy noTepH ycToiiqHBOCTH, KaK H CTepmeHb .IJ.JIHHOli
L = l/2 e mapHHpHo saKpenJJeHHhlMH KottuaMH, T. e.
n'EJmln 4n•EJ mln
p Kp = (0,5[)1 - [I ' (18.15)

B 9 TOM cnyqae o6pasyeTCll ne noJ1yBonn1,1: cpeJlHllll, JlJIHttoA L = 112,

H JlBe KpaAHHX nOJIOBHHKH noJiyBOJIHbl, )lJIHHOA l/2. 3HaqHT, n = 2.
Cmep:NCeHb lJ.AUHoiJ. l e oOHUM :J1Cecm1eo saxpenMHHWM KOHqoM, a lJpgeuM
mapHupHo onepmblM (pHc. 324). Docne noTepH ycToA11HBOCTH npaBaH q&CTb
11' 8 p
0.7( R, w
BP z
W(Z) z
e,. -.-=---i l
l

PHC. 324 Puc. 325

CTepJKHll CB 6y)leT HMeTb BHJl nOJIYBOJIHhl CHHYCOHJlhl. 113 cpaBHeHHll

pttc. 324 H pHc. 322, 6 HaXOJlHM, qTO yqaCTOX CB HMeeT JlJIHHY L = 0,71,
a cneAoBaTeJI&Ho,
n•EJmln
p Kp = (0,7!) 2 (18.16)

113 conocTaBJieHHH (18.11) H (18.14) - (18.16) c.ne)lyeT, 'ITO B o6w.ew

cJiyqae YK833HHble <j>opMyJI¡,¡ MOl'yT <5b1Tb npe)lCT8BJieHbl B BH)le
9
11: EJ mln
PKP = (vl)* • (18.17)

r )le vl = l np - npuseiJeHHall 0.AUHa crep»CHll; l - <(>aKT H'leCKall )lJIHHa

CTepJKHst; v - K<>aq}(puqueHm npueeOeHUll OllUHbl.
DpH IIIapHHpHOM saKpenJieHHH OÓOHX KOHUOB CTepliUfH 'V = 1; ecJIH
OJlllH KOHeu CTepJKHll JKeCTKO 3aKpenJieH, a JlpyroA CBOÓO)leH, TO V = 2;
eCJIH o6a KOHUa JKeCTKO saKpenJieHbl, TO V =
112; ecJIH OJlHH KOHeU JKeCTKO
3aKpenJieH, a BTOpoli IIIapHl'lpHO onepT, TO V= 0,7.
DpttBe)leHH!ile c.nyqaa saKpenneHHll KOHUOB crepmHst tta npaKTHKe
B qncToM BHJle BCTpeqaioTCll peJlKO. HaH6onee pacnpocTpaHeHbl cnyqaH
SaKpenJieHHll, KOr)la 0,llHH KOHeU CTepJKHll :>KeCTKO sa)leJiaH, a Jlpyroli ynpy-
ro onepT HJIH KOr)la o6a KOHUa ynpyro 3a)leJiaHbl,
PaccMaTpHBast nepBblii H3 yKasaHHblX cny11aeB (pac. 325), nerKo sa-
Mer11rh, qTo nocne n-0TepF1 ycroli11HBOCTl'I ¡ynpyro onepTblA KOHeu nepeMe-
w.aercst B BeprHKaJibHOM HanpaBJieHHH Ha BeJIHqHHY B• npH 9TOM B03HH• f
Kaer ynpyrall peaimast RB> nponopu110HM&HaH onu10HeHHIO f8 :
Rn= cfn•
rJle e- K031Ílq1HuneHT mecTKOCTH onop¡,¡ B.

1 15* 451
!
 1
1' llmf>4>epeHtIH8JlbHOI f paBHeHHI fnpyroll JIHHHJI np11 tTOM BMtt't BHA
f, d1w '
EJmln -¡;r = Pifs-w)- tfs{I- z) (18.18)
ILllJI
d'w Cfs
dzl - k• (/B - w) - Elmln (l - Z)t (18.19)

PKp
11 k'= E/mln
•
¡1

~
flepenHcaB ypaBHeHHe (18.19) B BHAt

~
'.
¡
1
1
Z+ k•w = k'f8 ( 1- ~P ) + k•
p
cfs
p KP '·
(18.20)
aaAAeM ero pemenHe

w=Csinkz+Dcoskz+t8 (1- pe 1)+ pe faa. (18.21)

Kp Kp

nocTOHHHYe HHTerpHpOH8HHH JI XpllTHqecKylO 11arpyaxy onpeAeJIJIM

H3 rpaHHqHYll ycJIOHllA:
DpH Z = 0
w (0) =WA = 0, (18.22)
dw(O)
dz = 0 (O)= O¡ (18.23)
npH 2 =l
(18.24~
Ha (18.22) H&XOAHM

D=-ts(I- p: 1) .
.llJIH J1cn0.1l1>aosaHu11 (18.23} 8S'IJICJIHM npoHSBOJJ.HYJO (18.21)1
dw e
-d
z
= kC cos kz- kD sin kz+--¡;::-
~
f&
OTKYIJ.3 npH ' ... o nonyqaeM

HJUI
e
C==-
k
p
Kp
fB•
Oo)lctaBHB DOJIY'leHHh18 SHaqeHHll e H D B (18.21), HSA~M
•
w(z)=- k;Kp f 8 sinkz-t8 (1- pe
Kp
1)coskz+

+ f B(1 - -f-
KP
1) + i
KP
B z.

452
HcnOJlbSyeM rpBHl:l'IHoe yCJJOBHe (18.24). nOJIO.lKHB a (18.25) z = 1, nat'l¡leM

w(l)=- kP Kp
f 8 sinkl-t8 (1- pe 1)coski+
l<P

+ IB ( 1 - p:p l) + p~ f ¡f. _ , /Jf

HJIH

k;KP sin kl - ( I - p:P l) cos l =O,

OTKY.ll8

tg kl = kl ( l - --cr
pKP)
. (18.26)

EcJtH H3 !noro ypaBHeHHH H8HTH H8HMeHbwee suaqeuHe k, TO TeM C3Mb1M

6y .11eT H8H,lleHO H8HMeH&Wee 8H3'18HHe KpHTH'leCKOi uarpy3KH

PKP = klE/mln•
PaccMOTpl:IM JlBa npe)leJI&HliX cJiy11aH. CToJiolKHB e = O, noJiy'IHM

T. e. npHXO,llHM K paC'leTHOH cxeMe, KOr)la 0.11.HH (JieBblH) KOHell lKeCTKO 33·

jleJiaH, a ,llpyroA (npaaliA) CBO(ÍO,lleH (puc. 322, a). 8eJIH'IHH8 KpHTH'le-
CKOA CHJl!JI B 9TOM CJiy'lae onpe.lleJIHeTCH cf>opMyJIOH (18.14). CToJiaraH C =
= oo, H3 (18.26) H3X0.11.HM tg kl =
kl, kl = n/0,7 H BeJfH'IHHy KpHTH'le-
CKOH CHJl!JI (18.26), KOTOpa!I COOTBeTCTBYeT CJiy'lalO, KOr,lla O,llHH KOHell
CTep:lKHll .lKecTKO sa.11.enau, a APyroA wapnHpno onepT (pHc. 324).
CJie)lOBaTeJI&HO, H3Meueuae K09<f>ct>HllHenTa ynpyrocrH e or HynH JlO
t5eCKOHe'IHOCTH MOlKer (ÍblTb Y'ITeHO K09<l><l>HllHeHTOM npHBe,lleHHH "· KOTO-
pb!A npH 3TOM 6y)leT H3MeHHTbCH OT 2 )l0 7. o,
3uaqeHHH K094'<1>H1lHeHT8 npuae,neHHH ,llJIHHbl "· a T3KlKe K09<l><l>HllH•
eHT8 yCTOA'IHBOCTH 'l =kªZI )lJI!I ueuTp8JibHO ClK3TblX CTeplKlleA nOCTOHH•
aoro H nepeweuuoro nonepequ!Jlx ceqenHA )lJIH pasJIH'IHliX c.nyqaea Hx HS·
rpylKeHH!I H 33KpenJieHHll np11Be)leHbl a T3(ÍJI, 45. B TS(ÍJI. 46 Jl3Hbl SHa'le-
HHH KpHTHqecKHX uarpysoK .D.JIH noJJOCbl H ueKOTOPliX ,llByTaBpOBliX
(ÍaJIOK.

tB.4. o noTepe JCTOA'IJCBOCTN nplf Hanpll>H•HND,

npeawwaiotqNx: n1>4!Aen nponop~1toHan1oHOCTH MnepHami

<l>opMyJia SAJiepa t5blJI8 nonyqena HCXOAH Hs .11.acf>cJ>epeHllH&JibHoro

ypaBneHHH ynpyroA JIHHHH, no9TOMy eio MOlKHO DOJlb30B8TbCH JIHWb B
cJiyqae, ec.na cnpaBe,llJIHB saKOH fyka, T. e. noKa KpHTH'lecKoe H&npHJKe·
HHe, BOSHHKalOIU,ee B C.lK3TOM crepmue npu KpHTH'leCKOA Harpysxe p"P
(18.17), ne npes1i1waer npe)lena nponopuaouaJI&HOCTH:

PKp
ªKP = F <: 0m:i•
r4e F - nno~&A& nonepe'IHOro ceqenHH creplKHH.

4SJ
 =

l Í Jmln
r.ne l = fmln = V - p - HaHMeHbll!HA rJiaBHblA pa.D.Hyc HHepmrn nJioma.llH
ceqeHHH CTeplKHH (pas,neJI 2.7), HJIH

(18.27)
~!
11 6,p./'1110 1 r,lle
\
j

1 N s \
t \l
6,"240
:..............• M 1 = 1.vl (18.28)
ff,,¡=200 K mln
'

~
1
'1
l - 6espaaMepaaH aeJIHqHJla, Has1:i1Bae-
1
f(JO Ma11 eu61COCmb10 cmeptJICHR, Hs (18.27)
' ..... BH,llHM, 'ITO KpHTH'lecKoe HanpHlKeHHe
' o so 100 !50A aaBJICHT TOJlbKO O'P MO.D.YJIH ynpyrOCTJI
E H re6KoCTH A.
PHc. 326 nocTpOHB rpa<j>HK 83BHCHMOCTB
crKP - f (1) (pHo. 326) - eunep6oAg
3i1Mpa, - MOlKHO y6e,nHTbCH, 'ITO .D.Jill .D.SHHoro MaTepHaJia (e HSBecTHlilll
MO.D.yJieM E) cj>opMy)Ia (18.27) cnpaBe.D.JIHBa Ha'IHHaH e onpe,lleJieHnoro
BHS'leHHll rH6KOCTH, KOTOpoe MOJKeT 6b1Tb HaA,lleHO H8 yCJIOBHH

TaK, ,nJIH cTaJIH MapKH CT3, MOAyn& ynpyroCTH KoTopol!: E= 2 • 106 Mna, "
a011 $>1$ 200 Mna,
l Í 'IÍ3,l41 • 2 • I~
rr. 1 E
1 < Anpe,11, = Jf O-= Jf 200 ~ 100,
Dll

¡ T. e. cj>op11y.110A 9AJiepa (18.27) MOlKHO DOJlbSOBHTbCH HB y'l&CTKe rHnep-

'
''
6oJI!il, noKaSaHHOA "ª
pHG. 326 cnJiowHoA JIHHHeA, npH rH6KOCTH A ee ue-
eee 100.
Ü.D.H3KO, KaK DOK33blB3eT OilblT, H Ha yqacTKe 1 lnpe,A npH HanpH· <
lKeHHHX B CTep:itrne, (ÍÓJibWHX ªnll' npH KOTOpblX <j>opMyJia 9Anepa ,ll3e1'
88BliWeHHble 8H3'1eHHll KpHTHqecKHX HanpHlK.eHHi! (y11aCTOK rHnep60Jilil
9l!:nepa, noKaSaHHbll!: Ha pHC. 326 WTpHXaMH), CTepJKel!b MOJKeT noTepllTb
ycToiiqHBOCTb. B srOM cJiy11ae aHaqeeHe KPHTH11ecicoro earrpID11e11-1u1 MO-

1
IKeT ÓblTb .Bbl'IHCJieHO, cornacao OIHilTHhlM ,llaHHblM <P. c. f[cUHCKOeo, ,llJlll
pa3JIH'IHblX M8TepHaJIOB no 8MnHpH11ecKOli <j>OpMyJie

<JKP =a - b'J... (18.29)

,ll.Jill qyryaa nOJibSYIOTCll KBa,llpBTH'IHOli aaBHCHMOCTblO

uKP =a - b'J.. + c'J..1. (18.30)

3Ha'leHHll nOCTOllHHblX K03<1><!>HI~HeHTOB a, b H C ,ll.Jlll HeKOTOpblX MB•

repHaJIOB npHBe,lleHbl HHJKe.

MaTepean Aape,A a b e
CT2, Cr3 100 3100 11,4
CT5 100 4640 32,6
C111.rrb 40 90 8210 11,6
KpeMHHCTall CTBJib 100 5890 38,2
.l{epeBO (COCHa) 110 293 1,94
1.lyrya 8!1 7760 120 0,63

IlpH HeKOTQplilX 3Ha'leHHllX THÓKOCTH lo BeJIH'IHHB ªxp• Bbl'IHC.lleHHall

no <j>op11ty.ll8M (lB.29) HJIH (18.30), CTBHOBHTCR pBBHOli npeJJ;eJibHOMy H3·
npstJKeHHIO np.H CJK&THH, T. e. ,llJlll n.llaCTH'IHblX MaTepH3JIOB

,llJll! xpymrnx MaTepHaJIOB

CTepmaH, y KOTop¡,¡x 'A< A0 , HaSblB8IOTCR cmep~HRMU Ma1ioa eu61C0Cm11

H HX paCC'IHTblB&IOT TOJlbKO Ha np011HOCTb • .l{Jill CTBJIH MapKH CT3, HanpH·
Mep, npH 40 < '). <
100 rpBcj>HK 38BHCHMOCTH (JKP = f
(A), nOJiy11eHHblli H8
OCHOBBHHH <j>opMyJI¡,¡ (18.29), npe,llCT3BJIReT co6oli H3KJIOHHYIO npllMYIO
SM (pnc. 326), a 11aCTb rpa<j>HKa NS npH O <'A < 40 MOJKeT paccMaTpH·
B8TbCR KaK rOpH30HT8JlbH8ll JIHHHll.
TaKHM 06paso111, rpa<j>HK saBHCHMOCTH uKp = f
('A) ,llJIH CTaJIH MapKH CT3
COCTOHT H3 Tpex yqacTKoB: ropHSOHTaJibaOro y11acTKa NS, coorBeTCTBY101I1.ero
qllP = oT; HaKJioaaoro y11acTKa SM DPH 40 <'A <
100 H rHnep6oJI¡,¡ 3W!era
npu 'A> 100 (npaBee TO'IKH M).

tB.S. P•ClleT OK3TWX CTep>KHeA H• YCTOA'INBOCTlo e ROMOllllolO

K03Cl>«IJN~N8HTOB yMeHloweHNR OCHOBHOro AOnycicaeMoro
HBnpR>K8HNR

IJ.eHTpBJibHO CJKBTble CTepJKHH e MaJIOli rH6KOCTblO ('A < 'Ao) coxpa-

Hl!IOT ttecym,yIO cnoco6uocTb npH ycJioBHH, 'ITO KpHTH11eCKHe HanpstmeHHll
He npeBblWalOT onacaoro aanpllmeanst, T. e. 'ITO

r)le ,llJlll xpynKHX MaTepuanoB sa onacaoe aanpstmenRe npHHHMaeTCll BpeMeH-

Hoe conpornBJieaHe, T. e. u 0 = u 8 , ,llJill WJaCTH'IHblX MarepaaJioB - npe,lleJI
TeKy'lecrn u0 = uT. Hecym.ast cnoco6HOCTb crepHmeli MaJIOii rHÓKOCTH
onpe4eJIReTCll npO'IHOCTblO Marepaana.

455
 B CJiy'lae CTep:itrneA e 60JiblliOA rH6KOCTblO onacHHM COCTORlllleM CJle-
,lyeT C'IHTaTb MOMeHT B03HHKHOBeHHH B Clll.3TOM CTePlKHe uanpRllteHHA,
paBHliX OKp" no!ITOMY ,llJIH o6ecne'leHHH pa60TOCDOC06HOCTH OTeplKHR He-
t>C5XO,llHM0 BHDOJIHeHHe cJie,llyto~ero YCJIOBHR ycTOA'IHBOCTH!

(l8.3t)

t JJ.e (cr) -
1
,llOnycueMOe HanpHlll.eHHe Ha ycroA'IHBOCTb 1 onpe,lle.llHeMOI no
4>opMyJ1e
a
la) ... ..:.!t. • ,'
ll' ny

3Aecb nv- KO!ICfxl>HllHeHT sanaca ycTOA'IHBOCTH, KOTOpliA Ha-sa BOSMOlKllOA

IKCUeHTPH'IHOCTR npHJict:>KeHHH HaJ'))YSKH. HCKPH8'18HHH C~DR R 11eo»i<>4
poAHOCTH MBTepHSJia npHHHMaeTCH BCer,lla HecKOJibKO 6onbllle OCHOBIJ()ro
K09Cf>él>HllHeHTa aanaca Ha npo11HOCT& (ny >
n 0). 11.JIH CTSJIH = 1,8 - 3,0; nv
JlJIH 11yr}'Ha n1 = 5,0 - 5,5; .llJIH JJ.epesa n., = 2,8 - 3,2. lJeM 6oJr&me
fH(ÍKOCTb, TeM MeH&lliHM npHHHM3IOT n,.
Ha npaKTHKe npH paC'lete Ha yctoil11HBOCTb npHlJHU> U()JibSOHTbCH
He J1.0nycKaeM1i1M HanpHlll.eHHeM Ha yCTOA'IHBOCTb a AonycKaelllilll [aly.
nanpHlKeHHeM Ha Clll.aTHe [a_) e COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHM nonpaBO'IHliM K0'4>-
4'H uneHTOM cp, 8H8'1eHHe KOTOporo MOlll.eT ÓHTb ycTaHOBJleHO Ha OTHowe-
HHH

1
1 '
Ü'ICIO,lla

(JKp ~(a_)
[a] .. =
HJJH
~ ªº n,
[ a)y = cp (o_], (18.32)
rJJ,e
ªKP no , (18.33)
q> = ªº ny
3.11e.::& q> - Kos¡Ju/Juttue1tm yMeHbU1e1tu11 iJonycKaeMoeo 1tanpMJCeHUJJ Ha
mvl', HJIH tc0!1t/Jt/Juttue1tm yc1106Hoeo éJonycKaeM020 1tanpMICeHU11.
es;•
B Ta6JI. 47 npHBeAeHli aHa'leHHH q> ,llJIH paaJIH'IHblX rR6KOCTeA.
TaKKM o6pasoM, y11HT1i1BaH (18.32), pac11eTHy10 cj>opMyJiy Ha ycrol•
'IHBOCTb (18.31) tenepb MOlKeM nepenHCaTb B BH,lle

0 max < [aJy = q> [ cr..J

HJlll
p
a= F < q> [ cr_). (18.34)
Cipyno

PasnH11a10T ABa BHJJ.a pac11eTa Ha yctoA11HBOCT&: n06epo•mbltl H npoetc·

mupoeo•mbltl.
IlpH noeepO'IHOM pac11eme HCXOJl.HT H3 HSBeCTHbIX p33MepoB H cj>opMli
nonepe11Horo ceqeHHH ctep:>KHH H npem.11e Bcero onpe.11enH10T HBHMeH&mHA

4'S6

JI
 oceBOli MOMeHT HHepllRR Jmln• IlJIOll\8Jl.ll F, Bbl'IHCJIHIOT MHHHMBJlbHblil pa-
.JlHYC HHepllHH

3aTeM, 8H8ll TH(ÍKOCTb, H8XO,llllT no T8(ÍJIHlle K091M>HuHeHT q>, onpe,lleJIHJOT

.aonyCK8eMOe HanpH.lKeHH8 Ha ycroAlfllBOCJ'b

(cr)y = cp [cr_),
p
cpUHHBlJOT ,.eliCTBHTen&Hoe 11anplllK.eJIJH a -= F e .nonycKaeMliM
6pyno
uanp11»eeHHeM H8 ycroA'IHBOCTb (aJ, H BWHCHlllOT, Y.ll0BJl8TBOp11eTCll JIH
yCJIOBHe
a< fcr)y·
Tiplf npoetcmup060'1HOM pac'leme HCXO,llllT H3 ycJIOBHH

p
a = mF
'Y 6pyTTO
< [cr_J. (18.35)

Heo6XO,llHMOe ce11eHHe on pe ,lleJ111eTC11 <j>opMynoli

p
FGpyTTo-= cp [a_) · (18.36)

KpoMe HCKOMOA DJIOll\3.llH F6PYTTO s nOCJie,llHeM COOTHomeHHH HeHSBeCTHhlM

llBJJ!leTCll TaJOl(e R K0$1>KIUfeHT <p. Ilo!ITOM}' npR DO,ll6ope Ce'leHHll npuxo-
,llHTCll DOJlb30BaTbCll MeTO,llOM nOCJie,llOBaTe.IIbHblX npH6JIH!KeHHli, Bap&upy11
BeJIH'JHHY K0$1>HIUfeHT8 cp. 06bl'IHO npH nepBOli nOnblTKe npHHHMBIOT
ep1 = 0,5 - 0,6. IlpH npHH11TOM ep1 no <j>opM}'ne (18.36) onpa,lleJilllOT FópyTTo
H no,ll6HpalOT COOTBeTCTBYIOmee Ce'leHHe. 3Hall ce11eHHe H onpe,lleJIHB J mlD•
fmtn H A, ycTaHaBJIHBBIOT <j>aKTH'lecKoe aea11eHHe K0$1>HUHeHTa epi. EcJIH
epi 8H3'1HTeJibHO OTJIH'l3eTCH OT epl, TO H Hanp11lll.eHHe 6y,lleT OTJIH'IBTbCll
OT ,llOnycKaeMOro. Tor,lla cJie,llyeT nosropHTb pac11eT, T. e. npe,llnpuu!ITb
BTOpH'IHylO non1>1Txy, npHHllB cpe,llHee no BeJIH'IHHe SHa'leHHe Melll.,lly J(03<j>·
<j>H[lHeHraMH '1'1 H cpí:
m -
,..- q>l +2 'PÍ, •

B pesyJI&TaTe BTopoli nonblTKH yCTBH&BJIHBBIOT ep;. Ecne Tpe6yercst TpeT&P.

íl0ílh!TK3, TO pac'leT DOBTOPlllOT npH

cp. + ep;
ep9 = 2

H T. ,ll. Ü(Íbl'IHO Ha npaKTHKe y,llaeTCH o6oliTHCb ,llByMll·TpeMll noílblTKBMH.

IlpH 38,ll3HHOM ce11eHHH yCJIOBHe (18.35) MOJKHO HCDOJlb30B8Tb ,llJlll
Onpe,lleJieHHll ,llOnyCKaeMoro 3Ha11eHHll HarpySKH p HJIH npe,lleJlbHOli ,llJIH-
Hbl l cTepmu11 11epes ero re6KOCT& A, 06ecne11HBa10mux ycToli11HBOcTb
CTep»eHH.

457
1
t8.6. lwlSop MllTepN8H8 N p814NOH8HlollOA CIJOpMW
nonepe'IHblX Ce'leHNll CHC8TblX ctepHCHell

)l.Jill CTep:11rneli 60JihlllOil rtt6KOCTH (A ;;;.. Anpe,ll.), KOr,lla uKp < ªnu.,
l
[ r.io11yJih ynpyrocTH E stBJisteTCll e,llHHCTBettuoli xapaKTepacTHKOli, onpe,lle-
Jll!IOmeli conpoTHBJisteMoCTh cTepmtt!I noTepe ycToliqHBOCTH. Tor,lla, 011e-
BH.llHO, ,ll.Jlll CT8JlbHbIX CTepmtteli, pa60Ta10mHX H8 CJK8THe, y KOTOpbIX E
npaKTH'leCKH HSMeHsteTCll MaJIO, ue.necoo6pa3HO npHMeHllTb CT8Jlb no·
BblllleHHOli npO'IHOCTH. q TO KaCaeTCll <j>opMbI nonepe'ltt-Oro Ce'leHHll, TO
paIJ.HOHaJibHOli 6yAeT T8KUI <j>opMa, npH KOTOPOli npu onpe,lleJieHHOA nJIO-
maAH BeJIHqHHa HaHMeHbUJero pa,llnyca uuepllHH imln (cM. pas,lle.11 2.7)
llBJilleTCll HaH(ÍOJibllleli.
BBe,lleM 6espasMepttyIO xapaKTepHCTHKy

KOTOpylO HaSOBeM yiJe/lbHblM paiJuycoM UHepquu. o

paUHOHaJibHOCTH Toro
HJIH Huoro Ce'leHHll MOJKHO cy,llHTb Ha OCHOB8HHH Jl8HHbIX, npHBe,lleHHLIX
HHJKe,

Ce11eRBe
Tpy6qaroe

•
Gt "- =0,95+0,8
=-¡¡- 2,25+ 1,64
eap
l YrOJIKOBoe
et=0,7+0,8 +
1,2 1,0
+
0,5 0,3
\ .lJ."BJTaBpOBOe
IllaenJrepuoe
0,41+0,27
0,41+0,29
1 ~ KBB,u;panme 0,289
1 1 Kpyr;roe 0,283
1 '
fJPHMOyrOJJbHQe (h = 2f>) (',204
1 '
1
' 11

Attanus npHBe,llenublx Jl&HHblX noKaswaaeT, 'ITO uau6onee pall.HoHaJib• ¡1

HbIMH llBJllllOTCll Tpy611aTble Ce'leHHll, CTOJib JKe p81lHOHaJibllbl KOpo611aTbl8 11

TOHKOCTeHHhie ce'leHHH. Ha1u1:eaee pallHOH&JibHLIMH stBJilllOTCH cnJIOlllHble

np11MoyroJibHbie ce11eHHll. '
DpH npoeKTHPOBaHHH CTeplKHeli, Hecymall CnOCOOHOCTb KOTOpbIX 1

onpe,lleJisteTC!I conpOTliBJieHHeM noTepe ycToliqHBOCTH, cJie,llyeT CTpeMHTbCH ~I 1

1
K TOMy, 'IT06bI CTepJKeHb 6bIJI paBHoycTOA'IHBbIM BO BCex HanpaBJteHHHX,
T. e. qTo6w rJiaBHble MOMeHTlil HHepllHH 6bIJIH no BOSMO.lKHOCTH OJlHH3•
' ,~¡'
KOBbIMH,

t8.7. OpOAOH1oHo·nonepe11HblA 1t3"!6

Hsru6 CTeplll.Hll uaswBaeTcll npo,lloJI&Ho·nonepe<1HLIM, ecnu B ero aone·

pt:'IHblX Ce'leHH.llX B03HHK8IOT usru6a10mHe MOMeHTLI K8K OT npO,llOJlbHLIX,
f
TaK H oT nonepe11HblX HarpysoK (pile. 327).
I<
:t
'
'
458
 8¡,¡qffCJieHHe DOJIHOTO HSTH6a10rnero MOMeHTa Mn B nonepe'IHblX ceqe-
HH!IX npOHSBO,llffT e y11eTOM nporHISOB OCH CTepJKHR:

l M n (z) 1= l M (z) l + 1Sw 0 (z) 1, (I 8.37)

r.lleM (z)- H3rH6alO~HA MOMeHT OT ,lleliCTBH!I nonepe'IHOli HarpysKH;

Sw0 (z) - HsrH6alO~Hli MoMeHT OT ,llelicTBHR oceooli earpysKH S. Onpe,lleJie·
HHe BeJIH'IHHbl nOJIHoro H3THt53IO~ero MOMeHTa Mn (z) OCJIOlKHHeTC!I TeM,
'ITO B 3TOM CJtyqae HeJlb3!1 DOJlbSOBaT&Cff npHHlWDOM HeSaBHCHMOCTH ,lleliCT·
BHJI CHJI.

w p
s s
z
b fn
a
z
l/2

Pee. 327

PacCMOTpHM npe6JtH:iKeHH&Ili MeTO,ll onpe.lleJteHHH Hsre6aio~ero MOMeHTa

Mn (z). ÜH OCHOBaH Ha ,llOny~eHHH, 'ITO HSOrHyTaR OC& t5aJIKH npH nonepeq.
HOli HarpysKe npHHHM86T <lx>PMY CHHYCOH,llbl, T. e.

w (z) ~ f sin~• (18.38)

IlpH HaJIH'IHH npo,llOJlbHOli CHJlli TaKJKe npHISJIH:lKeHHO npHHHM8IOT, 'ITO

(18.39)

TaKoa ,llOny~eHHe nosnoJ111eT noJ1y11aT& ,llOCTaT011Hy10 TO'IHOCT& llJIR wap·

HHpHO onepTOli 68JIKH npH ,lleliCTBHH nonepe'IHblX HarpysoK, eanpaBJleH·
HbIX B O,llHY CTOpOHy, oco6eHHO, ecJIH ,lle<j>opMaUHll 6aJIKH OK33bIB8eTCll CHM·
MeTPH'IHOA OTHOCHTeJlbHO ee cepe,llHHbl, r,lle wn (l/2) = n• f
Jl.H<l><!>epeHUH8JlbHb18 ypanHeHHll ynpyToli JfHRHH npH nonepe11HOM
(10.31) H npo.!1.0JibHO·nonepe11HOM HSrH6e COOTBeTCTBellHO sanHweM TaK:
d2w (z) M (z)
dz~ = EJ ; (18.40)

M (z) Sw 0 (z)
dz 1 = • (18.41)
EJ EJ

HcKJ110qHn Hs ypaBHeHHl!: ( 18.40) H ( 18.41) M (z) H y11T11 .11.ony~eHH 11

(18.38) H (18.39), 6y,lleM HMeT&

(f 0 -f)
d2 (
-;¡;r- sin
l'TtZ) = -
S
E./ f0 sin
l'TtZ ·
45'9
 nocJie AHcj><pepenuupoBanu11 nonyqnr.1

1 (18.42)
1

¡I Ü6o3!13411B
1

(18. 43)
1

:1 u1 ypaenenu11 (18.42) nal!:,lleM Bbipameune .11n11 nporn6a nocpe,llHHe npo-

nera 6aJIKH npH nPO.llOJlbHO-nonepe'IHOM HSrH6e:
1

¡ ' P,
f n = _ __..__,,,,S- • (18.44)
1- -
11
1111
<f>opr.iyna (18.44) .11aeT YAOBJleTBOpHTeJlbHble pesyJI&T3Tbl, KOr,lla ClKH•
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14 ,.ª·~ .I: Pi

-
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471
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0,8 9,3 9,27 9,25 9,24 9,23 9,23
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9,23 9,49 9,69 9,81 9,86 4

/1-\oMeHT HHepll.HH ceqeHHH KpañPHX

Y'l8CTKOB H3MeHHeTCH B)lOJlb OCH no
38KOHY J (z) = 1 0 (a+ bz)n
1
40
t_c ~J·cr·p - •
.....
--
..., o
a//

1 0,2 1 0,4 , 0,6 , 0,8

ri ¡¡¡
¡,,!1
~

0,2 20,36 22,36 23,42 25,55 29,0 l ¡' 'I

18,94 22,25 22,91 24,29 27,67 2 1

18,48 20,88 22,64 23,96 27,24 3 • 1

18,23 20,71 22,49 23,8 27,03 4

473 1 1
 '

:!!
º"°ª'""'""' mao.. a J
.,:s Ko3<j¡lj>H-
"u CxeMa cTepll<Hll UHeHT
npuee-
.,"' H ero earpy>HeHlfR
,11eHHR
Ko34><PHuneHT ycTohHBOCTH TJ
11
o AJIHHbl V
:i:

a/l
1 ...,•
1
!
--
...,
~ o 1 o .2 ¡ 0,4 1 0,61 0,8
11

0,4 26,16 27,8 28,96 30,2 33,08 1

1 25,54 27,35 28,52 29,69 32,59 2
l 25,32
25,23
27,2
27, i:
28,4
28,33
29,52
29,46
32,44
32,35
3
4
1!
' 0,6 31,04 32,2 32,92 33,8 35,8 l
11
¡¡ 30,79 32,02 32,77 33,63 35,64 2
30,72 31,96 32,72 33,56 35,6 3
1 30,68 31,94 32,69 33,54 35,56 4

l 0,8 35,4
35,35
35,33
36,0
35,97
35,96
36,36
36,34
36,32
36,84
36,8
36,8
37,84
37,81
37,8
l
2
3
35,32 35,96 36,32 36,78 37,8 4
- MoMeHT HHepm!H ceqeHHSl H3MeHSl•
eTCll B~OJJb OCH no 38KOHY

~--7-~j
J (z) = J ( 1-z
l )"
41 -
n o 1 2

p Kp = (Qo/)Kp
1
1 ' TJ 7,839 5,78 3,67
'
- -
l-z MoMeHT HHepUHH ceqeHHSl H3M6HS:•
q= Qo 2 eTCll BAOJ!b OCH no 38KOHy

J (z) = J ( l-z
l )" ~

42 ,=~q. -
n o 1 2 3

- ( - q20 l ) J[p
p Kp- 6,59
TJ 16, l 13 9,87
1 1

474
44 n
pH
J
m = J 1 (l - a)
•ª H n=
pz (l -
P1a
a)

rr.'EJ mln
p =----'=
KP (va)ª
1

m ~ .. 0.16~
4 -- 1 Jl
- -
o~9
I
2 .. -- 10
11
- T 1
o~ 44 48 iz t.B n

IlpH P1 = P3 = P H /1 = 13 =- J
rr. 2 EJ EJ
PKp= (vl)ª =TJ/i"

475
 1
npoiJo.MICtHUt ma6A. 45 ,

~u~ C:iteMa CTeplKRR Ko9Cl>cl>a1U1eHT l\O. . .KU.BeRT

Jl,

f- 11 el'() narpylKeRHR llPHBeAeBIUI AJIHBY V fCTOliieaocm 1l

~l~~~-,--~~---~--1
1

1 a/l
1 l a/1 11

•
'
1

o 1),699 o 20,19
0,1 0,652 0,1 23,23
1 0,2 0,604 0,2 27,06
'
¡ 0,3
0,4
0,558
0,518
0,3
0,4
31,75
36,8
1
• 0,5 0,500 0,5 39,48
0,6 0,518 0,6 36,8 '
0,7 0,558 0,7 31,75
0,8 0,604 0,8 27,04
0,9 0,652 0,9 23,23 '
1,0 0,699 1,0 20,19

I'

1
1
!
l
•
¡

11 44 as ~2 ~s n

npa Pi-= P2 = p J, = J, = J
H
n EJ
1 EJ
PKP = (vl) 1 = TJ 71

476
 llpOOOMICIHIU ma611. 45

Q11e11a cTepiaR Ko94>cl>eueeeT l<o9d>cbeueeeT

H ero HaPp;r>KelJHR npHB8At11HR IVJHHW V VCTOÁqeeocrn 'IJ

a/I a/I 'l

o 0,699 o 20, 19
o, 1 0,646 0,1 23,63
0,2 0,593 0,2 28,09
0,3 0,539 0,3 33,96
0,4 0,487 0,4 41,68
0,5 0,439 0,5 51, 12
0,6 0,41 0,6 58,84
0,7 0,412 0,7 58,92
0,8 0,436 0,8 51,97
0,9 0,467 0,9 45,27
1,0 0,500 1,0 39,48

46 npH

m¡_.¡.-+--1'--1-'-.
6 l-+-H:~~+-!:-1

4 1--1-i....;

2 1.-f"'f,,

o
llpH P1=P1=P H l1=l1=l
n 1 EI El
PKP = (vl)' = 1J 7í

a/l V a/l T)

o 0,5 o 39,48
o, l 0,463 o, l 46, 13
0,2 0,426 0,2 54,45
0,3 0,391 0,3 64,56
0,4 0,362 0,4 75,2~
0,5 0,35 0,5 80,76
0,6 0,362 0,6 75,22
0,7 0,391 0,7 64,56
0,8 0,426 0,8 54,45
0,9 0,463 0,9 46,13
1,0 0,5 1,0 39,48
1
1 477
1
 npOOOAJICeHUe ma6,i. 45

ÜleM8 CTeplKHR Ko94i<llHllHenT Ko3dici>HunenT

u ero uarpyJKeuuR npHBeJ.leBHR AnHn~ v rr-croA<inaocTH TJ

1 2a P,.(l-a)
47 Opu m = 11 (l - a) H n= P1a
n,.EJ mln
Pxp= (va) 1

m-~ '
.
aJ.,..~ <\,1 ~~-' 1
5,1 7~
a2 '
'
O,f . 10.0-
1 1
o 2 ~ 6 8 n
'
llpH P1=P2=P H l¡=l,.=I '

n 2 EJ EJ
PKp = (v/) 2 = TJ /2 '

11

a/l V a// TI . 11¡

. i ¡i

o 1,0 o 9,87 -,f

1 •

O, l
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,933
0,868
0,804
0,746
0,699
O, l
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1J,83
13, l l
15,26
17,72
20,19
21,88
" 4i
•

0,6 0,672 0,6 '

0,7 0,668 0,7 22,14 -~

0,8 0,679 0,8 21,4
0,9 0,693 0,9 20,55
1,0 0,699 1,0 20,19 '

~
'

478
 npoooMICeHUe mat).11. 45

cxeMa CTeplKHll Kos<1>4>u11HeHT !( osc!><Pe1111enT

e ero aarpylKenHR npe&eAeHHH Anee~ v yctoRqHBOCTH 'I

1 2aP2 (l - a)
J, ~ P,
. llpH m = 11 (/ - a) H n = P1a

: =f j PKP =

m
J l--~+--1 ..!:.~-;
2 F-~,i¿:..t,...o'f¡

f
o 6 8 n

a2 L...-,¡!1-t4-.-~--1-_.
0,1 ¡...j-,h~-+:::::~':1

O 2 4 6 n

CTpH P1 = P2 = p H 11 = 12 = I
n 2 EI El
PKp= (v/)2 =TJ72

á/l V a/l

o 1,0 o 9,87
0,1 0,925 o, 1 11,53
0,2 0,85 0,2 13,65
0,3 0,776 0,3 16,37
0,4 0,704 0,4 19,9
0,5 0,636 0,5 24,42
0,6 0,575 0,6 29,82
0,7 0,53 0,7 35, 1
0,8 0,507 0,8 38,41
(l,9 0,501 0,9 39,4
1,0 0,5 1,0 39,48

479
 l

.j
i
-
t
Cxeua C:TeplKe11
K ero narpylKeHHll
Ko94i4iu1t11eirr
npHBeAflllllll ARHRY V
Ko'66traaeRT
VCTOIÍ~ 11
!
1
~
\11

l
~------_,,_ _______,______1•
J 1l1
Opa m .... -1 l
ji
11
P2l1
H n"'"p{
1 1

pKp =
n'EJmm
(W1)I
-
3Ha'leHHSI V H8X0Jl!IT
HS rpa<j>HKOB, no-
c TpOeHHblX IVIH cxe-
Mbl 47

Pxp-=

m,

'l
60 /

¡ 8 /
1/
6
4 , 11.,,,q,
•y
2
' ,' 17S,,,
'
~ ~~lil
~ -
l
¡ 'o ~2 4 6 8 ""
1
¡

flpa k 1 = l 0 tl 1 H k1 -= IJl1
n2EJmln
Pxp = (vl1)ª

,,
w·
p Jr,
51
l4f [,

l 44

o 44 48 lfz

480

,•
 ll poíJoA:HCeHUe ma6A. 45
:ll
s
"...o Cx eMa e Tep )f(H R Ko9«ji«jJHU.l!eHT Ko9«ji«jiau.He11T
p. " ero !!&rpylKel!ltR npl!BeACHHR AnHH~ v fCTOl!qHBOCTH f)
s""o
:i::

3J oli
OpH m=
Jilo
n2EJ rnln
PKp=
(vlo)ll
-
p JoÉ J, J, ~
-
52
"t.~, f1J qg \
as
o
'
a7 ACUN(lf11011!!...
4
-
8 f2 f6 m
-

-
J,,ll
OpH
m = J1l1
P2l2 -
, 't!} P,-P, P,
H n = P1l1
~-
53 J, ,., .,. n2EJ rnin
J,"
l, "'' 21, {~ PK¡:> = ( v/ 1) 1

3Ha'leHHH V HaXO,llHTCH H3 rpacl>MKOB,

nocTpoeHHb!X .z¡JJH CXeMbl 48

3Jol1
OpH m=
J1lo
n2EJ mm
P...-p =
1J.t J,
(vi o) 2
p J, ""
54 • !, /, t,J V -
0.7
aB
'
aso AcuNnmoma
' '
2 4 6
\

8 m

IG 7 1 :iS 481
 fl pOOOAJ/CeliUt ma6A. 45
:a
.,
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><
u CxeMa cTepi1m• Ko9«jJ«jJeueeeT K 09«jJ«jJeu.eee'J
o. n e ro HarpymeHHJI npHBeneHttB Anen~ v ycTollqeeocTH 'l
"':!!o
:r:

p
n 2 EJ
Kp = (V/1)2 1

l2
l1 w.,l_

-
1,6
i'(o
¡-._
p o \ 1

~, 1,f ~
1,2
55
{, f1,7· - ~~
-
1

ªª ~o"\
a4 ~
\
o
~\
a4
\
'
as • !J.
f.2
t,
1

¡ ww
' p • p
56 1 9,8696 -'

i
1

n- 'IHCJIO npoJJeTOB
1
¡
1 n 'I' n TJ , 1

~ 1

\'
57 tN-w p
1
2
3
4
0,699
0,879
0,939
0,964
1
2
3
4
20,2
12,77
11, 19
10,62
l';¡
...1l
5 0,977 5 10,34
6 0,983 6 10,21
7 0,988 7 10, 1 1::''1l}>

10,07 1
8 0,99 8 '
9 0,992 9 10,029
10 G,994 10 9,9895 ~
•

'
'
t
482
 fl poiJOJl)f(eltUe ma6¡¡ 45

-
~
"e
~
CxeMa cTep>KHíl K o9«jJ«jJm~eeHT Ko9<j)<j)HUHeHr
H ero HarpymeHHfl npHBeAeHHR Jl.JIHHW V ycroAqeBOCTH TJ
"-
"'"
i!
-
r¡ - qllCJJO npOJieTOB

n V n TJ

58
1
m-w =p
1
2
3
4
0,5
0,699
0,814
8,879
1
2
3
4
39,48
20,2
14,9
12,77
5 0,917 5 11,74
6 0,939 6 11, 19
7 0,954 7 10,84
8 0,964 8 10,62
9 0,971 9 10,47
10 0,977 10 10,34

59
p
·¡~e / '¡ •
p
:~~~!~~t55
o 40 80 120 160
-
•••••

60 f'c /
1·p a:;~11111111 et•
-
O 40 80 120 160 EJ
16

*****

\1 \

116 \
61
q'::_':._~
1- .+, e ------" ,,,.
~q

a2
....._
-
/ o 40 80 1, o 160 et•
!ID
*****

16• 483
 C!!teMa cTep}l{HSI Ko3«ji«jJHUHCHT Ko9«ji«jiHl\HeHT
u ero Harpy}l{eem• npHBeAeHHH AnHHW v ycToAqeeocTH 'l

62 ::fg
o
1111111
40 80 120 !60
lTi& l

'
41••••
I~
S¡l
63 DpH m 1 = EJ
.
s 2/
ms= EJ
n - __'1'2' 8 _._=-,-...,,,..~

- (S 1 + S2) EJ
*** • ••••
0,5 <.'.V<.'. oo o< r¡ < 39,48 .
HeKoTopble KOHKperuble
JJ.3HHb!e npH:
n=O
)

' t
¡
¡
'
~

O 2 4 6 8 m1

'l = 0,5

-
6 8 m,
 npoOOllJICeHue ma611 45
- ll
~
"
<J CxeMa CTep>KH"
a ero aarpy>KeHHH
K 09«jJ«jJau.11eHT
npaae¡¡eaHR ¡¡mmhl v
Ko3<l>«liuu.aear
ycrollqHBOCTH TJ
"'",.
o
:i::
-
n=I
m, l
V,,.~
8
\ "'~
6
\ 0.,,_
' ~ -..
4 .... ......._
/
2

o
e? .{§'

2 4 8 8 mz

n=2
m,
8
1
\~/
7-

8
/K
4
~¿
2
X ;jo
~
~

){
6'
o 2 4 6 8 mz
n=4
m1
8
1/
6 I/
4
\ l)(i "'?.05_
{ k
2
/
'
~'
.¡¿_
o 2 4 6 8 mz

n= 10
m,
8
6 V ~
4 V
)<: 0.85
2 ¡¡ r-o,_<

o 2 4 6 8 mz

485
 ll poaOJ1J1Ce11.ue ma6J1. 45

CxeMa cTeplKH" Ko9<jJ<jlm1HeHT Kos<jJ<jlm¡HeeT

H ero uarpyJKeue" npHBe~eeu~ AnHH~ v ycToA•IHBOCTH l]

0,5 ..,;: V ..,;: 2

HeKOTopbre KOHKpeTHble
,naHHble

h-m"'-1 -_m_n.:.,1,._oo_~=~.::.P
, lc------'l__~J--1 •
64 2,4424 < r¡ < 39,48
o 4 8 12 16 m

s1 l
m1 = EJ
s2 1
m2 = EJ

*** • ****

0,7 <'.V< oo
HeK0Topb1e KOHKpeTHbie
,naHHble

1
!; 24

¡ ;¡/ / /, <oo
65 º< r¡ <20,14
ª1111~m
O 4 8 12 16

s11 S2l
m¡ = L,J ; m2 = EJ ;

'1'2'ª
n - ....,...-.::...."---=-=-
- (S¡ + S2) EJ

*** • ****

486
l
n
pOiJOJIJICeH.Ue ma6¡¡. 45

t - 2
J!

"" Ko3<1><!>eu.eeeT
11
<J C1<eMa cTeP"'"" Ko9<l><l>Hl.\HeeT
11
p. H ero earpyJKeHH" np HBeJJ.eHHR JJ.nHHbl V ycTollq HBOCTH 11

""oJ!
:i::
•
1
0,5 <'.V< J
1
1i 1
KoHKpeTHble SHa'IeHHI! V
MoryT 6bJTb B31!Tbl H3 rpa-
cjJHKB, nocTpoeHHoro )¡JI¡¡
CXeMbl 50
sl
!f•p
1

~-
n=oo
1
ECJJH m 1 = m2 = m = EJ,
1 i TO
66 9,8696 < r¡ <. 39,48
'1'2'ª
n= (s 1 + s 2) EJ v
•••• '
*** 1

ªº "
a1 ~

as AcuMnrnotfO
o 2 4 6 8 m
'
1

- j
''
l<v<oo
\l
KottKpeTHbJe 3Ha'lemrn V
Mor YT 6bJTb B3 l!Tbl H3 rpa-
cjJHKB, HOCTpoeHHOro )l.Jll!
CXeMbl 63 (cJJy'lalí n =O)

~ q·p
1
n=O _ sl ,
1
1
c.CJJH m 1 = m 2 = m = EJ, 1

:11 17
TO
o< r¡ <. 9,8696
~
i

1- n=
.... +••••
(s1
r 1 r 2 13
S2) E) ¡/
2,2
\
"' '
1,8
\
1,4
t,O
o '
2
"
Acu,.mmon¿_a
4
'
~

6 8
-
m
" 1

1
487
 il poiJOJIJ/CeHue ma6A. 45
:21 1

~
"
C)
CxeMa cTeplKHR Ko3«ji«jiut1H<RT Koa<1>«1iut111e117
I',
o. H ero H•rpyJKeH1•" n puaeJJ.eHH" JJ.nBHh! V yCTollqHDOCTH T} 1
~
o
:e 1j

HeKoTopble
.naHHhle
0,5 4' V 4' 1
KOHKpeTHble l 1

.J
T "'\. ...._
68 S11
0,9
o. 7
r-.... -
9,8696 ...;: l] <;. 39, 1
m1 = EJ
qso s 16 24 J2 n
~
S 21
m2 = EJ 11

n = (s1 + s2) EJ
*** • ****
0,7 <:V 4' 2
K0HKpeTHble

,,
1

m,•oo, m,=0 p

:f
t

l! 69
1
2,4424 <;. r¡ < 20,
I'
1
¡;
n=
*** • ****

0,5.s;:v<:0,7

70
KottKpeTHbie a11a•1em111 v
Moryr 6b!Tb B3HTbl H3 rpa-
<i>HKa, nocrpoe1rnoro ,nJU!
cxeMbI 54
20,14"'"
-
"'""·'"~1
'
•r

S¡I
m1 = EJ n=
s2 {
m2 = tJ ~
•*•* '¡

488
 fl poiJO.!l:J!CeHble ma6.11. 45
:a
~
o>< CxeMa cTepJKHH Ko3«jJ«jJHU.HCHT Koa«jJ«jJmi.ee11r
H ero narpyJKeHllH npllBeAeHllSI AnllHW V yc-ron'lllBOCTll 11
fil':11
-...
o

m,=m;n=O,m,·<XJ,,,,_ p

E
~r m,=oo;n=O;m,·m
/ J
p
HeKoTopble
Jl3HHble
l<:v-<:2

KOHKpeTHble

- / ~
71 \}
2,4424 < r¡<;:CJ,8696
s 11
m1 = EJ 1,8
s2 l 1,4
\. ._
~CtJMnmom~
m2 = EJ '
1,0 I 1

'1'2!ª o 2 4 6 8 m
n= (s
1 + s 2) EJ
***' ****
-
0,7 <:V<.'. 1
l(OHKpeTHble 3H3'1eHHH V
~ m,=m:n=oo; m,.o p MOry r 6b!Tb B3HTbl H3 rpa-
.,.
~,.,

+ / .
cjJHKa, nocrpoeuHoro JlJII!
cxeMbl 52 e yqeTOM, '!TO
< 'I'] < 20, 14
72
}-t m,·O: n=oo; m,=m .P m1 =
S1/
ET ; m2 = ET ;
s 2[ 9,8696

. / 5 '1'2! 2
n=
.... +
(s1 s 2) EJ

-
t m,·m; n=O; m,=O .P
[ f
' ****

2<.:v<oo

HeKoropble KOHKpeTHble

73
t m,=0; n=O; m,-m
1 :g:
s 11
p
JlRHHble

~ o< 'I'] < 2,4424

m1 = EJ 6
s 21 4 ~CU('tnrr¡orm

o'
m2= EJ 2
r1 r,.l2 2 4 6 8 m
n=
(S1 + S2) EJ
11
***' ****
489
 npooo.11J1Ce11ue ma611. 45

CxeMa CTep>KH" Ko3«jJ«jia1u1eHT Ko3«!i«liHlllleHT

H ero 1!8 rpymeHH• npHeeneHHH JVIHHbl v yc'Io!l~HBOCTll 11

1
Heo6xo.n.HMa TaK:M.e npo·
BepKa ycToiílJHBOCTH no
cjJopMyJ1e
74 p = '1'2 l 9,8696
m1= EJ
5¡1
Kp '1 + f2
s2 / ***
3a paClJeTHOe npHHHMaIOT
m2= EJ HaHMeHblllee 3Ha'leHHe p Kp
****

'¡ j=ass
,\' ~' t'.... / Q56
a4 asg
~ 0.6'1

p
a2 '"---
r--...
~
71

y
p 85

f
IJ,91
75 o ~o 200 e • -
{

a r[3
f = T; C= EJ
(r - K03cjJijlHI.\H eHT lKeCT·
KOCTH ynpyro- nepeMe1I1.aIO-
1I1.eiicH onophl)

0pH 4HCJie DpOJJeTOB n = 2

3HalJeHHll V MoryT 6b!Tb
B31!Tbl H3 r pacjJHKa, no-
CTpoeHHoro )l.Jlll cxeMb! 69
DpH n = 3
r - K03cjJ¡jlH1.\HeH T
lKeCTKOCTH ynpyro-
nepeMelll.aIOmeiícll
onopbl
\
f,8~H-,-+---+---+--+-+-l--I

1.0 •
' O 8 f6 24 e

490
 ll pOOOAJ/CeHUe ma6A. 45
;3

"
1

u
I''
! "o.
u CxeMR cTep >KH 11
H ero HarpymeHHll
Koslf¡lf¡ttu.tteHT
npHBe)leHHll )IJIHHbl "
Ko~4'4Ju11ueHT
ycTollqHBOCTH r¡
"
~
o
11 ::::
i 1

1,
flpH n = 4 ¡,¡
i1
ll

2,8
1
~ 1,8 ~

I'
~

11
1,0
o 8 18 24 e ll. 1

1
rlª
C=Ef :j
- ' 1'
1
1

77 p flptt lJHCJie npOJieTOB - 1

'

1 v-1,f 11·
f
1
n=2 l
1

1 T - K0.9cpcpHUHeHT
,¡¡

f ~
JKeCTKOCTH ynpyro- ¡} r
I nepeMeJ.UaJOJ.UeiícH 2,6 -
onopb! '•

1,8 \ ¡...,,_ "''1

f
l,[r.
1,0
o 8
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18 e I¡'

'-
I!
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t,8 '
f,00 8
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491
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u CxeMa CTep>KHH Ko3Q¡Q¡wu11euT Ko3cjJQ¡uu.ueuT

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H ero Harpy>KeHHH. npHBezteHHR .a.nHHbl 'V yCTOll4HBOCTH 1]

:i::

n=4

y
' il
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o
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8
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r/3
e= EJ
-
3Ha4eHl!lI V MoryT CíblTb
B3lITbl 113 rpacj>uKa, no-

78 ' p"t 1 :E f p l
CTpoeHHOro ,!IJ!ll CXeMbl 52.
npu 3TOM m = 2E.i (s-
sl
-
K0.9cj>cj>u une HT lKecTKOCTH
ynpyro-noeopa4HBaiomeií-
1 CH onopbl)
í
'
l -
3HalieHHlI V MOryT Cíb!Tb
B3!1Tbl ns rpacj>HKa, no-
cTpoeHHoro .AJllI cxeMbI 54.
~ ,.P si
79
1 !: Jl 1
np11 3TOM m
K03cpcpHUHeHT
=
lKeCTKOCTH
2EJ (s - -
ynpyro-noeopa4HBaiomeil·
cH onopb1)

• J H J 1 - HattOonbwH'1 n HaliMeHbWlill MordeHTbl HHepU,lili nonepeqeorc>

ceqeHHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO .
• • npeAOOJiaraeTCll, qro HMeeTCll ueCKOJibKO y'i&CTKOB OAHHaKOBOA AJIHHY,
npH'ieN pa3HOCTH MelKAY MOMeuTaMH Hwepu.uu COCeAHHX yqacTKOB OAHH3K0Bbl.
• • • r 1 u r, - K03<!lcl>uu.uenTbl JKeCTKOCTH Jieeoll u npaeoll ynp yro·nepeMewa•
IO!UUXCll onop,
• • • • s, u s, - KosQ¡Q¡wu.ueuTbl JKeCTKOCTu neeoll u npaeoll ynpyro·noeopaqwealO<
IQ.HXCH onop.
• • • • • e - Ko9Q¡clJu11HeH~ lKetTKOCT11 ynpyroro oc1toeaHHll (Ko3clJ<lluuueHY
nocrene), paBHblll OTHOWeHHIO peaKU.HH OCH083HHB K ero OCaAKC,

492
 T a 6 JJ 11 u a 46. KpHTH'leCKHe uarpy3KH )J.JUI nonocbl u neKoTopblx
.11.eyraepoBblX 6anoK*

TJ!Ilbl onop·

~
B ropH30HTaJlbHOJi B roptt30HTaJJbHOil

i=3 H BepTHKaJlbHOií
IlJIOCKOCTHX -
JJ,e.1Ka
sa-
nJIOCKOCTH -
HHp, B BepTHK8Jlb·
Hofi -
wap-

saJJ,eJIKa

B ropH3oHraJibHoi!
B ropuqoHTaJibHOi!
IlJIOCKOCTH - rnap-

@ IlJlOCKOCTH - 38.1\eJI•
Ka,
HOil -
B BeprHK3Jlb•
wapHttp
$3 HHp, B BepTHKaJib•
Hoií - ttanpaBJIHIO·
mue

B roptt30HTaJibHOi! u aepTHKaJibHOÍI
IlJIOCKOCTHX - wapHHpb!

CxeMa KpuTuqecKaR uarpyaKa

1tS
MKP = 2f
Dpu norepe ycroii'lttBocru nnocKocrh ,11eiicrn1rn
napb! coxpaH!leT HeH3MeHHY!O optteHTaUH!O B Cll·
creMe IlOJJ,BHlKHb!X oceii, lKeCTKO CBlI3aHHb!X e
nepeMemaiomttMCH ropuoBb!M ce'!eHueM

4,013 ( a )
PKP = 1i s -y EJ
4,013S

1
,1 ---
p
Lt
np11 a = O PKp =

no 3aKotty h = h0
,n/
1i
Ecm1 Bb!COTa KOHCOJlbHOii IlOJIOCbl H3MeHJ!eTC!I
Z
V 1- T , r.11e h0 - BbICOT<l
Ir 1
l
"'' IlOJJOCbl y OCHOBaHl!lI,
B.l\OJI b noJIOCbl, TO
z- TeKyll\aH KOOp.l\HH81 a

mS
n
1
¡1,3331 2 4
PKP = lí" m 2,4 1 2,81 1 3,21 3,61
1

• S= l/ EJ GJH, rp,e EJ - eauMeRbW&ll ll<eCTKOCTb npu uaru!Se; GJ K - >HeCT·

KOCTb npu Kpyqee1111.

493
 npOCJOAJ/CeHUe tnaC JI q6

CxeMa
l
kS
PKp = 7f
Ko9qnjn1uue11t k 6epeTcsi H3 ta6JIHUbl
/2 20JK
Opa .9TOM x = h2 -n, r,11e D- lKeCtKOCTb
0.111101! )13 noJIOK .l\BYTaBpa npll H3rH6e B ee IlJIOC·
KOCTH

I
X
1
0,1
l 2
1
3
1
4

i l
~ ~-

k 1 44,3 l 15,7 12,21 10,7 9,76

X
1
6
l 10 1 24 1 40
k l 8,69 1 7,58 1 6, 191 5,64

0
pu
X> 40 k = 4,013
( 1-- 1
rx-
r

12,85S
(qf)Kp = /2

EcJIH BblCOTa KOHCOJlbHOH noJIOCbl H3MeHS!eTCSI no

saK011y
~ocbl
h
y
= h0 V
orttosa HH51,
1- T,
z-
z
r,11e
reKyma51
h0 - Bb!COTa
Koop,110uaT8
no-

mS ~~

BAOJlb noJIOCb!, TO (ql)Kp = 12

n ¡1,333 1 2 1 4
~I
m 9,6 1 10,41 11,2 ¡ 12,8
11

494
 ll poéJOllJ/CeHUe ma611. 46

CxeMa KPHTH4eCJ{aff HarpyaKa

,,.,q, q
~
,_LJ
( q0
2
l) 26,55
- UlJ 1 h- KP=[2

l qo - B KOpHe
'-·

-
f!m,'rn~
l 5,95S
(q[)Kp = ¡2

V( t--, jJ;)" MKp=T

:rtS

MKp =
:rtS
T
V +( 1 :rt)ª Dh2
-1- 2GJK '
r.11e h - Bb1cow 6aJIK11; D - JKeCTKOCTb o.11ttol!
113 IlOJIOK .l\ByTaBpa np11 113fl!6e B ee IlJIOC·
KOCTll

EJ +GJK
MKP = 2R ==

=V (EJ tRGJK)2 + ~: (~:- 1)

H11JKH11if aHaK onpe,11eJ1HeT KpttTH4ecKoe aHa·
'leH11e MOMeHTa, 11anpd BJl€!1 Hora npOTllBOfIO·
JIOJK110 noKa3aHIJOM\i Ha ~xeMe

a/l 1 o 051 O, 1 1 0, 15 , 0,2 0,25

k ¡ 111,6, 56,01 ,3788129,111 24,l

l
•
a/1 1 0,3 1 0,35 1 0,4 1 0,45 1 0,5

k ¡ 21,01¡19,04, 17,82117,15j1694

495
 n poiio.1«ue ""'"'· 46 j
CxeMa KpernqecKaR earpy3Ka

p
"'
f -·- - '-- - :¡. PKP =-12-
16,93 (
S-3,48yEJ
a )
.,,.
" " t 1 "
2
<
,.
)

1 1
kS
PKP = f2
¡2 20JK
Optt X= h2 --¡¡-' r.11e h- Bb!COTa 6amm,
D- JKecrKoCrb O.l\HOií H3 no,10K .11syraspa npH
p 1rnr116e B ee nJJOCKOCTH, 3Ha'leHHlI k 6y .l\YT
-
r
•
,.,.
-
,__ l
~,

.,. I X 0,4 4
1 8
1
16
" l 1 "
2
k
1 1
1 86,41 31,9 1 25,61 21,8

X 32 1160 1 400
64
1 1
k 19,61 18,31 17,51 17,2
1

~111 '. 111, (ql)Kp =

28,31S
¡2
1•1
í'

kS
i: (ql)Kp = --¡2

¡2 2QJK
OpH X= h2 D. r.11e h- Bb!COTa 6amar,
q D- JKecTKOCTb O.l\HOií H3 no,10K .11s¡raspa npa

'"~!I
H3rH6e B ee Il~OCKOCTH, 3Ha'leHHlI 6vnyT
1
X 0,4 4 8 1
16
1 1 \
k 143 53 42,6 / 36,3
1 1 1 1

X 12 64 12R 400
1 1 1 1

k 32,6 1 30,5 1 29,4 1 28,6

1
496
 fl poOOAJ/CeHue ma6A. 46

CxeMa KpuTHqecKaH uarpyaKa

EcJIH npH onpoKH.l\bJDaHHH Harpy3Ka ocTaeTc11

napaJIJieJibHOii nepeoHa•1aJibHOMY HanpaeJie-
Hmo, TO
_ EJ (n2 _ 92)2
(qR)Kp - R2 EJ )
92 (n2+ 92 __
OJK
ECJIH npn onpoKH,!lblBaHHH Harpy3Ka ocraeTCR
HanpaBJieHHOH K HCXO,!IHOMY uettTpy KPHBH3·
Hb!, TO

2rtS
MKP =-¡-

p
1 44,5S
¡
1

li,•
PKP = [2
l

"' 1 kS
~I
•
PKP =72
t' 1

' 1
[2 2GJK
¡¡; npH X= h2 -y)"' r,11e h- BblCOTa 6aJIKH,
' p D - mecTKOCTb O.l\HOH H3 noJioK ,11eyrnepa npH
;. I H3rH6e B ee nJIOCKOCTH, 3HaqeHHff k 6y.l\yT

X 1 0,4 4 8 16
¿ 1 1 1

k 1268 88,8 65,5 ¡ 50,2

.j 1 1

X 32 64 128 320
l: 1 1 1 1

1 k 40,2 34,I 30,7 28,4

1 1 1 1

!1 491

f
 ll pOOOllJJCeHue 11za611 46

CxeMa KpHTHqecKall uarpysKa

ali 1 O,l 1 0,2 1 0,3 1 0,4 1 0,5

" 1 l 17 1 53,2 1 35,2 1 28,5 1 26,7

48,6S
(qf)Kp = 12

kS
(qf)Kp = /f
/1 2GJ K
f1pH X = hª -O , r.11e h- BblCOTa
D - lKecrKOCTb o.11ttoíí H3 noJioK ,11ayraapa n

>

i
1Í! 11 111
1
q

!fí I H3rH6e B ee nJIOCKOCTll, 3Ha'!eHl!lI k 6y.11yr

k
1 0,4 1
161
4 8

119
lb

91,3
1488
1

•
)(
1
32
1
96 ¡ 128 1400
1
k 1 73,0 1 58,0 1 55,8 1 51,2
"

kS •'
;¡¡,;
a PKP = 72
-¡p
-~-
' ,
a/l 1 0,1
1
0,2
1
0,3 1 0,4 1
0,5 ""
,,'·
"'
1
'"'-
k 1608 1 155 1 80,9 1 58,6 1 53,0

129,IS
(qf)Kp = 12

4'J8
 fl poaoAJ/CeHUe ma6/I, 46

C1<eMa KpurnqecKa11 uarpysKa

mEJ
(qR)Kp =7
HarpyaKa ocTaercH napaJJJJeJJbHOii cBoeMy nep-
BOHaqaJJbHOMY HanpaBJJeHH~

81 n: 41 rr: 2 \ n ,l,063rrl l,lrr 11,2411

m 1 60,I 1 12,61 1,851 1,541 1,40 1 1,00

a// 1 o, 1 1 0,2 1 0,3 1 0,4 1 0,5

k 1 65,8 1 34,7 1 25,8 1 22,81 22,9

a// 1 0,6 1 0,7 0,8 1 0,9

1
k 1 25,7 1 32,9 50, 7 1 11 1

fl '-'§I
q
39,6S
(q/)Kp = /2
1,'

- 1
a// 0,1 1 0,2 1 0,3 0,4 1 0,5

k 77,51 41,51 31,5 28,9 1 30,5

a// 0,6 1 0,7 0,8 1 0,9

J k 37, 1 1 53,9 104 1 376

q
57,2S
(ql)Kp = /2
1

499
 fl po(}o11J1Ce1tue ma6A. 46

CxeMa

'~
;J#~·m; (q/)Kp = ¡z
86,4S

_....,,

BepTHK8JlbHbie nepeMew,eHHH onopttblX Ce'leHHH

HeB03MOJKHbl:
{{
kS
1 p PKP = 72
{------
1 l ',
~

a/I 1 O, I 1 0,2 1
0,3
1
0,4
1
0,5

k 1 393 1
114
1
63,I
1
47,2
1
43,2

BepTHKa.1bH ble nepeMew.ettHH onopttb!X ce'!eHHH

Q'.l~Ím~
npeitnonaralOTCH HeB03MOJKHWMH

98,7S
(q/)K(> = ¡z

kS
PKI> =Ti
a a/I 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

- -·-'----- -
~
p . '
k
1
399
1
118
1
67,8
1
52,6
1
50,2
1 1 1 1 1
HI l
a/I 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
1 1 1 1
k 57,7 82,2 161 621
1 1 1 1

120,6S
(ql)K(> = ¡z

SOi
~~~~~~~~K~o~9~~-~-"~U._H_e_H_T_~~Y_c_n_o_n_H_o_r_o~n_o_n_y_c_K_ae_M~o_r_º~"-ª-"_P_H_JK~e-"-"-H~"-ª._.:¡1I
Ta6JJHU.a 47.
~l h
~J
MaTepHaJJ
, ,o 1 20 1 3ll 1 40 1 50 l 60 l 70 l 80

CTaJJb
CTO 1,00 1 0,99 I 0,97 1 0,95 1 0,92 I 0,89 I 0,86 1 0,81 1 0,75 I ·~
CT2 j ~~
'
Cr3
Cr4
CT5
HJl·l 1,00 0,98 0,95 0,92 0,89 0,86 0,82 0,76
HJI-2 ( 15XCH.[l) 1,00 0,98 0,95 0,93 0,90 0,83 0,78 0,71
COK 1,00 0,97 0,95 0,91 0,87 0,83 0,79 0,72

4yrytt
C412-28 1,00 1 0,97 0,91 0,81 0,69 0,57 0,44 0,34 10,26
C415-18
C415-30
C415-32
C41 'J-.16
C418 36
C421-40
C421-44 º·
1,00 1 0,9'i 1 0,87 1 75 1 0,60 1 0,43 1 0,32 1 0,23 1 0, 18
C424 44
C428 48

AJ110MH11tteBblii crlJlaB
AMr 1,00 0,973 0,945 0,917 0,87 0,77
AMr6 1,00 0,973 '946 0,89 0,77 0,64
ABTl 1,00 0,996 0,892 0,90 0,78 0,66
.l1.16T l,00 0,999 0,998 0,835 0,70 0,568 0,455 0,353 0,26!
KaMeHHble H ap\10- 1,00 o,9q 0,96 0,91 0,85 0,78 0,72 0,65 0,58
KaMeHHbre 9"ie\IeHTbl
)K,e.11eso6ero11 1,00 1,00 ! (ü 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,83 0,73 0,64

BeroH TlllKeJJblll 1,00 1,00 O,% 0,90 0,84 0,76 0,70 0,63 0,57

BeroH JJerKHii 1,00 1,00 0,95 0,86 0,73 0,68 0,59 0,52 0,46

JI,epeBo (coCHa, eJJb) 1,00 0,99 0,97 0,93 0,87 0,80 0,71 0,61 0,49

502
(
--
t~ - -
clKarne <p

KO.. lb I

'º 1
100 1 110 \ 120 1130 1140 1150 1160 170 1180 1190 1 ?00
11 --
•' 0,45 0,40 0,36 0,32 0,29 0,26 0,23 0,21 0,19
t\ n.69 0,60 0,52

0,62 0,51 0,43 0,38 0,32 0,28 0,26 0,24 0,21 0,19 0,17 0,16
0,54 0,45 0,39 0,33 0,29 0,26 0,23 0,21 0,19 0,17 0,15 0,14
0,55 0,43 0,35 0,30 0,26 0,23 0,21 0,19 0,17 0,15 0,14 0,13

0,20 0,16 - - - - - - - - -

0,14 0,12 - - - - - - - - -

0,465 0,415 0,365 0,327 0,296 0,265 0,235 - - - - -

0,322 0,28 0,243 0,213 0,183 0,162 0,148 - - - - -
0,112 0,252 0,21 0,175 0,15 0,129 0,113 - - - - -
0,212 0, 172 0,142 0,119 0,101 0,087 0,076 - - - - -
0,53 0,48 0,43 0,38 0,35 0,32 0,29 - - - - -
0,57 0,52 - - - - - - - - - -
0,51 0,45 - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
0,38 0,31 0,25 0,22 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,11 0,10 0,09 0,08

503
Ta 6 JI 11 u a 48. YpaeHeHHA H3rH6atoll\ero MOMeHTa M (Z) R ynpyroií .11HHHH w (z) ,ll.llJI HeKoropblX c.11yqaee

npo,llO.ll&Ho-n onepelfHoro Hsrn6a 6a.110K nocTOJIHHoro nonepeqnoro ce 11eHHJ1 ( k= VE~)

Cx eMa 6aJIKH H ee
HarpyJKeHHH M (Z) 111 (z)

M (z) = TP [sh kb
sh kl sh kz - w (z)
P { sh kb
= Elii3 SiikT' sh kz - (
1- Ta) kz -
w
p
N N z - e (a) sh k (z - a)] - e (a) (sh k (z - a) - k (z - a)]}
~" ,,¡,,
Psh kb
o b P {sh kb ( a) }
l M (a) = k sh kl sh ka w (a)= EJkª Shkl 'h ka - 1- 1 ka
e (a) = O npa z <: a
e (a) = 1 np11 z > a

.
[ch kb M {ch kb z
= EJkª Si1kf sh kz- T -
,11 -
w,.,
-~o i-. b '""
N z
M (z) = M sh kl sh kz -

- e (a) ch k (z - a)]
ch kb
w (z)

-e(a) [ch k (z-a)-1)}

l ( M (a) = M sh kl sh ka
w (a)
M
= EJk' [ch kb
sh kl sh ka -
a]
¡
e (a) =O np11 z <a
e (IJ) = 1 np11 z > a

-
~--

j _,_ .. [,."
'"'
,~. "-~-...,,.;.,.. ,.......,,~ ~
 <>•(,-~) + 1] ~ EJ',,.11 - - 'i'( 1 -+l]
q [ chk(z-;)

"·~'¡('.!ll!V ' M (z) = fii - l

chk-
2
w (,)
chk-
l
2

Mrn~t.(--1,+1)
chk-
w (2
1) =E'Jkf"
q l l -s-
( 1--- "'')
chk2
2

& M (z) =T
P sh kz
ch kl -

N(Hr j z M
.. ~ M (z) = ch kl ch k (l - z) -

z q
M(l) = k3 ch kl (1 - ch kl - kl sh kl) -

' l
 llpofJ011;)1CeHue ma611. 48

C ~f>M3 6a.nKH H ee
ua rpymeHHH Af (ZI W {Zl

q [ - ch k ( z - ~) + ch ~
w (z) = éJk4 kl
sh 2

r p

w (
_ k2~z ( 1 _ ~ ) ]

~) = EJk4 ( ~ th ~ - k~ )
2

P [sin kb
=T P { sin kb . ~) +
w
M (z) sin kl sin kz -
w (z) = EJk 3 - sin kl sin kz + ( 1_ l
k2

p
N N z - e (a) sin k (z - a)] +e (a) [sin k (z - a) - k (z - a))}
,.,~

b P sin kb .
M (a) = T sin kl s1n ka P { sin kb . ( a) }
w (a) = Elkª - sin kl sin ka+ 1 - T ka
e(a)=O npH z<;a
1 e (a) = 1 npH z >a
-
"'~sit Wde ntc id t"t ..,Ge rn-...
=~--=~-

cos k/J M j CO'> /,b l

M (z) = M [ sin kl sin kz - w (z) = l:.Jk2 ~ - si1ikT '>In kz +T-
N- -
"*'
WM

"~
N z - e (a) cos k (z - a)] - e (a) [ 1 - cos k (z - a))}

a i-- b
M (a) =
cos kb
M sin kl sin ka
M [ cos kb
w (a}= EJk2 - sin kl sin ka+
a]
T
l
e (a) =O np¡:¡ z ..,¡;:a
e (a)= 1 npH z >a

q
cos k (
'
z-4) ~
w (z) = EJk4 [ 1 - kl +
CO> -
2

M ( ~) = ~ (- 1 + ~) k2/z (
+ ----:¡- 1-
-~l }\]
cos2

w \-2
f ' )
= q
EJk4
(
I -
1
-k-l
cos -
kf2)
+s
2 ,
 npoiJ011:11ce11ue ma611. 48

CxeMa fiaJlKH H et.

uarpyJKeHHH M(z) w (t)

q [ cos kl - cos kb .
M (Z) = fi sin kl smkz -
w
N
~q
1111
*"
t N L
- cos kz+ 1]
-
,.j
a "" "
b M , q [ cos kl - cos kb
{ (z ) = ii 2 sin kl sin kz-

- cos kz + cos k (z - a)]

(sin
~r;,N .z
q kz z)
M(z)=k2 Sfñkf-T
1 sin kl
-
/\lmax np11 z = k arccos-¡¡¡-

~
P sin kz
M(z)=-- --
k cos kl -
- - - --
 M

~t=r
M (z) = cos kl cos k (l - z)
-

N• :!"~ 11 !}' 11: ~ l. M {l) = k2 c:s kl (l - cos kl- kl sin kl) -

kl co~ k (z - l /2)]
("l-"''('-~)+co·~1
q [
M (z) = f2 - l + 2 sin kl/2
w(Z)=EJk4
Q 2 + 1,¡
q ( kl /2 ) -¡ sin
M (l/2) = f2 ·- \ +Sin kl/2

--·~-
1

N
l
N
M (O)= k2
q (
- l+
kl/2 )
tg kl/2 k'¡, ( 1-T
+-y ') j
w
(12 )= q (
EJk4 -
kl
2 tg 4 +
kl k2[2)
8

1
 íJlABA 19

YnPYrHE KOnE&AHHSI

t9.t. KnaccHCl>MKBL\HA MexaHM'lecKHX Kone6aHHii

Bce KOJie6aTeJlbHb!e npoueCCbl, e KOTOpblMll npllXO)lllTCll BCTpeqaTbCJI

B cp1!311Ke 11 TeXHllKe, MO)KllO KJ13Cc11cp11u11pOB8Tb B COOTBeTCTBllll e 33KOllOM,
no KOropoMy BeJ111q11tta, xapaKrep11syiornaH
KOJ1e6areJ1bHb1li npouecc, 113Mettl!ercll BO Bpe-
o
MeHH. TaKyio KJ1acc11cp11Kau11io MOJKHO Ha-
sBaTb KUfle.MamutteCKOÍÍ B WllpOKOM CMblCJ!e
9roro cJioBa. KoJ1e6att11ll Moryr Ób!Tb nepuoiJu-
ttecKU.MU 11 ¡¡enepuoiJuttecKUMU. KpoMe roro,
t 11Meercl! w11poK11li npoMeJKyroqttb!li KJiacc
TaK H33blBaeMb!X nottmu nepuoiJuttecKuX KO·
Jie6att11li.
a / fiepllO.llllqecKlle KOJ1e6a1111l! on11CblB8lOTCll
a / nep110.z¡1111ecKoli cpyHKu11eli, 3H3'leH11e KO'l"OpoA
noBrOpl!erc¡¡ qepes onpe.z¡enettttb!li 01 pesoK
BpeMeH11 T, H33b!BaeMblii nepuoiJo.M KO/le6a-
Huií, r. e.
t f (t + T) = f (t)
¡,
1' np11 JII060M 3H8'lel!Hll nepeMeHHOli t.
1: Henep110.z¡11qecK11M11 Hashmarorcll <!Jy11K·
ó "" u.1111, He y».OaJ1erBopllrorn11e yKasa11110My ycJio·
BlllO.
P11c. 328 fioqr11 nep 11o)l11qecK11e cpyttKU1111 onpe.z¡e-
JilllOTc11 ycJIOBl!eM

lfi (t + •) - f i (t) 1 <e

np11 Jiro(foM t, r.z¡e 't 11 e - onpe.z¡eJieHHble nocrOllHHble BeJI11q1111h1. QqeB11,ll·

! HO, qro ecJ111 8 O'lellb M3JIO no cpaBHeHlllO co cpe».HllM 3Ha11e1111eM MO.llYJlll
cpyttKu1111f 1 (t) sa BpeMH t, ro noqr11 nep110».11qec"Kall cpyttKUllll 6y.z¡er 6JI1!3Ka
1 K nep110.z¡11qecKoli, B KOropoli 't 6y.z¡er no'lmu nepuoiJoM.
K tta1160Jiee pacnpocrpa11eHHb1M nep110.z¡11qecKllM KOJ1e6att11l!M oTHO-
CHTCH 2apMOflUtteCKUe KOJ1e6aH11ll.
1 Henep110.z¡11qecK11e KOJ1e6att11l! ropa3».0 pa311006pasHee nep110».11qecK11X •
• TaK11e KOJ1e6a1111ll qa¡ne Bcero l!BJIHIOTCH aamyxa10w,uMu (p11c. 328, a)
'
11J111 Hapacma10w,u.Mu (p11c. 328, 6) rapMOH11qecK11M11 KOJie6att11llM11. 3aryxa·
iorn11e KOJie6att11ll MareMar11qecK11 Moryr 6b!Tb npe.z¡craaJieHb! Bblpa.l!<e1111et1

.t = A-61 cos (cot + <p), (19.1)

r.z¡e 11 ro - nocrOHHHbJe BeJill'lllHbt; t - apeMl!.

A, <p, 6
HapacraIO¡nHe rapMOH11qecKHe KOJ1e6att11ll MareMat11qecK11 on11cb1B8·
IOTCH 3H3J!Ofll'IHO (19.1), TOJlbKO 3H3K np11 lit )lOJIJKeH 6b!Tb SaMelleH 11a npo-
THBOIJOJIOlKHblii (IlJ!IOC).

510
¡,

CTporo roaop11, HasaaHHe «3aTyxa10m.He rapMOHH'!eCKHe KoJie6a11H11»

tte coaceM J!OfH'IHO, TaK KaK rapMOHH'leCKHe KOJie63HHH He MoryT saTy-
xaTb. TeM tte Mettee Ha npaKTHKe 9THM Ha3BattHeM nOJib3YlOTCH.
KJiaccHcpH Ka UH 11 KOJie6areJibttbIX n poueccoa no BtternH HM n p H3 Ha KaM
tte HBJ!HeTCH )'lOCTaTO'IHOH, a noroMy Otta J(OJI>Ktta 6h!Tb aonoJittetta KJl3C·
cHcpHK31\HeH KOJie6attHH no OCHOBHb!M cpH3Hl!eCKHM npH3ttaKaM paccMaTpH·
aaeMb!X KOJie6aTeJJbHb!X CHCTeM.
DpH HCcJieaoaaHHH KOJie6aTeJibHbIX )'lBH>KeHHH ynpyrHx
CHCTeM B3)!{H0 3H3Tb, KaKOe 'IHCJIO He3aBHCHMh!X napaMeTpOB
onpe¡¡eJIHeT noJJoJKeHHe CHCTeMhl B KaJK)'lblH )'laHHh!H MOMeHT
apeMeHH. 1.J:HCJIO T3KHX napaMeTpOB H33b!Baerc11 'iUC/IOM cme-
ne1-tet1 ceo6oiJbl.
B npocreiiwH X CJJy'IBHX OOJJO>KeHHe CHCTeMbl MO>KeT Ób!Tb
onpe)'leJieHO 01\HOH BeJJH'IHHOH. TaKHe CHCTeMbl H83b!BalOTCH
cucmeMaMU e oiJnoú cmeneHbló ceo6aobl. KoJJe6areJJbHa11 cH-
creMa, COCTOHIIl;8!1 H3 rpysa Q, noJ(BelileHHoro H8 npyJKHHe
(pHC. 329), 6y¡¡y'IH ycTpOetta T8K, '!TO B03MO)!{Hbl TOJJbKO aep-
THKaJibHble nepeMem.eHHH rpysa, !IBJJHeTC!I CHCTeMOH c OJ(HOÜ
creneHhlO cao6oJ(bl. Ee noJJoJKeHHe a JJI06oif MoMeHT apeMeHH Q
MoJKer Óh!Tb onpeJ(eJ!eHo OJlHHM napaMerpoM - nepeMem.eHHeM f f
no aepTHK3JIH.
CTpHMepoM cucme.Mbl e fJey.MR cmenenRMU ceo60~1>1 MoJKer
t$"' "'
cJiyJKHTb HeaecoMa!I 6aJIKa, Hecyw;a11 JlBe MaCCbI (pHc. 330).
PHc. 329
3aech He38BHCHMbIMH napaMerpaMH, onpe¡¡eJJH!OW.HMH noJJo-
JKettHe CHCTeMbl B JII06oll MOMeHT BpeMeHH, Moryr CJiyJKHTb
nepeMew;eHHH Mace m1 H m2 OTHOCHTeJJbHO noJJoJKeHHH paBHOBeCHH. YBe•
JIH'IHB8!1 'IHCJJO cocpe)lOTO'leHHblX Mace KOJie6JI10W:eiic11 6aJJKH' nepexOJ(HM
a npeae.ne K 6aJJKe a pacnpeJJ;eJieHHOH no aceif JlJJHHe Maccoif - KOJie6a-
reJibHOH cucme.Me (pHc. 331) e 6ec1wne'iHblM 'iUCAO.M cmenenea ceo6aiJbl.
KJiaccHcpHKaUHH MexaHH'!eCKHX KOJie6aHHÜ MOJKeT 6b1Tb npoaeaeHa
H no apyrHM npH3HaKaM. B r¡aCTHOCTH, npHH!ITO pa3JIH'larb cJJeJlyIOm.He
l!eTblpe THna KOJJe6aHHH: ceo6olJHble 1w11e6aHUJI, BblHy~iJeHHble KOAe6aHUJI,
napaMempU'ieCKUe KóAe6aHUJI u aemOKOAe6aHUJI.

A; .:_ __. __ :~

PHc. 330 PHC. 331

C1Jo6oiJHblMU ( co6cm1JeHHblMU) Ha3blBa10mcJ1 K011e6anua, eoBHUKa10w,ue

e uao11upoeannot1 cuente.Me ec11eiJcmeue 1JHeume20 eoa6y~iJeHUR («TOJJ'IKOB» ),
Bbl3btea10U1,e20 y mo'ieK cucme.Mbl HattaAbHble om1<11onenua (lm no11o~eHUR
paenoeecuR, u npoiJ011~a10U1,uecR eame.M 611a2oiJapR HaAU'iUto enympennux
ynpy2ux cu11, 13occmana1311uea10w,ux pa1Jnoeecue. Heo6xoaHMa11 9HeprH11,
06ecnel!Haa10rn_aH npouecc KOJie6aHHH, nocrynaer H3BHe B Ha'!aJJbHhlH
'v!O\!eHT B03ÓyJK)'leHH!I KOJie6aHHH. CTepHO)'l KOJie6aHHH (BpeM!I O)'lHOrO nOJJ·
HOrO KOJ1e6aHHH) HJIH qacrora KOJ!e6aHHH (BeJIH'!HHa' o6parHaH nepHOJlY)
3aBHCHT OT CaMOH CHCTeMhl. LJ:acTora KOJie6aHHH HBJ!HeTCH BnOJIHe onpe.ne·
JieHHOH )'lJIH aaHHOH CHCTeMbl H H33b!BaeTCH co6cmeeHHOt1 ttacmomoa KOAe6a-
'iUt1 CHCTeMbl. Cao60)'lttble KOJJe6aHHH H3·3a norepb !IHeprHH B CHCTeMe
npaKTH'leCKH aceraa HBJIHIOTCH 3aryxalOW.HMH, XOTH npH aHaJIH3e CBOÓO,'J,·
llb!X KOJie6aHHH yKa3atttrb!MH noTepHMH 9HeprHH 'lacro npeHe6peralOT.
BblHy~iJeHHblMU HaBbll3a10mca Ko11e6anua ynpycou cucmeMbl, npouc-
xoiJaw,ue npu iJeucmeuu na cucme.My (e me11enue ececo npou,ecca Ko11e6aHut1)
BaiJaHHblX 13HeUtHUX nepuoiJu11ecKu UBMeHJllOU{UXCJI 8blHijOICiJa10w,ux cu-i.

511
XapaKTep KOJie6áTeJibHOro npou.ecca npH 9TOM onpe,neJilleTCll He TOJlbKO CBOli-
CTBaMH CHCTeMbl, HO cyru.eCTBeHHO 3aBHCllT TaK)Ke OT BHellIHeli CHJlbl. Dpu-
MepOM Bb!HY1KAeHHb!X KOJie6aHHH MoryT CJiy1KHTb nonepeGHble KOJie6aHHll
6aJIKH (pHC. 332), Bhl3b!BaeMble HeypaBHOBellleHHOli Maccoli poTopa H
ycTattOBJieHHOro "ª Heii pa60Ta10ll\ero 3JieKTpOMOTOpa.
BhlHyJKAeH Hble KOJie6a HHll npoHCXOJl.llT e GaCTOTOH BblHY1KAa10ru.eli
CHJibl H noa.nepJKHBalOTC!I 3a cqeT Henpepb!BHOfO nOCTynJieHHll 3HeprHH
H3BHe. CTpH coana,nemrn GaCTOTbl BhIHYJKAaIOru.Hx CHJI e qacToToli co6cTaeH-
HhlX KOJie6aHHii CHCTeMhl HaCTynaer pe30HaHC, xapaKTepll3YlOU\HHCB
pe3KHM B03pacTaHHeM aMllJllHY)l.bl BblHYlKAeHHblX KOJie6aHHií, npe,nCTll,B· t>.í
JIHIO!lJ.HM onacHOCTb AJ!!! pa60Tbl paccMaTpHaaeMoli MeXaHHqeCKOH KOJ!e· . '!ir
6aTeJihHOli CHCTeMbl.
llapaMempu1tecKUMU Jta3bl1Ja10mca KOAe6aHU!I ynpyeoil. cucmeMbl, e npo-
·j·
..
4ecce KomopblX nepuoiJu1tecKu U3MeHa10mca <f¡uau1tecKue napaMempw cu-
cmeMw - eeAU'lUHbl, xapaKmepu3y10w,ue Maccy uAU ~ecmKocmb cucmeMw.
CTpH 9TOM BHellIHHe CllJibl He BJIHlllOT HenocpeACTBeHHO Ha Kone6aTeJibHOe
llBHJKeH11e, a li3MeHl!IOT <jiH3HGeCKile napaMeTpb! CilCTeMbl. npHMepOM na• ..,
paMeTpHGeCKHX KOJie6attHÍÍ MOryT CJIYJKHTb nonepeGHble KOJie6aHHll MaCcbl §'f
Ha aparu.aIOru.eMCJl cTepJKHe HeKpyrnoro ~

::--~---
__ : p. ceGeHHll, HMe!Olll.HM pa3Hhlii 9KBaTOPH·
811bHblH MOMeHT HHepUHH OTHOCHTeJibHO
B33ilMHO nepneHAHKYJillpHb!X oceli.
A1JmoK0Ae6aHU!IMU, UAU caMOKOAe6a-
PHc. 332 HU!IMU, ynpyeoil. cucmeMbl HQBblBO/OmcR
Heaamyxa10w,ue KoAe6aHU!I, noiJIJep~ueae­
Mble maKUMU BHeUlHUMU CUAQMU, xapaKmep
1JosiJeil.cmeua Komopblx onpeiJeAaemca caMUM KOAe6ameAbHblM npo4eccoM.
AaTOKOJie6aHHll B03HHK3!0T B CHCTeMe B OTCYTCTBHe BHellIHHX nepHO-
Jl.HGeCKHX aos.neHCTBHH. XapaKrep Kone6aHHli onpe,neJ111erc11 llCKJIIOGH• ·
reJibHO ycTpolicraoM cucreMh!. Hcro4HHK 9HeprHH, aocnoJIHH!OIUFir norepH

i
:rneprHH B CHcreMe B npmiecce ee KOJie6aHHH, cocrasn11er neor"beMJieMyto
GaCTb CHCTeMbl. TaKHM o6pa30M, aaTOKOJie6aHHll OTJIHGalOTCll OT CB060Jl·
l!b!X KOJJe6aHHii, llBJl!!!Orn_HXCll 3aryxa10mHMH, TeM, 4TO OHH He saryxalOT.
C npyroi\ CTOpOHbl, aBTO¡¡KOJie6aHHll OTJIH'lalOTCll OT BhJHyJK,neHHb!X H napa• . )
MerpH"IeCKHX KOJie 6 aHH ' Bb!3b!BaeMblX BHeIIJHHMH CHJlaMH, xapaKrep .
neilcTBHll KOTOpb!X B 06m1x CJJyqal!x sa,naH, TeM, GTO OHH llBJilllOTCll caAIO·
8036ya1eiJa10U1,UMUC!I KOJie6aHHllMll, B KOTOpb!X npouecc KOJJe6aHHÜ ynpaB·
JllleTCll caMHMl! KOJle6aHilllMH.
"''i
..
CTpHMepoM aaroKoJJe6aHHH M01KeT cJJyJKHTh BH6paUHll qacreli caMO·
JJeTa (<i>JJaTTep), Kor.na HCTOGHUKOM ,noTIOJIHHTeJlbHOH 9HeprHH, non.zi;ep·
JKHBaIOru.eH KOJJe6aHHll CHCTeMbl, llBJllleTCll 9HeprHll B03,nynrnoro noroKa,
a TaKJKe rpeneraHHe ljJJ1ara Ha BeTpy.
KJJaccH<i>HKaUHIO KOJJe6aHHli npHH11ro raKJKe npoao,nHTb no BHny ,!l;e•
<f¡opMauHli ynpyrHx 3JJeMeHTOB KOHCTpyKUHH. B qacrHoCTH, npHMeHHTeJI&•
HO K CTepi1rneab1M cHcreMaM pa3JIHGalOT npoiJoAbHble, nonepettHble u KPY•
mU/lbHble KO/le6aHU!I. •
l1 pu npoiJoAbHblX KOAe6aHU!IX nepeMew,eHU!I ecex mo<teK ynpyeo80"· ,
cmep~H!I Hanpa13Aeltbl eiJoAb ocu cmep~H!I. CTpH sroM HMeeT MeCTo ne4Jop•
M3UHll YllJIHHeHHll HJJH yKopoqeHHll CTepJKHll, T. e. nponoJJbHble KOJie6a•
HHll MOJKHO Ha3b!B3Tb KOJJe6aHHllMH paCTl!JKeHHll - CJKaTHll.
llpu nonepe'lHblX (U3eU6HblX) KOAe6aHU!IX OCH08Hble KOMnoHeHmlJI
ntpeMew,eHuú ( npoeu6w) HanpaMeHbl nepneHiJUKYA!lpHo K ocu cmep~ftJI.
l1 pu KpymuAbHblX KOAe6aHU!IX u,,11e10m Atecmo nepeMeHHble iJer/JopMa·
quu KpytteHU!I. BosMOJKHbI TaKJKe H3rH6Ho·KpyrHJ1bHb1e KoJie6aHHll, T· e,¡,
KOlle6aHHll, npH KOTOpb!X OAHOBpeMeHHO HMelOT MeCTO nepeMeHHb!ÍI H3rllu
H Kpy4eHHe.

512
 t9.2. Cao60AHble KOne6aHHSI CHCTeM e OAHOH creneHblO cao60Abl

npocreiímcit Ko.1e6are.%Ho1'í c11cre~10íi e o;¡no1i crenenLro cno0on.r,1

MO)l(eT CJl)')KHTb rpy3, non.Be!Ile!Hlb!fr 11a BeptnKaJJbHO pacnoJJO}l(l'"flOÍ'
nrV)l(illle (p!lC. 333).
· ¡ucpcjJepeHI.\HaJibHOe ypaBuerrne Ko,1e6aHuir rpy3a Q uo.11 Yll\• n i·a
C\\1'" npoeKuHií Bcex CHJI (Bl(JIJO'la!I CH.1b! HHepumr COfJI3CHO np1!HU!IIIY
_ia 1J"6epa) Ha BepTIIK3Jlbl!)'!O OCb, B Bl11l.e

Q + ex - (Q - -¡
Q ")
x = O.
()1~1o;¡a
Q ..
-x+cx=
g O,
f!,1 ti
x+ ú· X
2
= Ü, ( 19. 2)

r¡2 x - BeprnKaJibHOe nepeMemeHue rpy3a or noJJO·

}h.eH!!H CTaTH'!eCKOro paBHOBeCJIH; .• = d 2 xldt 2 ; 1 -
s,>e\IH; e - )KeCTKOCTb npy)Kf!Hb!; g - ycKopeHHe
CBOÓO)lHOro na¡¡eHHH; w - yrJIOB3H 'lacrara CBOÓO)lHbIX
ho.1e6aHHií
cg g
-
~cr = Q/c -
w2 = Q = -~-;

BeJIH'lHHa y¡¡JinneHuH npy}KHHbI

ra<JeCKOM ¡¡eiícTBHI! rpyaa Q.
Pe!IleHHeM ypaBHeHH!I ( 19.2) 6yn.er
CT

npu
(19.3)

cra- ><
+,
Q-gX

x = A cos wt + B sin wt, (19.4) Puc. 333

r;¡e A n B - nocrOHHHbre HHrerpupoBaHHH, 3aBHCHmHe or na<JaJibHb!X

}'CJJOBHH.
EcJIII 3a;(allbl Ha•raJJbHaH KüOPll.llHaTa rpyga Xo H Ha'laJibHaH CKOpoc Tb
v0 = x np11 t =O, ro H3 (l 9.4) onpen.emr~r
A= x0 ; B =ºo
-· ( 19.5)
úl
r10J1ara11
Vo
x0 =a sin ex, -úl =a casa, ( 19. 6)

pe UeHlle (19.4) MOll<rro npeacraBHlb B BHll.e

x = a sin (wt + a;),
r:te a - ª'rnmrry¡¡a Ko1e6aHI1ir, onpe¡¡eJrne1!dH cjJopMyJioií

a = J A2 Í
+ 32 = 1/
( , v,;
x,¡ + w2
"

R 'llt<IHHa wl +a na31.rsaetcH cjJaafJÜ KfJ,1°6wwü, ~ Bemi<JHHa a - rrl1u-

c!'t •/ 1Qi'A. Ha OCHOBJlll1H (19 (i) a. MOJKer Ób!fb orrpe¡e11euo 113 ycJJO!lIIH

17 7-158 513
 ;j¡

l1 .

TEl•·~¡!'!1 :
YrJioBa5! <racTOTa Ko.1e6;rnrrn {<rnC'.,w Ko.1e6arrm'\, conepmaeMoc 8 1
'!Cl!lle 2 re CCl(j'l!i\) H;J OC!!OB~i!l!I! (19.3) fly.~eT :~.·. ·l1i¡~
~

HJin
úJ =
V -iZ
-,-
'.\CT
(19.7) ~
~

¡-
W = i 1~'
f¡'\e m = Qlg - Macea nc.:rnerICf!!Hcro rpy3a.

-
3Ha5! yrJIOB) !O 43CTOTY, ~'.L1)E!!O onpe,'l,".1llTb neprto() K0.1e6aHt11l

V
:2 :i:
T = -(<)- = 2;-;:
~CT
g = 2n V-z- ·
-.,

4nc.10 Ko.1e6a1rni\ B ceKyH¡¡y, r. e. ce1(yttana51 4acTora, Bb1paLKaeMa

B repuax, onpe¡¡e.1rnc5! ¡jio¡n1y.1oi'r

f= rl =
ú)

2n .
Opn KoJie6amrnx rpy3a, noanewettttoro Ha Kottue npyLKHHbl,
CTaB.~HIOlll,eií co6oií CTep)!(eHb JJ..1HHOH l e LKeCTKOCTb!O nonepe<rnoro
HHH Ha paCTHLKettne E F n LKecrKOCTbIO

EF
e=-,-,
"i
co6crBeHHa5! 'laCTOTa Ko.1e6aHHll COf;1aCHO (19.7) onp
¡i;e.1HTC5! cpopM y JIOH

ú) -V-g--V
- Ll -
EFg.
Q/
CT

Yl!HTb1BaH, '!TO Q/g = m, MOLKHO 3anncarb

(19.11.
!~
rp l·fa
cpopMyJI (19.10) H (19.11) BHl\HO, '!TO '18CTOTa csO.:;,, f'~
60)'1,Hb!X KOJie6aHHH CHCTeMbl npH HeH3MeHHOH Macc•e;: ª
Bospacraer () yBeJIH'leHHeM LKeCTKOCTH H yMeHblilaetei~ ~
Puc. 334 e yneJIHtJe1meM M8CCb! npH HeH3MeHHOH JKeCTKOCTR.~c •
ÜTHOIIleHHe 'laCTOT CB060)'1,Hb!X KOJJe6aHHll rpysoB¡~~
IlpHKpenJJeHHblX K KOH¡¡aM l\BYX p33HbiX crepJKHeií, o6paTHO nponopU.ll"j'i·
OH3JlbHO KOPH!O KBap;paTHOMY H3 OTHOIIleHH5! CTaTH'leCKHX y¡i;JmHeHHt,¡;.
crepxrnei\. ,;~.
CTpnMepOM CHCTeMbl e Ol(HOH CTeneHb!O CB060)'1,bl MOLKeT cJJyJKHTb ras¡·¡,
JKe KOJJe6areJJbHa5! CHCTeMa, COCTOHU\aH H3 MaCCHBHOfO ¡\HCKa, npHKpeD;~
JleHHOfO K HHJKHeMy KOHUY JKeCTKO 3aKpenJieHHOfO aepXHHM KOHUOM B8~·
(puc. 334). EcJJH K p;HCKY B ero nJJoCKOCTH npnJJoJKHTb H nnesanHO y11...,.:,,:
J!HTb napy CHJI, TO B03HHKHYT CB060)'1,Hb!e KOJie6aHH5! Kpy'leHH5! saJI8 . ,(
BMecre e .l(HCKOM. 06osnatJHM KPYTHJlbHy10 JKecTKOCTb aaJia (Kpynuu.HA
MOMeHT, Bbl3b!B3!0ll\HH 3aKpytJnBaHHe BaJia "ª
0,l(HH pa¡i;narr) qepe3 e:
GJ P G¡¡d4 (19.12) ''
e = -l- = l · 32 '
r.l(e G - MO.l\YJ!b ynpyrocrn npn c,l(Bnre; d - ¡i;uaMerp aaJia; l - JJ:JIHH8
sana.

St4
 f1ricno11i,30Banm11cr, npHilllHITOM !la11aM6q1a lrn1epnnd'1 ~raer¡,¡ r·:rp>K·
!!·· ,,.,,·11c6perac,1), no,;1yq:;\1 .111~i·j1epe11uI1a:n,noe yp;rnl!c:1rrt· 1:;·1·n1:11.i:1,i-:
hl' :r·ÓrlllllH ,'\llCl<a, rrp:1paBI!5lll l(PYT5l!l\Hii MOMern Clp, ;1ci1CIB\'!Oé!lllií B HCI·
:I•.' 11pll ero 3a1(py4IIBRFI1!1! Ha yro.~ Cf, MoMeHTY C!IJI lll!epIUIII ~1acc¡,1 JlliCEa:

f" • .1 - MoMeHT HHC¡lllllH ,111Cl(3 CTJIOC!ITP.lbliO 0Cll CTCp)K!l5!, 11E'fl!Il'1!;2:i·

¡;\ .lílPIIOH K 11,llOCKOCl ll )\IICI\3 .
•'lJl5! )\llCKa 1IOCT05!HHOH T0.1UUlllb1 h, H3fUTOllJieHH0fO 1!3 MaTep11~:1a
e \'~[CllbHb!M BeCOM y, !IO.ijyq¡¡M

;iD 1 hy QD 2
f= 32g = s g (19.14)

:L~2b D - ¡¡11aMeTp ¡¡llcKa; Q - Bec ¡¡HcKa.

;11,115! ,l(HCKa nepeMeHHOH TOJllllHHbl
D/2

f = g-
2n
o
s h (p) yp3 dp. (19.15)

e
w2 = J' (19.16)

yrasne1111e (19.13) nepenmneM B BH¡¡e

d2<p
(jJ2 + w2<p =o. (19.17)

Oó1l(ee pewe1111e !IToro ypaBHeHH5! 6y¡¡eT

<p = A cos wt + B sin wt. (19.18)

nepl!0,1( KOJie6aHHÍI paCCMaTpHsaeMOi\ CHCTeMbl

T
2
= w:rt = 2it -V J ·
e
(19.19)

JJ,JI5! CTep)KH5! 110CT05!HHOro Jl,llaMeTpa d e yqeTOM (l 9.12) HMee~l

a 4 ac TO Ta KOJie6a H H ¡¡
T = 2rc -V 32/J
Gnd 4 , (19.20)

1 1 -. / rcGd 4
f =r =2it V 3211 (19.21)

B Ta6.~. 49 rrpHBP)\CHbl co6CTBPHHb!e 4JCTOTb! K01Je6aHHH CHCTeM e O)\·

Hui: crene11 bIO CB060JlbI.

19.3. Bb1Hy»<.qeHl!b1e Kone6aH101 c1o1creM e o.qHoil crenel!!>IO cao6o.qw

npH rapMOHH4eCKOM B036y»<.qCHHH

YpaBHeHHe Bl.>IHYJl(,'leH!fblX Ko11e6a11uii CHCTeMbf e 0)\HOJ! c1enel!b!O

cso60,'l1.>I (p11c. 333) nonyYHM, ecn11 B ( 19.2) KpoMe cnn HHepu,HH Q_

g
x
17* 515
 l
1
H CHJJ ynpyrocrH, ¡i;eftcrBylOrn_ttx na rpy3 Q, yqreM BJIH!IHHe nepHOll.H'le• ~
CKOH BblHY)KJl.arornei"1 CHJ!bf p cos pi ~

gQ x + ex = P cos pt. (19.22) i

Ü003HalJHB

Q
cg

Pg
= w2; (19.23) l 1

Q=q, (19.24)' l H1
rll.e p - yrJI0Ba11 qacrora BbIHY)K,llaIOU\ei\ CHJJbl, npHBe¡i;eM
(19.22) K BHll.Y
x+ w x =
2 q cos pt.

DpH p MaJioM no cpaBHeHHIO e w 'IJJettoM x:

MO)KHO npeHe6pel!b H Cl!HT3Tb,
'!TO HMeer MeCTO TOJibKO CT3TH'lecKa!I .necpopMaUH!I, MaKCHM3JlbHOe 3Ha'leHHe
1 KOTOpOH
q
X CT -- -(J)2
-·

,UJJH onpe¡i;eJJeHH!I ¡(HH3MHlJeCKOil ¡i;e~opMaUHH Heo6XO¡\HMO pellIHTh

1 ypasHeHHe (19.25). PelllettHe ypaBHeHHH (19 25) 6y¡i;er cocro11Tb H3 cyMMhl
o6IUero peI1IettH11 o.z¡Hopo¡i;Horo ypaBHeHHH (npH q cos pt = O)

\
x = A cos wt + B sin wt
H qacTHOrO pellleHHSI ypaBHeHHSI (19.25)
1 X= C COS pf.
1 CTO,llCT3BHB (19.28) B (19.25), H3Hll.eM
q
e=
J Tor.zr.a o6mee pellleHHe ypaBttettHH
w2-p2

(19.25) 6y¡i;er

x =A cos wt + B sin wt + w2 :!_ p 2 cos pt.

DepBbie .l(Ba CJiaraeMblX npaBOH qaCTH perueHHSI (19.30), xapaKTepH•

SylOT Cl!OÓO¡\Hbre KOJJe6aHHH, KOTOpbre OÓbll!HO ÓblCTpO 3aTyXalOT; nocJJe.....
Hee xapaKrepH3yer Bb!HyJK¡i;ettHble ycrattOBHBI1IHec11 KOJJe6aHH11 e yrJJOl!O
qacroroft p (e nepHOll.OM T1 = 2nlp HJJH qacroroft = p/2n fu) H aMnJI f
ry.zr.ofte = q /w 2 - p 2• AMnJJHTy¡i;a Bb!HyJK¡i;eHHblX KOJie6aHHH cymecrBeH
HO S3BHCHT OT COOTHOllleHH!I COOCTHeHHOH w H BblHY)Kll.eHHOil p '13CTOT K
Jle6arrnft H MO)KeT Ób!Tb oxapaKrepH30B3Ha TaK H33brnaeMb!M KOa<jJ<J;Ut{U
eHmOM ouHaMu'lecKOZO ycu11eHUR.

q ._q_ - w2
w2 _ p2 · co2 - wz _ p2 - p2
1- w2
HJIH

~= 72 , (19.32) ~,

1- -
T~
'r •
516
1 ¡
r ¡¡e
2rr 2n
Ti=--; T =(t)- ·
p

KaK BHJlHO H3 (19.31 ), npu M3JIOM OTHOWeHllll p/W ~ _,. 1 H e_,. XCT" Kor ¡¡a
.ll(e '13CTOTa BblHy}K¡¡eHHb!X KOJie6am1ii p-.. w, T. e. p/W-+ I, TO C _,. oo.
Kor¡¡a p = w,11Mee r MecTo rocTOl!IIHe peaoHaHca. CooTBeTcTay1oll\al!
qaCTOTa Bb!Hy}K¡¡3!0ll\eH CllJJbl p = PKp !!pi! 3TO\I H33b!BdtTCH Kpumu•1elKO!I.
ípacjJHK 33BllCHMOCTH 1~1 = t
(p/w), no11se¡¡eHHb!H H3 p11c. 335 H npe)l,Cl31l•
nmoll\HH co6oi! TaK HashlsaeMy10 aMn11umyíJHo-~acmomHy10 xapaKmepucmuK!,,
no3BOJJlleT npoaHaJIH3HpOB3Tb nose¡¡eHHe K0.1e6aTeJibHOlI l!1CTeMbl B 33Bl!CH·
MOCTH OT COOTHOWeHHl! '13CTOT cso6o,~HbJX (t) H BblHY}K.'\el!HbJX p KO-~e6att11ii.

1
/t

t 1
11

p_ ó
1 a
úJ
1
I•
PHc. 335 P11c. 336

t9.4. Cao6oAHble Kone6aHHR CHCTeM!.I e OAHOH creneHblO cao6oAbl

e y'leTOM conpOTHBneHHll, nponOpL\HOHDnbHOro CKOpOCTH

Ypasuemie cso6o)l,HbJX KOJie6aH11ii CHCTeMbl e OJ¡HOH CTeneHblO CBO·

6o¡¡bl (puc. 336, a) e y'leToM conpOTllBJieHHll, nponopUHOHBJibl!OfO CKOpO·
CTJI JlBll}KeHH5! KoJJe6J11oll\erocl! rpysa, DOJIY'IHM HS pacCMOTpeHH5! ycJio•
BllH ero }¡11H3'\l:H'leCKOro paBHOBeCJfll:

Q. .
Q- g x- ax = Q + ex,
ll!l H

x+ 2nx + w x = 2
O, (19 '33)

r;¡~ a - K03cpqmuHeHT nponopUHOHa 1bHOCTH; ax - CHJI3 conpOT!JBJie-

B ypasttemrn ( 19 33)
cg cx.g
w2 = Q; 2n=Q·
ÜÓ03H3'/llM

( 19 33)

PeLeII:re ypasHemrn (19.33) 6yaeT

x = e-nt (A sin m1 t +· B cos w t),

1 (lq.36)
r¡¡e e= 2,718. 1
1
'.11
 DepHOll 3aryxa10m:i1x K0"1e6aHHH pacc~iarpHBaeMoií CHCTeMbl ¡~:
2r '.2JT
r= -
W1
=
V w2 - n·
º • (19.37)
1
r.11e n - K03cpjll!Ulle!IT, xapaKTCpll3YIOlo!HÍÍ ;J,E'MiltjJI1py!0LUY!O cnoco6HocT• t
KOJie6are.%HOi"I CHCTe'v!b!. Yh (19.36) BllJlHO, 4TO ll3·3a MHO:H<HTeJil! C1ll
8\lilJIHTYJlª KoJie6aHH!i e reqe1111eM Bpe~leHH YMCHbUiaeTcH - KOJie6aH1u1·
saryxaioT. nocTOi!Hllble HHTerpttpoBaHHH A ll B B pewemrn (19.36) onpe-
¡¡eJIH.!OTCH H3 Ha4a,1bHb1x yc,1onttíí. 1 aK, noJJaraH, !JTO npH t =O x = Xol
X= x0 , H3XOJlll\I

B-x
- º'·
B 3TO\I cJiyqae pemeHl'e (19 31)) \:01Ker 6hITb npe1crafüleHo B BH¡¡e

x = e- 111 l~ sin w t + x
ül¡ 1 0 (cos m1 t + -w-sin w t)] ·
11

1
1 (19.

B !JaCTHOM cJryqae, Korna A = O, r. e Kor¡¡a

x nx _O
--+---
W¡ ül¡
0
' 0

ypaBHeHHe (19.38) np11Me1 BHIJ.

x = x0 e-nt co s w1! •
fpacjmqecKH ::iro yparrneHHe npe¡¡c1 a1rneno Ha pnc. 336, 6. YMeHbllleH
aMnJrnry,llbI cne.11yer reoMerp¡.¡qecKoi\ nporpecc1rn. L{elícTBHTeJihHO, np
t =O; T; 2T; ... aMilJIHTYJlbI coOTBerc1BeHHO HMe10r 3H3'!eHHl!
ªº = Xo; ª1 = Xoe-
nT
; ª2 = Xoe
-2nT
; ' ••

= ªi
-= ... = ªk
- -"'--- - en T ,
ªk+i

ak T
In = In en = nT = ll.
ªk+l
8eJIH'IHH3 ll Ha3bIBaeTC5! AOcapU!/JMUt/eCKU1lt OeKpeMeHmOM KOAe6aHUÚ
OÓbl•IHO HBJil!eTCl! OCHOBHOH xa paHrepHCTHHOH saryxaHHH HOJie6aHR
HJIH xapa:KrepHCTHHOii ¡¡eMm)lHPY!Oll\HX CBOHCTB HOJie6areJibHOH CHCTeM.

t9.S. Bb1HYH<AeHHble KOne6aHHR CHCTeMbl e OAHOÑ cTeneHblO cao6oAW.

e yL1eToM conpoTHBneHHR, nponopL\HOHanbHOro CKOPOCTH
'!
' CorJiacHo ¡¡anHblM npe¡¡b!JlYU\HX paa¡¡eJioB ¡i;Hc)lcjJepeHuHaJibHOe ypa
HeHHe Bb!HYJKlleHHblX HOJie6aHHH CHCTeMhI, rrpHBe,l(eHHOil pHC. 336, "ª
npH ¡i;ei\CTBHH BHeIIJHeií. BhlllyJKl(a10meil CHJ!bl p sin pi JlOJIJKHO 15
sanHC3HO B OKOH'!aTeJibHOM BH,!le

x+ 2nx + w x = q sin pt, 2 (19.

r,¡¡e, HaK H paHee,
cg ,, ' 1
ag
=-¡¡: n = 2Q • (19.411 ~~íl
(1)2
,,1
ci.! 1
518
~I
ti '
f
1
Ot'i111ee pewettHe ypaBHeHH5! (19.40) 6yaeT COCT05!fb H3 CyMMbf pemeH!lll O.~·
lfllf'Oa11oro ypaBHeHH 5! (l 9.33)
x = e·-ni (A 3Í n ro 1 t + B cos ro 1t),

rae ro 1 =Y w 2 - n2 , H '!acn1oro peweHH5! ypaBHeHH5! (l q.40)

x= K sin pt +Leos pt. ( 19 42)

Doc,1e noacTaHOBKH (19.42) B (19.40) HaiJ;i,eM

q (ro2 - p2) 2qpn
K= (ro2 _ p2)2 + 4p2n2 L= - (ro2 _ p2)2 + 4p2n2 (19.43)

Tor ;i,a o6i:.l(ee pewenne ypaBHeHtt5! (19.40) 6yaeT n~1erb BHa

-nt .
x =e (A sm ro 1 t + B cos ro t) -1 (ro 2 _
2qpn
p 2 ) 2 + 4 p 2n 2 cos pt -
q (ro2 _ p2) .
2
(w - p 2)2+4 2
pn 2 Stn pt. (19.44)

00CKOJlbKY CO BpeMeHeM CB060aHble KOJ1e6aHH5!, xapaKTepH3yeMble

qJleHOM, CO,l\epm.all\HM MHOMHTeJlb e-nt, 3aTyxa!OT, TO npn ycTaHOBHBIIlHX·
CH KOJie6aHH5!X Bb!Hym.aeHHb!e KOJie6aHH5! CHCTeMb! 6y,l\yT xapaKTepH30·
BaTbC5! IlOCJle,l\HHMH .l\BYM5! lJJleHaMH npasoií lJaCTH peweHH5! (19.44), npo-
nopl.l,HOHaJlbHblMH q. CTepH0,1( He3aTyXa!Oll\HX KOJie6aHHH 6yaeT
2:rt
Ti= -p- .

Ecnn BsecTH cneay10ll\Y10 3aMeny:

2qpn
(ro2 _ p2¡2 + 4 p2'! 2 = 'll sin qi; ( 19.45)
q (ro2 _ p2)
(ro2 - p2)2 +
4p2n2 = 'll cos q¡, (I 9. 46)

TO peweHHe X ,l\Jl5! BbIHym.aeHHbfX KOJie6aHHH MOMeT 6b!Tb npe,l\CT8BJleHO

B BH ae
x = 'll (cos q¡ sin pt- 'in t:p cos pt) = 'll sin (pt - <p), (19.47)

rae aMilJIHTY.l\ª 'll H yron caBHra tjla3 <p Ha OCHOBaHHlf (19.45) H (19.46)
orrpeaeJI5!!0TC5! COOTBeTCTBeHHO cjJopMyJlaMH
2pn
'll - q
- y (m2 _ p2)2 + 4p2n2 "' = --'-----
tg m w2 _ p2 • (19.48)

ÓCD¡ tro
H.7!!, ylJHTh!Ba5!, '!TO n = 231 ~ ""2il. cjJopMyJiaMH

6
-pro
:rt
tgm=
'f'
-(J)2-- -p2
- • (19.49)

Dp11 ro> p yron <p 6y,l\er nonom.nreJlbHblM n MeHbWHM :rt/2, r. e. O <

< <<p :rt/2. Dpn ro< p nony'IHM :rt/2 < q¡ < :rt, T. e. BbIHym.,l\eHHb1e Kone·
6alll!H OTCTaIOr OT Bb!HYM.l\a!Oll\eH CHJ!bl 60Jlblile lJeM Ha :rt/2. Opn p = (J)

51 '1
 HMeeM lg cp = oo, T. e. cp = ¡¡/2 H, CJleJ).OBaTeJlbHO, KOJJe6aTeJibH3ll CHCT
Ma 3.IHl!MaeT CBoe cpeaHee no.~olKePHe B TOT MOM€HT, KOr¡¡a BblHY)K,1(3lOllJ,81f
c1rn;i HMeeT M31{CHM3JlbHOe 3H34€HHe.
Y'JH1bIBaH, 410

cg
w2 = Q' (19.50}~
H3XO,'!ll\I

l q
- -
gPQ p
---~
i
w2 - Qcg - e - cT• (19.51)

' r¡¡e ,~CT - ne<flopMaUll!I npyn<HHbl npH CT3TH'l€CKOM npHJ!O)K€HHH aMnJI

t,
TYJl.llOI o 3H;J<1e1nrn BbIHyn<naJOutei'r CHJ!b!.

1
4 1---!---M+\\---+
\ 1
2 1--th¡;.l.!'~~

o
:1 1 o I
Pttc. 337 P11c. 338

\
1
:i··lHTblB3ll (19.51), BblpalKeHHe Jl.Jlll 3MilJIHTYJl.bl BblHYlKJl.eHHblX
6am1ii 'll (19.48) MOlKHO npell.CT3BHTb B BHll.e

1
l
(19.b
\ I(aK BH,l(HO, 3MilJIHTy,l(a Bb!HY:H<!leHHb!X KOJie6aHHii 33BHCHT OT co
HOIII€HHll l!aCTOT CBOÓOJl.HblX (w) H Bb!HYlK,l(eHHblX (p) KOJie6aHHH H Of
,neMncpHpy1011J,eii cnoco611ocTH KOJie6aTeJibHoi\ cttcTeMbl, onpeneJ111et.toil: .11
rapHcpMH'leCKHM .l(eKpeMeHTOM KOJie6aHHil: ll.
¡¡,
npH p «W l!V!ee\1 'll -r ~CT; IlpH p-r W l!MeeM '!( -r ~CT '"F, T.
o6paTHO nponopUHOH3JlbHO ll H npH ll-r o 'll-r OO.
I(oscjlcpHUHeHT ,l(Hl!3Mlll!€CKOrO ycHJieHHll ~ B paccMaTpHBaeMOM c.11y..
'lae onpe¡¡eJIHeTCH cpopMyJioii
'll
~--
- ~CT
HJIH C y'ICTOM (l 9.52)

~= V( - 1
1
.f!._' )2
w~ +
4p2n2
w4
=-v--;:-====::=:;=:;:=:::;:. (19.
( J - ~: + ( ~ ~ r r( r
AMnJIHTYJlHO·IJ;ic TOTHbie xapaKrepHcTHKH 1~1 = 1 (p/w) .llJIH pas.n~ f
Hb!X 3H34eHHil: K0!1cpcpHUHeHT8 '\' = ll/tt,
xapaKTepH3YIOlllero neMncjHJaY•
IOI.UYlO cnoco611ocTb KOJie6areJJbHOlÍ CHcreMbl, IlOK338Hbl pHC. ; ., "ª
l lt
1

1 •
~
f
fpartiHK 33BHCHMOCTH q> = 2 (p/w) llpHB€,!leH

~
pHC. 338. "ª
.
..-
.!
'11 . 1
¡I f
.1i 1
I~

'I '
 f9.6. AeMnlJ>Hpyio11.1a11 cnoco6HocT& MarepHana

Cpel\11 pa3JJll'!Hh!X np11q1111, 06yc.1Tos,111sa1ow:11x rawe1111e KOJ1e6a1111it

MC\Jllll'ICCKHX CHCTeM, OCOÓblH llHTepec rrpe,z¡craBJJHeT ecrecrBeHHOf' ll<J·
r.10IHCHHe 311eprtt11 KOJJe6aHHH B MarepllaJJe ynpyr11x 3JJeMeHTOB caMOH l<.0·
neóareJJhHOií c11cTeMhI. Jl106oii: peaJJbHhlH MaTep11aJJ crroco6eu rrp11 ero
~uK.1ll'leCKOM ,¡¡e<jJopMllpOBaHHll B ÓOJJblIICH llJJll M€HbWeii: crenettH llOfJJO·
maTh 311epr1110 JJ,HKJJH'lecKoro l\e<jlop1..rnposamu1, rrpeo6pa3yH ee B ren.10-
T\, KoropaH 3aTeM pacce11naeTCH.
Crroco611ocTb MaTep11aJJa 11eo6par11Mo rrorJJow:arb Mexa11ttqecKyIO 311ep-
rnio 06yc.1osJJe11a ero 11ecosepwe1111oii: yrrpyrocrh!O, rrpoHBJJHIOW:eii:cH B 11e-
mrneí'1~ocr11 11 11eo,¡¡110311aq11ocrll 3aBHCHMOCTeii: Me>K,¡¡y 11arrpH>Ke1111e111 11 )le-
<jJop'iau11eii: rrp11 11arpy>Ke111111 11 pa3rpy3Ke 11 rrpttBOAHmeií K 06pa2os21it!IO
nem.1u cucmepe3uca (puc. 339), rrJJow:aJlbIO
KOTopoi\ xapaKrep1rnyercH neJ111'11111a no- 6
r.101ue1111oii: (11J111 pacceH1111oii:) B e)\111111ue
o6beMa Marep11a,1a 311epr1111 ti.U(e 0) 3a 6 1------::...
0
UttKJJ ero ,¡¡e<jJopM11poBa1111H e ,¡¡a1111oii: aMn-
JJllTy JlOii: ,¡¡e<jJopMau11tt e0 (11arrpH>Ke1111H cr 0).
B o6meM cJJyqae CllMMerp11q11oro 1t11K· U(E)
Jl3 )\e<jJopM11poBalll15! ypaBHCHllll BOCXO,I¡ll·
~ +-
meii: (cr) 11 HllCXOl\ll!UCH (cr) BCTBeii: neTJJll
r11crepes11ca, 06ycJ10BJ1e11lloro 11ec0Bep-
we1111oii: ynpyroCTblO CT3ÓHJlbHOro COCT051· t:. E,
1111¡¡- Marep11aJJa, MO>KHO rrpe,!¡CT3Bl1Tb
B BH)l.e
~

~(e)= E (e :¡: ~ Xn [(e 0 ± e)n -

(J 9.54)
f)le n, X11 - rrapaMeTpbl neTJJH r11crepea11- P11c. 339
ca, rro,¡¡Jie>Kaw:11e orrpe,¡¡e.ne111110.
OrMe'lettllaH cnoco611ocrb Marep11a.na 11aq1111aeT npoRBJJHThCH np11 aMrr-
J111Ty,¡¡ax 11arrpll>K€Hllií, 3118'lllTCJlbHO MeHblilllX MaKpOCKOllll'leCKOro rrpe-
,¡¡e.na ynpyrocr11, tt AJJH 06.nacr11 pa6oq11x aMllJJllTYA .ne<jJopMau11ii: ,¡¡eraJJeii
1111>Ke11epHblX KOHCTPYKUllH B OCllOBllOM o6ycJIOBJlllBaercll M11KpOrrJiacr11-
qecKllMll .ne<jJopM8Ull51Mll, CBll33llllblMll e rrepeMew:e1111l1Mll .l(llCJIOKau11ií,
nepeMew:e1111llMll Me>K<jla3Hb!X rpa1111u H rpa1111u .l(BOHllllKOB, CBll33llllb!Mll
e 11a.n11q11eM 06par11Moro Mapre11c11ra B crpyKrype, a raK>Ke Mar1111ro-
Mexa1111qecKHM r11crepe311COM' CBll3811HblM e 11eo6paTHMblMll CMew:enllllMll
rpa1111u ,n0Me11os.
ITp11Me1111re.1IhHO K 1111)i{e11ep11b!M 3a,na'laM rame1111H (,¡¡eMrr<jJ11poBa1111H)
KoJ1e6a1111i\ 3J1eMe11TOB K011crpyKu11ii paccMarp11saeMaS1 cnoco611ocrb Mare-
pna.na nor.nom.arh 311epr1110 ero u11KJI11qecKoro .ne<jJopM11poBa1111H 11a3h1Baer-
Cll ae.Mn</Jupy10w,eü cnoco6Hocmb10.
3ra crroco611ocrb Marep11aJJa KaK o.n1111 11s oc11os11blx <jJaKropos, 06yc-
JJOBJIHBaIOm.11x orpa1111qe1111e aMn.n11ry,ll.hl pe3011auc11hlx Ko.ne6a1111ii 11 sary-
xa1111e CBOÓO,ll.HhlX KOJie6a1111ii 11 BJilllllOIIJ.llX 118 ,llllH8Mll'1€CKY!O ycrOH'lll·
BOCTb 11 pa3BllTHe 8BTOKOJie6aHHH, llMeer B8>KHOe 3H8'1CHH€ ,ll.Jlll o6ecneqe-
llH51 ne TOJibKO ,ll.llH8Mll'!eCKOH rrpO'IHOCTH s116p11py10m.11x 9JieMCHTOB, 110
11 ycroiiq11soii pa!lorhl arrrraparyphl, a r&K>Ke ¡y.nyqme11nn KOMcjJopra!leJib•
llOCTH Tpa11crropTllhlX M8IIIllH H IIOBhlllleHHff 11cjJcjJeKTllBllOCTll pa60Tbl Bll!l·
P3Ull0Hllb!X M8IIIllH peso11a11c11oro TllIIa. Ilp11 llTOM, ecJI11 OÓhl'lllO crpeMllT•
CH 06ecneq11rb MaKCBMaJJhHoe ,11eMrrcjJ11posa1111e Ko.ne6a1111A yrrpyroro 3.ne-
Me111a, '!TO C'lllT8€TCff O,llllllM 113 ycJIOBllA OIITllM8JibHOro KOHCrpy11posa-

521
 '¡

t{tl!I, TO, HallpHMep, l\MI pe30H3HC'HOH CHCT('Vbl Bttl'ípaUHOHHOií M81IIHHb1)'

>heJJaTeJlhHO llMeTb MHHl•M3Jlbllb!11 ypoBeHb llt'MWpfipOB3Hll5L
ll,e~111qmpy1ou(aH cnoco(íHocrb MarepnaJia 06w1110 xapa1<re¡rn3ye1c11,
omHocume.11b1tb1M paccPRHUeM 1mepzuu

'!' (eo) = tiU (1' 0 )

U (eo) • (19.55)
l
l

rne U (e 0) - aMrrJIHTYAHOe 3Ha'leH11e 3Hepr11n ynpyroro necpopMttpona·-j

HHH (rrnomanh sa1I1Tp11xoeaHHOro Ha p11c. 339 TpeyroJibHHKa), 11Jilf .11oea·11
puifJ.11u1tecKuM aeKpeMe1t1no.11~ Ko.11e6aJ.tua ~\ ~l.
_ eo,z ~2(k-I)
b (80 1 cpl- -
•
In
80.t+N
- N (k + I), (19.
t
r)le eO,i• 80,i+N - 3MlJJIHTyAa necpopMaltlfH B tta'laJie H KOHUe paccMaTpHBae; l
Moro yqacTKa e N UllKJIOB ceo60,¡¡Hh1X 3aryxaiom11x Ko1e6attlfii; k = .,
1 !
+ Bo,z+N)·
1

= eo,tfeo,t+N; eo,l cp = 2 (eO.i nptt 3TOM Me.>K)ly

xapaKTeplfCTHKaMH lfMeeTCH onpe¡¡eJieHH351 CBH3b (eo,icp == 80)

.llJlll Ha116onee o6mero cJiy'lal! 33l1HCll aMllJillTYAHOH 38BllCllMOCTH JIOrapn

M1Jt1ecKoro neKpeMeura KOJie6att11ii

& (1' 0 ) = ~ K,,e3- 1

n

Me>K¡¡y napaMeTpaMH 3TOii 33BHCHMOCTH H ypaBHeHHiÍ rreTJIH rncrepe3H

ycTaHOBJieHO c.11e.zr.y10w.ee COOTH01I1e1111e:

K,, (n + 1)
Xn = 21i+i (n - 1).

,lleMmjrnpy10maH cnoco6HOCTb KOHcrpyKUHOH!lblX MaTepttaJIOB 338

cur or MHOrlfx <jlaKropoe: xllMtt'lecKoro cocraea 11 crpyKTyphl MaTepttaJI
aMl!JlHTYAbl UHKJllf'lecKoii .zr.ecpopMall,lfH (uarrpll.>KeHHll) (plfc. 340) H BH
H3llpll>KeHHOf0 COCTOl!HHll, reMrreparypbl (pnc. 341) H TepMlf'leCKOii
pa60rKH (p11c. 342), CT3Tlf'leCKOii Harrpl!>KeHHOCTH (p.Hc. 343) lf BHeWHe
M3íHHTHOro llOJlll (pttc. 342), npe.zr.eapBTeJibHOro l1Jl3CTH'leCKOro JI.e<!><>
MHpOBaHllll lf )lJlHTeJlbHOCTH B03AeiicTBlfll IJ,lfKJlH'leCKOro ,¡¡ecpopMttpOB3HI{
H ,¡¡p. D:eMrrcpttpy10mall crroco6HOCTb paCCMarpneaeTCll K3K CaMOCTOllT
H3ll xapaKrepHCTHKa MarepH8Jia, Tpe6y10mall B OCHOBHOM 3KCrrepHMe
T3JlbHOí0 orrpeneJiel!Hll e yqeTOM peaJibHblX Tex110JJOrH'1eCKlfX lf 9KCll.llf
aT3UlfOHHb!X cpaKTOpOB.
J13eecrH1>1e KOHCTpYKUHOHHbJe MarepttaJibl pa3JIH'l3!0TCll no ;¡eMn
py10meii crroco6HocTH eecbMa cymecreeuuo - Ha Tptt nopl!,D.Ka. HHlKit
npnee¡¡eHbl tteKOTOpble opneuTHpOBO'IHble l\3HHble o MaKCHMaJibHOM SH
qeKHll ,ll.eKpeMeuTa KOJie6au11ii pa3JIH'lHblX KJiaCCOB MaTepHaJIOB llpH aMll.1111_,¡
ry11e roMonor11qecKoro Harrpl!>KeHHll, paettoro npttMepHo o,¡¡uoi\ ,11eCí!T011
rrpe):leJia TeKy'leCTlf )l.aHHOro Marep11aJia, B ycJIOB!lllX KOMHaTHOH TeNIIO"
paTyphl
~\'
522 ~' t
\·
't
11:
' '
1¡ ' I
p 1¡
 MaTeprraJI l!max• % f.r1aTcpnan ~max• ºlo
¡
(ll.T3llbl llyrylll,1 e 1 pacpnTOM
1110\IHHHeBbie 0,1-1 l!JlaCTilll'ld 1blM 10-15 ~
13-30 F
\J1fHHCBbJe (J!!lTb1e) Ula püBIJ,,'(llbl\I 2-5
"ª rra11 ueBm1e.QHb1e 10-25
''e;:: 1'0J.~IO\!l!Hf!eBbie*
il I ¡ r<;....~'lb THT a llORbie
4-10
10-15
CTam1
XpOMHCTbJe 1-4 f
'
1rnC:a.% roIHIKeJJeBbH' 6-12 .) r.1epo;wcn1e 0,2-1
'fllT'I HOBbie' * 0,05-0,!5 0,1-0,3
"' C'n..naBbt e orpaTH\1blM MapT€'HCJITOM B crpyKType
.rla1yH11 ll 6p0113bl
f
"' JJ.~1:r1 cnJiason e o6paTH\tb!t.f yrapTeHCl!T0\1 e crpynrype B03!'1-tO)hHO ronL, • eHHe
ne·1, 1 Q:..11py1owe11 cnoco0Ho1...111 1-1a re p:rI¡.,01{ H ::ic..NJL . . .

~o/~
U,¡o ~

J
1

:: ____r=723K-
, ,---------
1,5 f-

1,2
O,!;

0,8 573

0,4
0,5 0/ 6maK 4 !2 20G,!117a
Pnc. 340 Pnc. 341
tJ,%
~rn =951/<.
0,8
8'7oº'

B53 0,8

""' .xª
iJ,4
. " ' / l/=2,25H
~ Íf,5
0,4

o o zoo G,11na
rs,11/!a
PHc. 342 PHc. 343

CJienyeT OTMeTHTb, '!TO pe3yJibT3Tbl HMeIOw;HXC!I HCCJie,noeaHHii l103BO•

JlllJOT C'IHT8Tb ,IVlll o6JiaCTH 8Ml!JIHTYA UHKJlH'leCKHX Hallp!!>KeHHii, He rrpe·
Bh1ma10w.nx npeneJia Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH, ,z¡eMmjmpy10w.y10 crroco611oc1b MeTaJJ·
.1w1eC.KHX 111arepHaJJOB He3aBHCHMOl! OT '18CTOTb! ,z¡ecpopMttpoeaHHll.

513
 19.7. KpHTH ... ecKall CKOpOCTb apa11.1eHHll aana

411CJIO o6opOTOB, npu KOTOpOM Bpdma10ll\1JeCl1 BaJihl, rrorra)lall B pe30.

Halle, CTaHOBllTCll 11.HHaMH'!eCKH ueyCTOHlJllBblMll, B pe3YJibT8Te •1ero Mory1
B03HllKHYTb He)lonyCTHMO ÓOJibllille KOJie6aHllll, H83bl88erc!l Kpumu1¡e.
CKUM MoJKHO llOKa3dTb, q ro TaKllM Kpll flllJeCKHM lJl!CJIOM HBJilleTCll 'IHCJIO
o6opoTOB saJia e ceKyHllY, cooreercrey1omee co6cree11uoií '!aCTOTe ero
rronepe'!HWX KOJ1e6a1111ií.
PaccMOTpttM epam.eHHe AHCKa, 11acaJKeHHoro Ha eaJI (p11c. 344, a).
UeHTp THJKecrH )\llCKa e
npaKTH'!eCKll Bcer)la He cosrra¡¡aeT e OCblO Bpa-
UleH!rn Ha HeKoropyIO seJIH'lt!HY e. Ue11Tpo6eJK11aH CHJia, ,neikreyIOmaH ua
BaJI llpH epameHHH AHCKa eecoM Q e yrJIOBOií CKO·
pOCTblO p, Óyl\eT

w
e
T= 9_q p 2 (w + e),
r)l.e w - rrpor116 eaJia e Mecre rroca)lKH llHCKa.
PeaKUHll eaJia e Mecre rrpttJIO>Kt'HHll CHJibl T

p = cw.

31\eCb e - 113r11611a11 >KecTKOCTh. B cJiy'l.ae rrocro-

1 a ó llHHoro ceqeHHll >KecTKOCTblO E J rrp11 pa3Memeu11H
Pnc. llHCKa nocpel\HHe wapu11p110 orrepToro eaJia e =e
344 = 48EJ/l3.
113 ycJIOBlill pasuosecHll o'!eBHAHo, '!TO P = T• .
no¡¡cTaBHB BMecro T 11 p HX Bb!pa>KeHHH, ttaií¡¡eM

Q (w
g
+ e) p 2 = cw
11.'IH
e
l W=----
c a (19.oot
- -"--1
p2 Q
Y'IHTbIBall, '!TO co6cTseHHaH qacToTa rrorrepe'!HhlX KOJ1e6au11ii ea.na
cg
(02 -
-Q.
- (19.61)

ypaeHeHHe (19.60) MO>KHO rrpe¡¡craBllTb TaK:

e
w= (02 (19.62)
- -1
p2
lfa ( 19.62) CJienyer, '!TO KpHTH'!eCKall CKOpOCTb, rrptt KOTOpoii w ~ oo,
6y¡¡eT
-
PKp
-- (O
-
-
V cg
Q. (19.~
Opn PKp >w ue11Tp TH>Kecrn ¡¡ttcKa 6y l\eT pacrroJiararhcH Me>KAY JI111111eA,
...
1 ' coe¡¡11111!10w;eii orrophl, H llCKpHBJieHHOH OCbIO BaJia (pHc. 344, 6), 11 ypaB·
Heu He l\JI ll orrp e)leJieH llll rrpor116a 3a rr nweTCll Ta K: '
' 1
1
Q
1

1¡
g (w - e) p2 = lW,
1¡
1 524
'

;t
1
orKy.z¡,a
e e
W= - ---
w2 (!" l:)
cg
1-- l--
p2Q p2

J'fa (19 64)) CJie)l.yeT, '!TO C yseJ111'1eHHeM p nporH6 W-+ e, T e npH (HJ(Jlh
(C,1bWHX CKOpOCTllX u,eHrp Tll)KeCTH 11.HCKa )l.OCTHraeT .~HHHll, coe)l.HH5l!OU!fll
(IJ10jlbl, ll ll30fl!)Tblll BaJI Bpall(aeTell BOKp)í u,eHrpa Tl!)KeCTH ,:\llCJ{~ C

19.8. Cao60AHble KOne6aHHll ynpyrHX CHCTeM

e HeCKOnbKHMH creneHllMH CB060AW

T1p11 paecMoTpeH!lll KOJie6aHHií ynpyrttx CllCTeM e 11ecKOJlbKllMH CTl'-

neHHMH CB060abl )l.ll~~epeHU,HaJibHble ypaBH€HHll IBll)K€HHll BO MHOfl!X
C.1)4aHX MO)KHO CTOJl)4l!Tb, KaK n B CJl)lJae c11ereMb! e 0/1.HOH creneHHO
cao6onhl, noJib3) Hcb nptt11u,HnoM ,UaJiaM6epa. TaK, )l.JIH e11creMb1 e AB)MH
creneHHMH CB060)l.bl, noKa3aHHOiÍ Ha pHC. 345, a, eoeTOHU(eií H3 ,i¡syx Mace 1
1

11

--0--
e, ,(x,. -x,)
C,IX,-X, ,) -m,x,
l
1
(J ó
1
o ¡
P11c. 345
!
<I

lll¡ H m2 H IBYX npy)KHI! e JKeeTKOCTHMH C¡ H C2, CTOJIO)Kl!B, !JTO MaCebl \!O-

ryr nepeMell(aTbCll npH OTCYTCTBHH rpeHHll TOJibKO B ropH30HTaJibl!OM Ha-
npaBJieHllH BAOJib oc11 x, a raK)Ke o6o3HatJHB nepeMell(eHHe Mace m 1 H m 2
COOTBeTCTBeHHO qepe3 X¡ 11 X2, noJiytJHM, '!TO Ha Maccy m1 11.eiiCTBYIOT Cll~bl
HaTHJKeHllll npyJK1111- C¡X¡ 11 C2 (x2 - X¡), a TaK)Ke c11~a H11epu1111 - m¡X¡.
YpasHett11e .z¡,B11JKe11Hll Macebl m1 6y.z¡,er

-C1X1 +c 2 (x 2 - X¡) - m1 x=
1 0,
HJIH

(19.65)

CxeMa CHJI, .11eiicrByIOU(HX Ha í-IO Maccy, B 06ll(eM CJI)lJae noKa3aHa Ha

pHC. 345, 6.
Ha Macey m2 KpOMe CHJlbl HHepu,llH .z¡,ei\crsyer C!IJla HaTH)Kel!llll BTO·
poi\ npyA<Hllbl - C2 (X2 - X¡) H ypaBHeHHeM ee .z¡,Bll)KeHHll 6y.z¡,er

( 19 66)
YpaBHeHHH .z¡,BHJKeHHll (19.65) H (19.66) MOJKHO 6blJIO 6bl noJiy'lllTb
HeCKOJibKO llllblM cnoco6oM. ,lleiíCTBHTeJibHO, MOJKHO C!JHTaTb, !JTO llMeercll
)].Be CBH3aH11ble Me)K.z¡,y co6oi\ rrpV)KHHbl (pHC. 345, B) KOTOpbie no.z¡,BepraIOTCll
neiírTBHIO CHJI 11Hepu,HH - m¡X~ 11 -m2X2, ílpllJIOJKel!Hb!X B TOlJKaX 1 11 2
Tor:1a ncpBall npy)Kttlla Harpy)Kaercll CHJioii -m 1 ; 1 - m 2 x~, a BropaH -
CHJIOií lll2X2 T1epeMell(eHlle rrepBoii Macebl rrp11 !ITOM 6y.z¡,er paBHO y.z¡,.~Hill'llll!O
nepsoi\ npy:IKHHbl'

525
 11
a nepeMemett11e BTOpoA Maccb1 ~I
11L:x 2 -m 1 x 1 -m 2 JC 2 m2x 2 1 1
11 il!
X2 = X1 - -,--,- = C¡ -

npeo6pa 3 oBaB noC.1(','ll!IIe ypaBl!€I!l151, IlOJIY'lllM Cl!CTeMy )l.HcprjlepeHu,113Jlb•

llblX ypanHeJJl!JI, 3KB!llla.~eHTHJ'!O (19.65) l! (19.66):
G.
. 'i:I

x 1 c1 + m x + m x =O,
1 1 2 2 (19.67)
(19.68)
11 l,,!ii

Ha116onee 06m11M cnoco6oM cocTaBJieHHH )l.ttrjlrjlepeHu,11aJihHhlx ¡ypan.

Hell!1ÍI HBJIHeTCH 113BeCTHbil1 113 reopeT11qecKol1 MexaHllKll cnoco6, OCHOBaH•
11hll1 Ha np11MeHeH1111 ypaBHeH11lí JiarpaH>Ka eroporo pana, KOTOpb1e npH
OTCYTCTBllH CHJI conpOTllBJleHllll 11 BHeWHllX BblHY>Kl\3IOU(llX CllJI llMeK)T
BllA
d (ªT
di
dI
i)x¡ J - iJx¡ = -
au
iJX¡'
(i = 1, 2, 3, .. , n),
rite T 11 u- COOTBeTCTBeHHO KllHeT11'1eCKaH 11 noTeHUllaJibH8ll 9HeprH •
CllCTeMbl.
np11MeH11TeJibHO K CllCTeMe, rrp11Be]leHHOl1 Ha p11C. 345, a,
•2 •2
m1x 1 m 2x
2
T=-2-+ -2-;
2
lj = C1X] +C2(X2 - X¡)B •
2 2 '
iJT • aT . iJT iJT
-:- = m 1 x 1 ; - . = m 2 x 2 ; - =O; - =O;
1 i)x¡ ax2 ax] ax2

i
1 au
-a =
dtd (iJT)

C¡X¡ -
.• dtd (iJT)
-.- = m1x1;
i)x 1
-.-

C2 (X2 - X¡);
iJx 2
au
-a =
= m2x2;

C2 (X2 -
•.

X¡).
1
!
X¡ X2
•
YpaBHett11e (19.69) npHMeT Bll)l.

.¡ + c x1 - c2 (X 2 - x
m 1 ~1 1 1) =O;} (19.70)·
m2X2 + C2 (X2 - X¡)= 0.

~I YpaeHeHHll, nony'leHHbie 113 ypaetteHHií Jlarpatt>Ka, oKa3aJIHCb noJIHOCThlO .•••~

1-:
!

il
COBilal(a!Oll(llMH e TaKOBblMll, noJiy'leHHblMll Ha OCHOBaHllll rrp11HUllIIa ,lla·
JiaM6epa. TaKoe conna)l.eH11e 11Meer MeCTO ncer)l.a. ~·~
'! PeweHHe ypaeHeH11ií (19.70) 11meM B e11)l.e - ::;.,.:

ti x1 = 11 1 sin (wt a)·, + (19. 7t}

· ;i
·;:~,
x 2 = 11 2 sin (wt +a),
't
i
' rne A1, 11 2, w 11 a - rrocroHHHble, Koroph1e AOJI>KHhl 6h1Th eb16paHhl T&K, ~
.-
'IT06bl ynoeJieTnop5!JI11cb ypaeHeHllll (19.70). Do)l.cTaB11B pewe1rnH (19.71) ·.
' ( B ypaBHeH115! (19.70), Hali)l,eM

11 1 (l 1 + c2 - m1 w2 ) - .A 2c2 = O; }
{19.72) . ".
-A 1 c2 + 11 2 (e2 - m 2 w2) =O. '~

526
f!:
·~Í\'
11 '
 B 2 111x ypaBHe1111Hx Hen3BeCT1JhTMI1 HB.'15lJOTC5l /. 1, 1 2 11 rn. lJaCTory <11 l r r-
11 .ae.1H~I 113 119.72), !IOJIOlKl•B, 'JfO ),1 =/- Ü 11 f,2 =/- () :'lTO B03:>lü)f\Hü 1( 1 1,
/1 ""Uª onpr,reJIHT€Jib o;uropül\HOH CllC'IeMhl OT!IOCJl1e.'Ib!IO f,1 H },2 (.~,ll I
i ~,¡, c!I Hy.~10:

(::i i; Bf fCTBeHHO i1oryT ÓblTb Oilpe;¡ellellhl l\BP c'OÓCTBl HHb!€ '18rT01[ 1

1,
I'
1

J,nyxtJaCTOTHbJH KoJie6aTeJibHbiH rrpouecc B COOTBeTCTBHll e (19.73)

MCihHO 33l111C3Tb TaK:

x1 = /.. 11 ~'.rr (w 1t + a +!.u s'.rr (w t + a

1) 2 2 ); }
(19.74)
x 2 = A21 sin (w t + a + A stn (w t + a 1) 2 ).
1 22 2
j
,.
Depsb1il 1111;¡eKc nprr A noKa31>1BaeT 110Mep 1rnopJ1rrHaTbl, a BTopoil -
\1ep c:1araeMoro B CTpOKe, 11.111 HOMep !J3CT0Tbl. lfa (19.72) HMeeM
110-
j

1
HJlll B COOTBeTCTB/ill e rrpHHHTOH HHl\eKcautteil

f. 21 c1 +c 2 -
2
m¡ W¡
X21 = :¡-- = ;
"11 C2

A22 r2
X22 =~
12
= C2 - m2W2
2·

Tor;ia ypas11e11HH (19. 74) Moryr 6b!Tb aallrrca111>1 TaK: ¡·

x1 = A11 sin (w 1 t a 1) +
A12 sin (w 21 a 2); + } + (19.75)
¡
'
+
x2 = X21 A11 sin (w 1t a 1 ) X22 A12 sin (w 2t a 2 ).+ + 1
3H~·1e11ttH A11 , A- 12 , a 1 rr a2 onpel\eJIHTCH na HatJaJibHhlX ycJIOBHil. TaK, no· j
Jiara¡¡ nprr t =O
X¡ (O) =O; X2 (O) = O;
x (O) =
1 O; x (O) =
2 v0 ,
527
 H1 (19. 69) HaXOl\lí\I
+ A. sin =O:
A. 11 sin et1 12 et 2

X A. sin a + X Au sin a =O¡

21 11 1 22 2

Auúl coo; a + A. w cos et =O;

1 1 12 2 2

X A.21 cos a 1 + x A. w cos

11 ü1 1 = v0 • 22 12 7 et 2

Orc10,¡¡a, nocK0.1bKY w1 , úl 2 , X21 H X22 H3BeCTHhl, noJiyqaeM

floit6ttpaH Haqa.1&H&1e yc,10BHH raK, qro6bl A. 12 6blJIO pasuo ttyJI10, noJiyqaeu

O,llHoqacTOTHhle KOJie6aHH51, Ol1HCblB8N!bie Ol\HOií rapMOHHKoll:

x 11 = t. 11 sin ( w1 t + et 1 );
x21 = Zu"-u sin (w 1 t + et 1 ).

l\oJie6aHHH, OllHCblBaeMble Ol(HOiÍ rap.

MOHHKOií, H33b!B8!0TC5l nepBblAtU liOP•
MUJlblibtMU KOJie6a HHHMH.
Qqesn,¡¡tto, npn yeJIOBHHX, Koru
c,(rp,-rp,) C,(<p,-()a A- 11 = O, KOJiet'SattttH t5y,¡¡yr rrponcxo- ~
AHTb no sropoll cpopMe. Bropble HOP•
(Ü(f(() 4 ' M8JlbOble KOJie6aHHH 6ynyr onHeblBB•
TbCH cpopMy JI8MH
á
Pttc. 346
X12 = Au Slll (úl2f + et2);

+
l·:¡
1 X22 = X22'-12 sin (w2t 0.:2)·

l!ttcJio nopMaJI&HhlX cpopM KoJie6aunfi H pasnoe eMy qncJio co6erBeH· 1

\ HblX qaeTOT eosnana10T e qHeJIOM erenenell CB060Abl KOJie6aTeJibHOll CH•
creMhl.
1

B rat5JI. 49 npnseneHbI co6erseHHhle qaerorbl KOJie6attnll encreM e JI.BY• ~;, 1

MH creneHHMH CB060AhI. 11 1
XapaKTepttbl\IH KOJie6areJibHblMH etteTeMaMH eo MHOrHMH creneHHMH ~~ t
esot50J1hl 5IBJIHIOTe5l ynpyrne B8Jibl e HaCa>KeHHblMH na ll!IX l\HCKaMH (pHC. ~ ~
346, a). J,, _
CTyCTb J¡, !2. J3, ... , Jn- MOMeHTbl HttepllHH Mace l\HC'KOB OTHOCH•
Tt5eJihHO OCH BaJia; <i'i. <1'2· <p3, ... , <i'n - yrJihI nosopora JJ.HCKOB ripH KOJle-
t~
8HHHX; C¡, C2, C3, ... , Cn - :>KeCTKOCTH npH KpyqeHHll pa3Jll!qliblX yqaeT-
¡ KOB BaJia: i:,,
'1,
ti GJ
'! et =--P
l¡ '

rne Jp - noJIHpHb!ll MoMeHT HHepUHH llJlO!llaAH ce'leHHH BaJia; ,, - JlJIH·

11a coorsercrsy1ou¡ero yqacrKa.
Torna seJittqHHbl KpyTHlllHX MoMettros, no3111rna10m11x s ceqeuHllX
pa3JIHqHbfX yqaCTKOB BaJia nptt B3aHMHOM nosopore AHCKOB, coorsercrseu-
Ho t5ynyr c1 (rp1 - <p 2); c 2 (<p 2 - <p 3) H T. ¡¡. (pile. 346, 6). Knuern 11ecKyIO
ll norH1unaJ1~11}10 911eprHH euereMbl e n eren e u HMH eso6oitbl (npeue6pe·

528
raR MoMeHTOM 1rnepu1rn Maccb1 spa1ua101nerocH Ba.Jla no cpanI1eHHIO e MO·
Me11TaMH 1rnepu1111 )J.HCKOB) MOllrno:rrpencTaBHTb B BHAe
1

T = ~ J ,<p1.
~
·=I
2'
l (19.76)

1=1 J
rrre MKP; = e,
(q>¡ - ffi+¡).
CTOACTaBJJ!lll (19.76) B ypaBHeHH!I J1arpa11>1rn (19.69), llOJJyqHM CJJe·
,l\V!OW.YK> CHCTeMy nmjJrjlepe11u11aJJ bl!b!X ypanHeHHM CB060)J.HbJX Kp} TH.Jlb·
Hb!X KOJJe6a11nii BaJJa e n CTerreH l!MH CB060Abl:

( 19 77)

CyMMHpyll 9TH ypas11e11HH, noJJyqaeM

11~1 + l2<P2 + · · · + lnif>n =O,

orny11,a

T. e. MOMeHT KOJlttqecTBa ABH>KeHHfl CHCT€'Mbl BOKpyr OCH BaJJa rrpn cno6on·

Hb!X KOJJe6aHH!IX OCTaeTC!I llOCTO!IHHb!M. 06bJllHO MOMeHT KOJJHqecTBa ABH·
iKCHl!ll rrp!lHHMalOT paBJlbIM Hymo ll reM caMblM HCKJl!OlJa!OT 113 paccMorpe-
l!HH JJ106oe npam,en11e naJJa KaK Tnepnoro TeJJa n paccMaTp11na1or ro.%KO
KOJJe6aTeJJ bHOe 11,BH>KeHlle, BbI3b!BaeMOe CKpyqnnaHHeM BaJJa.
Pewe11ne ypan11e1111i1 ( 19. 77) nw.eM B n11ne

<p 1 =/.. 1 cos(wt+a); )

Cfli = /.. 2 cos (wt +a);
. ....... .. (19.78)
<rn = An cos (wt +a).
Oo;1CTan1S1S1 (19.72) n (19.71), 11a\0¡'\11\1

J 1 A1W 2 - C¡ (A¡ - /,2) =O; )

J:~ !~
2

: - .e¡. (~1 ~.A~) ~ ~2 0(A~ ~ ~-3~ .O; (19.79)

J,,"AnÚ) 2 + rn-l (An-J - fr¡} =O.

l1c1<JJl<l'1a>11133THX ypan11e1111ii "A 1 , "A 2, ... , "A,,, rroJJyqaeM ypanHeH11e•racmombl.

TaK, B cJJy 1iae Tpex l\HCKOB (p11c. 347) c11creMa ypan11e11P1i (19.79)
n¡1H11HMaeT Blll\

( 19 80)

529
 ,¡
c~o)l{HB 3TH ypas11eH1rn, rroJJy'IHM 1
J1A1 + J2A, + J,/c1 =O (19 81) J ',
{13 nepLOl o ¡¡ TpeTbPI

''1=1
no):\CTaBllB ( 1fJ 82) B ( 19 8J), ll0o1V'IH\I
o
-c¡A,
'
l Cú" -
1fldB!leFp11

C¡
;
e l!C'H'\lbl ( 19.80)
? - -C2A2
J-J ,!
3(u - C2
•
Hai'í¡¡eM

(19.82)
l
~

'!
'1

1
J1J 2·a
' 00 1_ (J 1J; 1
l¡C¿
' J 1J 1+ J ¿ ' 1- f 1f 1)
C¡
Perua¡¡ 3TO vpaBHem1e OTHOU!TeJibl!O
C;
1

(1),' ~ 02KHO
11 '~
wª+(Ji+J 2 +Ja)=0. (19.8g) i
fJ0.1} GHTb ABa KOplUl •
2
2 ? "
(¡JI fl (¡) ¿• COOT!JeTl. TB y row.11e ;i,By\1 r Jldlll!b¡ 11 ,Pop\13'1 KOJJe6aHlrn. f1o)lCT3BHB
32Te\I úl~ H ú'~ B , panHtH!H' (19.82), rroJ11 'IH\I orHowemrn :i~mJJHTYA 'A, 1¡/...3
J. H "A;/l-3 ;¡,151 llB) X r.WBHb!X ij:,opM KOJie·
5 61mu"1 H re\1 Ca\!bl\I ycra110BllM COCTOlI•
e, C'2 m1e (,IC'Tf'\lbl BO Bpe\!H KOJie6aHHH. YKa·"
1
aamrble ;!Be q,op~1hr Kone6aHHH AJJH rpex.

-'! !1111JJJ1111rFf.~
MdLro1,oH Ko.~eóa rurwml ne Te\rb1 npen·
e r~ p 1 ,¡) 3 '>W '47 \11 fPd'l\13\ H l

~~~~
Pile. 347 Pile. 348

H II
coornercrBeHHO ¡¡JJH o¡¡HoyaJ1onoll H ,¡¡syxy3JJOBOI! cj;opM K<JJ1e6am1ii.
B
Ka'!ecrse ¡¡pyroro np11Mepa CHCH'\lbl co MHOfH\IH crerreHflMH CBOÓO•
JlbI paccMorpnM rronepe4Hb1e KOJJeéaHllH jnp:ir0i1 6aJJKH, Hecyw.eñ p!!A
cocpenoro'leHHhlx ro'!etJHnix Mace (p11c 348). T1poru6h1 B Mecrax rrpuJJo:>Ke-
1
l
HH!I Mace m¡, nl2, • , l/Jn MOryT 6b1Tb BblpdlKeHbl 'ltpe3 CHJlbl HHepUHH B
CJie¡¡y10w.eM KaHOHH'leCKOM BH)l.e
,
w1 = -m 1 ii• 1 b11 - m2 Ü• 2 b12 - .. • - mn°Ü n61n; 1
~
w w (19.84} ~
. .=
w2 = -m1 1 6 21 - m2 16 2 i -

Wn
.. . . . .. . . . . ... .. . . . .
-m 1 w6ni - m2 w6
•• • -mnÜ•nÓ 2n;

m,ii,lnn.
~
:~
¡"
'
1 2 112 - • • • -
;!
r.11.e (cM. paa.11.eJJ 12.4) *'
~~
4

(HH,ZleKcbl ik npH b Bblpa>KaIOT rrepE'Mew.eHH!I B uarrpaa.1eHHH !, Bb13BaHHble

e)lHHH'IHOii CHJJOH, .11.eiicrny10lll.eH B narrpaBJieHHH k); i\!I, (z), Mk (z)- -
H3rH6a10w.ue MOMeHTbl, Bbl3BaHHbJe COOTBeTCTBeHHO enmm'IHblMH CHJI&Mll ~
P1=-m,w,=1; Pk =-mkwk = 1.
Kos<tJ<PmmeHTbl {jlk y¡¡o6tto orrpe¡¡eJI!l1h no ctopM) JJe Bepell(aruua (pall"
.11.en 12. 10)

530
 r/\e Q - n11oma¡:¡b smophI M1 (111111 ee qacT11); Mfi- op¡:¡miaTa 9mopL1 J\11,
'1cno JOA(l'HH351 llPOlllB l(eHTpa lfüKFCTH nl!Oll(a.(11 'lnIOJlbl ~)
J
1,.151 CllCTe\lbl e O;J.HOll CTenel!b!O CBOÓO¡\hl Ha OCHOBaHHH (19 84) 6yue·1
ff\leTb ypaB!leH!le e 0¡\HllM tte113BeCTHhlM

w1 = -mwl\ 1
"!ro vpaBHeH11e 9KBllBaJiellTHO 113BeCTHOMy ypaBHeHHIO

mw + cw =o,
. 1
l
C=-
611 .
llmI CHCTeMhl e JlBYMlI creneHHMH CB060/\hl HeH3BeCTHhle cpVHKUHH npo·
rtt6a W1 11 W2 corJiaCHO (19.84) Bhlp83HTCH T8K

w1 = -m 1 w6 1 11 - m2 w0 2 12 ; 1

w2 = -m w11 1 1 21 - m2 w6 2 22 • ' l1
B o6meM cJiy<iae np11 pewe1111tt ypaattett11ií (19.84) cpyttKUHIO npor116a
elle¡\} eT HCK8Tb B BttAe
w1 = 'A1 sin (wt +a) ( 19.85)
Oo¡:¡cTaBJISlll

'},, 1
'A1m1ll21W+
(19.85)

2
B (

/,2 (m2ll22W -
.. . . . . .. .. .... ... . .. .. . . .
19.84),
+ 'A m b w + ··· + 'Anrnnll1nro = O;
(m1 1111 w2 - 1) 2
1) + ··· + 'AnmnllznW =O;
2 12
2
Haxo¡:¡11M
2 2
2
l ( 19.86)

m t' w + m 6 w + ·•· + A (mn11nnW

'A 1 1 111
2 'A 2 2 112 1) = O.2
11
2
-
1

Optt HaJIH'llltt KOJie6aHttií aMnJittTyil.a 'A, tte 06pamaerc11 B HYJih, ecJill

1
orrpe¡¡eJIHTeJib, COCT3BJie1111hJH 113 K09cjJcjJHUHeHT0B CllCTeMhl ypaBtteHHH
(19 86) rrptt 'A¡, paBeH HYJIIO: 1

2
m1 11 11 w2 - 1 m2 b12 w2 • • • mnB 1 nw \
m 1 13 41 w2 m2 11 22 w - 1 ••• mn11 2 nw 2
2 1
=Ü. ( 19.87) 1

m111:11 ~ 2 • ~ 2°0n·2 ~2 ~~6~n~ 2 - 1

0

• • • • '

3anttcaB 9TOT orrpeReJittTe,~b B pa3BepttyroM BH¡:¡e, 6y¡¡eM ttMeTb

1 - a 1 w2 +a w 4
4
- a,w" + ··· + l-l)nanw 2
" =O, (19.88)

l :i,e a, - K03.jicjmum'HThl rrp11 pa3JJlllJHhlX CTeneHlIX yrJIOBoií lJ8CTOThl Ú)

¡,13 ( 19.88) MOiKHO H8HTll Bb1paiKeHHll )J.JI5l lJ3CTOT W¡, W2, ••• ' Wn
( (11¡ > W 2 > • , , > Wn)•
06mee pewettne cttcTeMbl ypaBHetttti'l (19.86) 6y¡¡eT
~, = 'A¡ 1 sin (w 1 t + a + 'A
1) 12 sin (w 2 t + 0: 2 ) + •••+ 'A1n sin (Wnt + !ln),
11111

"- 1 + a )-f-
= } 11 sm (w 1t (w/ + a: + ··· -f A
1 (w t + a:n):
"-rn sm 2) 111 sin 11

w = A.¡¡ (w t -t- + 'A ~in (w t + a + · · · + 'A n (wnt + an);

sm cx 1) 2) 2 sin
... .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . .....
2 1 22 2

531
 B '13CTHOM CJJyIJae CHCTe\Jbl e llB) Mll CTeneHllMH cao6o¡¡bl
(1 <¡ 86) H (19 87) 6y llYT 11MeTb BllJl

/. 1 (111 1 1~ 11 <u 2 - 1) f- t. 2 111 2ó 12<U 2 =O,

f. 1 m 1 821 w• + 'A 2 (m/'¿ 2 úl 2- 1) =O,
tn¡&11úl
2
-1 111J112úl
2
1-- o,
fl.!H
1m/> 21 w
2
m/l 22 w 2
- l

Peurna nocJJe¡¡ttee \ paattettne, no 11 411'1 Bbrpa)!(el!Hll ¡¡.~¡¡ lJ3CTOT w 1 lf Wal

t9.9. npOAOnloHble H KpyTHnloHble KOne6aHHll CTep>KHeil

DpH npoooAbHbtX KOAe6aHuJJx cmepaKHJl ace ero tJacTHUhl ABHJKYTC!I

napaJ1J1eJ1hHO ocH. DpH BhlBo¡¡e ¡¡H<ji<jiepeHuHaJJhHOro ypaBHeHHJI npo}lOJlh·
HblX KOJle6aHHH cteplKHll e lKeCTKOCTbIO none-
pelJHOro ceIJeHHJI npH pactl!lKeHHH EF paccMoT·
PHM ycnoBHe AHHaMHtJecKoro paBHOBeCHll y4act· ,
Ka ctep)!(HJI JlJIHHOll: dz (pHc. 349, a), orpaHll·
1
tJeH11oro cetJeHllJIMll a 11 b. 06o3HaIJllB nepeMelll,e· • •
No -z N¡ HHe ceqe1111JI a 'lepes u, a cetJeHl!ll b 'lepes u + _lf
+ au
d:r, 11at\¡i,eM npo¡¡OJlhHble yn1J111JI, ,llell:ctB)' JO- l•
f¡r:¡:::::::-:::~1ªr-=;;..::::..:::.:l
1 :J
lll,lle B eelJellllllX a 11 b (I!Mell B BHAY. lJTO OTHO·
CHTeJlbHOe y¡¡JIHHeHHe B = OU/Oz):
,
,
ou
Na= -EF oz;
ó
'
l PHc. 349
Nb = EF [~~ + :z (~~) dz] ·
¡ CHJJa 1rnepUHH 9JleMeHTa cteplKHJI JlJIHHOtt npH pacnpe¡i,eneHHOA
Macee ctep)!(HJI pF (r¡¡e p - DJIOTHOCTh MatepHaJia) H JlJIHHe l 6y,lleT
dz
1 a2u
1 P" = pF TI
c,t
dz.

Tcni.a, noJJh3YJICb npHHUHDOM )laJ1aM6epa, ycnoaHe AHHaM11qecKoro paB·

1 l!OBeCllll 9JleMeHTa ctep)!(Hll 3anHllleM B BH]le
Nb-Na=P 8 ,
\
532
 E r iJ>
a (ou) dz = iJ2u
pF at 2 dz.
01

CoKpaTHB Ha dz H na F, rrpe.l\CTasHM ,¡¡mpqiepeH~HaJibttoe ypasHeirne

npo;o 1bHb!X KOJieóaHllH CTepiKHR B BH;:\e
iJ2u iJ2u
E azi = p ati . ( 19.&9¡

06o3HdlJHB E/p = a 2 , ypaaHeHHe (19.89) aanmneM TaK:

iJ2u iJ2u
iJt2 = a2 iJz2 (19.90)

PerneHHe ypaBHeHH!I (19.90), CJJe¡¡y11 MeTO.!lY cf>ypbe, Hll¡eM B BH;:\e

u= ZT, (19.91)
r.ae
Z=f1(z); T=f2(t).

Dpo,¡¡mjJcjJepeHuHposaa ypaaHeHHe (19.91) no z li t, noJJy'lliM

i]2u d2T iJ 2u d 2Z
iJt 2 = z dfT ; az 2 = T dz 2 '
( 19.92)

flO.!lCT3BIIB (19.92) B (19.90), Haii¡¡eM

d 2T d 2Z
z dt2 = a2T dz2 •
HJ!H
1 d2T a2 d 2 Z
T dti = Z dz 2 '

CTpHpaBHIIBa!I npaayro H JJeay10 qacTH nocJJe;:\Hero ypaatteHHH K 011.-

ttoii H ro!1 iKe nocro111111oii aeJJHlJHHe w2, noJiyqae'll ABa oóbllJHbIX ) paa-
HeHHR BTOporo nop11¡¡Ka
d2 T
dt 2 -- w2 T·' ( 19,93)
-

d2Z w2
- = - -Z (19 91)
dz 2 a2 •
4acTHblMH perneHH!IMll 9THX ~ paBHerrni'! COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6y,¡¡yT
T = cos OJt; sm OJt;
Ú) ú)
Z = cos - z· sin - z. (19.95¡
a ' a

Jl.JIH noJJy'leHHH o6rn.ero pewerrnH ypas11eHHH (19.93), cocTaBJJe11ttoro

H3 qacTHb!X perneHHii (19.95), 11eo6xo¡¡ttMo Y4HTWB3Tb rpaHlllJHbre ycJJOBH!I
creplKHH TaK, ecJJn o6a Konua cao6o¡¡nbr, 10 ;:\OJilKHbr y¡¡oa,1eraopHTbC!I
CJJ e..¡y10u¡11e ye JI OB H !I'

(au)
iJz
- O· (ª-tt.)
OZ
z=O -
-O ' z=I - .
( 19.96)

flo;¡cra11oaKoii perne1111ií ( 19. 95) B ( 19. 93) H (19. 94) y6eiK!lacMCR, lJTO perne-

533
HHe ,jn aw Z ypaBJWT!Hil ( !9.94) C.1E'J<:\'fT JlC!WIOlJl!Tb K3!{ HC COOT!lCTCTB~IOll(ee 11¡
nqJBCni' yoI•JllHIO (1" r () W
J:Jrn 06ecne<1e1rn11 s1oporo yc.~unHH (19.96) neo6xoi1HMO, lJT06br Bbl·
ílOJJHHJIOCb pasel!CTBO
sin w l =O.
a (19.97) ~!
;¡,~

••
fToJiy'le!lf!Oe !fp08HCfLUC 'taCmombl 6y;\e1 Y.1\08.10 rsort'HO npll ,¡¡;¡¡¡

- l=
úl
a
.
ZJT,

r .ne i = 1, 2, 3, ...
=
4acTOTY OCHOBHoro ron a rw.1e6amn! 6y ;ieM 11Me rb npn i

Ll¡ = an
'
= n
I
v E.
})
1:

(19.98)

CoorseTCTsyro1u:Hi'r nep11oi1 Ko,1e6a11Hi1

•1 = Wi
2:-r V~º . (19.99)
= 21 8
<I>opMa :lToro Bll¡:\a KOJie6aHHH [10!(333Ha Ha pnc. 349, 6 RpHBOH 1,
l!JISI ROTOpOÍÍ
_ m1 z nz
Z¡=C¡COS-=C¡COS-l.
il

<I>op'da BToporo BHAa KOJie6a1rnii, ¡¡JIH KOToporo

2rcz
Z 2 = C2 cos - 1- ,

npttsei1etta Ha pnc. 349, 6 (KpHBall II).

ÜÓU(l!H Bll,!l qacTHOfO pemeHHll ypaBHeHHll (19.90) npll ¡.¡¡ <jlopMe KO•
Jie6aHHH 6y,!leT

u= cos -inz ( inat . inat)

- A¡ cos - - + 8¡ srn - - . (19.100)
1 1 1
HanoJKeHlleM nono6Hb!X qacTHb!X pernel!l!ÍÍ mo6oe npo,noJibl!oe ROJie•
6a1rne CTep1KHH MOJKHO npe,!!CT3Bl!Tb B BHne

~
u= ~ cos--
mz (
A, c o s ¡
inat . inat)
+ Bl sin- - , (19.101) •t
1 1 ' '
t=l, 2t 3, •.. ~'f::

r.ne npol!SBOJibHble noCTOllHHhle A¡ I! B¡ .!J.OJIJKHbl Bbl6ttpaTbCll 1!3 l!alJaJI&•

HblX ycJIOBl!ÍÍ. ,,,.
HanpttMep, nycTb nptt t =O (u)t=o = f (z); (u')t=o = fi (z). Tor;ta
113 ( 19, 101) npn t =o
113XO.!J.l!M
00

~
mz
f (z) = A¡ COST;
i=l
00

~ ina inz
fi (z) = ~ -l- B¡ cos - - ,
1
'=l
534
01•1Yi\a, m:nOJ!h3)'H MPTOi\ <Py pi.e, nrJJJyCJ~(',1
1
2
A,= T .\ f (z)
r cos-¡-
1 p
dz;
o
1

B, = - 2 \ f (z)
1 cos -mz
- dz.
1na 1
1
o
KP!ilnUllbHúte Ko11e6aHUfl cmep:JICHfl (ttanp11~1ep, rurJJHHl\pHqecKoro) JJer-
KD oxapaKrepH30BaTb nocpeacTBOM Bbl1Jepq11eaHHH BOJIHHCTOH JlllHH!l Ha
p 13Bepuyroií noaepxHoCTH crep)KHH (p11c 350, a). 06o3Haq11M yroJJ 3a·
h!'YlJHB3HHH ceqeHHH, Haxo;:\Hll(erocH Ha paccTOHHHH z, OTHOCHTeJJbHO HC~
n ,J,BH/Kf[QfO CelJeHHH qepe3 cp, a ) roJl 33KpytJHBaHHH ceqemrn e KOOp;:\HHaTOH
z + dz 1Jepe3 cp + ~; dz (p11c. 350, 6). Tor;;a 0nir1 11w1111h111 1 ro•i 3aKp) • 1
11
lJHBdHHH 9JJeMeHT3 Jl rnHOií dz 6y¡¡eT
()1p/oz, a KpyTHlllHe ~l<'MeHrbl (cM. pa3-
¡¡eJ1 8.2) B CelJeHllHX crepiKHH e KpyTH·
,%Hoií iKeCTKOCTb!O GJ P• orpaH111J1rnaro-
1unx :iJJeMeHrapuyio ero .!lJIHHy dz cJ1eaa
dz
H en pana, COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6y !lYT
a
PHC. 350

np11paBHHB'lll paBHO]leHCTBy!OU(y!O 9TllX Kp YTH!llHX MOMeHTOB MO\teHTY

iJ2cp
l!Ht'pu:1111 Bpame11HSI 9J1E'MeHTa )lJIHHOií dz, paBHOMY pJ Pat2 dz, r¡¡e p -

n 1oruocrh Marep11aJ1a, noJlylJaeM ¡¡mjlcjiepettu:11aJJbHoe ypaBHeHlle KpyTHJJbHblX

KOJJeÓaHHH crepiKHH
a2cp a2cp
GJ p 012
dz = pJ p 012 dz,

!WH nocJle COKpameHH H Ha J p H dz

a2cp a2cp
G iJz2 = p at2 (19. 102)

Oóo3Ha4aH G¡p 1Jepe3 a2 , ypaatteH11e (19.102) MOiKHO npe.ncraBHTb

B BH)le

(19.103)
1 1

Pemen11e ypaaHeHHH raKoro a11¡¡a paccMorpeHo BhHIJe ,!\JlH CJ1y1JaH

npo¡¡oJlhHhlx KOJ1eóatt11ft crepJKHH. 11
B raóJl. 50 np11ae¡¡ettbl 1JacrOTHb1e ypaatteHHH 11 coócrBeHHble <jJopMbI 11
1
npo.noJlbHblX H KpyTllJibHblX KOJleÓaHHH crepiKHeH npH pa3J1H'lHblX rpaHHlJ· 1

Hb!X YCJ10BllJIX.

19.10. nonepe'1Hbl8 KOne6aHHR npH3M8TH'l8CKHX CTep>MHeH

.LlmjlcpepeHUHaJlbHOe ypaBHeHlle nonepe11Hhlx KOJ1eóatt11fi crepiKHH

!IO.JJyt¡HM H3 paCCMOTpeHlllI ,!\llH3Mll'le<?Koro paBHOBeCHlI 3JleMeHT3 dz
(pHc. 351), BbI.!leJleHHoro 113 IIpOHSBOnbHO 3dKpC:IIJieHHOrO CTepiKHlI.

S3S

1 1
 npoeu11pyll Bce CHJJbl, neilCTB\ IOUllle Ha paccMaTpHBéleMbIÍI 9JleMeHT
~I
1 ,:'

~
1

(BKJllO'ldll Il COOTBCfCTBHH e l'f Hlll1"l!UM .LlJJJaM6epa CHJlbl mrepUHH), Ha

BtpTliK3JlbHY!O OCb w, 6y¡:¡eM HMe11,

Q-q,dz-Q-~; dz =O,
OTKy)J.a
aQ
q¡ = - iJz , (19.104)

r¡¡e Q- nonepeIJHalI cttJJa; q1 - HHTeHCHBHOCTb CHJJ HHepUHH Maccbl:

a2w
q, = pF a12 (19.105)

w (F - nJJomanb norrepeq¡¡oro ceqeHHH;

p - TIJJOTHOCTb MaTepttaJJa; w-
none-
z peIJHOe nepeMemetttte; t-
BpeMlI).
rTo¡:¡cTaBHB (! 9.105) B (I 9.104), Hali-
)J.eM ypa1lHettHe DOCTyDaTeJibHOfO JlBHiKe-
z dz HHlI 9JJeMeHTa KOJJe6JIJOmeroclI CTepiKIIH:
02
pf w ~Q
= - uz (J 9.106)
l iJt 2
D:JJlI noJJyIJeHHlI ypaBtteHHlI Bpaw,a.
\ TeJibHOro )J.BIDKeHHll 9JieMettTa crepiKH!I
B DJJOCKOCTH wz CJJO}l{HM yroJI noaopora
Pttc. 351 CelJeHHlI 0, Bbl3B3HHblH H3rtt60M, C yrJIOM
1 C)J.B nra '\'. o6ycJIOBJieHHblM .neiicTBHeM
nonepe'lHOH cnJJbl:
ow
az- = s + '\'·

B CIIJIY H3BeCTHOií CBlI3H MeiK)J.Y l!3fH6a!OmHM MoMeHTOM M

(19.107)
H yrJIOM .
IlOBOpoTa 0 (pa3]leJI 10.5)

M = EJ d0
dz '
(19. 1<>8) 1~

H MeJK¡¡y nonepeqnoit CHJJOÍI Q H yrJJOM C)J.Bttra '\' AJJlI npttHlITOÍI B HaWeJI

CJiyIJae CHCTeMbl KOOpJ1HHaT (pas)J.eJJ 12.3)
•!
•r; ~
~
Q = -kyFG (19.109) , }
(k - K09cjlcjmuHeHT, yqHTbJB3!0U(Hii cjJOpMy ceqeHHH crepiKHS!) BbipameHM s#.'
)lJJSI Q B COOTBeTCTBHII e (19.107) - (19.109) MOiKeT 6b!Tb npe,ncrasJieHO ~

Q =-kFG (ºw-e).
oz (19.110) ~

TaK KaK MoMeHT tttteputtll apa!lleHttlI MaCChI paccMaTpiiBaeMoro 9JieMeH'lif

paaeH

a2e
a12
5
y2dm
a2e \
= at2 .
1

y2pdFdz = pJ a12 dz,

a2e
ypaattenne apaw.areJihHoro JlBIIlKeHHlI sJieMettTa "ª octtOBa1I1111 npm1uim•
.llaJiaM6epa MOiKeT <'.íb!Tb 33IlHCaHO B BH)J.e

oM a20
Qdz - az dz = -pJ otª dz

536
HJIH nocJJe !'0Kra1neJIHSJ Ha dz H nonnaPnPhH (l'l 101<) - c.1•'n\ln11111'1 06-
í'~go\1

l.GF
aw
(1oz ) a2 0
-- - e + EJ - - pJ -
u~o
=O.
r)z2 cJt2

Tlpo.:uirpcjJepeHUHposas 9ro vpaBf1e11He no z. no.1yq11M

/, FG ( 3:2
o'~'
o,
-
c11J \
, 1
oz;
+ E J c13t:l
"'
uZ
3 - pJ uZu
éJ3ü
"' "'t2 =O. (19 111)

no;:\CTaBHB (19 110) B (19 106), Óy;:\e\1 HMeTh

()2w
pF atz - !.GF
(º2w
022 - iJz =O.
afi) (19 112)

llch 1!0qHB li3 (19.111) li (19.112) yroJJ e.

noJ1yqm1 AH<P<PepeHU.HaJlbHCe
~ 1 dBHeHIIC CBOÓO¡:\Hh!X norrepeqHblX KOJleÓaHHH CTepiKHSI

éJ4w ( E ) D''° iJ2w p2J iJ4w

EJ ()7 -pJ 1 + kG, az2at2 + pF atz + kG iJt4 =O. (19.113)

ECJJII rrpette6peIJh CIIJIBMH IIHepu.IIH BpameHHll 9JleMeHTa li BJIHSIHlieM

Ha rrporii6 norrepeIJHOií CIIJlbl, ypaBHeHHe (19.113) MOiKHO npe;:\CTaBHTb
B BH)le

(19.114)

rTpocTeilurnM rrepiiO;:\HlJeCKHM perneHHe\1 ypaBHeHHll (19.114) HBJJSleTCSI

Tal{ Jl33hIBaeMOe i!AG8Hoe KOAe6aHue, B KOTOpüM <PYHKU.Hll nporH6a KOJleÓ·
Jl!OlllerOCH CTepiKiill H3MeHJieTCll e TeqeHHCM BpeMeHII no rapMOHHqeCKOMY
SaKOHV
w = cp (z) sin (wt +a). (19.115)

<llyHKUHll cp (2), yc1aHaBJHIBa10masi 3aKOH pacnpe,neJieHHll MBKCHM3Jlh•

HbIX OTKJIOHeHHií TOqeK OCH crepiK!Ill, H33h'BaeTCJI ¡/Jop111oii i!AG8H020 KO·
Ae6aHUfl IIJIH co6cmeeHHOU <flop.MOU.
;(JIJI T!OJJYIJeHHll ypaBHeHHÜ COÓCTBeHHhIX <PopM T!O¡:\CTaBHM (19.115)
B (19.114) li DOCJJe CoKpameHHSI Ha sin (WI a) rroJiyqlIM +
d4cp
-dz 4 - k 4 m=0
.,, '
(19.116)
r¡¡e

k'=p~~ •
2

(19.117)

06mee perneHJre ypasHeHlill (19.116) HMeer BH)J.

cp (z) =A cos kz+ B sin kz + Cchk2 + D shkz, (19.118)

11.1". 6yil.YIJII BhipaiKeHo qepes <PYHKU.IIH KphrJJosa, sttaqeHHll KOTOpblx
npn lle)J,eHhl B rTpiiJIOiKeHIIII 3, sanlICb!BaeTCll TaK:

cp (z) = C1 S (kz) +CT 2 (kz) +CU 3 (kz) + C V (k2) .

4

.:'.;iLcb A, B, C, D (IIJJH C¡, C 2 , C3 , C4 ) - rrocToJIHHble HHrerpupoBaHHJI,

onpe)J.eJIJieMhle IIS ycJIOBHií saKperrJiel!IIH crepiKHJI. TaK, )J.JIH wapHiipHo·
3aKperrJJeHHoro crepiKHll (pHC. 352) ycJIOBHll Ha KOHU.BX 6y)J.y1

cp (0) = O; cp" (0) = O npH z = O;

q> (l) = 0 = /.
0
<p (/) = O; npH Z

537
11cxonH H3 3THX ycJJOBHi'r H H3(Jq118), 6yneM r!MCTb
A t G = O, B+ D sh 111 =
"TTl kl O
-A -1 e = o -B SI n kl + D <;h /¡/ - o
A= C = D =O,
Bs1nkl=O
Ho Tah r.ar. R 7 O cJrt,:¡oaa1P1blTL SI n kl = Ü J13
"1JI 11NO l/pUl!HfliUJ HaXO¡\ll\
l,l = m (t=l,2,3,. )
¡;j3 paBeHCTBa
4 pi w2¡ mw2¡
k
'= EJ = EJ
onpei1eJJHM co6crseHHy10 Kpyros~IO 'lac-
TOT)

(() = k2 VEJ = ¡2¡¡2 l / EJ (19 119)

1 1 m 12 JI m'
nepuoi1

Puc 352

n qac:rory KO~eóaHHH (B repuax)

1= 1 = VEJ
¡2¡¡
(19 120)
T 21 2m
YpasHeane co6crBeHHbTX KoJJeóaHHH crep2KHH 6yi1er

cp, (z) = B sm -
i:riz
- •
1
nepBb!P Tp!! COÓCTBeHHb!e cpop\1b1 KoJJeóaHHH 6aJJKH Ha ,nayx onopax no·
(19 121) 1
Ka3aHb! Ha pHC 352
06mee perneHue ,nucjJcjJepettuuaJJbHOro ypaBHeHllH (19 114) np11MeH11·
TCJlbHO !{ paccMaTpHBaeMOH 6aJJKe Ha llBYX onopax MO)!{eT Ób!Tb 3anucaHO
B BH¡:\e
00
!f1:
w (z, t) = )~ (a 1 cos w1t + b1 sm ltl1t} sin -iriz , ( 19 122) "'
,, '
1
t=! li
r¡¡e ª'lJaCTOTHble
11 b¡ ¡\OJl)KHb! Ób!Tb noi106paHbl 113 lld'IBJlbHb!X ~CJIOBHH (npu t =o.
ypaBHfHHlI 11 HX KOpHH, a TBK)!{e ypaBHfHHlI COÓCTBeHHblX
)
,l
~ opM nonepel!Hb!X KOJJe6aH11tt creplliHeií np11 pa3JJHlJHbIX saKpenJieHllHX
HX Konuos np11sei1enbr B ra6JJ 51. Kopu11 qacroTHLrx ypamreu11tt nonepe'I· ._
J
Hb!X KOJieóaH!lH CTeplliHett na ynpyrttx onopax npnae¡¡eHbl n ra6JI 52; ""'
creplliHeií e cocpe,noro1JermbrMu MaccaMu - n ra6JJ 53 B ra6JJ 54 npa· ~~~
ne,!\eHb! 3HalJeHH5l HeKOTOpb!X HHTerpaJIOB, BCTpe'laIOW,llXClI npH pac'lerax ;!_
nonepe'IHb!X KoJJeóaBHií creplKHett _,,
Ec-JJH KOJJeÓJJIOU(HHCH creplKellb ucnblTbrnaer i1eiicrane npo¡¡oJibHOH "';:
C)!{HMaromeií CHJibl N, ro i1ucjJcjJepeHu11aJibHOe ypanHeHne ynp} roií JillHllll '
HMeeT Bll;:\ k

d2 w
EJ dzª = M (z) - Nw.

538
Ilo"~e ¡¡soimoro AHll(pepenu11poBamn1 H 33Me!!h! cor~acno rrp1n1n11n) 1~
d2J\f cJ2~
(e¡ 1 - - ~ -or - - non y ll!M AHcfl ¡iepc H!LH ! bHOl \ paBHe!IHe CBO 0,.(1 LI'(
dz2 ' (112
r1IJPpe'll!b!X KO~e6dl!Hll cTe¡J/KH51

f:.1-~
a\u) ()2(1_)
\-~¡1[-=Ü
()2ce
az 4 2 ' az
r)tJ

' 6~1l3eHH351 cf,üp\td !(Q1(631JMl'i orrpe\e1IITC51 B 3TQ\I C1\'í8e BblP"fl Clllte\I

q;(z) ~Aco~1 1 z+Bs1¡¡ 1 z, C'cnh¿z+Doh J<•

f~l

1'1 =a V 2 + V'1 +
l;l ¡4
¡,4'

_¡_ _/¡4
1J = a4 '

BeJiwllrna k onpe¡¡eJIHeTcH no ¡fopMyJie (19 117)

BbrpaiKett115! A ~51 co6CTBeHHb1X 1JacroT rronepe'lHb!X KoJie6arr11ií CTepH·
Heli Harpy)!<eHHbL\ npo;:\OJlbHb!Mlf Cl!JlaMH, npHBeL(eHb! B Ta67 5o;

19.U. 3aKOH coxpaHeHHll ~HeprHH npH KOne6aHHllX

Ha np11Hu11rra coxpaHeHHR :ineprmr npH Ko,1eóaHH5!X Bh!1Ch JL r, ' o

t\ \lvla Kll!!eTHlJeCKOH I! !!OTeHuHaJibl!OÍÍ 3Heprrrn KOJie6aTeJlbHOH MexaHH·
'l"'CKOÍÍ CHCTeMbl B Jl!O'ÍOÍÍ. MO\Je!!T Rpe\!Pf!H OCT3eTCH T!OCTOHHHOH (3Hep-
reT111JeCKHMH T!OTepHMH rrpette6peraeM) T e

T +U = const (1 q 123)
B lJaCTHOCTK, rrp11MeHKTfJ!bKO K CHCTeMe e O)J.HOií CTe-
neHbIO CBOÓO¡:\bl (puc 353), ,!\J!H KOTopoií

T -- Q x2·
2g '
cx 2
U=<¡•
ypaBHfHKe (19 123) npuMeT Bl!)J.

Q 2 2
2
Rx + 2cx = const, (19.124) Pr1c 353

r¡¡e e-iKeCTKOCTb rrpyllmHbl

DpaBaH <JaCTb ypaBHeHKH (19. J24) 3aBHCKT OT HalJ3JlbHblX yc.rnBHH,
Do.~ara51, ttanpuMep, lJTO npu t= 0 nepeMell(eHue (x)t=o = x 0 , a Ha'l3JlbH3H
CKOpOCTb (X)t=o = Xo =o, IIOJiyqaeM
2
Q cx2 cxo
-x2+-=-
2g 2 2 '
(19.125)

T. e nptt KOJie6atttt51x cyMMa KuuernqecKoií u noreuuuaJibttoií :iuepr11ií oc-

Taerc11 paBHOH HalJaJibHOií 9Heprun }le<jlopMa UKK ¡¡ pyiKHHb!, paCTHH y10A
Ha BeJIH'IKHY Xo
 1-fa aHaJIH3a ypaBHeHHH (19.125) BH)llJO, 'lTO B MOMeHT, KOr}la KOJie(i.
JIIOU{HHCH rpy3 HaXOJil11CH B cpei111eM noJio/KeHHH (x =
O), 9Hepnrn· c11cre-
¡
Mb1 onpei1em1e1csi KHHe1H4('C!(Oi'! 9HeprneH, T. e. MaKCHMaJibHaH KHHCTllqe- íil
CKall :rneprua
·2 2 1
Qxmax cxo
Tmax = 2g = 2' (l 9.126)

a B MOMeHr, KOr)la rpy3 HaXO¡\HTCH B KpaHHeM llOJIOJKCHHH (xmax), 9Hepr1111

cttcreMbI onpe)leJisie1ca norettuttaJibHOií sneprneii, nocKOJibKY x' =O,
T. e. MaKcttMaJibHaH noTettuttaJibHasi 9Hepru11
o o
CX;f¡ax Cx¡j
umax= 2 =2 (19, 127)
KaK BttJIHO,
T max =U max· (19.128)

Ypaanenttsi (19.126), ( 19.127) MoryT Ób!Tb ttcnoJib30BaHbl .llJill onpe,ne·

1
JICHHH 'laCTOTbl KO,~e6aHHÍÍ • .lleHCTBHTe.%HO, IJOJIOiKHB

1
UOCJie no,nCTaHOBKH 3Ha'le!!HH xmax B (19.126) HJIH xmax B (19.127) IJOJIY'lllM
1

\
OTKy ji.a
cg
w2 = Q
11

W= ve~=
Q
V g
L'.CT
• (19.129}

qro coana¡¡aer e noJJy11eHttoi1 pattee cpopMyJIOH (19.3).

3aMeTHM, qro ncxo¡¡n ns ) paaHe1111l! (19.124), ab1pama10mero saKoll
coxpaneH!lH 9Hepnrn n¡rn KOJieÓDHHHX, JiefKO IJOJJY'll!Tb JlHC!JcpepeHUHaJib•
ttoe ypaanetttte ABttlKeHhll KOJie6momeroc11 rpysa. )lJIH &Toro JlOCTaTO'lHO
ypaBHeHtte (19.124) npOJIHcpcpepeHUHpOBaTb no BpeMeHH t ll npOP3BeCTH
COOTDeTCTB}!OUlee COKpar.neirne.

19.11.HeKOTOpble np>16m1meHH1>1c MetOAbl onpeAeneH>1J1

co6CTBeHHbIX 4aCTOT KOne6aHHH ynpyrHX ClfCTeM

Cnocoó P9JJei1. 4acrora KOJie6a1rnü onpe¡¡eM1ero1 ns paccr.101ptHH,&

6aJianca sneprtttt c11creMbr upu onpe)leJieHHbIX Jionyw.emrnx 01nocttTeJiblÍO
)lecjlopMttpoBaI!llH KOJieóaTeJibHOH ynpyr O!l CHCTC~1bl. B 'laCTHOCTH, }lJifl
yqera MaCCbl npylKttHb! B KOJ1e6a1eJibHOi'! CflCTCMC e OJIHOH creneHb!O CBO•
6o¡¡bl (p11c. 353) ).leJiaercsi ¡¡onyw.eHPe, qro Macea npy)t;HHLr MaJia no
cpaa1ieHH!O e M accoií no¡¡aeme1rnoro rpysa Q, qopMa KOJitóaHHií He 3aa11·
CHT cymecTBeHHO OT MaCCb! npylKHHbl H e ¡\OCTaTO'lHOH TO'll!OCTb!O MOlKllO
npHHHTb, 'lTO nepeMemeHHe Jlloóoro ee nonepcqttoro ce'IPHHH na paccroll·
HH!I 1] OT 3aKpe11J1eHHOrO KOHUll TaKoe me, KaK ecJIH Ób! npyiKnHa 6b!JI8
ueaecoMoií, tt paaHo xr¡/l (l - AJIHHa npyiKttHb!).

540 /

'r 1
t nptt Bece e)\llHl!Ub! )\JIHHbl npy:»OJHbl q KHHel!1lJ€CKal! 3HCpfll51 3Jle·
M€liTd npy)KHl!bl )\JIHl!OH dT] Óyl\eT
2
q(r¡dx}
dT n = 2g -, dt dr¡,

a no1HaH KJrneTH'leCKaH 9Heprtt5! BCeii np) )lü1 Hhl Bb!pd3IITC51 HHTerpa.1m1

l

Tn = sig (f ~;)
o
2

d11 = 2~ ( ~;) q~
2

·
3ro 3¡¡aqe¡.¡ne KnHeTHtJecKoi\ :i11eprll11 npy)KHt:hJ c.1e;¡yer npH6aBllTb K 1<1:-
¡.¡en1'leCKOH :i11epn1H rpysa

TQ =
Q (dx)
2g \ dt
2

Tur.na no.~Hall KllHeTlltJecKall :ineprllll 6y¡¡er

~
1

Bb1palKeHlle noreuullaJirHOH srneprllll ocra-

HeTCll rrpe)KHHM: Pile. 354

Tenepb ycJIOBHe coxpaHe>JllSI 9Heprllll KOJie6JllOcL,eHCSI CllCT€MbJ MO)K(:''f

6bITh rrpe¡¡craBJieHo B BHl\e

_!_
2g dt
(dx) (Q + ql)
2

3
+ cx2 _ex~
2 - 2 .
CpaBHHBa ll 9TO ypaBHeHlle e ( 19.125), HaXOJJ.llM, qro JJ,Jill oueHKll BJil'!l·
HHH M8CCbl rrpylKllHhl Ha qacrory co6CTB€HHhIX KOJie6aHllH HY)KHO K Becy
rpy3a rrpll6aBHTh OJJ.HY rpeTb seca rrpy)KllHbl. TaKHM o6pasoM, )fJIOBdll
qacroTa orrpeJJ,eJIHeTCll <jiopMy JIOH

ú) = V Q: q~ .
3
( 19 .130)

Pacc~oTpll~ KOJie6aHllll rpysa, pacnoJIOlKeHlloro nocpeJJ.llHe 6aJIKll

(pile. 354). CJieJJ.yH MeTOJJ.Y P9Jiell, rroJiaraeM, 'lTO Bec 6aJIKll ql MaJI cpaBt!H·
TeJibHO e rpysoM Q ll lJTO KpllBal! nporll6a 6aJIKll rrpll KOJie6aHllHX llMeeT
TaKylO )!{e <jiopMy, KaK ll KpllB8ll CT8TlllJ€CKoro rrporll6a. 06o3H8'lllB qe-
pes f nepeMeIUeHlle rpysa Q npll KOJie6aHllHX, noJiy'lllM Bh1pa)KeHlle no·
nepeqHoro nepeMeu¡eHllll mo6oro 9JieMeHTa 6aJIKH JJ,JillHOii dz ll secoM qdz,
H3XOJl.HIUeroc5! Ha pacCTOHHllll z OT OnOpbl (crp. 295):
3z/ 2 - 4z3
W=f ¡s (19.131)

KllHeTll'leCKall 9Heprm1 caMoii 6aJIKH

T
O
= 2 yF
2g
s
1/2

o
(di 3zl 2 - 4zª) d
dt lª
2

z
= 17 yFl (df)
35 2g dt
2

'

S4t
 r~e 'I - y¡¡e.~¡,11i,1í\ sec MarepHaJia, F - nJiom.a¡¡b nonepe,rnoro ceqem111
6a.11rn.
KHnerwiecKaH 3Hepnrn rpyJa

Oo,1.¡351 KHneTHlJeCKall 3neprirn CHCTPMbl 6y)leT

17
_ _ Q+ 35 yFl(d!)2
T - Tr +T6 - 2g dt .
Oonb3Yl1Cb HsBecTHbIM Bbipa)KeHHeM l\Jlll noreHUHaJibHoil 3HeprHH .ne-
cpopMaUHH H3rtt6a 6aJIKH e usrtt6Hoi1 >KeCTKOCTblO nonepe'lHOro ceqeHHll E
l
M 2dz
U= So 2EJ '

a T3K)Ke Y'lHTb!B3ll, lJTO H3fHÓ310IUHil MOMeHT

¡ M= EJ d2w
dz 2
r){e ).(Jlll paccMaTpHBaeMoro CJIY'l3SI COfJI3CHO (19.131)
d 2w 24
1 dz2 = -¡s fz,
113XO)ll1M
1/2

S ~J 24
,~J f'.
2
4
U= 2 (: íz) dz =
\ o
3

t' '
YcJIOBHe coxpaueHHH 3Heprnn npn KoJie6anmix npHMeT BHll

17
2

T + U=
Q+35YFl(d!)
2
g di + ¡24EJ
a {2 = const.
Dpo¡¡tt<jJ<jJépeHuupoBaB nocJiel\Hee ypaBHeH11e no BpeMeHH t, nocJie coKpa·
memrn nony'lHM
d 2f + 48EJ ----f=O,
g
d/2 ¡s Q + 17 Fl
35 y
HJIH, BBe¡¡SI nOHSITHe npHBe)leH!!OfO nporn6a

~~·
17
Q + 35 '/Fl (19.133)
0np = 48 EJ !ª,
AH<jlcpepeHU113JlbHOe ypaBHeHHe KOJie6aHHH rpysa Ha 6aJIKe e y'leTOM MBC·
Cbl nocJie¡¡Heií (19.133) OKOH'l3TeJibHO MQ)KHQ npe¡¡craBHTb B BH)J.e
d 2f g
::11
)' dt2+ j5 /=0.
•< np

!142
'-,¡
¡1 ,,.
'
Orc10,1a Kpyrollall 'WCTOTa KOJie6aHHH rpy3a COfJiaCHO (19.129) OllfH',~f'.ll•T·
CH ,1 o¡n1yo1oíí
-
w-
- V -
g
<\p.
( 19 ! J4)

f13 (llJ.1331
cne;¡yeT, qTo !\MI yqeTa Maccb1 6am<H npP 011pr;¡e.1« •1
18 c11JTbl co6cTBeHHL1x KOJie6aHnií rpysa, pacnoJIO)KeH11oro nocpe;¡rrne '" 1·

\ 1 ;¡ocTJTO'IHO K Becy noc.re;¡l!ell rrpu6 •. B1l1b }~ -= 0,48J Bel. r: h".

B "l!Ha
17
"' yF -l Hil3brna·cTCll npueeue1t1wu
" • . •
,1iuccuu (Ja l/\U.
'3;) g
~lcnOJibSye\1 Mero;¡ P9Jiell 1\-~H onpe,1eJIPIHHI qacroTb' nonepe•rnbIX rrn·
,1• "lfi!!lf CTepxu!ll e cocpeAOTOqeHHbIMH MdCCaMH (pHC 348). Ilo,w;.'if,
y-o 8C€ \!3CCbl KOJieéÍJI!OTCll CHHCjJ33IlO e OJll!HaKOBOÍÍ qacro ro}¡' ncpe\IC'Le·
, .t'ceqe1nrn 6aJ1Kn:: a6cuHcco!1 z B <jJyHKUHH spe,1em1 11r )!{€\! onttcan r¡¡.
,,;:on;¡aJibHbIM 33KOHO~

q (z, t) =ti'.' (z) 'n (úll + a),

r;ie w (z) - cpyHKUHH, onpe¡¡eJIH!Oll\3H cj'üp\1)' KQ,ll•-'<1• hií.

CKopocTb nepeMew.eHHH oc¡¡ G:1JJKH 6yue1

v (z, t) = i,Cf ~; I) = w~ (z) cos (wt +a),

vm•x = ww (z).

\1aKCH\13JlbHOe 3H3'1eHHe KHHeTH'l€CKOH 9H<'Pfllll n cocpe)\OTO'lf'HHblX

r0'!e•JHb!X Mace m1 , ... , mn lf HenpepbIBUO pacnpe,n,1PHHoi'1 Maccb1 ynpyroil
6a tKH pf (r,~e p - flJIOTHOCTb MaTepua.rn; F - n,~oma;¡b nonepe'IHoro
ceYeHHll 6aJIKH)
n ¡

T = J2 1: m1 w2<»~ + Jo
'=l
pFw 2 w2 dz, (19.135)

r.ne w, -
aMTIJIHTY.ll.HOe 3HaYeHHe nporH6:'t B MecTe ¡.f,¡ cocpe¡¡OTO•IeHHOi!
M3CChf; l - llJ!lfHa 6aJIKH.
MaKCHMaJibHal! nOTeHuHaJILHal! 911epr11H l\ecpopMau1111 6aJIKH

U= _!_
2
s
o
l
EJ (á¿wdz (z)) 2dz,
2
(19.136)

me E J - 11sr11611aS1 )!{€CTKOCTb nonepeqHoro ceqeHHll.

Dp11paBHHBaS1 npaBwe qaCTH ypaBHeH11fl (19.135) H (19.136) HCXOllll
IB }CJJOBIJH T mall = Umax lf pellJal! flOJiyqeHHOe ypaBH€HHe OTHOCHTeJILHO
w2 , HaXO.lllfM
1
d2w) 2
EJ (dz2
S dz

co2 = -º-----.,----
11 1
(19.137)

L m 1 w~ + S
,_, o
pFw dz
2

S4l
 ,1
,1 1

ECJlll )\Cl!CTBJ'T('1•,1JaH ¡j vr\1~ J 01c'ioJ111fi w (2) H1B<'CTl'a r! opMy.111 1 ~~

(i;J 137) )L3PT TO'll!Ce 3HJ'l('ldl 'ldCTOíbl ÜÓbJ'IHO cpVHKUHH llpürHña w (2),
sapaHee He ttasecrHa n ee, cJiel\ySl h'e1011) P3JJP5! npnxo¡¡1•tcS1 3a.aaBar&.
OpH &To'I! Ha <jJYHKUHJO w (z) HaKJl3JLbiBaJOrcll rpaH!l'IHbJe ycJIOBHSl w =O•
,ll 1

,,
•

diwldz 2 =O B wapnHpHo oneprbIX ce'leHttllx li w =O; dw / dz =O B sa:

KpenJieHHbIX ce'!eHHHX
B cJI)'lJae npo;¡oJibHbiX KOJie6aHttil crep)!{Hll e nocrOflHHOlí mecTKOCTbfO
tJ I~

EF nonepe'IHOro ce'leHlrn npH pacrS11KeHHH 11 Hecyw,ero n cocpe;ioroqeu.

HL!X Mace m 1 , ••• , mn ""'"'-
~
1

sEF(~~) dz
o
2

w2 = -n- - - - - ,1 - - - -

L +J
r~l
m,u;
O
pFu 2dz

rile p - ílJIOTHOCTb ll'~TepHaJia; F - n "O!!< ac%

CTep)KHH; u - npo;¡OJibHoe ne¡ ev1ew,eH1'<'
B 3aKpenJieHHb1X ce'!eHHflX u (z) ¡¡o.1)KHO yJlOBJiersopl!Tb ycJIOBHIO'
u=O
B CJI)'-!ae KpyrHJibJ;b1X KOJie6a1rnil c1ep)KHS1 e nocTOllHHOit KpyrHJib·
aoii JKecrKOCThIO GJ P nonepe<iHoro ce'!eHHH a HacaJKeHHb!Mn n JLHCKaMH
(p llC. 346)
1

s
(~~) dz
GJ 0
2

w2 = -º--------
11

)~ J,q:: +Sr J 0 cp2dz

L=I 0

rl(e J P - noJIS!pHbiil t'O'!eRr 1rnepuHH m1ow,a¡¡n nonepeqttoro ceqeHm1;

,, - DJIOTHOCTb MarepHaJia crep)!{Hl!; Ji - M0M€HT m1epunn MaCCbJ 1-ro
JJ.HCKa OTHOCHTe.1bHO OCH crep>KHll, rr - yroJI flOBOpora ceqe1rnii cTep11rna
(B 311KpenJieHHbJX ce'leHnllx cp =O).

1
HapllllY e npe)Lcran"eHHbJ\H <jlopvyJia\!H P=>JJell (19.137)-(19.139) cy•
14ecrsyror Hm,re napnauTbl H'( 3a11HcH, np1rne¡¡eHHble B ra6JI. 56. B nepBOlll
aapttattre 3dJJ.alOTCll s11:yrpcHHH\lll yctt1HifMH B cTepxrne N (z), MKP (z),
1
l
M (z) H nyTe\I HHTerpaposaHHSI COOTllOWenm'.i
~ l
2
N -EFdu '1 - Gl dqi • •1 = EJd w,2
- d,( ' " 1'P - ' '' dz " dz
I' onpe,'!,E'JiflJOT COOTBeTCTB\ IOJI(He qiy HKUHH u (z), cp (z) H w (Z) Bo aropolll ••
i sapaaHre saJLdlOTcH HeKoropb!MH pacnpe¡¡eJ1eHHb1\J1i HarpysKaMH' npo;¡om.·
EJOH - p (z), M0'11eH1Hoi"1 - mKP (z) H nonepe'IHOH - q (z), a aaTeM onpeae·
mTEOT Bbl3bJBaeMble 9TH\IH HdrpyaK3MH coornercTB€HHO nepeMeUJ;eHllll u (z~. ~.
cp (z) H w (z). B rperbe\1 sapnaHTe sa;:¡d1Jae,1a11 HarpysKa co¡¡ep)KHT cocpe•
1LoroqenHb1e CHJ!bl N , P, 11.7 11 cocpe¡¡oTO'IE'!'JJbJe hpVTlHL\He \iO\!eHTLI MKP ¡.
1
B qern•p10\1 napHaHTe B KaGt>cme narpvsoK n¡ 1rnm1aK1r tj•ilF-THqecKY!O
Maccy t 1ep)!IHH H HW'lOll\l!CcH cocpe¡¡oro'le1iHL1e >'<lCCbJ, OocJie)LHHH sapnaar,
06JiaJlaS1 HaH60JILUilH onpeJleJ1euHo<.TLJO, JJ.aer saubnue1111b1e 3Hd'lenHll qac:ror.

544
',¡
1
Ocra.1b11b1e aap11a11rb1 Moryr ¡¡arb roq1Jb1e p"3YJJbTaTbI, ecnH npHnH\laL' I •<'
Bll} rpe¡¡Hlle YCHJJllfl COOTlltTCTByJOT llCTHllHOH cpüp\1e KOJ1e6~1111fi, a np111 JI
~H~Mble uarpysK11 (aropoit 11 rper11it aapttaHTbl) nponoprrnoHaJibllbI n, rn11
¡'1 •M c11J1aM 1111epu1111 np11 Kone6a11m1x.
<l>opMyna fpaMMeJU1. B OTJIHqJle or cnoco6a P9JJell s¡¡ecb npe,t) e· n
¡' 1Baercn BbJq11cJ1eHI1e noreHUHaJJbHOÍÍ s11epnrn ,uecpopMau1111 U ) np) ro11
LI creMbI no a11yrpe11a11~1 ycHJJHHM (JI,¡, i\1KP' M), onpe¡¡e,1e11HLIM or ;.1eiícrn1rn
e !JI llHepUllll M3CC C!lCTeMbl, ll3Íli.\e!lHblM, KaK H KllBeTl!qeCh351 9llep11 5l 1

c11creMb1, .UJiif Bb16paHHOÚ cpop\lbI 1 Te6a1111ií (u (z), <p (z), w (z)) f1p¡1¡ dB
I" BJll Hait,ueHHbJe Bbipa)KeJJHfl ,J,.Jll T max 11 U max• Haxo,J,f!T 3Haqef!lle coó
(TBdlHOH qacTOTbJ no cpüp\\Y.13\1, npHB<'¡¡eHHbl\l B ra6JJ. 57. <Pcp\ :¡.11
f paM\1eJI51 npH TO\I )KC Bb16ope cp0p\lb! K01e6aHHH (U, lj), W) ,uaeT 6 1.ier
104¡¡b1e pesyJJbT3TbJ, 4eM cpop\ry.~a PsJJeH
<l>opMyna JloHKCpJJeH B 0L~Hq11e or cpopMy.r1 P9JJeH 11 fpav\ C'JIH
.j,opMyna D:o11KepJ1eH HBJ1ne1c51 HaH6oJJee npocroü 11 ¡¡aer saH!J)KeHl!b1e ú11a
q('H!l51 Hll3lllCH co6cTBeHHOH qaCTOTbl KOJJe6aHHH 3ro 1103B0.151CT, l\Cf 0.11>
s 11 cpopMyJibI PsJJeH 11 ,Uo11KepJ1en, onpe¡¡e.~ifTb 1rnrepaan, B Ko1opor.1
l XO,l\llTCfl llCTHHHoe 311a11eH!le co6CTBenHOÍÍ qaCTOTbl.
f1o cpüpM) JJe J],OHKepJiell KBa¡¡paT C06CTBeHHOH 43CT0Thl n p OJlOJJbllbl X
I! t13rH6HblX KOJJe6aH!lÍÍ

I
2
w = 1: [ SpFB (z,z) dz +~ m1 B (z1 ,z1) J. (19140)
o
a KpyTl!JlbHb!ll. KOJie6anllH

1
w 2
= l. [S pJ 0 B (z,z)dz+ ~ J,ó (z 1 ,z,)], (19 141)
o
rl(e fj (z, z) - cpyHKUHH BJillHHHH, r. e. npO)l.OJihHoe (u), rronepeq11oe (w)
HJJH yrnoaoe (<p) nepeMeIUeHHe ceqemrn e a6cuHccoit z no)l )leÍÍcTBHeM e,t:,H
Hfl'IHOÍÍ npO.l\OJlbHOH, nonepeqHof! CHJibl HJIH e,UHHHqHoro Kpyrnrucro to
MeHTa cooraercraeHHO npH npo¡¡OJihHhIX, 11srn6HbIX HJIH KpyrllJJb! b x
KOJie6aHHllX
Cnoco6 P11n-1a Hf!JJifeTCH )laJibHeiirnHM pasBllTHeM cnoco6a P::1J1u1
B ypaBHeHlle ynpyroi'! JIHllHH KOJie6JIJOIUCHCif CllCTeMh! BBO)l51TCfl HeKCTOPhle
napaMeTpbl, BeJIH'lHH3 KOTOpb!X TJOJJ,6Hpaerc11 TaKllM o6pa30M, 4T06bJ "2C
Tora úCHOBHOro TOHa 6bJJ13 MHHHM3JibHOÍÍ TaK, rrp11 nonepe'lHhIX KOJJCéd-
l!lll!X crep)!{Hl! <PYHKUHfl nporH6a Bb16HpaeTCSI B BH)\e pi!)la

w (z) = G1W1 (z) + G¿W2 (z) + .' (19 142)

K3)K,Ub!H 'lJieH KOTOporo ,l\OJJ)KeH y,uoBJJeTBOp51Tb rpaHH'lHblM )'C'JIOBH5'\f

)\ 1ll nepeMellJ,eHHÍÍ, a K09cpcp11UHeHTbl pll¡¡a ªi· ª2· ªª' ... ¡¡O.T)!{Hbl BbJ6Hp31l.-
CSI 113 YCJIOBHSI MHHHMyMa 'l3CT0Tbl

JEJ (ddz2)w'
2
1 2
dz
0
=0. (ICJ 141)
1

SpFw 2
dz
o
)8 7 15S 545
 npo¡¡mpcpepem:t:Hp0B3B 9TO Bblpa)KeHHe H pa3¡¡eJIHB pesyJtbT3T Ha
l

SpFw dz,
2 e y'leTOM (19.137) ,!\JI!! cny•ia!! m1 =O noJI)"IHM
o

(19.144)

TaKHX ypaBHeHHH 6y;i;eT CT0.1bKO, CKOJibKO 'lJieHOB B p!!¡¡e (19.142).

f1oJiy'leHH3!1 CHCTeMa ypaBHeHHií 6y¡¡er o¡¡Hopo¡¡Ha OTHOCHreJibHO K09cp·
lj>m:i:HeHTOB ª1·
ª2• a3, ... , ªn·
f1pupaBm!B onpe¡¡eJIHTeJib 9TOH CHCTeMhl HYJIJO, nony'lHM 'l3CTOTHoe
ypaBHeHHe. 3ToT Mero¡¡ no3BoJrner HaiírH He TOJihKO HH3llIYJO qacrory co6-
crBeHHblX KOJie6aHHH, HO H 3H3'1eHH!I BblC!IIHX 'l3CTOT, XOT!I H e Mellbllleil
TO'lHOCTblO.
Cnoco6 liy6nosa-fanepKHHa. f1pHMeHHM 9TOT cnoco6 npH pe·
llleHHH, H3IlpHMep, 33)l3'JH o nonepe'lHh!X KOJie6aHH!IX CTep:>KH!I nepeMeH·
Horo ce'leHlrn, onHchrnaeMhIX .zr.rr¡p¡j>epem:i:rraJihHb!M ypaBHeHHeM

02 [ 02
iJz2 EJ (z) iJz 2
w] -
02w
pF (z) 012 =O, (19,145)

r.ne p, E - nnorrroCTb H MOllYJih ynpyrocrH Marep uana; F (z), J (z) -

n.11om;a11h H oceBoil MoMeHr HHeprt:HH nnoma11rr nonepe'lHOro Cel!éHHH
CTep:>KH!!.
Pe!IIeHHe 9roro ypaBHeHH!I Mo:lKHo HafirH e noMOlll.hlO no.zr.craHoBKH

w = Z (z) T (t),
BCl10Jth30BaB KoTopyJO, no.11y'IHM .zr.mpcpepeHrt:H3JlbHOe ypaBHeHHe .ll.Jl!I onpe·
Ae.11eHHll tliYHKrt:HH nporrr6a Z (z):

d2 [
dz2 EJ (z) dz2
d2Z] - pF (z) ro 1Z =O. (19.146)

CornacHo cnoco6y By6ttoaa - fanepKHHa i1eilcrarrreJibHa11 l<PHBaH npo·

rrr6a, Bb!pa:lKaeMa¡¡ cpyHKrt:Heil Z (z), saMeH!lerc¡¡ rreKoropoil npH6.1tHX<eH-
uolf cpyHKrt:lleií 1f (z), y;¡oBJieTBOp¡¡IO!lJ.eií rpaHH'lHblM (reoMerpH'leCKHM
n crarH'leCKHM) ycnoBHl!M 3a)la'IH. <l>yHKrt:H!I ljJ (z) 110.112KHa Ób!Tb opToro-
naJILHa llCXO)\HOMY JlHcp¡pepeHrt:HaJiblfOMy oneparopy. C 9TOfi UeJtblO o6pa•
ayeM HHTer p a.1
1

So { d2 [ d21jl (z)]
dz2 EJ (z) dz2
}
- pF (z) ro1 11' (z) 11' (z) dz ==O. (19.147) _,,
~~

ÜTCIOJJ.a, B 'l3CTHOCTH, MO:lKeT 6b1Tb noJiy'leHa qiopMyna

""""'
1
~ (EJ (z) ljl• (z)t 11' (z) dz
o
ro 2 = - - , , . . . - - - - - - - - • (19.148)
~ pF (z) ..¡.,2 (z) dz
o
546
 1 .1
EcJIH npe,ucTaBHTb 'lf (z) B BH,Ue pH,ua

IJ; (z) = ª11P1 (z) + ª2W2 (z) + 9 l4f

( 1

llpaccMOTpeTb KaM,UOe H3 CJiaraeMb!X IJ;1(z) KaK B03MOMHOe nepeMerueH!lf

TO BMCCTO ( 19.14 7) noJiy'IHM COOTHOllleHHe, Bb!p3M3IOIUee paBeHCTBO HYJII
snprya IJbHOH pa6oTbr.
1
5{[EJ (z) IJ;" (z)]"- pF (z) w2ijJ (z)) 1J; 1 (z) dz =O. (19 150/
o
11
TaKHX paBeHCTB MOMHO 3anHC8Tb CTOJlbKO, Ch0.%KO C.13raeMb!X !'Mee
npHHSITOe ,UJISI lj; (z) Bb!pa:lKeHlle (19 149).
KaM,uoe ll3 ypaBHeHHH (19.150) o,uttopo:i,Ho tt co.uepMHT HeH3BeCTHbl(
K03cpcpm:~HeHThl a¡, a2. a3, ... B nepBOH CTeneHH.
IlpHpaBHl!B HYJIJO onpe¡¡eJIHTeJib cHcTeMhl ) paBHeHHH ( 19 150), non y·
qH'I! qaCTOTHOe y paBHemre, H3 Koroporo MOMeT 6b!Tb onpe,uenena ) r JIOB3l!
qacrora co6crBeHHhIX Kone6aHHH •
¡•
19.13. 061J.1Hj;j MeTOA pac'leTa KOne6aHH¡;¡ MeXBHH'leCKHX CHCTeM
e y'leTOM pacceHHHH JHeprHH

1
f JlJ06al! pe3JibH8ll MeX3HH'leCK8ll KOJie6aTeJlbH8ll CHCTeMa o6na,uaer
é
HCTO'IHHK3MH nornomeHJlll 9Heprllll KOJie6aHllii. 3a ClJeT npHMeHeHHSI CO-
OTBeTCTBYJOIUllX MaTepHa.IJOB H KOHCTp) Kt¡Hll ya.~OB CO'!JieHeHHSI Mexa-
HH'!eCKHX CHCTeM llX Jl,HCCHnaTllBHh!e CBOiiCT-
Ba Moryr cymecTBeHHO H3MeHS!TbCSI, a CJie-
)\OB3TeJibHO, MOMeT H3MeHl!TbCSI Jl crenel!b
)\Hl!aMH'leCKOH Hanpl!MeHHOCTH OT,UeJibHb!X
91JeMeHTOB KOHCTpyK¡¡Hll,
nona,uaHHH 9TllX SJieMeHTOB
B CBS13H e STHM
oco6eHHO
B
npH
pe30H3HC
60JibillOii npa.h.TH'leCKHiÍ
6 -
HHrepec npeJ\CT3BJil!eT paapa6orKa scjJ<peKTllB·
Hb!X MeTO,UOB pacqeTa KOJie63HHii MeX3Hlll!eC- B
KHX CHCTeM e yqeTOM paccel!HHSI 9Heprm1
B CHCTeMe e a:eJibJO oa:eHKH ypoBHSI .l\HHa-
MH'leCKOii Hanpl!:lKeHHOCTH B pe30Jl8HCHOH
H B OKOJIOpe30H3HCHOii 30H8X. 3;¡ecb B03HH·
KBJOT CJIO:lKHOCTH KaK B onHCBHHH $H3H'leCKH
o6ocHOB8HHb!X rttCTepeallCHb!X 33BHCHMOCTeii Pttc. 355
MelKJIY BHyTpeHHllMH CllJIOBb!MH cf>aKTOpaMH
é
H COOTBercTBYIOIIJ.HMH .n:ecpopMBL(HS!Mll (nepeMell{eHJlllMH), T3K H B pemeHHH
no.1y1JaeMhlX B 9TOM cnyqae HeJIHHeHHb!X .u11<flcpepeHuH8JihHb!X ypaBHeHHii , I'
K0,1e6aHHii.
113 8HBJ!Jl38 B03MO:lKHb!X rHCTepeattCHb!X 38BHCHMOCTeii (19.54), Ol!H·
Cb!B3JOIUHX ,UllCCllnaTHBHh!e CBoiiCTBB MarepHaJia, CJie,uyer, '!TO B 0606-
ll(eHHOM BH,Ue Hanpl!MeHHSI MO:lKHO npe,uCTBBHTh K3K cyMMY ynpyroii H He-
ynpyroii COCTBBJIS!IOIUHX, onpe,ueJISIJOIUHX HeJIHHeiiHOCTh ll HeO,UH03H3'1·
HOCTb ypaBHeHHH BOCXO)\SII.Qeii (-+) H HHCXO,l(SIIUeií (+-) BeTBeH neTJill rHC•
repe3Hca (pttc. 355):
-+ -+ -+
+- +- +-
ª (e) =ay+ ª• = Ee + Ef (e, e0) (19.151)
.l\JISI HOpMaJibHhlX Hanpl!MeHHii;
-+ -+ -+
+- +- +-
• (y)= ºy+ •s = Gy + Gf (y, Yo) (19 152)

18• 547 ' 1

¡
 D.151 KdCaTeJJbHblX Hanpll)KeHIH°I. DpH 9TOM pa3HOC1b HHTerpaJJOB OT Peyn-
r yroi:i COCTaBJllllOllleii BOCX0)\51 ll(eH H HHCXO,l\Sl 1ll,ei1 Bl'Tllf ií B n pe¡¡ e." ax
l\HK.ld ,uecpopMHpoBaHHSI MaTepHaJJa e aMnJIHTY.llOiÍ .necpüpMaUHH eo onre-
¡¡,e.rrneT nJIOll(a)l,b neTJIH fHCTepe3HCa
Eo Eo

AW (e 0 ) = E ~ f (e, l' 0 ) de - E 5 +-
f (e, e0 ) de, (19. 153)
-e.
"01opaS1 MO)KeT 6b1Th Bblpa)KeHa corJJacHo (19.55), (19.57) 'lepes norap11cp-
~.1P1ecKn1! ,l\eKpeMe!JT KOJJe6aHHH:

(19.1~1)

A11a.1orHYHO saadCHMOCTl!M (19.151), (19.152) MO)KlfO B o6o6llleHHOM a11.ne

-+ -+
+- +-
3 a n PCa Tb H BHyTpeimtte ycHJJHll (npo)lOJJhHYIO cHJJy N, KPYTllll(Hii MKP llJJH
-+
+-
H8rtt6al01ll,Hii /v1 MOMeHTbl) KaK cf>YHKUHll COOTBeTCTBYIOlll,HX nepeMell\eirnii
(npo¡¡OJ1b11oro u, yr.1a saKpy'lHBaHHll qi H nonepe'!Horo w) e yqe10M Heco·
aeprne1moii ynpyrocTH MaTep Han a .llecf>opM npyeMoro cTep)l{Hll:

(t 9.155)

Z
M = ·"1y + ZM 8 = EJ az 2
F
éJ2w
+ sz cr, ydF,

r;:¡e EF, GJ P, E J - )KeCTKOCTb nonepeqHoro ceqeHHll cTep)l{Hl! coOTBeT·

CTBeHHO np¡¡ pactl!)KeH HH, Kpyqemm H H3ru6e; z - KOOp)lHlfaTa, HanpaBJJeH·
Hall Bll.OJ!b OCll CTeplKHSI.
TaKoro po¡¡,a saBHCHMOCTl!MH MO)KHO cf>opMaJJhHO onHcaTb uecoaep-
weHHYIO yn pyrocrh KOJie6areJI bHOii CHCT€Mbl, o6ycJJOBJI€HHYIO He TOJlbKO
paccel!HHeM SHeprHH B MaTepuane ee 11ecf>opMHpyeMblX SJleMeHTOB, HO H OT·
HOCHT€JlblfbJM nepeMelll,eHHeM KOHTaKTHpy!Oll(HX ITOBepXHOCTei-i pa3JIHlJ•
Horo po¡¡,a cotJJieHeHHii (TaK HashrnaeMblii Ko11cmpyK4uo1111blü eucmepesuc)
1 H corrpoTHBJieHHeM 061eKa10lllei-i cHcTeMy cpeJlhl, orrpe,ueJil!IOll\HM aspo-
1 fHJlpo¡¡,HHaMH'lecKoe •eMncpHpOBaHHe KOJie6aHHii, a T3K)Ke HX COBMeC~
HblM rrpol!BJieHHeM.
\\ PaccMOTpHM pacqeT KOJie6aHHii MexaHH'leCKOii CHCTeMbl, o6JiaD.aJOll(eii
K3KOH·JIH60 HecoaeprneHHOH ynpyrOCTblO, Ha H3H60J1ee npoCTOM npHMepe
KPYTHJiblfhIX KOJie6aHHii )l,HCKa e MOMeHTOM HHepuHH M3CCbl J. HaCa)Kelf·
Horo Ha KOHue BepTHKaJibHOrO CTep)KHS! e )KeCTKOCTblO rronepeqHoro ce-
t:el!Hll Ha Kpy'lemie GJ p H )l,JJHHoi'! l (pHc. 334).
DOJib3YllCb npHHU!!IlO\I ,UaJJaM6epa H npeHe6peral! CHJiaMH HHepunH MaCCbl
CTep)l{Hll, nonyqae\I ypaBHeHHe cao6o,uHbIX KOJJe6aHHH )J,lfCKa, np!lp3BHS18
~ dqi ljl
KPYTlllll,Hii MoMeHT a rTeplKHe /v1KP (19.155), np11 yqe1e, 'lTO dz = - -,
1
d2qi
llOMenTy CHJI HHepUI!H MaCCbl )l,HCKa Jd/2 :
-+
d2qi +-
J dt 2 +e [qi +e© (<p)] =O, (19. 156) '

,,, 1
548

'I1 '
 GJP
r (<'e - :>!(ecnwcTb cTep/lrnH npll Kpy<1enm1; e= - 1-;
1, 1,c;¡c11He w1o:>!rnn·JJNt \Id ·,oro napa~·eypa P oTpait.aeT Ma,1ocTb pacntaTf)l.-
1 lc">!OlÍ ]/C 'llll!ci!l!O( fl.
]lfü}•rJiepu11u1a •11>1 1 ue; pdBHe1rne DL'll) J,.,1.eHHbJX l\0.1cóa1111i'I ,'llICKd Pt •t
_¡,fICTBJICM BHél'll!CJ o ncrao;tJ!'leCKoro MOMe111a M ~ Mo ói11 pi B llrJ(
l 1[!CH01"1 30l!e \IO>!(l!O 33f111C3Tb B Bll,'l,e

-~

d~tJ) ---
J dt2 +e [cp +·E©(<¡,)]= E H 0 sin pi
1 "
d 2cp z
dt2 + W21[' = em 0 sin pi - E<!l (rp), ( 19. 158,

ré ·i1 0 = 1'1 0 /J; w - co6crae11HaS1 'lacrara f\o.1e6a1rnií;

GJp zID (q>) = z ---

MKPS
w2= y; w2 !lJs (q>) = -J- ; t- ape,rn. (19. ¡59¡

3;¡ecb BHeWHlfií MOMeHT M lfMeeT TOT )!{e nopl!;IOK MaJJOCTll, lJTO lf HeCoBep-
I lefl'lall ynpyroCTb creplKHH, o 'leM CBlf)lereJJbCTByeT CTOSllIJ.HH MllOJKH re-
.1l'~' M2JJbiií napaMerp E.
B COOTBeTCTBlflf e acHMilTOTH'leCKHMlf MeT0;\3'11f peweHHSI cnaOoHeJJH·
11~rrn1,ix ;¡HcjJcpepe11u11anbHbIX ypaa11em1ií o6w;ee peweHHe ypaaHeHHH
( ! 9 158) HUJ;eM B BH;¡e cne)lyIOw;ero pa3JJOlKeHHll no cTeneHl!M Mano ro
11a¡iaMerpa:
cp =a cos T + P..U¡ (a, T) + E2U2 (a, 1) + ... ' (19.160)

r;¡e T = pt +
ljl; p - qacrora BbIHY>K.UB101.qeii CHJih1; ljJ - c;¡BHr cpa3.
AMDJJHry,11y KOJie6attHlí a H cjlasy T onpe)leJIS!eM H3 ,ll.HcpcjJepeHUlfaJJbHblX
ypaBHeHHii
da
dt = eA 1 (a)+ e 2 A 2 (a)+ · ·. ;
(!9.16!)
d,;
dt = w+ eB 1 (a)+ e2 B 2 (a)+ · · •

CJie,uye'P saMerHTb, 'lTO ;¡JISI paccMaTpHaaeMbTX cJia6otteJJHHe1inh1x ;¡rrc-

cHnarHBHbIX CHCreM OKaswaaercl! )l0CT2T0'1Hb!M peweHHe 32)l2'llf B nepBC'l.I
npHÓJJlf)l{eHHH. Do9TOMY B )l2JibHei-iweM orpaHH'lHMCll 'lJJeHaMH, co)lep)!{J·
I.qHMH M2JIL1ií napaMerp e a rrepaoii crenemr.
]lJill o6ecne'leHHS! O)lH03H2'lH0CTlf onpe)leJieHHSI HCKOMbJX cjJyHKUllÍI
Ai (a) H B1 (a) 6y )leM nonararb, 'lTO 'lJJeHbl pl!lla ( 19.160) u 1 He co)lep:>!<aT
fJl2BHb!X rapMOHttK H l!BJJHIOTCSI nepHO;llf'leCKHMH cpynKUlf5!Mlf yrJia 't
e nepHO)lOM 2n, r. e.
2n 2n
.\ u, (a;t) cos Td't =
o
so U¡ (a,T) sin TdT =o.

Bsl!B aropy!O npoHsao;¡nyIO or BL1pa)!{eHHS1 yrna saKpy'l11BaHHS1 cor-

nacHo (19.160) e yqeroM (19.161), no)lcraaua ee B neaym '13CTb ypaane111rn
(19.158) e yqeroM (19.161) H sareM a nony'leHHOM Bb1pa)!{eHHH cc6paB
'lJJeHw npH e a nepsoii crenenH H n pHpaBHl!B Hx npaaof\ 'I2CTH ypan11r111:S1

54~
 (19.158), co.n.ep:mam;ero taKme Manh1ii napaMerp B nepaoii creneHH, nony.
qHM

-2ooA 1 sin T - 2waB1 cos t + w2 ( ~:21 + u1 ) = m0 cos pt -i (<p).

(19.162)
YMHO}l{a!I ypaBHeHHe (19.162) Ha sin ldT H cos tdt H HHTerpupyH OT o
.11.0 211, nonyqaeM
2n

©
2
S
o
( iJt
i)2u 1
2 +u ) 1 sin tdt = 211wAi +
2n 2n~

+ m S cos pt sin Tdt - S © (<p) sin tdt¡

0 (19.163) '
o o
23"1

<o 2 S(~;1 - u 1 ) cos tdt = 2anwB 1 +

o
2Tt 2n --+
+ m Scos pt cos tdt - S © (<p) cos tdT.
0 (19.164)
o o
noCKOJlhKY rrpH yCT3HOBHBlllHXC!I BhIHYlK)l.eHHhlX KOJleríaHHR:X B pe-,
30HaHce dl!Vfdt = 0, T. e."' = const, TO 0603Ha'!3fl 8 = pf, HMeeM

t =e+ IJl; dt = d8;

2n 2Tt 2n
s COS pt COS TdT = COS 1" s cos 2 8d8 - sin 1" s COS 8 sin 8d8 = 11COS1";
o o o
2n 2n ~

s cos pt sin tdt = cos 1" s cos 8 sin Bd8 +sin 1" s cos Bd8 = n:
2 sin 1"·
¡ o o o
' ¡'

Y'IHTblBa!I TaKlKe, qTo

r,
l ¡
2n
¡ 1
s(~2 + U1) 1
sin Td't =O¡
o
23"1
2

S (at2"' +
iJ u 1
U1
)
COS tdt = 0,
o
TaK KaK
2Tt

S
o
0 2u
ai.i sin r:dt = - s
2n

o
· u1 sin ldt =O,

550
1.3 ) paBHeHHH (19.163) H (19. 164) COOTBeTCTB€HHO HaX0,11HM

211

Ai = 2 ~úJ Lfo "$ (qi) sin TdT - Jrrrt 0 sin '\jJ] ; (19.165)

211

81 = 2anw
1
[5 1J; (qi) cos TdT - nm 0 cos '\jJ] . (19.!66)
o
Tio;¡craBJIHH noJiyqeHHbJe Bb1paJKeHHH A 1 H B 1 B (19.161), ,11.nH CJI)'l3H
\cTJHOBllBWllXCH KOJie6aHHH daldt=O; dTldt =

~ 151 cnHyca c,11::ra cpa3 : f-

p 6yJ(eM HM€Tb Bb!paJK€Hll€

sin 'I' =
1
JrEmo
s:;: e<D (\ji) sin i;dT (19.167)
-~

o
H BblpaJKeHHe J(JIH 8MTIJillTYAHO·qacTOT·
HOi'! 33Bl!CllM0CT!l, llJIH pesoHaHCHOÜ KpU-
eoü:
211 _,_
em 0n cos '\jJ - I e© ('\jl) cos tdT
o _ _ _ __
P = w - -----2"""n_a_w

(19. 168)
Ifa ( 19.167) MOJKHO H3HT!l 1rnc1myc W{G) W{G) W p
CJlBHra cpa3:
PHC. 356

r•
211

COS \ji=± n:mo {

(em 0 )i n 2 - [J eaf (qi) sin tdt
(19.169)

To~Aa, no,1\craBJIHH (19.169) B (19.168}, noJiyqaeM ypaBHeHHe peso-

IIattcHoH Kp!!BOH

1
P = w - 2naw
s. .
211

o
e© ( qi) cos tdt :¡:::

::¡: 2;aw
{
it
2
-[J
(emo) 2
211

ea; (qi) sin tdT r (19.170)

?11 -+
HttrerpaJI I e© (rp) cos i;d-r onp~eJIHPT C,llB!lr Aw (a) pe30Ha11c11oi1 qac-
o
55t
 10 1 bJ OTllOCHTe.%HO co6cTBem1oi\ 'lacTOTbl KOJie6a1rnií CllCT€Mbl úl (p He. 356):
2:n _,_
~ e© (cp) cos TdT = 2naw · .1.w (a).
o
CJJeJ(oBaTeJJbHO, pe3011a11c11aH '!3CTOTa cHCTeMbJ w (a) npH ,na11Poi1
3\!TIJil!TYAe ee KOJJe6aHHH 6yAeT

úJ (a)= úl + .iúl (a)= úJ - --

2naw
1
-J 2:n

o
-+
e© (cp) COS TdT. (19 171)

2:n _,_
I1HTerpaJI ~ e© (<p) sin TdT xapaKTep11syeT BeJJ11'!11Hy Heo6par11Mo no-
o
rJJorn.eHHOH 9Heprl!H t.W (a) B C!lCTeMe 3a UllKJI ee J(eqiopMupoBaHHli e aM·
nJI HTY ,!(oi! a:
2:n
~ t.W (a)
aJ
S
o
e© (cp) sin TdT = al • (19.172)

Y'!HTb!BaH, '!TO t. W (a) "" 26 (a) W (a), r,!le 3Ha'!eHHe noreHJ¡HaJib•

HOH 3HeprHH ,!lecpopMaUHH CHCTeMbl w
(a) MOJKHO onpe,!(eJIHTb qepes MaK·
CHM3JlbHYIO KHHeTH'!ecKylO 9Heprmo
1 1
W (a)= 2 Ja 2w2 (a)~ 2 Ja 2w2 , (19.173)

BHrerpaJI (19.172) MOJKHO BbJpa3HTb qepes JIOrapHcpMH'!eCKHil ».eKpeMeH'I

r
KOJie6aHHil

eai= (cp) sin TdT = aro 2 (a) 6 (a) ~ aw 6 2 (a), (19.174)

o
B, KaK Bll]l.HO H3 ( 19.170), 3Ha'!eHHe HHTerpaJia HJIH ¡J.eKpeMeHra onpene-
Jl¡¡er npH 3a.l(aHHOH aMnJIHTyJ(e Bb!HYlK1l.310lll.ero MOMeHra mo urnpHHY DHKa
Ap (a) pesoHaHcttoi'I KPHBofi (pttc. 356) Ha 11.aHHOM ypoBHe aMnJJHTy.JU.1
KOJie6aHHH a:

{
l '•(a)~ n;w• { n• ('mo)' -[J ,;t'(T) ''" ""]' ~
e: ¡1 (;~) 2 _ ( 6 ~a)) 2 ( w ~a)) 2 ~ V(;~)
2
_ ( 8 ~a)) 2 w2 •
09 •175)
C y'!eTOM (19.171), (19.174) cpüpMyJihl (19.169) H (19.170) MOJKHO npeJ&-
CTaBHTb B BH]l.e
l\
'l
' (19.176) r'

- (8--n
2 2

p= w (a) =r 2 VÍ(em
aro0 )
1 -i (a))
w2 • (19.177)
!
>
~ 552
'
 flp11 11cL0Bepwem1oií 1npyrocn1 1<0.1c6.neJibH01'i cPcréMb1, có\c OB1< 11•11
11 ri•c1Lpe311cHb1M pacceirn11eM 3Hcprm1 B ~1dnp11a 1e CT< pxun, o.r1•co1L, 1 '11>1
[llCTf pe3HCHblMH 33BHCHMOCTllM11 B BH,'.l,e ( 19 54) np.1 a== t 11 t 11 ,111 = )',
iJ ¡
-+
!i{ J°ll'blll tj¡yHJH.{llOll3•1
- (<p) (!9, 159)
ea> MO)l{HO (e )'IJeTm¡ roro, 4TO 1' =
q
[l -1-'
<¡ = a cos 1) npeJ(CT3BHTb B BH,!J.e
1lf 1

~I E'fi(<p) = ~ S~pdF = ~ ~ Xn ( ~ )n ((1 ±

F
cos T)n- 2n-1] S
F
pn-1 dF.

( 19 178)
DoACTaBJillll (19.178) B (19.171), (19.174) H Bblpa)Kall napa'lleTp ¡{'l
LC r 1ac110 ( 19 59) qepe3 napaMeTpb! aMllJIHTYAHOH 33BHCHMOCTH JI Ora pHtjJ-
e
\' IJ'leCKOfO AeKpeMeHra MarepHaJia (19.58), r.11.e 0 i=; 1'o· no,1) qaeM cJie-
:l' IO!l\He Bb!pa)KeHHll J(Jlll (!) (a) H ó (a):

r ~ r (2n) (a\ n-i]

\' pnTid F
'p
w(a)=w [ l-~22n(n-l)[I'(n)j2kn r) ~ p2dF; (19 179)

F
2n+i (n - 1)
ó (a)= n +1 ' (19 18'.l)

r ";,e f -
raMMa- tjJyHKUHll.
8blpa)KeHHll (19.176) H (19.177) HBJill!OTCll OKOHIJaTeJibHblMH cpopMy·
13\lll, IlOJib3YllCb KOTOpblMH MO)KHO IlOCTpOHTb pe30H3HCHble 3MilJIHTYAHO-
'I3CTOTHyIO H tj¡a30-qacTOTHYIO 33Bl!CHMOCTH BblHY)KAeHHbl X KOJie6aHH ¡¡ l H-
CTe'l!bl e 0,1\HOH creneHb!O CBOÓO)l,bl K3K KPYTHJibHb!X, T3K H np0,1\0JibHblX
1. 113r116Hb1x. 8 CJiyqae npoAOJihHbIX KOJie6aHHH rpysa Maccoi'1 M, no.nse-
ILe1111oro K crep)KHIO, IlOJ( mo CJie)l,yeT IlOHHM3Tb aMnJillTYAY npOJ(OJibl-OH

1 BHew11eií CHJibl p = Po sin pt, npHXO,!l.llll\YIOCll Ha e)l,HHHUY M3CCbl rp) 33

(r e. m0 = P 0 /M) H npHJIO)Ke1111y10 K 9ToMy rpy3y. TaK)Ke n B CJiv'!ae P3-
r116HbIX KOJieÓaHHH 6e3M3CCOBOfO CTep)KHll e TO'lelJHblM rpy3o'lf Maccofi ,tf,
K KOTOPOMY npHJIO)KeHa BHeWHllll nonepeqHall CHJI3 Q = Qo Slíl pf, mo =
= Qo!M. Do,1\ a nOHl!MaeTCll 3MilJIHTYAª COOTB€TCTBeHHO npoAOJibHOro
H nonepe'IHoro nepeMeme1111ií rpy3a.
MaKcHM3JibH3ll pe3oHaHCHall aMnJIHTYAª a
onpeAe.1HeTcll 113 ypas-
HeHHll, noJiy1JaeMoro H3 yCJIOBHll paseHCTB3 HYJIIO POJ(Kope1111oro B~pa­
)KeH Hll

mn 0
a= -· ( 19 181)
w21l (a)

8 Ka'!eCTBe Apyroro nptt'l!epa paCCMOTpHM pac'!eT BblHVXCieHHblX no-

nepe'IHblX KOJie63HHH 6aJIKH noCTOllHHOfO nonepe'!Horo Ce'!eHHll. )lH<) •'e-
p€HUH3JibHOe ypaa11e1111e ycTaHOBHBWHXCll K0.1e6a1111fi 6a.1KH e ) t¡( M
HecosepweHHOÍI ynpyrocTH KOJI€63T€.1hHOÍÍ CHCTeMbl MO}h€T éblTb !lpt ¡-
CT3BJI€HO CJie,nyIOll_\HM o6pa30M

éJ4w éJ2w ()2 [ Z (éJ2w \}]

EJ dz 4 + mm 2 -f- é)z 2 ea> éJz 2 = ~q (z) cos pi, (19 1"2)

fAe w (z, t) - cpyHKUHll ¡¡,ecpopMaUHH npor116a; eq(z) - a'llTIJIHT\ "ª

55]
 ['bIHYlKAa10rn.eii pacnpe,!l.eJieHHOH Cl!Jlbl; fil - M2CCa eAl!Hl!L{bl AJIHHbI; p -
hpyroBaH '!3CTOTa BHewHeii BblHYJKAa10meií Cl!JlbI; z-
KOOp,!l.HHaT3, Ha-
npaBJieHHaH B,!l.OJib OC!! crepJKHI!; t - BpeMHj e - M3Jlb!H napaMerp;

a2 [ Z (a2w)]
az
i)z 2 e<D 2 - HeKOTOpb!ií cpyHKU!!OHaJI, xap3KTep113y1omnií necosepmett·

ny!O ynpyroCTb KOJieÓ3TeJlbHOH CHCTeMbl T3KOfO JKe nopHiJ.K3 MaJIOCTH, K3K

H Bl!elllHHH Bb1HYJK,!l.3IOW.3H CHJiaj npH .9TOM cpyHKL{HOH3Jl

Z
e<D (º2w)
()z2 npe,1t-

CTaBJIHeT co6oii MOMeHT CHJI Heynpyroro conpoTHBJleHHH (CM. (19.155)).

)lJIH peweHHH p3ccM3TpHs3eMoro cJia6oHeJIHHeiiHoro ypaeHeHHll
(19.182), COiJ.epJK3rn.ero M3Jiblii IT3p3MeT¡l e, T3KJKe ueJiecoo6p33HO npH·
MeHHTb 3CHMITTOTH'!eCKHe MeTO,!l.bl HeJIHHeii11oii MeX3HHKH. CJieAYSI 9THM
MeTO,!l.3M, cpyHKL{HIO .aecpopMauHH w (z, t), KB3,!l.paT q3CT0Tbl KOJieÓ3HHii fl
H CABHr cp33\ji npeiJ.CT3BHM B BH¡\e CJie,!l.y!Orn.HX acHMITTOTH'!eCKHX p33JIO-.
JKeHHii:

w (z, t) + eu 1 (z, t) + e2ua (z, t) + •..

= a<p (z) cos (pi+ \jl) (19.183)
p2 = ro2 + st. 1 + e2t. 2 + ... (19.184) -
(19.185)

flpH 9TOM npe,!l.ITOJI3f3eM, '!TO U¡ (z, t); U2 (z, t) H T. ,!l.. He CO¡\epJK3T fJl3B•
Hb!X f3pMOHHK.
f1ocJie nO,!l.CT3HOBKH pa3JIOlKeHHH (19.183) - (19.185) B ypas11e11He
(19.182) H npHp3BmlBaHHH MHOlKHTeJJeii, CTOHUJ.HX npH p33Jl}l'!Hb!X crene·
HHX M3JIOro nap3Merp3 e, yp3BHeHHe (19.182) pacIT3,!l.aercH Ha cHcreMy
ypaBHeHHH

d4cp (z) 2
EJ dz4 - mro <p (z) =O; ( 19.186)

o4U1
EJ oz4 + mro 2 a2u1
- mt. 1 acp (z) cos O- q cos (0 - 'ljl) +
002
i)2 z
i
" + az2 [<D (a<p" (z) cos 0)] =O; ( 19.187)

... , ..................... .
3,lleCb 0 = pt + 'F.
Li.JIH onpe,!l.eJieHl!H <jly!!KUl!H ,!l.ecpopMau1111 <p (z) !! COÓCTBeHl!OH qacTOTll
KOJie6aHHii (J) B HyJieBoM npHÓJIHJKeHHH, T. e. 6e3 yqera pacceHHHSI 9Hep•
fHli B KOJie6areJibHOiÍ CHCTeMe, Heo6XOIJ.HMO pelllHTb ypaBHeHHe (19.186),
npe,!l.CT3BJISllOW.ee co6oii: He '!TO HHOe, K3K YP3BHe1111e (19.182) npH 8 = ..
T. e. ypasHeHHe (19.114), r,!l.e pf = m 11 peweHHe KOToporo H3BecTd
(19.118). ~
11
)lJIH pewenl!H 331\3 '!!! 06 yqere ,!l.eMncjrnpoBal!HH B nepsoM np116.lfll. ~'i(
lKeHl!I! paccMOTpHM ypasHem1e (l 9.187). f10Jib3YHCb np!!HUHllOM 9Hepre-- ~
TH'leCKOfO Ó3Jl3HC3, COfJI3CHO KOTOpoMy H3MeHeHHe 9Hepr!!H KOJie6JI10rn.eA· i'
CI! CHCTeMbl 3a UHKJI paBHO HY JIIO, YM HOlKl!M ypaB11eH11e ( 19.187) O,!l.HH pas :.
Ha <p (z) cos 0 dzd0, a BTopoií pa3 Ha <p (z) sin 0 dzd0. floJiy'leHHble ypan• '·
i 1
HeHl!!I npoHHTel p11pyeM no Jl.Jll!He creplKHll l H no UHKJIY KOJle6aHHi. Kit' ."']
''
554 "'
1'
1
rerpHpyH no qacTHM no z H 8 H Y'IHThIBaH npH 3TOM rpaHH'lllbie ycJJOBflH,
a raK)Ke TO, •no cpyHK[¡HH U1 (z, 8) He CO,ll,ep:»rnT fJJ3BHOÍÍ rapMO!JllKH, no-
JJy'!aeM CJJ€AYIOI.UYIO CHCTeMy 'leTb1pex ypaBHeHHii:
2Jt 1

So So [EJ 0;; + 4
1
mw 2 ~~~1 ] <p (z) cose dzd8 =O; (19.188)

2n 1

So So {-amt. <p (z) 1 cos 0 -q cos (0 - \jl) +

+ a2az2 [©=<= (acp" (z) cos 0)] } <p (z) cos 0dzd0 =O; (19.189)

2
n s' [ EJ oazu14 + mw 2éJ2u1] <p (z) sin 0dzd0 =O;
4

So o 082
(19.190)

2n 1

So So {-am! cp (z) 1 cos 0 - q cos (0 - \jl) +

i)2 =<= }
+ dz2 [© (acp* (z) cos 0)) qi (z) sin 0 dzd0 =O. (19.191)

PewaH ypasHeHIJH ( 19.188) - (19.191) OTHOCHT€JlbHO HCKOMbJX seJJH'IHH

sin 1jJ H t.1, ¡¡aXOJ(HM

1 2n

SS ~:2 [ s;t (acp* (z) cos 0)] qi (z) sin 8dzd0

sin 1jJ =º--º-------:----------

¡
( 19.192)

n ~ eqcp (z) dz
o
l 2111 1

..
SS
- o o
~2 [e¡t:(a<p* (z) cos 0)) <p (z) cos 0dzd8-n cos \ji J
o
eq<p (z) dz
'-'1 -
1
nam ~ <p 2 (z) dz
o
(19.193)

flo.acTaBJIHH B (19.184) 3Ha'leHHe t.1 H Bblpa:lKaH cos \ji 11epe3 SH3'!€HlJe

sin \ji, noJiy11aeM aMnJIHTy.!(H0-'!3CTOTllYIO sasHCHMOCTb nepaoro npH6JJH·
)KeHHH
 r'" ~ u12
JJ
+ º-'º'----------..,,.---------- :¡: ><
/
r•
rram \ q 2 (z) dz rram .\ íf 2 (z) dz
'\> o

riz r oo
l ~ .\
2
-{J J~:2 [f~ (ar(' (zl cns 8)] r¡ (z) siri 8dzdf)} .
(19 194)
1;iecb nepBbre ;isa 'l.1eHa onpe;¡e.1mor Ksa,npar pe30HaHCHoií '13CTOTI>I KO·
.1e6a:rni'r Cl!CTC\!b! w2 (a) e y<reTO\! ce 11ecosepme1rnoi'! ynpyrocrn npn ,:¡J11·
IIOÍÍ 3Míl.1!!T) ,ne Ko.1e6aHHH a:

,.,
l 2:rc
()2 -+

SJ (Jz 2 [eiD (acp" (z) cos 0)] cp (z) cos GdzdS

w2 (a)= w +
2 0 0 , (!9.195)
/

nam .\ cp 2 (z) dz
o
a ;isoiíHoiI HHrerpa.1 B no;:¡KopeHHOM B1>rpaJKeHHH nponoputtoHaJieH C!Hep-
rHH, paccenBaeMoi'r B crepJKHe sa unKJI KOJie6an11ií e aMnJIHry,noi'1 a:
1 2:rc
11 iJ 2 ~ t.l\' (a)
.1 .1 az 2 [E<D (acp" (z) cos El)] cp (z) cos SdzdG = a . (19.196¡
o o
Y4l!TbrnaSI, '!TO ~ W (a)= 26 (a) W (a), rae
l 1

\\7 (a) = ~ a2w2 (a) m J

o
q;2 (z) dz ~ ~ a w m Scp
2 2

o
2 (z) dz, (19.197¡

YKB3Hf!b!H ,UBOHHOH l!HrerpaJI MO)l{HO Bb!p331!Tb qepe3 3H3'!eHHe Jiorapmp-

MH•1ecKoro ,neKpeMeHra KoJie6aH11ií

\.s s
, 2:rc 1
¡p
~ -+
[t:CD (mp" (z) cos 8)] cp (z) coo 8dzd8 = 6 (a) w2 (a) am q:i2 (z) dz •
• oo
022
o
(19.198)
C )'l€TO~I (19.198) 33BHCH\IOCTb (19.194) Hpl!MeT BH;:¡
1

1
•
qrp (Z) dz

- ( 6 "~))2w2 (19.199)
o
1
awm \ <¡ 2 (z) dz
•
íl

556
 1
- 2
.\ qr¡ (z) dz
'\
o
l - 1_'
1
'1'1
;-¡
(1 ¡~ ( 1 'J .!( '

awm \ <f 2 (z)dz

o -
.\\aKCHM3JlbH351 pe30fl3HCH3ll 3MIWHT)¡.\3 (p11C. 3)G¡ a lljJH ,.J,.dt,t il
F''" 111ry;.¡e B03ÓY)l{AeHHH q onpe,ll,e.1HercH H3 )paBHeHHH

1
n j qcp (z) dz
-=
(¡
o
l ! l 9 2r ·:
w21l (a) m ~, rf 2 (z) dz

.1.1H He~oBepweHHOH ynpyrocn1 Ko.1e6aTe.%HOH CHCTe\1bl, o6vC.10B 1r HH('ll

rarcoirrneM 3HeprHH a MarepHaJie 6aJIKn H orrucbrnae\roií racrc¡Jf3IICl!bl\IH

3~BHCHMOCTf!Mli ( 19.54),
a2w
HeJIHHeiÍHbliÍ cjJyHKll;f!OHa.1 -
e<D (acp" (z) cos 8) MO)!{•!O

:~YlHbIBaH, '!TO e= y ()z 2 ; w = acp (z) cos 8) npeAcTaBliTb a c.1e;:¡y10me'1

Bll;te:

Z \' Z '\,-i {d2cp

f<D lacp" (z) cos 8) =
t)
cr,udF = ::¡=E J , Xnan
.-
;:;:::¡) n [( 1 :±: cos 8)n -
\u.- '
F n

- 211-11 j yfl+ldf. ( 19.202)

F

floJ(CTaBJIHH (19.202) B (19.195) H (19.198) H Y'IHTbIBaH (19.59), a TaKlKe

J(~;;
1 1
2
To, '!TO
2
w (a) - w2 ""' [w (a) - w) 2w H w2m f <p 2 (z) dz = EJ J dz,

no.1yqaeM Bb1paJKe1mH ;.¡.151 w (a) n ll (a):

~ r (2n)
w (a)= w [ 1-L2211 (n - J\ [f (n))2 k11a'•-1 X
11

V
r(\dzd ~) 2
!l dz \ yn+ldf
•
o F
X n ( 19.2"1)

•
1(
l
d2r¡ \
dz2) dz
2 \ r¡ 2dF
•
F
o
557
 S(~)" dz
6 (a)= Li f<nan-1 -(d_2_cp_)2-
ºs.,..'

" dz2 dz
o

C11eJl.yeT OTMeTl!Tb, ttTo Bhlpa)KeHH'il (19 199) - (19 201) np¡.¡ro.n.H

ll B c11yqae paCCMoTpemrn npO,ll,OllbllblX ll KpyTl!JlbHblX KOJJe6a11Hii crep)K
TIOCTOHHHOrO nonepe•rnoro celJeJrnH f1pll npO)l,OJibHblX KOJJe6aHl!HX n
q (z) no111n1aercH aMnJJttTYJl.ª npoAOJibHOfi pacnpe.n.eJJe1111oii a11eumeii ll
1
rpy3KH, a npu KPYTHJJbllb!X - aMTIJJHTy.IT.a pacnpe.n.eJJe1111oro B11eurnero
KPYTHI!l,ero MOMeHTa mKp (z) 8 TIOCJJe)l,HeM CJJy'lae TIO)l, pacnpe.n.eJJeHHO

l Maccoii crepl!mH m B <jlop\lyJJax e ~eAyer no1111Marb pacnpe)l,eJieH1Jb1li Mo-t

MeHT HHepuHH MaCCbl crep)KHH OTHOCHTeJJbHO ero npO)l,OllbHOH OCH, paa-1.,
Hb!H pJ P• r)l,e p - TIJJOTHOCTb MarepHaJJa, J p - TIOJJHpHblll MOMeHT HHep- 1
Ul!H TIJIOUJ,a)l,H nonepeq!loro ce'!eHHH c1ep)KH5!. .i
DoJJy'leHHhle ypaa11eHHH (19 177), KaK l! (19.199), (19.200), noKa3Lf· '
aa!OT, '!TO .Il.JJH nocrpoe11HH aMTIJJHTYAHO·'laCTOTHOii xapaKTepHCTllKH KOJJ.e- ~
6a1eJJbHOH CHCTe\!bI e yqeToM ee 11ecoaepwe1111oli ynpyrocrl!, 11e3aBHCHM "
OT qJH3l!'l€CKOH npll pO)l,bl nocJJe)l,11eli, 11eo6xO)l,HMO 3HaTb He TOJlbKO l!HT&.
rpaJJbHylO xapaKrepHCTHKY ee )l,l!CCHnaTHBHbJX CBOHCTB - JJorapl!CpMH'le-
CKl!H )l,eKpe\leHT Ko11e6aHHH 6 (a), HO ll HHTerpaJJbHYIO xapaKTepl!CTHKY; ~
ee H€JJHlleu11oli ynpyrOCTH - pe30H3HCHYIO '!aCTOTy (J) (a), npH'!eM
1 xaparnepHCTllKI! BblCTynaroT KaK cjJyHKUl!l! aMTIJJHTY.Il.bl KOJJe6aHl!li.
1
ycJJO/KJJHeT pewe1rne sa)l,a'!11, xora, KaK Bl!Jl.HO 11s onpe)l,e¡¡e1rnli yKa3aHHblll&,
xapaK1epHCTllK, 11e l!CKJllO'!eHa B03\!0ll{HOCTb l!X aHaJJl!Tl!'leCKOH CBHsa.r
TaK KaK oóe onpe)l,eJTH!OTCH ttepe3 O)l,l!H ll TOT )he cpyHKUllOHaJJ, xapaKTe-;¡, ~
\ pl!3YIOI!l,l!H 11ecoaepllleHHYIO ynpyroCTb KOJJe6ateJJbHOH Cl!CTeMbl. ~
TaK, B CJJy'rne 11ecoaepwe111Joii ynpyroCTH, 06yCJJOBJJe11¡.¡oli pacce11• 1 "
HlleM 9Heprl!l! B MaTepnaJJe ll OTil!CblBaeMoii rHcrepe3HCHb!Mll SaBl!Cl!MO- 1'
\ CfH\!l! MelKAY HanpHJKeHHeM ll )l,ecjJopMauHei! B Bl!)l,e (19 54), KaK Bl!Jl,HO l!
113 (19.179), (19 180) l!JJH (19 203), (19.204), 9Tl! xapaKTepHCTl!Kl! KaK npll f
KpyTHJJbHblX, TaK l! H3rl!6Hb!X KOJJe6aHHHX BblpaJKa!OTCll qepe3 napaMeT· '$'.
pbl (f<r¡, n) aMTIJlllTYAHOii 3aBHCHMOCTH JJorapmpMHtteCKOro Jl,eKpeMeHTa M8•
repllaJJa (19 58).
B 06me,1 cJJyqae KOJJe6a1111ii .n.ecjJopMttpyeMoro reJJa np¡.¡ H3BeCTHLfll
co6crae11nol'! qacrore ro H pacnpe¡\eJJeHl!H AecjJopMauHii e no o6beMy V teJ1a,
onpe)l,eJJHe\Jb!X Hs pewenllH sa.Il.a'll! a 11yJJeaoM npH6JJHJKeHHH, T. e. 6ea
y<tera pacce5111llH 9Hepnrn, JJorapHcjJMHttecKttii Jl,eKpeMeHT 6 (a) H pe3oHaBC-
HaH 'lacro1a ro (a) reJJa Moryr 6bITb Bb1pa1Ke11b1 ttepe3 yKa3aHl!bie napaM'1'·
pb! aMnJJHTy)l.HOll saal!CHMOCTI! JJOrapl!CpM11ttecKoro Jl,CKpeMeHTa M8te·
pna11a CJJe;i,y!OUJ,H\I o6pasoM:

(19.205)

558
 w (a) = w (19.206)

r¡¡e
r (in)
dn = 2211 (n - 1) ¡r (n)J 2 •
(19.207)

):LJIH ueJioro noJIOlKHTeJibHoro n

(2n - I) 1
dn = 22n (n - I) ((n - 1)1)2 · ( 19 208)

AMnJI1ny,11a KOJie6aHHH a ,11e<jlopMHpyeMoro TeJia OÓbl'!HO CBH3b!BaeTCH

co 3Ha'!eHlieM MaKCHM8JlbllOH aMnJIHTy,llbl ,11e<jlopMau1111 B TeJie Bo m'x
):LJIH creneHHO!i saBHCHMOCTli JiorapH<jl'v!li'!PCKOfO ,11eKpeMeHTa Md TepttaJia
~ n-1
OT aMnJJHTY.llhl ,11e<jJopMauHH (u (Bo) = keo ) 6y,11eM HMeTb

JB~+ dV 1

f>(a) = k s ;t>~dV
( 19.209)

V
w (a) = w [ 1 - dnf> (a)). ( 19.210)

B 9TOM cJiy'lae ypasHeHHe pesoHaHcHoii Kp11soll, ttanp11Mep ( 19.177),

npHHliMaeT BH,11

(19.211)

.3,11~ch dn onpe,11<>m1.eTcH Bb!palKeHHll\lH ( 19.207), ( 19 208) 11 d 2 = 3/8 npH

11= 2; d 3 = 15/64 nptt n = 3; d4 = 35/192 np11 n = 4.

55'
 1 a 6 JI Hu a 49. Co6CTBCHHhle 4aCTOThl KOJJe6aHHii CHCJeM e 0)1.HOii :~[:
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111 -Macea rpysa; e - JKeCTKOCTh ynpyroro :me~ieHra; l - ¡¡mrna crrp)IU!s!' "
-t
G - MOl\)'.lh ynpyrocn1 npH CJlBHre; EF - JKeCTKOCTb nonepe<IHoro Cl•1e11tt~ 1
CTepJKm1 npH pacn1:>KeHHH; GJ P - JKeCTKOCTb nonepe•moro cel!e1mH e replKHs¡ ;
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1 ¡'
~ ::¡ ¡;
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o:z:'l
e lf(' rr-11,1h1 t;' "e:: \'Jo
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1
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KOB

·~.._--''-,-~1
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EJ, m EJ, f=
1
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V 3EJ1J2
m (aJJ + bJ 1)
rrptt J1 = J2 = J
a tt b 1
l _ _l__ 1 f3EJl
f - 2:rrab r m

561
 1JpodoJ1J1CeHue rna6A. 49

e -
CxeMa Konc6aTenLHon o " ""
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" "e;'º o Co6cTBeHHaH qacTora f, fct
CHCTeMbl !;::! a) o
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1 l
1 np H l1=l2=l Ha= b = 2
\
-~ }(3EJ
f- n ml3

_ _!_ j- 3EJ!
,
FJ
¡jm f - nab l rna (3a + 4b)
.,., 1
,

-
1
(]
{ '
b 7'
1
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t

t= n
8 -V 1m1s
3EJ

1 1 v3EJl
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' EJ ~
, l
a 1 b
~
1 npu a= b = 2
l
v3EJ
1 f= n4 ml 3

\
\

\ f = nb
1 V 3EJ
m (3a + 4b)

npu J 1 = J2 = J

1 , f 3EJ
f = 2nb V m (a+ b)
 fl po{)O/lJ/CefiUe ma C l P)

"'- .,
Cx,Ma Kone6aTenbH00 "' -
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CHCTet.tbl " "' o
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u "' o
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....
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1V1 [([2 2 mi+
C1+C2) ::¡:
1111
....
V (.:i + C1+C2)
' 2

:.:.~ :¡: _ 4 ~]=

!:: e, m2 m1 m1rn 2

H
fEm, ....
1
-- l/ _'._[(c1+c2+~}:;:
:f ª 2 = 271 2 m1 m2

H
C2
m2
....
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-+-
C1 + C2 _ 1
rn1 rn 2
4
rn1rn 2
r+ _¿__]
np11 c1 = c2 =e 11 m1 = m2 rn =
f 1,2 = 2n
1 V3+V5 me 2

f 1,2 -2n
_ _!_ v _!_[(c
2
1 +c~+c2+c3):;:
rn rn2
1
+

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rn 1 +
C2 + C3)
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...
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~
-- ---
-- 2
- _!_
- 2n
V_!_ [( 2
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m1 m2
::¡:
....

.... ...
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V (c1lll1+c3_c2+c3)
lll2
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56]
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o: "' o
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fi =
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2n m

'
....
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1 V2 1 {[ ( C1 C1
m1 + m2
)
+
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t
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~
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....
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- 4c1C2 m1m2m3
npu c1 = c 2 =e u m1 = = m3 = m

ve-m;
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....
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J
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1 1

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t ¡
564
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e, 2 J 1 , J 2 -MoMeHTbl 1rnepum1 Mace .11•C·

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11pH C¡=li=C H J¡=.f2=J

l~ e
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J
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565
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J1, J~ - MOMt'HTbl HHepa:m1 Mace·

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1
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=J 2 =J

1 vc+2c3
2n J
.
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J 1 +J 8 + C¡ +J 2
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·~
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1 v2c=t=c
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561
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,of¡-fl k1 l = in
sWi Id =-0 q:> (z) = e cns k;
1. l .1 i = 1, 2, 3, ...

pre n

t
1
l _¡ coskl =O k,l = 2 (2i -

i = !, 2, 3, ...
l) qi(z)=Cs1nk2

pEC kJ =
t
(

l .r sin kl =O
irc
i = I, 2, 3, ...
q:> (z) = C Sin R2

kl q:> (z) = C Sin Ü

tgkl =-a- k,l 'AcuMnmoma±
J,5 - - npu k1l=fl
--~--- -
CTptt npo¡¡;oJibHb!X KOJie6aHHSIX
, ';--/-'C_~0CH08Haií..-
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a.= EF; 15 ,,. 1 1 1 1
'o JO 20 ~
npH KpyTllJlbHblX KOJleóaHllllX
...,
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l'll=--·
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45'-hi
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tg kl =a. kl

Dpu npo,lloJihl!hlX KOJILÓJHHHx q> (z) = C C05 kz

pFl
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m'

npu KPYTHJihHhlX KOJie6a H H51X

r:J. 1 o ' o,s ' J ,0 j 1o 1 DO

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r.n.e m - Macea rpyaa; J - MoMeHT miep-

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1

kl . tg kl --a1
a l -0,01 j o,os j 0,20 10,30 1o,50 j o,70 qJ (z) = e sm kz
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k 1t j 0,1 o 1 0,21 ¡0,52 j o,651 o,75
j 0,42
a. Io,9o j 1.00 j 1.5012.00 13,oo ¡4,00
npH KPYTHJlhHb!X KOJie6aHHHX
k t I0,82 Io,86 j o,98 j 1.08 ¡1.20 j 1.27
1

pJ,}
a=¡, Gt 1 5,00 1 l 0,0 1 20,0 1100,0 1 (>'>

m- Macea rpyaa; J - MOMeHT k1 1 1 1,32 ¡ 1,42 I 1,52 ¡ 1,5681 n/2

k,lEH±FR
rne
HHepa:uu MaCCh! rpyaa OTHOCHTeJihHO OCH
crep:arnSI; F - nJiom.anh cetJeHHSI; J,, -
llOJIS!pH!;iií
crep:arnSI
M0!\1l!HT HHepa:HH ceqem;SI
(~~

kim
4,11

J
O 5 !O ¡}

-'º 5 10 J -
 f1po,¡¡OJibHhte KOJie6aHHl'J
<p (z) = e (cos "2-
m1 )
- pF k sin kz

k
-(m 1 + m~) pF =0;

KpyTHJibHhte KOJie6aHHl'J

<p (z) =e (cos kz-

- !i_ ksin kz)
pJP

m1. m2-MaCChl rpy3oB; J1. J2-MOMeHThl

HHepUHH M3CChl rpy30B OTHOCHTeJibHO
ocH CTep:arnH; F- IlJI<'!U8,!{b ceqeHHl'I;
J" - IlOJIHpHl>Ilí. MOMeHT HHepuHH ceqe-
flHH crep:lKHll

• ( r 1"ic TB€HHbl€ qacToTtw onpeAeJJHIOT no QJopMyJie k,

- ª"
J, ~ 2n: rAe a ic: V7
-
p
AJISI npo,ll,OJihHbJX H a= Vª
-
p
Jl,JIH Kpy1HJibHbJ>

"'
.....
=
 Ta (5 JI u u a 51. 4acToTnble ypasnett1rn H co6cTBeHtt1>1e cpopMbl
nonepe'IHblX KOJie6anHÜ CTepl!rneü nOCTOllHHOfO ce'leHHll

CxeMa 3aKpenneHHH
CTCp>h.JHJ
llaCTOTHOe
ypaeHeHHe
- ,J\opH!I
- - -48CTOT·
-
Horo ypasHeHn•• ¡ 1 Co6cTeeHHae <l>OPMI
Kone6aH1ul

'1
1 k¡l
1 ~
(p (z) = kl -
(C1l
pf[J
(
cos kl ch kl = 1 o - cos kl) (sh kz +
l. { _¡ =I
2
3
4
4,730
7,853
10,996
+sinkz)-
- (sh kl -
~
~
l
5 14,137 -sin kl) (ch kz+ ~
n + cos kz) ~

i> 3 2 (2i- I)

1 3,142
pFEJ
(
2 6,283

t {
:t sin kl =O 3
4
i
9,425
12,566
in
qi (z) = sin kz

1 4,730 <p (z) = (sh kl - ,

e=r- cos kl ch kl =
=I
2
3
4
7,853
- sin kl) (ch kz -
10,996
-cos kz)-
14,137

'
n -(ch kl -
i > 2 2(2i + 1) - cos kl) (sh kz-.

1 1,875
-sinkz)

<p (z) = (sh kl

1
+ ·;
2 4,694
+sin kl) (ch kz-
PfD
11
~-
3 7,855
L J cos kl ch kl = 4 -cos kz) -
10,996
f:
=-1 n - (ch kl +
i> 3 2 (2i- 1) + cos kl) (sh kz -
- sin kz)

/'

1 3,927 <p (z) = (sh kl +

2 7,069 +sin k{) (ch kz-
p(EJ 3 10,210

~ = th kl
tg kl - cos kz) -
¡•
L :t 4

i
n
13,352
-(ch kl +
4 (4i + 1) + cos kl) (sh kz -
- sin kz)

$72

!ji
¡,
 n poiJ011:nce11ue ma611. ~ I

l , l \.fa 1.JKpenJieHH.SJ '-IacTOTHOe K.opHH tJaCTOT· CoC5cTeenHall tj¡opMd

CTCP)f<IJSI ypaeueHHe HOfü ypaBHCUHSI * Konee5au11n

1 o cp (z) = (ch kl +
2 3,927+ cos kl) (sh kz +
cF[J 3 7,069
'
r--
¡
t tg kl = th kl 4
5
n
10,210
13,352
+sin kz)-
-(sh kl
+sin kl) (ch kz +
+
i > l -;¡-(4i-3) + cos kz)

• CoécTBeHHh1e qacTOTbl onp e)l.eJIHIOT

= k,
2

:.::i-
VEJm - , r,tte m :ii::: pF.

Ta 6 .1 H l.\ a 52. Kopnu 'lacTOTHblX ypasnennA nonepe'IHblX Kone6auuii

cTepJKHeii noc1onHHoro ce'leHHR Ha ynpyrnx onopax*

C"cMa saKpenneHHH
CTepJKHll Ípatj¡HK )l.JI H onpe)l.eJieHttll K09cf>cf>m¡tteHTOB kl

k1 L Acu"inmoma I_~ "'2L Acu11nmoma 1 -

5 ~ npu kl=J.g265 8,__-'--npu kt=7,0D85-
'

' .t 5¡.......~i....---+-l---I~~
4,53411-/-+---l---l--4---+---I
l¡ '--"---'--'--l.--L....J
O SOO !000 I(J
t:J

k,l AcuMnmoma-r__
4 \ npu kl ;Jr
pf[J
(
~

{ 7
J,g266>.1'--1---1--1---1---1---J
o J '---'--'--'--..1.--1__.J
so too f./ O 250 500 rlI
[J

/(¡ l 1
._ Acw·mmoma
1 II. AcuMnmoma
1
~

npu kl= 7,0585\~

4 -- npu kt =J,9266,
1~
- -' 7
1/ ~lfi ....
(j
10 20 o !O 20 g}
tJ

573
 fl pOiJO/IJ/ceHUe ma611, 52

CxeMa saKpeqJleHHll fpaQ¡HK l:Vlll onpe)l.eJieHIHI K09QJQJll~HeHTOB kl

CTeplKHft

2 r--t---t--t--+--.,f--.-l

! j
o 200 400 ff

' pf[J
C'

' I =l1•/2 ; 1-= -;:-

{,
- 11 1 2

• () 06cTBeHu&1e onpe)l.eJIR!OT no

veJm,
qacTOTbl

= k• r11,e m = pF,
211

Ta 6 JI H u a 53. KopHH qac10THblX ypaeHeHHil nonepe'IHblX KoJie6aHHil

CTepllrneii noCTOlllf.HOrO ceqeHHll e cocpe)l.OTO'leHHblMH MaccaMH m*

CxeMa cTeplKHll fpaq,uK AJill onpe)l.eJieHuR K09Q¡q,u~lleHTOB kl

--- -
fr., t f.875

pHJ m \ ·4,6B4

~
1
1 .r " ~ \.

o 20 40
¡rr
m o 5 10 l· \
as a$
;¡ k,1
2 O.Ja4

~=
lr
~m~·~
pF[J f,875
1,5
1 ~ -.1 L-l.-L-..l..J-'-7--'---'ñr t,O
ftr
574
 fl po80J1J/CeHUe maú!I. 5 i

CxeMa CTepJKHSI fpaqlHK ,!\JISI onpe.zr.eneeuq KO>cj>cj>lll\HCHTOB /../

k,l k,L -
cuMMemp'u9H~ ..,¡; éut-11-1empi ~Jw,
pfEJ m ! \
KOl!eóa HUq
\..
Ko11eóaHuq-
'
f 4
' ~

J
o 20 40 2p'Ft o 5 ro /)1¡-¡

m pfEJ m

r {,t ;, f 1,J

• Co6cTBeHubJe qacroTbJ onpe,¡¡eJll'llOT no cj>opMyJJe f= (1'1)'

21111
VET pF •

Ta 6 JI 11 u a 54. 3uaqeun11 ueK01opwx nu1erpaJioe, ec1peqaiow.uxc11

npu pacqe1ax nonepe'IHblX KoJJe6annil c1epllrneii (<p 1 - i-11 co6c1eeuna11
tjlopMa KOJJe6aHHH)

+)
l l l l
CxeM a aaKpenJJeHHll
creplKBll i lf!¡dx T1 } q¡1•dx t S(!fJ¿')' dx
o
13
so "('{!¡ )' d11

o o

1 0,6366 0,5 4,9343 48,705

2 o 0,5 19,739 779,28
,4 7h 3 0,2122 0,5 44,413 3945, l
4 o 0,5 78,955 12468
5 0,1273 0,5 123,37 30440

1 0,8445 1,0359 12,775 518,52

2 o 0,9984 45,977 3797, l
1 ~ 3
4
0,3637
o
1,0000
1,0000
98,920
I~ 1,58
14619
~9940
5 0,2314 J,0000 2 4,01 9138

57S
 npo80A:JICCH,Ue ma6A.

1 l '1 ¡
CxeMa 3aKpenJiellH!I
crepmH!I
1 -f ~ <¡> 1dx T1 ~ <¡> 1' dx l ~'
o
(q>í)' dx l' s (<¡>í')• d~ 111

o
o / l1

' ,1
1 0,6147 0,4996 5,!)724 118,80
2 -0,0586 0,5010 21,451

'
1250,40
J,>,, ~ 3 0,2364
4 -0,0310
0,5000
0,5000
47,017
82,462
1i433,0
i5892 ~
5 0,1464 0,5000 127,79 36998 •••
'
1 !,OGG7 1,8556 8,6299 22,933 '·~
2 0,42::2 0,9639 20,176 467,97
'lf
'!f.'
~ 3
4
0,'!549
O, 1819
1,0014
J,0000
77,763
152,83
3808,5
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·.;
5 O, J 415 1,0000 205,52 39940 ••
·~
, ~
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~

Ta 6 JI l! u a 55. Co6CTBeHHble 'laCTOTbl nonepe'IHblX KOJie6anuii CTepllrneil

JlOClOllHHOfO c.e'leHHll, narpyllleHHblX npO)l.OJJbHblMH CHJJaMu
r
~ ;~

.. ~
" ""
---------~------------------~~

_________
CxeMa crep>Kll!I
_________________
....:.__
CoócraeHHB!I qacrora KoJieÓBHHA
•
~,,-

' ~ • p~EJ N 5Nl2)

-~--'l,____~,\--
0,5621 / EJ (
li-- f1 =-¡r V
pF 1+14EJ

~ pfEJ 0,562 VEJ ( qlS )

f1 = -l2- pF 1 + 8EJ

pFEJ n ¡2 1 / EJ ( N/2 )
l
f¡ = 2 72 V pF 1 + i2Jt 2
EJ

'1 1

J76
1

J
 Ta 15 JI u u a 56. BapnaHTbl sanHcH lj>opMyn Psnen (t 9. t37)-(t 9.139)
¡J.Jlll onpe¡J.eJICHHll KB3¡J.paTa co6cTBeHHOA 1{3CT0Tbl KOJiefiauuií CTeplt\11}.
I¡
,1 -- -~

.
.,.....
f!
KoJietiiaHHH

'
1
'
!I!
o<>-
:e:
"' npo¡:i.oJibHbie KPYTHJlbHbie H3f'UÓHblC

J l 2 l

5 N2
EFdz
SMKP
GJ dz
~ M2
, E J dz
o o p o
1
~ miu; + ~
o
l

pFu 2dz ~ J ¡ep~ + r

l

o
pJ Pcp2dz ~ m 1 w~ + Spfw 2dz
o
1

l l l

Sp (z) udz SmKP (z) cp dz so q (z) rR!dZ

2 o o
l l 1
~ m¡u; + SpFu 2 dz ~ l¡cp; + ~ 2
pJ Pcp dz l; m¡w~ + J pFw dz 2

o o

1 l l

o
~ p(z) udz+ ~N¡u¡ ~
o
mKP (z) cpdz + J
o
q(z)wdz+ ~P¡w¡
l I
3
~ m;u; + S pFu 2dz + ~ MKp¡Cfl¡ ~ m,w~ + SpFw2dz
l o
o
~ J ¡Cfl~ + SpJPcp2dz
~ o

1 1
'
l l
~ pFudz + ~ m1u1 ~ pFwdz + ~ m1w1
o o
[ l
4
!i m¡u~ + SpFu2dz - ~m 1 w~+ ~ pFw 2dz
o o

19 7-4nM 577
Ta 6 JI H u a 57. B1>1pa>KeHHR )J.JJR onpe)leJJeHHR KBaJlpaTa cot'ícTBeHHOA
'laCTOTbl no cnoco6y rpaMMeJJR

Bn.it KOJie45auun

~m
1u; + ~ pfu 2dz 11
I'
o ; 1 1

So ~
EF

1 11,
~ J ,cp: +
o
s pJ pffJ2dz
KpyTHJJbHble

1
M2dz
So El
 r.nABA 20

conPOTHBnEHHI MATEPHAnoB AEJilCTBHIO

nOBTOPHO-nEPEMEHHblX HAnPSl>KEHHJil

20.1. SlanenH• ycranocTH MarepHanoa

YcmaJ1ocmb10 Mamepua.!108 (a qacTnOCTH, MeTaJIJIOB) ua3bIBaeTCSI SIBJie-

HHe pa3py!llenHSI npH MnoroKpaTnoM noaTopennH uanpSI:lKeuHlL Cnocoó-
uocTb MaTepHaJIOB conporHBJISITbCSI pa3pymeumo npH noaTopuo-nepeMeH·
Hb!X uanpSI:lKeHHSIX ua3b!BaeTCSI BblHOC/lUBOCmblO MamepuaJ1a.

PHC. 357 Puc. 358

YcraJiocruoe pa3pyillenHe naóJIIOAaeTCSI npu uaJIHqHa OAHOil H3 CJie·

11.yiow.Hx ocoóeuuocreñ narpy:lKeHnSI:
1) npH MnoroKparnoM uarpy:lKeHHH o,!lnoro 3naKa, uanpHMep, nepHo-
;¡1F1ecKH H3MeHSIIOlll,erocSI OT uy JISI JlO MaKCHMyMa (pHC. 357' a);
2) npH MHoroKpaTHOM uarpy:lKeHHH, nepuo,nHqeCKH H3MeHSIIO!lleMCSl
ne TOJlhKO no BeJIH'rnHe, no H no 3HaKy (3naKonepeMenuoe uarpy:lKeHHe),
Kor;¡a "ª BbIHOCJIHBOCTb M3TepnaJia O¡!lHOBpeMeHHO OKa3bIBaeT BJIHSIHHe
H IlOBTOpHOCTb, H nepeMeHHOCTb uarpy:lKeHHSI. flpu 9TOM pa3JiuqalOT CHM•
MeTpnqHoe uarpy:lKenue (pHC. 357, 6) H uecnMMeTpuquoe (pHc. 357, B, e).
,UJISI pa3pymeunSI oT ycTaJiocru ueaocTaToquo nepeMeuuocTu uanpSI-
)!(enHñ. Heo6XOJlHMO TaK)!(e, qro6bl uanpSI}!{enuSI HMeJIH onpeaeJieuuyto
BeJIHqHuy. MaKCUMa.!lbHoe nanpl![){Cenue, npu KOmopoM Mamepua.!I cnoco6en
conpomuBJ1J1mbcJ1, ne paspymal!cb, npu J11060M npOU360.!lbHO 60.!lbUlO.M 'lUC.!le
noomopenuü Haepy:ncenuü, nastJ1oaemcJ1 npeí3eJ10M 6blHOCJ11UJocmu.
YcTaJioCTHbiií H3JIOM MeTaJIJia nMeeT xapaKl'epnwñ Bu;¡ (puc. 358).
Ha neM ooblquo MO:lKHO naÓJIIOA3Tb ,nee aonbl: o,nua..ia HHK (A) rJia;¡KaSI,

579
npHTepTaSI, o6pa30B3HHaSI BCJie)lCTBHe nocTeneHHOro pa3BHTHSI TpemHHhl;
l\pyra11 (B} KpynH03CpHHCTaSI, o6pa30B8HH3!1 rrpH OKOH'IaTeJibHOM H3JIOMe
OCJia6JieHHOfO pa3BHBmeiícl1 yCTaJIOCTHOÍÍ Tpew,HHOH ce!JeHHSI ¡¡erami.
3oHa B y xpynKHX MaTepHaJion HMeeT KpynHoKpHCTaJIJIH!JecKoe, a } BH3·
KHX - BOJIOKHHCTOe CTpOeHlle.
MexaHH3M o6pa3onaHHSI TpemHH npH nonTopHo-nepeMeHHOM HanpSI-
>KeHHH seCbMa CJIOiKeH H He MOiKCT ClJHT8TbCSI noJIHOCTblO H3y'IeHHblM Yl3
HeCOMHeflHbJX n0.10iKeHHií TeOpHH ycTaJIOCTH MO>KHO OTMeTHTb CJ1e¡¡y10w.He.
1) npou.ecCbJ, npOHCXOiJ.llW.He B MaTepttaJie npH nOBTOpHo-nepeMeHHOM
HarpyiKeHHH HOCSIT pe3KO Bbipa>KeHHbJH MeCTHblií xapaKTep;
2) pema10mee BJIHSIHHe Ha SIBJieHHe ycTaJIOCTH )lO o6pa30B8HHSI nep·
BOií TpemHHbl OKa3bIBalOT KacaTeJibHbJe H8DpS!iKCHHSI, Bbl3bJBalOmHe nJia-
CTH!JeCKHe C)lBHfH H pa3pymeHHe nyTeM cpe3a. Pa3BHTHe ycTaJIOCTHblX Tpe-
IUHH ycKopSieTcSI npH H3JIH'IHH paCTS!fHBalOW.HX HanpSI>K€HHií H y nJiaCTHIJ•
/

Hb!X, H B oco6eHHOCTH y xpynKHX MaTepHaJIOB (THna qyryHa), B KOTOPbIX

ílOSIBJieHHe Tpeuurn OTpb!Ba 3H8'IllTeJibHO ílOBbIIUaeT qynCTBHTe.~bHOCTb
K paCTHfllB310W,llM HanpSIMeHllS!M
Tipe¡¡eJI BbJHOCJIHBOCTH onpe,ll.€JISieTC!I 9KcnepHMeHTaJibHO Ha COOTB€T·
CTBYIOW.HX HCDb!TaTeJlbHblX MalllHHaX nyTeM HCDb!TaHHSI napTHH o6pa3UOB
H3 ¡¡aHHOfO MaTepttaJia B KOJIH'IeCTBe He MeHee 6-12 u!TyK. CTpe¡¡eJI Bbl-
HOCJIHBOCTH aanHCHr OT MHOfHX cjlaKTOpOB, B TOM qHcJie OT cjlopMbl H paaMe·
Mepa 06pa3ua HJIH ¡¡eTaJIH, cnoco6a ee o6pa6oTKH, coctoSIHHSI nonepxHo-
CTH, BH)l.a HanpHiKCHHoro COCTOSIHH5! (pacTSiiKeHHe - C>K8THe, Kpy!JeHHe,
H3rH6), 3aKOHa H3MeHeHHSI Harpy3KH BO npeMeHH npH HCUbITaHHH, TeMne-
paTyphl H T. n.
B 60JiblllHHCTBe cJiyqaen nepeMeHHble HanpaiKeHHSI, BbI3bIBa10mHe
pa3pyrueHHe OT ycTaJIOCTH, npe¡¡cTaBJISllOT co6oií <jlyHKUHIO speMeHH
a= f (t) e neptto¡¡oM, paBHhlM T. ConoKynHocrb ncex 3HaqeHllfi HanpR
iKeHHií 3a OilHH nepttü¡!l, Ha3hIBaeTCH /iUKAOM HanpllJ!CeHUÜ (pHC. 359, a)
Ha BeJIH!JHHY npe)l.eJia BhIHOCJIHBOCTH OKa3b!B8IOT BJIHSIHHe MaKCHMaJibHble
(Pmaxl H MHHHMaJ!bHble (Pminl HanpSiiKeHHSI UHKJia. ÜCHOBHOií xapaKrepHC·
TllKOií U.HKJia SII3JI5!eTCSI KO!JrjJrjJuu.ueHm acuJtMempuu l{UKAa

Pmin
R= Pmax.
(20 .1)

580
 Pasm1qaioT TaK)!{e cpeiJHee HanpR()!CeHue i¡u1uia (p11c. 359, ó)
Pmax + Pmin (20.2)
Pe= 2

Pmax- Pmin
Pa = 2 (20.3)

Cpe¡¡Hee Ha!Ip>DKeHHe UHKJI3 MOJKeT 6bITb K3K ITOJIOlKHTeJibHbfM, TaK

H OTPHlJ.3TeJibHb[M; 3MIIJIHTy¡¡a UHKJI3 onpe)leJI>leTCH a6COJIIOTHOH BeJIHqH-
HOli (6e3 yqeT3 3H3K3).
B COOTBeTCTBIIH e (20.2) H (20.3), oqeBHJlHO,
Pmax =Pe+ Pa; Pmm =Po - Pa·
Hau6oJiee OII3CHblM UHKJIOM HBJIHeTCH TaK H83b!BaeMblH CUM.ttempU'tHblÚ
ljUKJ! (Kor¡¡a Pmax = -Prrm H Pe= O), rrpu KOTopoM

Pm1n
R=-=-1.
Pmax

Dpe;¡eJI BbrHOCJIHBOCTH rrpH cnMMeTpnqHoM UHKJie o6osHaqaeTCl1 p_ 1 •

DpH ny.11bcupyrow,eM t¡UKJ!e, KOfJl3 Pmm =O,
o
R=-=0,
Pmax
npe,LíeJI BblHOCJIHBOCTH 06osH3qaio1 qepea p 0 • DpH rrocrostHHOit HarpysKe,
KOfJl3 Pmax = Pmin = p,
p
R= -p =l.
•
BC3MOM o6iueM cJiyq3e npH K09<jJcjmuue11Te aCHMMeTpHH R npeneJI
BhIHOCJIHBOCTH o6o3H3q3IOT Pn: B qaCTHOM c¡¡yq3e, H3npuMep npu R =
= 0,5, npe}.\eJI Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH 0603113q3fOT P-o,s· 1.1,ttKJibl, HMeioiu11e Ol{H-
H3K0Bble X3p3KTepHCTHKH R'
H33b!B3IOT nooo6HblMU. XapaKTepHCTHKa
UHKJI3, HJIII Kos<jJcjJ11uneHT 8CHMMeTpHH, MOJKeT H3MeHHTbCH OT - 00 llO
+ oo (cM. T36JI. 58).
CJie1.1yeT HMeTb B BHJlY, qro B CJiyqaHX, KOr,z¡a peqb H.z¡eT 06 yCTaJlOCTH
npn pacTHJK€HHH - cJKaTHll HJ!H 11sru6e, BMecro o6osttaqeHHii Pa• Pe• p 0 ,
Pmax• Prnin H T. Jl. Heo6XO).\H\f0 HCIIOJ!b30B3Tb o6o3Ha<JeHHH COOTBeTCTB€HHO
o"' ªe• a0 , ªrnax• ªmln H T. !.\., a B cJiyq3e p3CCMOTpeHH!! conpOTHBJieHHH
MaTepHaJIOB 1.1eitCTBHIO IIOBTOpHo-rrepeMeHHb[X K3CaTeJibHb!X H30p5DKeHHH (npu
u.ihJIHqecKOM Kpyqemrn) cJie1.1yeT rrpHMeHHT& o603H3'l€HHH 't8 , 't<1' 't0 , 'trnaK'

20.l. MerOAW onpeAeneHHll npeAena awHocn11aocr11.

ANarpaMMW ycranocrN

DpH HCIIblTaHHH M8TepH3Jl3 Ha BblHOCJ!HBOCTb qaiue Bcero HCIIOJib3yJOT

rJia).\KHe UHJIHHJlpHqecKHe o6pa3Ubl l.\H3MerpoM 7-10 MM.
B 33BHCHMOCTH OT TllII3 1.1eikrey10iunx B o6p33Ue IIOBTOpuo-nepeMeH-
HblX Hanp!!)l{eHHH (paCTll)l{eHHll - C)l{8THH, nepeMeHHOro H3fH63, IIPpe-

581
MeHHOfO KpyqeHHH), a TaKJKe xapaKTepHCTHKH UHKJia (K03cpcpHUHeHra
aCHMMeTpHH R), 3HaqeHHH npeneJia Bh!HOCJIHBOCTH 6yJlyT pa3JIHqHhlMH,
003TOMy, CTaBH nepen co6oii ueJih noJiyqeHHH npe¡¡eJia Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH Ma.
Tep11aJia, cJienyeT 3apaHee yKa3aTh, np11 KaKoM BHJle ne<jlopMaUHH (113ru.
6e, KpyqeHHH H T. n.), a TaKJKe npn KaKOM xapaKTepe H3MeH€HHll HanpHJKe.
11uii 3a UllKJI, T. e. np11 KaKOM s11aqeHH11 R, Tpe6yeTcH onpeneJIHTb npe11eo11
llblllOCJlllBOCTH. ~
B COOTBeTCTBllH a nocTaBJieHHOH 3a¡¡aqeii Bhl611pa10T llCnhITaTeJibllYIO~
MalllHHy. ]lJIH HCnb!TallHH Ha ycTaJIOCTb np11 H3fll6e np11MeHHIOT Mall1HHL1j1
(pHc. 360), B KOTOPhlX UHKJIHqecKHe CllMMeTpHqHble HanpHJKeHHll B 11cn1i1-~1
Tb!BaeMOM 06pa3ue B03HHKaIOT 3a C'leT spaiueHHll o6pasua, HarpylKeH.]
Horo yKpellJieHHblM Ha KOHUe e noMO!UhlO lllapHKOBOfO no11rr111nHHKa rpy.
SOM. 4HCJIO o6opOT0B B MHHYTY TaKHX MalllHH 06bl'IHO COCTaBJIHeT OKOJI
3000 (50 fu). ]lJIH HCnbJTaHHH HcnoJih3YIOTCH TaKJKe BH6pauHOHHbJe Ma-
IJJHllbl e MeXaHHqecKHM (HH3KoqacTOTHble - JlO 50-100 fu), 9JieKTPO.
MarHHTHblM (o6blqHo "ªcpHKCHPOBaHHblX 'laCTOTax 50 H 100 fu, B03MOlKHO.

1'
Pac. 360 PHc. 361

e 'laCTOTaMH OT 15 JlO 500 fu), <:IJleKTPOJll!HaMHqecKllM (o6blqHo B ¡¡11ana3o-

ue qaCTOT OT 5 JlO 5000 fu), rH¡¡p09Jl€KTpOM8rHHTHb!M H r11¡¡poaJieKTPOllH• 11
HaMH'lecKHM (n 60Jiblll11HcTBe KoHcTpyKuuii qacToTa nos6yJK¡¡euHH ¡¡o 1
¡

100 fU, HHOf)la JlO 400 fu) B036yJK¡¡eHHeM B116paUHH, a T8KlKe M8fHHTO• i_
cTpHKUHOHHble ycTaHOBKH, qacTOTHblH )lHana30H KOTOpb!X COCTaBJIHeT ~11
1-20 Kfu. •.
l1CnbJTaHHll npoBOJlHTCll npa CHMMeTpHqHOM H acHMMeTpHqHOM UHK-
Jiax HarpyJKeHHll B OCllOBllOM npH H3rtt6e llJIH npH pacTHJKeHHH - ClK81HH
o6pasuos.
OpH 11cnbna11uu napTHH o6pasuon e ueJihIO onpe11eJie11HH npeneJia Bhl·
HOCJIHBOCTH Heo6XO)lHMO o6ecneqHB8Tb B OT)leJibHb[X o6pasuax pa3JIHqHble
uanpHJKeHHll )l.Jlll Bb!HBJieHllSl 3aKOHoMepttoCTH ll3MeHeHllH qncJia UHKJIOB
JlO pa3pyllleHHH np11 TeX llJIH HHblX ypoBHHX 11anpHlKeHHii.
06pa6oTKa noJiyqaeMhIX 3KcnepHMeHTaJibHhIX ¡¡aHHhlX ocyiuec1nm1er-
CH nyTeM nOCTpOeHHH KpU8blX ycma;¡ocmu, qacTO Ha3b!BaeMblX KpU8blMU
8eJ1J1epa (pHc. 361).
Kp11sas¡ ycTaJioCTH cTponTCS! no ToqKaM B KoopAHHa1ax: MaKCHMaJibHoe
Hanp>1JKe11ue UHKJ!a Pmax (crmax llJIH •max) - 'IHCJIO UHKJIOB ¡¡o paspyllleHllS!
N. KaJK¡¡oii ToqKe cooTBeTCTByeT OJlHH paspylllHBWHlicH o6paseu, npopa-
6oTaBlllHii N UllKJIOB e 3a¡¡aHHblM Pmax·
00 Mepe CHlllKeHllH 11anpHJK€HHH o6pa3Ub[ Bhf¡¡eplKHBa!OT )lO pa3py•
rneHHH Bce 60Jibll!ee qffCJIO UHKJIOB, a KpHBaH ycTaJIOCTH Pmax = (N) f
KaK 6bl npH6Jlll)l{8eTCH K HeKoTopoii aCHMnToTe, napaJIJieJibHOii OCH a6c·
uHcc N. 4HcJio IlHKJIOB, np11 KoTopoM KpHBaH ycTaJIOCTH npaKTHqecKH
HaqHHaeT cosna¡¡aTb e aCllMilTOToii, MOlKeT 6hfTb np!!HHTO sa 6asy ucnblma·
HU!I Ha Bh!HOCJIHBOCTb, T. e. sa TaKoe q11cJio UllKJIOB, npeBbJWel!He Ko·ropo·
ro npH Jl8HHOM 11anpHJKeHHH npaKTll'leCKll He )lOJilKHO npllBOJlllTb K pa3py·
meH1110 o6pasua. TaK11M o6pasoM, 6asoa ucnbLnWHUfl Ha Bb1Hoc11ueocmb Ha·
Bb/Baemcfl Hau60J1bUtee 11uc;¡o noemopno-nepe.tteHflblX HaepyM:eHua, cyw,ecmeen·

582
 Hoe npeeblmeHUe Komopozo He iJ011J1CHO npueoaumb K ycma11ocmHblM paspy-
rucu UJIM ucnblmbleaeMoeo o6paaqa npu iJaHHOM HanpR:J!CCHUU.
;tm1 qepHbIX MaTep11aJIOB (cTaJib, qyry11 11 T. n.) B 1111JKe11ep11oií npaK·
Tlll\e 38 6a3y 11cnb!T31111ll np111111Ma!OT 10 MJIH. UllKJIOB; )lJIH UBeTl!b!X
(MC;J.h, aJIIOMllllllH li T. n.) - 6asa 11cnb!T8llllll 6epeTCll B 5-10 pa3 60Jib·
Jlll', qeM )lJlll qepllb!X MeTaJIJIOB.
B 11eKOTOpblx cJiy'iaHx, oco6ett110 JlJIH ueeTHblX MaTepttaJioB, KpttBaH
vcra.1ocT11 B Koop¡¡11ttaTax N, p Me¡¡Jie11110 CTpeMllTCH K ac11MnT0Te, no·
gT0\IY 6a3y llCnblT31111ll np11XOJlllTCl1 Bb1611p3Tb 311a'IHTeJibllO 60JibUJeií.
B raKllX cJiyqaHX Boo6me Tpy,11110 rosop11Tb 06 llCTllllliOM, T3K ll33blBaeMOM
rl11'311'ieCKOM npe).\eJie Bb!llOCJillBOCTll, noCKOJlbKY TaKOBOií npaKTll'ieCKll
orcyrcTByeT. foBOPHT 06 ycJIOBHOM npe).\eJie Bb!HOCJJ11socr11, no1111MaH no,z¡
HHM M3KCllMaJlbl!Oe 11anpHlKe1111e, np11 KOTOPOM He npo11CXO).\llT pa3pylllell11ll
npu ocymecreJie1111tt onpe,z¡eJiett11oro 11anepe,z¡ 3a.1J;a1111oro 'ittcJia UHKJIOB,
npH1111MaeMoro sa 6a3y ttcnb1Ta1111H.
KpoMe nocrpoe1111>1 nepBll'iHbIX JlllarpaMM ycTa· /5
.1ocr11 B KOOpJlllHaTax N, <Jmax np11 pacTHJKeHllH -
OK3Tllll H 113fll6e llJlll B Küüpl.\HH3TaX N, 'max np11
hpj qeHHll, 9Tll ,z¡11arpaMMbl CTpOi!T TaKJKe B no.1Jy·
.1orapH!pMll'ieCKllX KOOp)l11HaTax lg N, <Jmax (pttc. 362)
lgN
11.111 lg N, •max· B 9TOM cJiyrrne npe).\eJI BblHOCJillBOCTli
P11c 362
6) ;¡er xapaKTep1130Ba1 bCH op,z¡1111aToií rop1130HTaJib·
HOfO npHMOro yqacTKa KpllBOH ycTaJIOCTll.
KaK noKa3¡,¡BaIOr MllOroq11cJie1111ble ttcnb!Ta111111 Ha ycraJiocTb, ,z¡JI11 ue-
1<oropb1x MaTep11aJIOB MOlKHO 3aMeTllTb CJie)lyIOu¡11e COOTHOUJeHllH MelKJlY
npe,;¡eJiaMli BblHOCJlllBOCTll npH CllMMeTpll'l'lOM u111rne, no.1Jy'leH1IblMll npH
113r116e 0~1. K;JylleHllll T_1 11 pacTHlKeH1111 - ClK3Tllll (J~l Ha rJia)lKllX o6pa3·

uax. )J,JIH CTaJI11 cr~ 1 =O,7cr~ 1 ; ).\JIH qyry11a cr~ 1 = 0,65a~i. T_ 1 = 0,8cr~ 1 ;
••
)l.15l CTaJieH 11 JierKllX cnJiaBOB T_l = 0,55cr~l· 3aMel!eHO TaKJKe, '11 o )lJIH
CTJ 1!1 cyu¡eCTB)'IOT C'Jie,ny10u¡11e COOTHOlli81111ll yKa33HHb!X npe,'le.~OB Bb!TlOC·
o
.IJllBOCT!i e BpeMeHHblM COOpOTllBJie1111eM np11 paCT11JKe111111: º-1 = 0,2crB;
<1~ 1 = 0,40a 8 ; T_ 1 = 0,22T 8 . AJIH UBCTHbIX MeTaJIJIOB <J~ 1 = (0,24- 0,50) cr 8 .
,ll.ttarpaMMa npeJI.eJI&HblX nanp111Ken11ií. )l,151 xa p aKrep HCTllKll con p o-
THBJI HeMoCTll MaTep11aJia noBTOpHo-nepeMeHHblM 11anp>1JKe1111HM np11 pa3·
JIH'IHOH 3CllMMeTp1111 Uf!K.~a CTpüllTCH TaK Ha3bIBaeMa51 iJUai!paMMa npeiJCAb·
HblX HanpflJICCHUÚ (p11C 363) B KOüp/l11'laT3X <1max• <Jmin - <Je ( iJuazpaMMG
C1>tuma).
Üpl.\llttaTbl KpHBoií CAB 21.11arpaMMbl cooTBeTCTByIOT 3ttal!e111111M npe·
A' 10B Bb!HOCJillBOCTll (MaKc11MaJibHb1M 311aqe111111M ttanp11JKe111111) np11 pas·
.1H<rnoií aCllMMeTp1111 UllKJIOB, KOTOpb1e 6epyTCll 113 nepBll'lliblX ,z¡11arpaMM
ycraJIOCTll.
Ta11re11c yrJia HaKJIOHa JJy'la, npoee).\ett11oro 113 Ha'laJia Koopl.\llHaT JI.O
nepeceqeHttll e npe21.eJibHOií Kp11BOH CAB 11 o6pasyrou¡ero yroJI ~ e OCb!O
a6cuncc a e• 6y21.er

(20.4)

_, Op,nttHaTbl Jiytfa no¡¡: yrJIOM p= 45º onpe].\eJJH!OT cpe).\Hee 11anp11)!{ett¡¡e

UHKJia ªe·
,ll,11arpaMMbl npel.\eJibHhlX ttanp11JKe1111H 06b1<rno orpa1111<111ea10r B sepx-
HelÍ qaCTli npe,z¡eJIOM npO'IHOCTli llJill npe,z¡eJIOM TeKy'leCTli MaTepHaJia.

58.J
npnMepHblH BH)l )lHarpaMMEI npe)leJibHbIX HanpirnrnHHH, orpaHntJeHHOA
npe)leJIOM TeKyqeCTH TT, )lJISI c¡¡yqa¡¡ UHKJIHqecKoro KpyqeHHSI np1rnenee
11'1 pHC. 364.
Mo11rno crpOHTh T3KJKe fJua;;paMMY npefJe11bHb1x aMn11umyfJ HanpR.fJICe·
HUÜ B KoopouHamax a 0 - ªe (fJuazpa.M.Ma XeC/fl.). B 9TOM cJiyqae (pHc.
T8HreHC yrJia ~' o6p330B3HHOrO JiyqoM, npose)leHHlilM
ati'i) HS H8'18JII
KOOp)lHHar, e npe)leJibHOH KpHBOH 6y)leT Bblp3lK8TbCSI TaK:

(20.5)

Tmax
Nfla
200

20 i¡.,
1<f/1>m'

PHc. 363 Pnc. 364

o 1.0~
' fi,

Puc. 365 PHc. 366

.[lJISI OUeHKH conpOTHBJIHeMOCTH MarepHaJIOB nOBTOpHO·nepeMeHHblM

HanpH:>KeHHRM npH CJIOJKHOM HanpRJKeHHOM COCTORHHH, HanpnMep npH ~
COBMeCTHOM )leHCTBHH UHKJIHqecKoro H3ru6a H Kpyt1eHHH, HCil0Jlb3YIOT CO· 1 ti
OTBeTCTBYIO~He ycraJIOCTHble Ma!IIH Hbl, TI03BOJISIIO~He 110JIY'l3Tb HHTepe· 1
cy10~ee Hac HanpaJKeHHOe COCTORHHe.
Ha pHo. 366 11p1rne,z¡eHbl pe3yJibTaTbl SKcnepuMeHTOB e rJI3JlKHMH 06·
pa3U8MH npH pa3JIHqHOM CO'leraHllH nepeMeHHblX HOpM3JlbHblX (a) 11 Ka·
careJibHblX (T) HanpnJKeHHH 11p11 CHMMeTpll'IHOM UHKJie. 4epe3 ª-1 H •-1
o603HaqeHbl npe)leJI1>1 Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH COOTBeTCTBeHHO TOJibKO npH 11srH6e
H TOJibKO 11p11 KpyqeHHll, a qepe3 ªª H '• - npe)leJibHble 3MI1JillTYJlbl npH
O)l.!IOBpeMeHHOM ll,eHCTBHH 113fH6a H Kpy'leHHll 3KcnepHM€HT3JibHble /l,3H·
Hble rpynnupy!OTCH OKOJIO KPllBOH, KOTopaH e )lOCTaTO'll!OH creneHblO TO'!·

584
 !lOCTli MOlKeT 6b!Tb annpOKCliM!ipOBaHa ).\JH! KOHCTpyRUllüllHb!X CTaJJeil 1V·
roil Kpyta (pttc. 366, KPliBaSI 1), OilllCb!BaeMOiÍ ypaBHeHtteM

(~)2
ª-1
+ (~)2 =- l.
•-1
(20 l1)

llJrn Bb!COKOnpO'!HblX craJieií ll qyryHOB 3RCnepHMeHTa,1bHL>!e ;¡a1rnue

pacnonaralOTCSI 6JittlKe K 9JIJillilTH'leCKllM !lyraM (pHC. 366, Kpl!Bil51 2)
B CJiyqae CliMMeTpli'IHOfO UHKJia e co6JJ10)lelmeM CHHXpOH!IOCTll H Cllll·
cpa3HOCT1i HanpHlKeliliiÍ YCJIOBlie npO'IHOCrH B aMnJIHTYJJ.ªX rJJaBHb!X Ha-
nplDKeHttA B COOTBeTCTBlili e rperbeií reopHeil npO'IHOCTli sanHweTCH TJX

(<11) 8 - (<1s) 8 =- ª-1• (20 7)

a no qeraeproA reopntt npo'IHOCTtt

[(<11) 8 (<12)al 2 + [(<12)a - (<13) 3 ) 2 + [(<13) (<11) 8)1 - 20!1. (20 8)

- 8 -

Tip H CJIOlKHOM HanpSilKeHHOM COCTOSililill, xapaKTep usyeMOM COBMeCT !I b!M

..
¡¡eiíCTBlleM UHKJitt'leCKOrO ll3ftt6a ll Kpy'leHHSI, ycJIOBHe npO'IHOCTH (20 8)
e y'leTOM COOTHOilleHHSI ª-1 ""'-Va •-1 6y)leT mzerb Bli,11

V ( ) a-
2
cr2 ª-1 ,2 _
a+ ,_ 1 ª-1· (20 9)

Sro ycnoatte coana¡¡aer e Bb!palKeHtteM (20.6), ablTeK8JOUlttM tt3 9KCnep11-

MeHraJibHblX Jl8HHl:ilX.

10.3.
BnHSIHHe HI npeAen BblHOCnHBOCTH
KOHCTPYKTHBHO•rexHonorHlfeCKHX CJ>IKTOpoa

BJIHAHHe KOHueerpauHH uanpAJKeHHA. Hatt6oJiblllee BJJHSIHHe Ha

npe,lleJI BblHOCJlliBOCTll OK83&IBaer KOHUeHrpauHSI HanpmKeHHií, creneH&
KOropoi\ xapaKrep11syercSI reoper11qecKHM K03cpqmuttettroM KOHUettrpa·
untt (X (pa3).\eJI 4.4). KaK noKa3blaa10r on&1rhl, npe1.1en BhlHOCJIHBocrtt 06·
pasu.oa e KOttuettrparopaMtt HanpSilKeHai\ P-IK OK83b!BaerCSI 6oJibllle Bbl•
'lttcJieHttoro 'lepes reoper11qecKttil K09cpcpttutteHr KoHueHrpaunH (X, r. e •

....._ P-1
P-!K ,,p ~.

Tio3roMy Hap SI,ny e reoperH'lecKttM K03<jlcpttutteHTOM KOHUeHrpaunH eee.ne-

HO nOHl!Tlie 8rprpeKmU8HOZO, HJili iJeCicmeume.llbHOZO, KOiHprpUl{UeH ma /\OH·
l{eHmpaquu k. 3rtt K09<jJ<jJHU1ieHTbl o6o3Ha'leHbl TBK: ).\JISI HOpM8JlbllblX
HanpmKeHttií

.n.111 KacareJI&Hb!X ttanpSilKettHil

k=~
i; T '
-!K

r ;¡eª-1 H •-1 -npe1.1eJibl Bb!HOCJIHBOCTli, IIOJIY'leH HbJe np H 1.1eiícTBHH UllK·

1 H'leCKllX HüpMaJibHb!X H KaCaTeJI&HblX HanplllKeH HH ua fJl8)lKHX o6pa3·
Uil'\, ª-lK H '-IK -npe}.\eJibl Bb!HOCJJJlB(lCTll o6pa3UOB e KOHUel!Tp8TOJl3\llf
Ba!lpillKeH HÍI.

58S
 l
npaKTHqecKH OK333JIOCb YJI06Hee orrpe)leJil1Tb a<j:><f>eKTHBHblit K09tfKj>H~
nHettT KOHUettTpau.uu qepes TaK tta3blBaeMbli\ "ºª"'tPUlfUUtm ttyecmaume.11&-
l
· ~
nocmu MaTepttaJia K KOHuettTpaU.HH HanpstJKeHttii
'1"
l'1 il lf1

k-1
q=-.
Gt- l
(20.10)
] li
'
: 1
1
Koa<j:><j:>ttU.tteHT qyacTBRTeJI&HOCTH MaTepttaJia K KOHU.ettTpau.uu Hanpst·
lKeHHll 33BHCHT OT caMoro MaTepttaJia H BeJittqHHbl K09<p<j>Hu.HeHTa KOliUeH·
i j~ ~
1

TpauHu a. HH.lKe rrpuBe)leHhl optteHTttpoaoqu¡,¡e sHaqeHHSI K09<j:><j:>uuueHTa ~llll •

qa )lJISI pa3JiliqHbJX MaTepttaJIOB.

1 f

º'"""'~~~--'-~--'--~-' o 0,4
400 600 800 136 , Mfla

Pttc. 367 Pttc. 368

1
MnepHaJJbl qa
JlHTble MaTepuaJibl li MaTepttaJibl e BHyTpeHHHMH HCTOqH1iK8MH
KOHUeHTpal.UIH H )le<jleKT3MH (cepb!H qyryH li Jlp.) 0,1-0,2
JlHTble }KapOIIpoqHble CilJI3Bbl, CTaJibHOO H aJIIOMllHHeBoe JIHTbe,
MO)lH<j:>HJI.HpOBaHHhle qyrYHbl 0,1-0,4
' HusKOyr JiepOJillCTble cTaJIH, )f{aponpo'IHhle )le<j:>opMHpyeMb1e cIIJia·
Bbl, aycTemtTttble Roppo3HOttliOCTOHKHe CTaJIH, aJIIOMllHHeBble
)le<jlopMHpyeMb!e CIIJiaBbl 0,3-0,5
Cpe)ltteyrJiepO)lttcTb!e c1aJIH, ttli3KOJierttpoaattHble craJI11 0,4-0,6
KottCTPYKUliOHHble JierHpoaaHttble cTaJJtt 0,6-0,7
BwcoKoJierttpoaaHHb!e cTaJiu (Tttrra Kopp03HOHHOCTOHKHX craJieü
MapTeHCliTHOro KJiacca), THT3H0Bble CIIJI3Bbl 0,7-0,9

.[i;JJSI orrpe)leJieHttH K03<ji<j:>uuuettTa 'IYBCTBttTeJI&HOCTtt q a JittTepaType

HMeIOTCSI rpa<jJHKli (pttc. 367). 3ttaSI q, a TaKJKe TeopeTHqecKHH K03<jl<j:>H·
utteHT KOHUeHTP3UliH HaIIpHlKeHHSI Gt, MOlKHO onpe)l€JiliTb COfJIOCHO
(20.10) 3<j:><jleKT1iBHblH K03CpqlliulieHT KOttUeHTP3UHH no cpOpMyJie
k= 1 + q (et - l). _(20. l l)

.[i;JJSI MaTepuaJia, qyacTBttTeJI&Horo K Kottuett1pauutt HaIIpHJKeHttl1,

Kor)la q-+ 1, k-+ et • .[i;Jil1 M3TepttaJia, ue qyac1BHTeJI&Horo K KOttUettTpa-
u1111 HanpmKettttll, Kor.11.a q-+ O, k-+ l.
8J1HSIHlie KOliUeHTpaUlill ttanpmKeHHH npu CJIQ)f{HOM HallpHJKeHHOM
COCTOlllillH ouetrneaeTCH Ha OCHOae llCilblT8HHH o6pai>UCB e i..C'HUE!!Tp8T0·
paMli H noJiy'leHl1l1 COOTBeTCTBYIOW.liX AHarpaMM (pile. 368). K010pble aua·

586
norH•I!IO )lHarpaMMaM, npHBe)l.eHHb!M )l.JHI rJia)l.KHX o6pa3UOB (pHC. 366),
onHCbIB3!0TC51 3JlJIHTITH'leCKOÍÍ 3aBHCHMOCTblO

(~)2 + (~)2 =
ª-IK '-tK
1, (20. 12)

r)l.e ª-IK' '-IK - npe)leJlb! Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH npH CHMMeTpHqHQM UHKJle )l.!ISI

o6pa3UOB e KOHueHrparopaMH TOJlbKO npH H3fH6e H TOJlbKO npu KpyqeHHH
coorsercrseHHo; a8 K, •aK -a\,!IlJIHTYllHhle 3HaqeHH51 aanp!!lK.eHHií np11 O)lHO·
spe\IeHHOM CHHXpOHHO\,l 11 CHHcpa3HOM l!3MeHeHllll Hanp51lKeHl!H npH C.TOJK·
HOM HailpSI)l{eHHOM COCTOSIHHH H pa3JJHqHblX coqeTaHHSIX nepeMeHHblX Hüp-
M3JJbHb!X H KacareJibhb!X H3Ilp51lKeHHiÍ.
B.nHSIHHe pa3Mepos (Macll!ta6Hh!ií cpaKrop). 3Kcnep HMeHThI noKa3bl-
sa10r, qro e yseJittqeHHeM pa3Mepos o6pasua npe1.1eJI Bh!HOCJIHBOCTH na)laer.
9ro CHHlKeHHe 06blqHO yqHTbIBaer·
1
C51 e IlOMOrn;bIO HeKOTOporo K03cp· E:
cjrnuHeHTa, 0603HaqaeMOf0, Hanptt· l,O~~~f:::~~rrr~¡-¡
Mep, npHMeHHTeJibHO K HOPM3Jib· o,sf-~~~_JP..-k"',,...lod-,-l---1
Hb!M HanpSilKeHHSIM TaK:
0,6f--~-+'~--'l"--t:+-1-'R"l--=;~.¡j
(20 .13)
ª 4m~~-2~0,---~~-'--:!-;;-L-"-':-:w~o~~2~00
d,MM
r1.1e (a_l)d. - npe].\eJI Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH
rJia)l.Koro Jia6oparopHoro o6pasua
PHc. 369
)lHaMeTpOM do = 7 - 10 MM; ( ª-1)d -
npe1.1eJ1 Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH paCCM3TpHBaeMOÍÍ ).\eT3JIH ).\HaMeTpO!ll d > d0 • CTo-
CKOJlbKY (a-1)d <
(a_¡)d, TO, O'leBH)lHO, KOEH/)(pui¡uer-tm IJJ!UflftUfl a6CO!l/Om·
HbtX pas1r1epoa e0 < !.
Opu H8JIHqHH KonueHtparopa BJIHSIHHe MacIUra6a oueHttsaercH
raK )!{e, KaK H ).\JISI r JI3)lKHX o6pasuos, e noMOinbIO K03cjJ<fmutteHra

(20. 14)

31.1ecb (a_¡K)d H (u_IK)do - npeneJibl Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH ).\eT3JIH H Jia6oparop·

Horo o6pasua coorsercraeHHO. Ha puc. 369 npHse1.1eHbl KpHBh1e 3aBHCHMO-
crtt e = f
(d). 31.1ecb KpHB3H 1 COOTBeTCTByer .z¡et3JIH H3 yr JiepO}.\HCTOÍÍ CTa·
JIH 6e3 KOHUeHtparopa; KpHBaH 2 - 1.1eraJ1H H3 JierttpOB3HHOÍÍ CT3JIH (uB =
= 1000 - 1200
Mna) npH orcyrcTBHH KOHueHrparopa H H3 yrJiepoAucroií
craJIH npH HaJIHqHH KOHueHrparopa; KpHB3H 3 COOTBeTCTByer 1.1eraJIH H3
JlerHpOBaHHOH CT3JIH npH HaJIHqHH KOHueHrparopa; KpHBaH 4 - ).\Jl51 JIIO·
6oir CTaJJH npH BeCbMa 60JJbillOH KOHueHTpauHH HanpHlKeHHH (HanpHMep,
npH K0Hue11rparope rHna HaApe3a).
CHttJKeHHe npel.\eJia Bh!HOCJIHBOCTH e yseJittqeHtteM pa3Mepos oco6eHHO
CHJibHO Bb!palKeHo y HeO)l.HopOl.\Hhlx MarepHaJIOB, TaK, e yseJIH'leHHeM
pa3Mepa 06pa3ua H3 ce poro qyryHa e 5-1 O MM ,¡¡.o 50 MM CHttJKeHHe 0 0
H ª-1 MOJKeT JlOCTHrHyTh 60-70 % . )l.JISI yrJiepOJlHCTOll CT3JII! yaeJIHqeHHe
l.\HaMerpa o6pa3ua e 7 MM ).\O 150 MM npHBO)lHT K CHHJKeHH!O npeneJia
Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH npHMepHO Ha 45 %.
KpoMe 3cpcpeKTHBHOro K03cpcpHUHeHra KOHUeHrpauHH (k 0 ld l.\JIH o6pa3·
ua BBO)lHT nOHHTHe 3rflrfleKmuar-toeo K03rflrflui¡uer-tma KOr-ti¡er-tmpai¡uu r-tanpfl-

581
 i

~ICl'HUU O/IR oema11u

ueEnpa1.w10:
(k(]) A· yqHTb!BaIO~ero O)lHOBpeMeHHO H pasMepb! H KOH•

l
l
(20. 15)

l
~
~

-- --- 66 =1200Mna
1
1
o aJ o a2 43 fj
ll.-j.
0,1
d =30-50 !.IM
0,2 d 5=2;
ª'
d='J0-50MM ¡¡i
d- '
PHc. 370 Pttc. 371

Ecm1 (k<J)d onpe¡¡e.1ReTcsr Ha o6pa3uax ¡¡ocraToquo 6cmbworo )lttaMeTpa

'' 1
(Kor¡¡a )laJihHeihuee yBeJittqeH He )lHaMeTpa MaJio BJIHHeT Ha (k<J)d)' TO

(cr_1)d (k<J)d
(k<J).z:i: = (e<J) d (a_¡K)d = (ea)d. (20.16)

K5 8JIHRHHe KOttl.leHTpaTOPOB HanpR·

Ci5 :lKeHHH cy~eCTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT BH)la
f,8t----t--'l<---'od HanpsrlKeHHOfO COCTORHHR. CTptt UHK•
Jif!qecKOM KpyqeHHH, HanpttMep, K09~·
~HUHeHT KOHUeHTPaUHH OKa3bJBae1cR
6onee HH3KHM, qeM nptt tt3rtt6e np11
Tol! JKe ~opMe KOttl.leHTpaTopa. Eho
BH).\HO, B qacTHOCTll, H3 pHC. 370 H 371,
tta KOTOpblx npttBe)leHbl 3HaqeHHSl s<jl-
~eKTHBHblX K09~~HUHeHTOB KOHUeH•
TpaUHH )lJIR CTyneHqaTblX saJIOB e raJI·
TeJihIO COOTBeTCTBeHllO )lJIH H3rtt6a 11
KpyqettHH. CooTHO!lleHtte MeJK¡¡y kr. H
ka MOJKeT 6b!Tb npe)lCtaBJieHo ~Oj:MY·
PHc. 372 J!Ott

k't = 1 + 0,6 (k(] - 1).

l
Ha pttc. 372 npttae1.1etthl rpa~HKH, xapaKTepH3YIO~He scji<PeKTHBHble J
K03~cjlttuttettTh! KOttl.leHTpautttt nptt pac1!!:iKetttt11 - cma1HH. Hs rpacfittKOB ,
(pttc. 370 H 372) BH)lHO, 'ITO 3Ha'leHH!! 9~~eKTHBHhlX KOs<jJcfiHUHeHTOB npH
pacTRJKeHttll - cmaTHH HecKOJI&Ko npesbI!lla101 TaKOBhle nptt Msrtt6e. Bo·
.11ee IlOJIHble ].\aHHble o K09cfi~HUHeHTax KOH!.leHTpaUHH H qysCTBHTeJibHOCTH
K KOH!.leHTpautttt ttanpsrmettHH npHse1.1eHbl B CTpHJIOJKeHttH 2.
8JIHRHHe COCTORHllR nosepXHOCTH. Ha npeneJI BblHOCJIHBOCTH cy~e·
CTBeHHOe BJIH!!HHe OK33b!B3e1 COCTORHHe nosepXHOCTH )leTaJIH HJIH o6pa3·
ua. 3TO 06'bHCHRe1csr TfM, qTO Ha noaepxHOCTH IlO'ITH acer,a,a HMeI01 MecTO

588

1 '
 ¡¡ecjJeKTbl, cBsr3aHHb!e e Ka'!eCTBOM ee MeX~Hll'!eCKOI\ o6pa60TKH, a T3h)I e
e Küpp03Helí non BJJHHHHeM OKpyJKa10!l(eH cpeJlbl. Do3toMy ycTa.rocrm,ie
1 rpeW.HHbl, KaK npaB!lJIO, Ha'lHHaIOTcsr e noBepXHOCTH, a DJIOXoe K34€C1BO
¡,oc.~e¡¡Helí npHBOJlHT K cHm!{eHHIO npe).\eJia Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH.
¡ BJiirn1rne Ka'!eCTBa MexaHH'lecKOlí o6pa6oTKH noaepxHocTH ua Bb!lIOc-
HIBOCTb MOR{HO oueHHTb HeKOTOpb!M K03cjlcjJHUHeHTOM ~ ...,;;: 1, KOTorr» ¡¡
paaeH OTHOlueHHIO n pe).\eJia BbrnOcJIHBOCTH HcnwryeMoro o6pasua e onpe-
ne1enttolí o6pa6oTKOA noBepXHOCTll K npe¡¡eJiy Bb!HOCJillBOCTH T!l(aTeJihHO
~,~n.rnpoBaHHoro 06pa3ua. Ha pHc. 373 npHBe)l.etta saaHCHMOCTb Ko<icjlcjJH-
1 :rrieHTa ~ OT npeneJia npO'!HOCTH )lJIH pa3JIH'!Hb!X Bll)lOB o6pa6oTKll no-
FPpXHOCTll CTaJibHblX 06pa3uoa. KpHBall 1 COOTBetctayeT nOJittpoaaHHhJM
o6pa3uaM; 2 - lllJIHcjJOBaHHblM; 3 - o6pa3U8M e TOHKOH o6ro'IKOií; 4 -
o6pa3uaM e rpy6olí OÓTO'IKOlí; 5 - e HaJIH'IHeM OKaJIHHbl. 113 rpacjJHKa
Bll)lHO, '!TO npH rpy6olí 06TO'!Ke npe).\eJI Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH CH1!)!{3eTC51 na
40 %' a npH ttaJIH'IHH OKaJIHHbl - Ha 70 %.
jJ 11
2
0,8 3-
as ~
4
'
' ~

r--..
a4
0,2
--- 5_
-
'iOO ' 'lJ 800 f(l}O 12006 .Hl7a

Pnc. 373 Pnc. 374

8JJH51HHe K0pp03HH B npouecce HCnb!TaHHsr Ha npe).\eJI Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH

npu p0T3UH0HHOM H3rn6e noKaSaHO B BH).\e rpa<t>HKOB Ha puc. 374, f).\e no
OCH Op).\HHaT OTJIOJKeHO 3Ha'!eHHe K09cjlcjJHUHeHTa

CTK
~ =....::!,
K ª-1

BblpaJKaIOlll.ero OTHOllleHHe npe).\eJia Bb!HOCJlHBOCTH KOppOl.\HPOBaHHoro o6-

pa3ua ª~1 K npe)l.eJiy Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH nOJIHpOBaHHOrO o6pa3ua a_¡, a no
OCH a6cuHCC - BpeMeHHOe conpOTHBJieHne MaTepHaJia HCCJienyeMblX o6-
p83UOB. KPHBasr 1 xapaKTepu3yeT BJIHHHHe Koppo3HH B npecnolí Bone
npu HaJIH'IHH KOHUeHTpaTopOB Hanp!!R{eHHlí; 2 - B npecttolí BO)le npH OT·
cyrCTBHH KOHUeHTpaTopOB H B MOpcKOÜ BOAe npH HaJIH'IHH KOHUeHTpa-
u1rn; 3 - B MOpcKOH Bone npH OTCYTCTBHH KOHUeHTpauHH.
BJittllHHe nay3. Ha npe).\eJl Bh!HOCJIHBOCTH HMelOT BJIHHHHe nayshl
(11epepb!Bbl HarpyJKeHHH). l1Horna sa C'leT nay3 'IHCJIO UHKJlOB )lO pa3pyrne-
Hll!! yBeJIH'IHBaeTC!I Ha 15-20 % . YaeJIH'!eHHe '!HCJia UHKJIOB TeM 60Jibllle,
'leM '!a!l(e nay3hI H '!el\l OHH ¡¡JIHTeJibHee (nocJie)lHHlí ljlaKTOp BJI!rner
1 c.1a6ee).
'
f BJIHllHHe neperpy30K (HarpysoK, 60JihllIHX npe)l.eJia BhIHOCJIHBOCTn)
Ha BeJIH'IHHY npe).\eJia Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH 38BHCHT OT xapaKTepa neperpy3oK.
flptt MaJiblX neperpy3Kax no onpeneJieHHoro 'IHCJia UHKJIOB conpotHBJieH11e
ycraJiocrttoMy pa3pylllenmo nOBb!rnaerc11, nptt 60JibllIHX neperpy3Kax
nocJie- onpe)leJieHHOfO 'IHCJia UHKJIOB - TIOHHR{aeTCH.
BJIHHHHe TpeeepOBKH. EcJIH C03JlaBaTb B o6pa3ue Hanp11R{eHH11 He-
MHoro HHR{e npeneJia Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH, a 3aTeM nocreneHHO HX yBe.~H4HB8Tb,
TO conpOTHBJieHtte ycraJIOCTH MarepHaJia MOR{€T Ób!Tb cy!l(eCTBe1rno HOBbT-
WCHO, 3To HBJieHHe, Ha3bIBaeMoe TpeHHpOBKOH MaTepnaJ1a, llIHpOKO ¡,e-

51H
noJihsyeTC!! B TexHHKe. Oco~oro s<fl<fleKT8 MOlKHo nocTHrHyTbrnpH nocTe-
neHHOM yBeJrnqemrn neperpy3Kll. CTpu STOM ynpoqHeHHe MOlKHO noJiyqHTb
l
,1
¡\
t,'
np11 cpaBHllTeJibHO Kp8TK0BpeMeHHblX rpeHHpOBK8X (nop!!ll,K8 50 000 UHK·
JIOB), HO npu CHJibHblX neperpy3K8X.
1
8JIHSIHHe reMnepatyp¡,¡, CTp!!MeHnTeJibHO K o6brqHblM KOHCTpyKUHOH•
HblM MaTepuaJiaM nOBbillleHne TeMnepaTypbl npHBOJl,HT K CHHlKemuo npe-
)leJia Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH, a CHHJKeHHe TeMnepaTypbl - K nOBblIUeHHJO npenena
t1
Bb!HOCJillBOCTH KaK rJia)lKllX o6p83UOB, T8K H o6p83UOB e KOHUeHrpa-

ropaMH.llJIH cTaJIH npu TeMnepaTypax Bblllle 573 K e nOBblIUeHneM Ha K8lK· ~

1111r

J\ble 100 K npe¡¡eJI Bb!HOCJIHBocru na¡¡aeT Ha 15-20 % . OnHaKo

JVIH HeKOTOpbIX cTaJieit e noBblrneHneM TeMnepaTyphl oT 293 ¡¡o 573 K Ha·
6mo)laeTC!! HeKorapoe nOBblllleHue npe¡¡eJia Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH. i:ho IlOBblllleHHe,
nO-BHJlHMOMy, CB!!38HO e <jJll3HKO·XHMHqecKHMH npoueccaMH, npoTeKaIOmR· '
Mii B M8TepH8Jie no)l o¡¡HOBpeMeHHb!M B03Jl,eitcTBHeM TeMnepaTyp¡,¡ H URK·
Jlli'l€CKHX HanpsnKeHHii. BJJHSIHHe KOHUeHrpauuu HanpSIJKeHHii Ha Bb!HOC•
JIHBOCTb, K8K npaBHJIO, e nOBblIUeHHeM TeMnepaTypb! yMeHblll8eTC!!.
CTpH noH11JKeHHH TeMnepaTypbl OT 293 no 83 K npeneJI BbIHOCJIHBocre
y HeKOTOpb!X CTaJieit yaemrquaaeTCSI 6oJiee qeM BJlBOe, XOTSI y ¡¡apHaSI BSIS·
KOCTb npH 9TOM cymeCTBeHHO na¡¡aer.

20.4. PaclfeT Ha npOlfHOCTb npN noayOpHo·nepeMeHHblX Harpy3K8X

CTpH npoCTb!X BHJl8X ¡¡e<jJOpM8UHH ¡¡eT8JIH, pa6oTaIOmeii npu CHMMeT·

puqHQM UHKJie, HanpnMep, np!l UHKJIHqeCKOM pacT!IJKeHHH - ClK8THH HJIR
usr116e H <jlaKTHqecKH )l.eikTBYIOmeM 3H8KOnepeMeHHOM Hanp!!JKeHHH ªª'
3anac npoqHocru MOJKHO onpe¡¡eJIHTb no <jlopMyJie

(<J_¡K)d
na= '
ªª
rne (<J_¡K)d- npe¡¡eJI Bb!HOCJIHBOCTll Jl€T8JIH npH pacTmKeHHH - ClK8THR
HJill 113rH6e, KOTOpblH MOlKeT 6b!Tb onpe¡¡eJieH no npe1.1eJiy Bb!HQCJillBOCTll
Jia6opaTOPHblX IlOJlllpOBaHHb!X o6pasuoe (<J_1)do e yqeTOM a<jJ<fleKTHBHOíO
K03<jlcjmUHeHT8 KOHueHrpauHH (ka)d, M8CIUTa6Horo <jlaKTOpa ea, COCTOSIHHSI
nosepXHOCTH H cpe¡¡bl, xapaKTepu3yeMblX COOTBeTCTBeHHO KOa<jJ<jlnuHeHT8MH
13H j3K, no <jlop MY JI e
1
'•

B CJiyqae CJIO:lKHOfO 11anp11JKeHHOro COCTO!!HHSI COfJ18CHO (20.9)

HJIH corJiaCHO (20.6)

(20.17)

Tor¡¡a, yq11Tb1Ba11, qTo Ko3<jl<jl11uueHTbl 3anaca npoqHocru

(<J_¡K)d
na=

690

••
'
na OCHOB3HHH (20.17) noJJyqaeM
1 1 1
n' = n2
o
+ n2' 't

OTKYAª sanac npo•IHOCTH npH CJIO.tKHOM HanplDKeHHOM COCTORHHH e>npe)le·

l!HTCH 4JopMyJIOH

(20.18)

B cJJyqae onpe,D;eJJeHHR sanaca npo'I·

HOCTH npH aCHMMerpH'IHOM UHKJie H J11060M
1rn,¡¡e UHKJIH'leCKOro narpy>KeHHH (H3rH6,
pacTR>KeHHe - C>K3THe, KpyqenHe) MO>KHO
HCXO,ltHTb H3 CXeM3TH3HpOBaHHOH AH3·
rpaMMhl npe,D;eJJbHhlX HanpH)l{eHHH .llJIR
fJ18,ltKHX o6pa3UOB (pHC. 375), npe,¡¡cra·
BHB ee B BH.llé npHMOH, npoxo,¡¡!lrueii qepes ~
roqKH A H B e KOOPAHHaT~MH O, 0_1 H
o/2, 0 0, ypasneHHe Koropofi HMeer BH.ll
0 max = 0 -1 + Oo - º-1
ºe = º-1 +
ºº2
PHc. 375
+ (l - 20_1 0~ ºº)Oc
0 max = 0 -t + (1 - 'ila) ºe• (20. 19)
r)le 'ila - K03cpqJHUHeHT qyBCTBHTeJibHOCTH MaTepHaJia K aCHM\letpHH UHKJia:

,¡, - 20_1 - Oo
'Ya- . (20.20)
ºº
ITpH .z¡;elfcTBHH KacareJibHbIX HanpH>KeHHH typasneHHe npe)leJibHOH
KPHBOll: MaKCHM3JlbHbIX HanpR>KeHHH no 8H8JIOrHH e (20.19) HMeer BHA

'tmax = 't_1 + (1- 'ili) 'te. (20.21)

3na'leHHR K03cpcjmuHeHTOB 'ila 11 'IJ, .D;JIR CTaJieii e pa3JIH'IHb!M BpeMeH-
HblM conpOTHBJieHHeM npHBe.z¡;eHhl HH>Ke.
a, Mna <jiª .¡.t
B

350-550 o
520-750
700-1000
1000-1200
0,05
0,1
0,2
~.o~
K10
1200-1400 Ó,25 0,15
I1pe.ue.1bHaR aMnJIHTY.D,ª HanpR>Ketil!lf ,¡¡JJR rJia,ltKOro o6pa3ua Ha oc-
11onaHHH (20 l 9) MO>KeT 6b1Tb Bblpll>KeHa 4JopMyJIOH
0 a = 0 max - 0 c = CT_ ¡ - 1¡,>ne·

591
 CTp!>)leJibHast aMnJIHTYJlª Hanp!DKem1A llJlst lletaJIH (a 3 K)d 6y)leT

Oa
(a aK) d = (ka) J1. =
11-t - 'l!Ja 11 o
(ka) J1. ' (20.22)
l
1
.
8 ypaBHeHHe KpHBOH npe)leJibHblX Hanp!DKeHHH llJlst ,D.eTaJIH (pnc. 376) MO· '
ll\eT 6b!Tb 3anHCaHO B BHne
'1
'

1
(omax>d = (oaK)d +ªe= (:a) JJ. + [ 1 - (k:;,!J.J O"G• (20.23) 1

)lllll onpelleJieHHst sanaca npoqHocTH ,11.era;m, Hanpll)l{eHHe B KoropoA

Ha ;¡H8rpaMMe npe¡¡eJibHbIX HanpmKeHHH (pnc. 377) xapaKrepH3yeTCll roqKoA

-,,
l'5" 1 i
"1J -;e
~
~
.¿
'""
1

Óc
~
1
Pnc. 376 Pnc. 377
!1
1

M e KOOPllHHa raMH a 3 , ªe•

Heo6XOJlHMo HaHTH KOOPJlHHaTbl roqKH N, Ha·
XOJlllIUeiicst Ha nepeceqeHHH .nyqa, BblX0,11.llIUero H3 HaqaJia KOOPllHH3T'
e KpHBOii npe¡¡eJibHblX Hanpst:lKeHHH ¡¡Jill neraJIH. Koop,11.nHaTbl roqKH N onpe· '¡
,11.e.JillTCst Ha cOBMeCTHoro paccMorpeHHH ypaBHeHHií KpHBoií (JIHHHH) AN
npe)leJibHblX Hanpst)l{eHHA llJlll ,D.eT3JlH

'
(11max, ) ª-1
k d = (ka) J1.
+(1-_!q_]a' (k 0.) )J. 0 (20.24)

H ypaB!leHHst Jiyqa

(20.25)

r¡¡e mrpnxaMH o6o3HatJeHbl reKy111ne KOOPJlHHaTbI.

Üp)l1rnara TO'IKH N, Jie;1rnrueii Ha nept>eeqeHHH npstMblX AN H ON, 6y.aeT
O)lHa H Ta >Ke, T. e.

HJIH

592
 on.y.~R uaxo)lHM a6cunccy TO'lKll N:

-------=-~1______
CJ O_¡O"
.
(J~ =
ªrnax
(ka),n -
11'a
- 1-j- -
J
- --------,-,.-.,----
(ka) rr 0 r11ax - Oc (ka) rr + 11 o 0 c ·
'"' ,_.
[ 0c (ka) )J,

Y'lHTb!BaR, qro 0 8 = ªrnax - o0 , nonyqaeM

ªe• = -(ka)-)J.-ª-1
-
ªe- - -
0 a + tPa 0 c
(20.26)

no¡¡CT3BJ!Rll STO 3Ha'leHHe CJ~ B (20.25) H o6o3Ha'lall STY Op¡¡mraTy (0~ 8 xl

qepe3 (o,K)d, HaXO,!lHM

TaKHM oGpa:ioM, OKOH'laTeJibHOe Bb!paiKem1e )lJill sanaca npo'lHOCTH

aanHwercll TaK:
(20.27)

AHanorHqHo npH RPY'leHHH

ni: (20.28)

OpH CJIO)KHOM conpoTHBJieHHH H HecHMMeTpH'lHOM UHRJIEI sanac npoq-

1 HOCTH MO)l{eT 6b1Tb onpe¡¡eJ!eH no <f¡opMyJie

nani:
J n= ,
Vn~+n~
"'
;
r )le na H ni; HaXO,!ll!T COOTBeTCTBeHHO no <f¡optiyJiaM (20.27) H {20.28).
Bb16op sanaca npo'lHOCTH npH pacqerax Ha ¡¡eifcrsHe nosropHo-nepe-
MeHHbIX Hallpl!)l{eHHil 33BHCHT OT TO'lHOCTH onpe¡¡eJieHHl! YCHJIHH H Hanpll·
)l{eHHii, or O.UHopo.UHOCTH MarepHaJia, Kaqecrsa o6pa6oTKH J¡eTaJIH H APY·
rHx cpaKropos. OpH nOBbillleHHOii TO'lHOCTH onpeJ¡eneHHll Hanpl!)l{eHHii
(B 'laCTHOCTH, o HCílOJlb30BaHHeM TeHSOMeTpHpOBaHHll), O,ll;HOPOllHOM Ma·
TepHaJie H Ka'leCTBeHHOil o6pa60TKe npHHHMaIOT sanac npoqHOCTH n =
= 1, 3- 1,4.
)lJill 06bl'lHOil TO'lHOCTH onpe¡¡eJieHHll YCHJIHH H yMepeHHOii O,!lHOPOA·
HOCTH MarepHaJia n = 1,44 - 1,7. OpH IlOHH)l{eHHOH TO'lHOCTH onpe.uene·

i f!Hl! ycHJIHH H Hanp¡¡)l{eHHH, a TaK)l{e IlOHH)l{eHHOH O,!lHOpO,ll;HOCTH MarepHa·

na n = 1,7 - 3,0.
OcraHoBHMCl! na nopl!,!lKe npoe1emupo&ott1toeo pacttema Ha BbIHOCJIHBOCTb,
n:rnpttMep, lllTOKa noparnesoro JlBHrareJil!, Kor¡¡a ¡¡aHbl HarpysRH, J¡eiicTBY·
, IOIUHe Ha npoeKTHpyeMyIO ,!leTaJib (Pmax H Pmin); sa¡¡aH MaTepHaJI, T. e.
HJBecTHbl ºª' ºT' a_¡, 1Pa; H3BeCTH3 TeXHOJIOfHl! o6pa6oTKH J¡eTaJIH; H3Be·
creH THíl KOttuenrparopa (npe.unoJIO)KHM, sa.uan ¡¡HaMerp nonepeqHoro orsep·
cm¡¡ B .aeranH 6) H rpe6yercl! onpeJ¡eJIHTb pasMepb! ¡¡eTaJIH. DpH peweHHH
noc 1a s.~emrolf 3a¡¡a'IH npe*¡¡e seer o ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT onacHoe ceqeHHe ¡¡eTaJIH,
KOTOpblM, O'leBH)lHO, 6y¡¡eT ceqeHHe B Mee Te KOHue HTparopa. TaK KaK COOT·
HOlllE.'HHll ,llHaMeTpa OTBepCTHl! KOH!ll'lllparopa H ,!lHaMeTpa caMoií ¡¡eraJIH llP·
H3Be,· r !lb!, CJie¡¡yeT 33,!laTbCH reopeTH'leCKHM K03cpcpHuHeHTOM KOHU.eH rpamtH

S9J
 a 0 11 .l(Jlll .na1rnoro MaTepHaJia no H3BeCTHOMY (a 8 ) H3 rpacjJHKa (pHc. 367)
np11 )\3HHOM (l(J orrpe)\eJIHTb K09cjlcjJHuHeHT llYBCTBHTeJibHOCTH MaTepHaJia
K KOHlleHrpauHH HanplliKeHHii q(J, a SaTeM no cjJOpMyJie

(k 0 ) d = J + Qa (CI 0 - !)
HailTH SHa'leHHe scjJcjleKTHBHOro K09cjlcjJHUHeHTa KOHueHTpaUHH. 113 rpa4JH·
Ka (pttc. 373) HaXOJtllT sttat1ettHe KosrjxjrnutteHTa fl, xapaKTepHsyroruero
Ka4eCTBO o6pa60TKH nosepxHOCTH. 3a.naBll!HCb KOScjJcjmuHeHTOM e, yt1HTbl·
BaIOUlHM pa3Mepbl, onpe¡J,eJilllOT scjJcjJeRTHBHblii K09cpcjJHuHeHT KOHueHrpaUHH
JteTaJIH
= (kcr)d
(k cr ).L1. efl •
3aT<'M, 33J13BlllHCb K09cpcpHuHe•JTOM 3anaca npot!HOCTH n(J, no cjJOpMyJie

n = ª-1 = ª-iF 1

cr (kcr) .L1. ª• + '1'cr 0

c (k ) Pmax - Pmin + •h Pmax + Pm!n 1

(J .L1. 2 'f (J 2 1 !
HUOJlllT nnorua.n& nonepet1Horo cet1ettHll AeTaJIH

F = ncr [ (k ) Pmax - Pmin + 'l!J Pmax + Prn!n]

ª-1 (J }]. 2 (J 2
H ee JlHaMerp

d= V~·
CTo OKOH'laHHH pact1eTa He06XO)lHMO npOBepHTb npaBHJlbHOCTb Bblt5-
pa HHOrO K09cjJcjrnuHeHTa e no rpacjJHKY (pHc. 369) npH H3BeCTHOM Tenep&
¡waMeTpe .aeTaJIH d. B cnyt1ae pe3KOro pacxOiK.IleHHil nonyt1eHHOro 3Hat1e· J¡
l H1rn e e npHHl!TblM paHee pacGeT Heo6xo.nHMo YTO'lHHTb.
B cnyt1ae npooepOIJHDeO pac1Jema H3BeCTHhl cjJopMa H pa3Mepbl ,¡¡eTaJIH
l
(npe)lnOJIOiKHM, pet!b H,lleT o KpyrJIOM cTyneH'laTOM CTepiKHe, no.nBepiKeH·
HOM oceBOH nOBTOpHo-nepeMeHHOH Harpy3Ke e sa,¡¡aHHOH acHMMeTpHeA
IlHKJia); 33)\3Hbl MaKCHMaJibHblH ,¡¡HaMeTp d H paJlHYC sa RpyrJieHHll r B MeC·
Te conplliKeHHll pa3HblX JtHaMeTpOB BaJia; H3BecTeH MaTepHaJI )(etaJIH
(0 8 , aT, a_¡) H Kaqecrso ee MexaHHt!ecRoil o6pa6oTKH. Tpe6yeTcll onpe.ne·
JIHTb .nonycRaeMoe ycttJitte, KOTOpoe MO)Ker BbI.uepiKaTb .aeTaJih. Peruan.
IlOCTaBJieHHYIO 33.l(aqy CJie.uyeT B T8KOM nopll)lKe.
1. YcTaHOBHTh reopeTH'leCKHii KOscjJcjJHuHeHT KOHUettrpaUHH non&· ~
3Yl1Cb, HanpHMep, rpacjJHKOM, npHBe.iteHHbIM Ha pHc. 372.
2. no rpacjJHKY (pHC. 367) ttaiiTH K09cpcpHuHeHT t!YBCTBHTeJibHOCTH
K KOHUeHTpauH!i ganplliKeHHii qa. "
'!
¡ 3. Onpe.nenHTb scjJcjleKTHBHhlil K09cjlcjJHUHeHT KOHueHTpauHH 1
I' (kcr)d = 1 + Qcr (Clcr - !),
4 no rpacpHKY (pHC. 369) HaHTH K03cjJcpHuHeHT BJIHllHHll a6COJllOT-
Hb1X pa3MepOB e.
5 Oo rpacjJHKY (pHC. 373) onpe¡¡,eJIHTb K09cjlcpHUHeHT f\, Yt!HTblBa!OW.HA
Ka'leCTBO o6pa60TKH noBepXHOCTH.
6 HailrH scjJcjJeKTHBHblil K09cpcpHUHeHT KOHrleHTpauHH HanplllKeHHli
.nm1 .ueraJI11

594
 7 3a)l,aTbCll K09<jl<fJHrtHeHTOM eanaca npO'lHOCTH n(J.
8. Onpe,lleJlHTb 8MilJlHTYil.Y Hanpll>KeHHH, HCXO)l,ll HS lPOPMYJibl

06bl'lHO ,ll;JIH HeKa'leCTBeH!lbIX CT8Jiefi "l'cr = o, TOr .z¡;a

11-1
ªª = ncr (kcr)JJ.. ·
9. Onpe.zi;eJJHTb AOnycKaeMoe aMilJIHTYil.HOe ycH11He

rcd2 ª-1
Pa = Fm1n°a =4 n (k } •
cr cr'JJ..
10. HaPiTH cpe,¡¡nee yCHJIHe

l+R
Pe= Pa 1-R
11. Onpe.zi;eJJHTb MaKCHM8JibHOe H MHHHM8JlbHOe ~CHJIHe UHKJia

Pmax = Pa + Pe;
Pmin = PmaxR·

HaKoHeu., paccMoTpHM nopniJ01e onpeiJe11e1-1un aanaca npo•mocmu )l,JIH

BparuaIOruerocll KpyrJioro rpy6'1aToro BaJia e nonepe'!Hb!M OTBepcTHeM )l,Jill
CM83KH {), HCílb!TbIBaIOruero nepeMeHHb!H H3rH6 npH CHMMeTpH'lHOM l.\HKJ/0
e sa,¡¡aHHblM Mmax = M 8 coBMeCTHO e nepeMeHHbIM Kpy'leHHeM e M Kp max
npH HSBecTHOH acttM11erpHH U.HKJia R. HsaecTeH Hapy>KHbIH D H BHyrpeH·
HHH d )l,HaMeTpbI BaJia, MaTepHaJI BaJia (aB, ªT' ª-tt
'L1). a TaKiKe Ka'leCTBO
MeXaHH'leCKOH o6pa60TKH noBepXHOCTH BaJia.
3a)l,a'ly c11e.ayeT pe!llarb B TaKOM nop11)1,Ke.
1. Onpe,¡¡eJIHTb HOMHHaJibHbie HallplliKeHHll B BaJie OT H3rtt6a H Kpy-
'1€HHll (pas)l,eJibI 9.1, 10.1)

Mmax
0 max=--¡¡r-;

0a = 0 max• ªe = O;

MKP max.
Tmax = W '
fl

Tmin = RTmax;

Tmax - Tmfn.
Ta= 2 ,

'te=
Tmax +2 'mfn
 l
2. Onpe.ueJ111Th K09cpqmu.11eHT KOHU.€HTpau1111 np11 11srH<5e np11 113BeCTHOM
fJ/D (pile. 188).
3. Onpe.ueJIHTh no rpacpHKY (p11a. 367) np11 Halí.uettttoM etcr 11 H3B€CTHOM
ºe KO&cpcp11u11eHT 'IYBCTBllT€JlbHOCTll K KOHUeHTpau.1111 HallPlliK€HllH q(}' ll
HaHTH 9cpcpeKTHBHhllí K09cpcp11U.H€HT KOHU.€HTpau.1111 np11 H3rH6e

kcr = 1 + qcr (et 0 - 1).

4. Bh16paB no rpacp11Ky (p11c. 369) e, a no rpacp11Ky (puc. 373) - fl,

onpe,¡¡eJIHTb 3cpcpeKTllBHhlH K03cpcp11u.11e11T KOHU.eHrpau.1111 ,llJll! .aeTaJIH

ka
(kcr) .n = efl •

6. Onpe.ueJillTh sanac npot1HOCTH np11 11ar116e no cpopMyJJe

{TaK KaK ,!lJill paccMaTpHBaeMoro cJJy'lall a 0 =O).

6. YcTaHOBHTb K09cpcp11u.11eHT KOHU.€HTpau1111 np11 Kpyt1eHHll ª-r• a TaKme,
DpllHllB q't """q(}', onpe,n:eJJHTb scpcpeKTllBHhlil: K09cpcp11u.11e11T KOHU.eHTpau.1111
np11 Kpyt1e111111
1
\
OpHHllB re me s11at1e1111ll e 11 fl, '!TO H np11 11sr116e, HBHTH scpcpeKTHB·
t HblH K09cpcpHU.H€HT KOHll.€HTpau.HH .IlJlll ,n:eTaJJH np11 Kpy'leHHH
'
L k'I: ,.
(kT) .n =e~.

1. Onpe.ueJJHTh sanac npo'IHOCTH np11 Kpyqe111111

't'_¡
ni: = (k-r) .n" a + \Ji-r'te •

8. Bhlt1HcJJHTb 06rn;11tt K09cpcp11u11e11T sanaca npot111oc111

ncrn-r
n=-,=;==
Vn~+n~·
B Op11JIOiKeHHH 1 np11Be,¡¡eHhI .aa11111>1e o npe.ueJie BhlHOCJI 11aoc111 oc-
HOBHhlX KOHCTPYKUHOHHblX MaTepHaJlOB.

20.5. noHRTH8 O ManOU,HKnOBOM ycranOCTH MarepHanoa

Bo Mttor11x peaJihHhIX llHiKeHepHbIX KOHCTPYKll.HllX 11a6mo.uae1c¡¡ pas·

pyweHHe llOCJie OTHOCHTeJibHO He60JibWOro 'IHCJia ll.HKJIOB HarpylKeHHll,
Bh!paiKaeMoro 11ecKoJihKllMll ThlCllt1aM11. Op11 !lTOM s Ma1ep11aJie Moryr npo·
HCXO)\llTb l!BJl€Hll ll, THílll'IHble .IlJl5! ycraJIOCTll (B03HHKHOB€Hlle H pa3BH·
THe rpew.1111b1). Oo9TOMy pa3pywe1111e Marep11aJia np11 cpaBHllTeJibHO ue·
6oJibWOM 'lllCJie U.llKJIOB HarpyiKeHlll! (10 2 - 105) Ha3blBalOT MGA0l{UKA060ª
ycmaAocmb10 3ro l!BJil!eTC51 onpe)leJieHHhlM ynpow.e1111eM, raK KaK .UJI5! KOH·
3
crpyKU.HOHHblX ilJlBCTH'IHblX MarepHaJIOB np11 'IHCJie ll.llKJIOB ,¡¡o 10 -

596

1 1
 - 2 . 104
MOlKeT HMeTb MeCTO KBa3HCTaTHqecKoe pa3pyllleHHe. PaqpJ [!'P-
1 uHe OT MaJJOUHKJJOBOH ycraJJOCTH 06brqHO npOHCXO)lHT npH 3Ha<!HTeJli llOi\
11 (oKOJIO 1 %) nJJaCTH'leCKOli ll,HKJJH'leCKOH )l.ecjJopMBUHH B MaKpoo6ñt Ma '(
' paccMarpHBaeMoro 9JJeMeHTa KOHCTPYKU.HH.
Pac•ieTbl <MeMeHTOB KOHCTPYKU.Hli Ha MaJIOll.HKJJOBYIO ycraJJOCTL (a-
1 3ttpYIOTCll Ha 9KCnepH'lleHT8JlbHblX )l.aHHblX 113yqeHHll 3aKOH0MepHoc félÍ
conpOTHBJJeHHll )l.ecpopMHpoBaHHIO H pa3pyllleHHIO npu ll,HKJJHqecKOM ynpy·
ro-nJJaCTHqeCKOM )lecpopMHpOBaHHH, a TaKiKe HCCJie)l,oBaHHllX KHHeTJlhH
HeO)lHOPOJlHOfO Han PlliKeHHO-)l.ecjJopMHpoBaHHoro COCTOllHH ll " HaKOnJJe·

11 '
t HHll noBpe)K)l.eHHli B 30HaX KOHll,eHrpall,HH -
weHHll.
Mecrax BepOllTHoro pd3py·

Con poTHBJJeHHe MaTepnaJJOB ll,HKJIHqecKOMY yn pyro·ITJJ acrn<1ec1wM Y

1
,¡e.jJopMHpoBaHHIO o6brqHO H3yqa!QT npH O)l.HOpO)l.HOM HanplliKeHHOM co-
CTOllHHH, HCnOJib3Yll )l.Ba OCHOBHblX BH)l.a HarpyiKeHHll: MllrKoe - npH no·
CTOllHHOH aMnJJnTy)l.e HanplliKeHHli H iKeCTKoe - npu ílOCTOllHHOl! aMn-
,1HTYJle )l,ecjJopMall,HH.

80

a ó
Puc. 378

CTpou.ecc ynpyro·nJJacrHqecKoro ,¡¡;ecpopMHpoBaHHR npu MaJJOUHK.10-

BoM HarpyiKeHHH uccne)l.yercll o(5bJqHo nyTeM nocrpoeHHll nereJib rttcre-
pe3HCa B Koop)l.HHarax HanpRiKeHHe- )l.ecpopMaUHll. CxeMaruqecKoe npeJl-
craBJJeHne TaKHX neTeJib )l,Jlll yKa3aHHblX OCHOBHblX BH)l,OB HarpyiKeHHll
npnBe)l.eHo Ha puc. 378 (a - MllrKoe HarpyJKeHHe, b - >KecTKoe Harp)'iKe-
HHe), r,¡¡;e ll,Hcppb! yKa3b!BalOT Ha HOMepa UHKJIOB HarpyiKeHHll.
MllrKoe uarpyJKenue. Ha puc. 379 lliH! c.nyqall O)l.HoocHoro pacTR)Ke-
Hllll - CiKaTHll .O:HarpaMMa l{HKJIHqecKoro )l.ecpopMHpOBaHHSt npu MllfKOM
HarpyiKeHHH ílOCTpoeHd B OTHOCHTeJibHbllli KOOp)l,HH3TaX O
= <J/<JT; = B/8T.e
3.:¡ecb B KaqecrBe npe)l.eJia reKyqecru oT o<5bl•lllO npHHHMalOT npe)leJI npo·
noptlHOHaJibHOCTH B HCXO)l,HOM ílOJIYUHKJie, o6o::rnaqaeMOM HyJieBblM; eT -
OTHOCHTeJJbHall necpopMaUllst, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUBll npe)l.eJiy TeKy'leCTH (npo-
UOpU:HOHaJibHOCTH).
fhcJJe ncxo)l.Horo ¡¡;ecpopMHpoBaHnll OAB u pa3rpy3KH BC, peBep·
c>1sunro necpopMnposaHHll CDL u pasrpy3KH l.M o<5pa3yercl!, Boo6w.e
rosopl!, HeSaMKHyTall neTJJR ynpyro-nnacTH'lecKoro ,¡¡;ecpopMnpos aHnR nep-
soro noJJyUHKJia' ee urnpnHa o6o3Ha'!eHa qepe3 B<1l. OpH )laJibHeliu eM
llOBTopeHHH Harpy)KeHHll H pasrpy3KH llOJIY'IHM KpHBble UHKJIHIJeCKOrO
Ae<jioµ'11HponaHHll B pa3JIHqHbJX ílOJIYUllKJJax H COOTBeTCTBy!OlllHe HM ílc T1H
11111 ~ H HOli t)( k),

!:>'17
 ~
~I
nepexo.z¡; K lleJIHHei!HOM)' yqacncy .D;llarpaMMDI B k·M IlOJ?Yll,llKJle na~ -
11aeTC!J npH H8Ilp!!}l{eHH!!X H 11ecpopM8UH!!X, paBHbIX H oik) eJkl.
8-ru BeJfW-;
quubI !!BJIHIOTC!J npe.z¡;eJiaMH TeKyqecTH (nponopuHOH8JlbHOCTH) B .D;8HH<>il •
IlOJIYUHKJie H COOTBeTCTBYJOIUHMH HM .zi;ecpopMaUH!!MH.
B aaBHCHMOCTH OT CBOliCTB MaTepuana B npouecce UHKJIHqecKoro
ynpyro-nnacTnqecKoro 11ecpopMnpona HHH npe.zi;enN TeKyqecru (nponop.,
l UHOH8JlbHOCTll) H (jlopMa KpHBblX 11e(jlopMHpOB8HHst MoryT HSMeHstTbCJt;
! TaK, AJI!! 60JibIIIOro KOJiuqeCTBa MeT8JIJIOB H CilJiaBOB npu paCTst}l{eHHH <>6-
' pasua Hanpst}l{eHHeM, npeBbIIIIaIOrunM npe.zi;en TeKyqecTn (nponopuuonaJib·~
'>
' HOCTH) npu nocne.zi;yiorueli pasrpy3Ke u peBepcnBHOM ,aecpopMnpoBaHu11.
T. e. npu C}l{8THH, npe,aeJI TeKyqeCTH (nponopUHOHaJibHOCTH) OK83bIB8etta
Hu}l{e HCXOJlHOro. 310 lIBJieHHe, H8SBaHHoe 9cptfletcmOM Eaywu1-1eepa, H8•
6JllOA8eTCll ne TOJlbKO npu paCTSJ}l{eHHH - C}l{aTHH, HO H npu .z¡;pyrux Btl-
,ltax uanp1nKeHHOro COCTOllHHst.
1j

~I
G=Í . ~1,l 1

-roJ
6r ~ (0) 8 1111 11,

6
111

-o
_ (2n-1)
l
E,<yH - s
S=-
G.,
Puc. 379

.l{Jill o6'bllCHeHHH 9cpcpeKTa BayIIInHrepa 6hlJI npe.D;JIO}l{eH pll.z¡ Mo.zi;e-

neit Han6oJiee BepoHTHOH npuqnHOH H3MeHeHHll npe.zi;enoB ,ynpyrocT11.
nponopuHOH8JlbHOCTH H yCJIOBHOro npe,aena TeKyqecTH npu peBepCHBHOll
Harpy}l{eHHH, IlO·BH.D;HMOMY, llBJlll!OTCll OCTaToqHhJe opneHTHposaHUHe
MHKpOHanpll}l{eHHll, B03HHK8l01UHe B npe.uIIIeCTBYIOrueli ílJI8CTHqecKOli 11e-
(j¡OpMaUHH. ÜHH H cnoco6cTBYIOT 6onee paHHeMy B03HHKHOBeHHIO IlJI8CTH·
qecKOH ,aecpopMauuu npu nooTopHoli Harpy3xe ,apyroro 3HaKa. <

Mo,aeJib Ma3uura - o,aHa H3 nepBbIX Mo,aeneli. Ma3HHr paccMOTpe.11 ,

peBepCHBHOe )le:j:JopMHpOB8H1!e IlOJIHKpHCTSJIJIH.qecKoro o6pasua B npe11- - -
IlOJlO}l{eHHH, qro sepua, 06Jia)l,all aHH30TponneH CBOliCTB, pa3JIHqHbJM o6- .
pa30M opHeHTHpOBaHbl no OTHOIIIeHHIO K ,ae<!><>pMHpyiorueli Harpy3Ke, }f,e-
¡popMHpy!OTCll no-pa3HOMY H HMelOT pas¡¡uqHbJe npe,lteJibl TeKyqecTH. 3Ta ..~
Mo,aeJib Il09BOJIHJla yctaHOBHTb CJie,ayioruylO 38BHCHMOCTb npe.zi;e¡¡a TeKy· ~ ,1
qeCTH npu nepBOM peBepCHBHOM uarpy}l{eHHH AJill CHMMeTpHqHoro UHKJ18 •
OT BeJinqHHbl HCXOllHOro aanpll}l{eHHll B HyJiesoM IlOJIYUHKJie, T. e. OT CTe- ~
neHH npe,aIIIecTuyiorueli .zi;e(j¡opMauuu:

0(11 = 0eo¡ _ ;seo

f T
npu seo = 2
T '

r.z¡e sil) - npe.z¡;eJI TeKy'leCTH (npOílOpUHOHaJlbHOCTH) ílpH pa3rpy3Ke,

598
 OnH&KO, K8K nOK8-3aJJH MHoroqucJJeHHl:ile 9KcnepHMellTlil, llJlst MHOfHX
MaTepHaJIOB npe¡¡e¡¡ TeKyqecTH (nponopuHoHaJibHOCTH) npH p:r~rpysKe
11
S~) =/= 2. 3uaqeHHst ST ,!lJlst HeKOTOpbIX MaTepHaJJOB npHBeneHbI HfüKe.
H
!
'
i
MaTepuan ST a (:l A le•
' CTaJib
45 (HOpMMH30BllH118st) 1, 13 o 3,55 20-30
:1 1X18H9T {aycTeHHSallHll) 1,66 o., 15 1, 13 10
30XfC ~OT.lKHt) 1,61 0,03 0,90
30XfC 38KllJIK8, OTilYCK 953~ 1,34 0,01 1,2
30XfC (3aimJIK3, ornycx 633K 1,60 0,10 0,86
TeIIJIOyeToAtrnaaH 1,45 0,02 1,93
Cnnas
896 (ecTeCTBeHHoe CTapeHHe) 1,84 0,4 1, 15
AK8 (HcKyccrBeHHoe crapeHHe) 1,67 0,28 1,35

TipH nocnenyIOW.eM UHKJJHt!eCKOM ¡¡e<f>OP·

MHpOBaHHH conpOTHBJieHHe M8TepHaJJOB ynpy.
s.-w,MfTa
ro·nJJ8CTHt!eCKOMY Ae<f>OpMHpOB8HHIO HSMeHst·
eTCll, qTO Be,!leT K HSMeHeHHIO ne e¡¡eJJ8 TeKy•
qecTH (npom:>p~OH8JlbHOCTH) S~) (pHC. 379). f
1 C yBeJJH'leHHeM quena UHKJIOB 3T8 xapaKTe·
o
pHCTHK8 MOiKeT BE>SpacTaTb HJJH y6b!B3Tb
B saBHCHMOCTH OT CBOHCTB MaTepHaJJOB (pHC.
380; JJHHHst 1 COOTDeTCTByeT cnJiaBy .ll.16, 2 -
CTaJIH 30X fCA). lisMeHlleTCst OH8 H B SaBH·
CHMOCTH OT creneHH HCXOllHOfO ¡¡ecpopMHpOBa·
HHll ecº>. O¡¡HaKO ,!lJlst npaKTHt!eCKHX pacqe. o 80 !60 /(
TOB 06bI'lHO npHHHMaIOT, qTo npe¡¡eJJ TeKy·
IJeCTH (nponopUHOHaJJbHOCTH) He 33BHCHT OT Puc. 380
IJHCJia UHKJJOB H CTeneHH HCXO,!lHOfO Aecpop·
MRpOBaHHst.
ÜCHOBHbIM napaMeTpOM B HccJie¡¡oBaHHllX MaJIOUHKJIOBOil: ycraJIOCTH
npH MllfKOM HarpyiKeHHH llBJ!steTcst ll!HpHHa neTJIH rHcrepesHca - nJJaCTH·
3c
1JecKast (ocTaTO'lHall) )le<f>opMauHst 2n-I) ¡¡Jist HeqeTHbIX H 6<
2n) )lJ!ll 'leTHbIX
nrlJlyUHKJIOB (pHc. 379). PasHOCTb umpHHbl neTeJib B JlBYX coce¡¡HHX nony·
u JKJJaX xapaKTepnsyeT HaKOílJieHHYIO sa Ul!KJI O,lll!OCTOpOHHIOIO nJJaCTR'ieCKylO
!ltcpOpMaUHIO.
KuHeTHKa HSMeHeHHll urnpHHbI nerJIH e qucJJOM uHKJJOB pasnuqua .z¡Jlst
pa3Hb!X MaTepHaJIOB. )lJill UHKJIHqecKH ynpo'lHlllOIUHXCst MaTepHaJJOB (Ha·
npuMep, CTaJJH 1Xl8H9T, aJJIOMHHHeBbIX cnnaBOB 896, Jll6T, A.LI.33,
A 1(8) ll!HpHHa neTJJH e qucJJOM UHKJlOB yMeHblllaeTCst, a HaKonneHHast
n npouecce UHKJJHqecKoro Ae<f>opMHpoB&HHst nnacTuqecKast ¡¡ecpopMaUHst
crpeMHTCH K HeKOTopolf npe,neJ.IbHOil BeJIH'lHHe • .ll.JJst TaKHX MarepHaJJOB,
KaK nOK33blBalOT 3KCnepHMeHTbl, H3MeHeHHe ll!HpHHhl neTJJH e qHCJIOM no·
JIYU.HKJIOB XOpOlllO OilHChlBaeTcst 38BHCHMOCTblO
.
'
(20.30)

f)le napaMeTp a >o !laBHCHT OT M8TepHaJJa H HCXO,!lHOH )lecpopMauHH H B03·

pacTaer e ysenuqeHlleM nocne¡¡ueil:. 8 nepBOM npn6JJH>KeHHH, o¡¡HaKo, ero
cqHTalOT nocTOstHHbIM.

599
 lllHpHHa neTJIH B nepBoM IlOJIYUHKJle saBHCHT OT Ha'laJlbHOH ¡¡ecpüpMa-
UHH e(O) H npell,eJla TeKy'leCTH S~I) H ílpH CHMMetpH'IHOM UHKJie Harpy)KeHHll
MOiKeT CÍhlTb npe¡¡cTaBJieHa Bb!paiKeHHeM
1
l
io> = A ( i<O> - ~). (20.31)

' 3¡¡ech A - KOHCTaHTa MaTepHaJia, xapaKTepHsyioruall conpoTHBJieHHe ¡¡e-

cpopMHpoBaHHIO B nepBOM IlOJIYUHKJie. 1
B CJIY'iae uHKJ1Ht1eCKH pa3ynpot1HHIOIUHXcH MaTepHaJioB (HanpHMep, j I
TeílJIOCTOHKHX CTSJieli, qyryHoB) ll!HpHHa neTJIH a 'IHCJIOM ílOJIYUHKJIOB yBe- j
JIH'IHBaeTCH, a T8K>Ke yBeJIH'IHBaeTCH cyMMapHaH ¡¡e<f¡opM8UHH. 3aBHCH·
MOCTb ll!HpHHbl neTJIH OT 'IHCJia ílOJIYUHKJIOB ,ltOCTaTO'IHO xoporuo OílHCb!Ba-
j'
eTCH Bblpa>KeHHeM .
~<k> _ ~<l>etl<k-1), (20.32) 1

r¡¡e ~ - KOHCTaHTa MaTepHaJia, 18BHCHIUall OT creneHH HCXO)l,HOro ¡¡e¡pop-

MHpoBaHHH •
.ll.JIH HeKoropbIX MarepHaJioB KoHctaHTbl a, ~. A npHBe¡¡eHbl Bhlrue.
B CJiyqae UHKJIHt!eCKH CTaCÍHJlbHblX M8TepH8JIOB(HanpHMep, cpe,!!Heyrne-
po)l,HCTblX H aycreHHTHblX CTaJieli) llIHpHHa neTJIH ynpyro-nJiaCTHt!eCKoro
rHCTepe3HCa npaKTH'leCKH He saBHCHT OT 'IHCJia UHKJIOB ¡¡ecpopMHpoBaHHH.
IlpH pa3JIH'IHOli llIHpHHe nereJib B qeTHblX H He'leTHblX noJiyUHKJiax npoHCXO•
J¡HT O)l,HOCTüpüHHee HaKOílJieHHe Ae4JopMaUHH • .ll.JIH MaTepHaJioB, CTaCÍHJIH•
8HPYIOIUHXCH npH onpe¡¡eneHHOM 'IHCJie IlOJIYUHKJIOB k =
k*' llIHPHHa
nerJIH onpe¡¡emieTCH no cpopMyne (20 30) npH k k* •-=
.ll.eJieHHe MaTepHaJIOB Ha UHKJIH'ieCKH ynpOt!HHIOlll.HeCSJ, CTaCÍHJlbHble
H pa3ynpo'IHHIOIUHeCH HeCKOJlbKO YCJIOBHO, TaK KaK ílOBe)l,eHHe onpell,eJieH· ~I
Hora Marepna.na npH UHKJIHt!eCKOM ¡¡ecpopMHpoBaHHH 3aBHCHT OT TeMnepa· ~
Typbl, ero HCXOll,HOro COCTOHHHH (HaKJien, TepMooCípaCíOTKa) H Apyrnx ~
cpaKTopoB. HanpHMep, HaKnen - npe¡¡BapHTeJibHoe nnacTH'lecKoe Aecpop- 1111¡
MHpoBaHHe npH KOMHaTHoli TeMneparype - Be)l,eT K UHKJIHt!eCKOMY ,,
pasynpot1HeHHIO. To >Ke npoHcxo)l,HT H npH saKaJIKe. TaK t1ro B HecTaCíHJib•
HOM COCTOHHHH MaTepHaJI UHKJIH'leCKH pasynpot!HHeTCH. B TO iKe BpeMst
B CTaCÍHJlbHOM COCTOHHHH (üTiKHr) HaCÍJIIO)l,aeTCH UHKJIH'leCKOe ynpot1HettHe.
OnacTH'leCKHe CBolicTBa MarepHaJia nocne onpell,eJieHHoro 'IHCJia
UHKJIOB HarpyiKeHHH xapaKTepHsyeT cyMMapHaH ílJlaCTHt!eCKaH ¡¡e<f;opMa·
UHH, HaKOílJieHHall 3a k ílOJIYUHKJIOB ÜHa CBH38Ha e llIHPHHOH nerJIH
B qerHblX H Het!eTHblX UHKJiax (pHC. 379) BbipaiKeHHeM
n
e:<k> = e<º> _ 0<01 + ~ <- 1>k 6<k>. (20.33)
k=I
)l(ecrgoe uarpy¡¡¡eu11e. OpH raKHX HCilb!TaHHHX sa ct1eT nepepacnpe-
'
~
¡¡eneHHH ynpyroli H ílJiaCTH'leCKOli cocTaBJIHIOlll.HX ¡¡ecpopMauHH MaKcHMaJib·
Hble H8ílPH)KeHHH OT UHKJia K UHKJIY Moryr H3MeHHTbCH, B Ka'leCTBe npH·
¡ Mepa Ha pHC. 381 npHBe)l,eHbl pesyJibTaTbl HCnbITaHHH CílJiaBa 896
•• KHHeTHKa HSMeHeHHH MaKCHM8JibHblX HanpHiKeHHli 3aBHCHT oT cBolicTB

H MaTepHaJia H HaXO)l,HTCH B COOTBeTCTBHH e noBell,eHHeM pa3JIHt!HblX rpynn

MarepHaJIOB npH MHrKOM HarpyiKeHHH TaK, B c¡¡yqae UHKJIH'ieCKH ynpoq-
HHIOIUHXCH MarepHaJIOB npH iKeCTKOM Harpy>KeHHH aMnJIHTyAa HanplliKe·

ti
HHH BHa'laJie Bü3pacraer, a B cJiy'lae UHKJIHt!eCKH pa3ynpot1HH!OUJ.HXCH -
nocreneHHO CHH>KaeTCH. Ü)l,HaKO 9TH npoueccbl cpaBHHTeJibHO CÍbICTpo sa•
ryxaioT H MOiKHO roBopHTb o cyruecTBOBattHH npell,eJibHoro acuMnmomu11e-
crw20 paBMaxa HanpHiKeHHii, HJIH paaMaxa «fiaCbtW,eHUR», 3aBHCHruero or

l.t' pa3Maxa UHKJIH'!eCKOli ¡¡ecjJopMaUHH. ÜCÍbl'IHO OH CíepeTC!! npH t!HCJ!e UHK·

JIOB, paBHOM ílOJIOBHHe paspymaioruero, T. e. npH cpe¡¡Heii )l,OJlíOBe'IHOCTH.

11 t 600
ll I•
1
 PaspyweeHe npH l\HKRH'leCKOM ynpyro-nnacTH'leCKOM )l.e$opM11p0A.J·
888 • ConpoT11Bnee11e paspymeHlllO np11 UHKJJll'leCKOM ,ue<jJopMttpoBdHHH
eym.eCTBeHHO 38BllCllT OT xapaKTepa ttarpy:lKeHHll (MllrKoe HJJH :lKeCTKfle)
:1
H UllKJJl!'leCKllX )l.e$opM8UllOHHblX CBOliCTB M8Tep1!8JJ8.
' flpu MJleKOM naepytHCeHUU UHKJJl!'leCKH pasynpO'IHl!IOIUHXCll HJIH Cla·
611JJbHblX MeTaJJJJOB H8K8nJillB8IOTCll nJJaCTH'leCKHe ¡J,e$opM8Ullll, KOTor11~
MoryT np11BeCTll K JlBYM Tl!naM paspymeHl!ll -KB8311CT8Tll'leCKOMY H )CTci
nocTHOMy. KBas11cTaT11t1ecKoe CBH3aHo e BospacTatt11eM ocTaTo'IHbix 11e-
l}>opMaurrl\ )1,0 ypoBHll, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUero pa3pyllleHH!O np11 O,!(HOKpanIO\I
'I CT8TH'leCKOM Harpy:lKeHlll!. Pa3pymettll6 ycTaJJOCTHOro xapaKTepa CBH38•

'I

a 5
Pttc 381

HO e HaKonnettlleM noBpe:lK¡J,ettttif, o6pasoBatttteM nporpecc11py10W.HX Tpe·

IUHH npll cym.ecTBeHHO MeHblIIE'H nJJaCTl!'leCKOÜ ll,e<jJopMau1111. 803MO:lKHbl
H npoMe:lKyTO'IHble <jJopMbJ pa3pVIIIeHl!ll, KOrll,a o6pa3y!OTCH TpemH HbJ
ycTaJJOCTll Ha $oee 3aMeTHblX nJJaCTll'lecK11x ll,e<jJopMaurrl\
ll,l!KJlll'leCKll ynpO'IHlllOIUHeCl! MaTep!!aJJbl pa3pyIIIalOTCH TOJlbKO OT
VCTaJJOCTH 11.JJll HHX KpHBaH ycTaJJOCTll B llHTepBaJJe •rncJJa UHKJJOB JO¿-
¡ 04 ll,OCT8TO'IHO xopomo on HCb!BaeTCll 9Mn!!p11'1eCKllM ypaBHeHHeM

(20 34)

1 .ue U8 - aMnJJHTYll.ª Banp11:lKeHttll; µ - noKa3aTeJJb CTene1m; N - 'IHCJJo

UHKJJOB JlO pa3pyIIIellHH
11.nll KB8311CT8TH'leCKOro pa3pymeHHll B Ka'leCTBe Kp!!TepHll nepexo11a
B npell,eJJbHOe COCTOllllHe npHHHMBIOT BeJJl!'lllHY ll8KOnJJeHHOH nJJaG1H4l'
CKol\ ¡¡e<1JopM8Ullll e
8 (20.33) np!! UllKJll!'leCKOM Harpy11rnHllll 1 C001 Bl 1

601
 crny10my10 paspymeHHIO npH OitHOirpaTHOM CT3TH'leCKOM earpy:lKeHHH, 1

or e. 11

!
(20.35) I~
1,

3Ha• UHKJIH'!eCKlle napaMeTpbI MaTep11ana, H3 <lx>PMYJiiil (20.35) MOlK- 1

110 e yqeTOM Dblpa:lKeHHli )J,JI!I H8KOnJleHHOli AE$OPM3UHH (20.33) 11 ttñlpHHW 1

neTJill rllcTepesHCa (20.30) onpe)J,eJillTb )lJI!I 38)13HHOli aMnJillTYAbI HIDpll- 1

lKe1111li 'IHCJIO UHKJIOB ll,O paspymeHHll.

1

fl pu oteecmKO.M Haepy"'eHUU HeT HaKonJieHHll .11.E$DPM8UllJI:, lfTO HCKnIO·

qaer B03MO:lKHOCTb KB33HCT3Tll'leCKoro pa3py111eHHl1. 8 9TOM cnyqae BCe
Marep11anbl pa3py111a10TCll no ycranocrnoMy r11ny e 06pa3oaan11eM rpeinH11.
3KcnepHMeHTbJ e pa3JJH'IHb!Mll Marep11aJJaMll UOK83aJJH, lfTO 33BHCllMOCTH
M€:lKlJ.Y pa3M3XOM nnaCTH'!ecKOÍ! Ae<iJopMaUllH sa UHKJJ enJl = 2ea nn 11 'lllCJIOM
l
1
j
li

UllKJIOB )J,O pa3pymeHll!I B )J,BOÍ!Hb!X JJorapmjJMll'1€CKHX KOOp)J,llHarax ÓJJH3KH

K JJl!HeJl:11bJM. 3TO llBllJIOCb OCHOR3Hll€M ¡J,Jlll cJJe,lly101Uero 3Mil11pll'!eCKOrO • j
COOTHOlllellllll Me:lK)ly UHKJJHqecKOÍ! )lOJJfOBe'!HOCTblO N 11 pa3M3XOM nJJaCTH- ~I
qccKofi Ae<iJopMauH11 3a UllKJJ (cjJopMyJJa M311cotfa-Ko<P<1J1111a): ~

e 0 nNm = M, (20.36)
l. r¡¡e m11 M - KOHCTaHTb! Marep11ana.
iloKa3areJJb crenen11 m .l\JJll 6oJJblllHHCTBa Marep11anoB MO:lKllO npH·
Hl!Tb np116n113HTeJJb110 paaHbrM 0,5. nocro¡¡1111y10 M nerKo onpe,llen11r&
s npe,llnono:lKel!llll, qro <jJopMyJJa (20.36) cnpase)lJJl!Ba 11 np11 0)1110Kpar110M
11arpy:lKen1111 )J,O pa3pymemrn, T. e. np11 N = 1/4 11 enn = es, r)J,e Es -
1
HcnrnHa¡¡ ,ite<lJopMaUHll np11 crarHqecKoM paspbrne. Tor)la M = es H
2
(20.37)

C yqeTOM llCTlll!llOli )1,e<lJopMaUl!ll <iJopMyJia (20.36) IlpllHllMaeT Bll)J,

1 1 1
º
La nn -- _2 "nn
º -- 4 In ¡ _ 'l' N-o •5. (20.38)

YpaBHel!llll (20.36) - (20.38) MO:lKl!O Cql!TaTb OCHOBl!bJMI! 33Bl!Cl!MO•

CTl!Mll )J,Jlll oueHKll )J,OJlfOBe'!HOCTll np11 MaJJOM ql!CJJe Ul!KJJOB Harpy:lKeHl!l!,
Kor)J,a npeo6JJa)J.a10mee snaqeH11e 11Meer conporHBJJeHHe MarepHaJJa nna-
cr11qeCKllM )1,e<1JopM8Ulll!M.
C yaeJI11qeHlleM 'IHCJJa UllKJIOB )J,0 paspylllel!llll, T. e. C yMel!bllleHl!eM
pasMaxa nnacr11qecKoll: )1.e<lJopMau1111, ynpyraH qaCTb )J.e<jJopMaUHll craHO· 1

~;I
BllTCll COH3Mep11Moii e IlJJ3CTH'leCKoli. 8 CBl!311 e 3Tl!M npe¡J,JJOmel!b! Kpll•
rep1111 MaJJOUHKJJOBoro pa3py111eHHSI B ynpyr11x 11 cyMMapHbJX )le<lJopMa·
Ul!l!X.
ÜnbITbl co MllOfl!Mll Marep11anaMH nOK33b!B3IOT, qro B 06JJaCTH ,llO.~ro­
Be<JHOCTll 10-106 UHKJJOB llMeer M€CTO cne.n;yIO¡na¡¡ 3aBllCllMOCTb Me:lKAY '
pa3M3XOM ynpyroii )1,e<lJopMaUllll sa UHKJJ, BbJql!CJJel!l!OÍ! B pe3yJJbTaTe ll,e·
11e1111¡¡ acHMnroreqecKoro pa3Maxa eanpSI:lKeHHll (cooraercrayIO¡nero UHK·
n11qecKoli )J.OJJroaeqHocr11 N) Ha MDAYJJb ynpyroc 111 E, 11 q11cnoM UHKJJOB
AD pa3pymen11¡¡:
~1
>
(20 39) '
'
r;re L 11 x- nocroHlilible MarepHaJia. ' l;
J
602
;

l'1
 lfa ypaseetteA (20.36) H (20.39) JrlOJKeO nonyqHTb 3aBeCHMOCTL MelK-
llY pa3M8J:OM noJIHOH ¡¡e<tJopMaueH e ueKJIH'leCKott JlOJifOBe'leOCTblO

e = ll11.11 + lly = M Nm + El NK • (20.40)

8 o6nacre MaJlblX lOJlrOBe'leocrett oceOBH08 3Ha'!eHee HMeer nJiaCTll·

qeCK8ll ne<tJopMaueSI, TaK KaK ynpyraSI COCT3BJISI!Olll.3SI ¡J,e<jJopMau11e tte3H8·
qHTeJlbH8 H cy.MM:apeaSI JJ.e<f>OpMaQHSI aCHMilTOTH'leCKe npe6JIH)l{aercSI
K npSIMoA nnaCTH'leCKott COCT3BJISI!Olll.elt (peo. 382). flpe ÓOJibIIIex ll,OJlfO·
Be'IHOCTSIX CT3HOBeTCll tteseaqeTeJibeoll: poJib y6blB810lll.eA: nnaCTHqecKoft
ne<lJopMauee, B TO BpeMSI K8K ynpyraSI ¡¡e<1JopM3UHSI BCJie,llCTBee M8JIOiO
H8KJIOH3 neeee ll:y coxpaeSieT BblCOKOe seaqeHee; JieHllSI cyMMapHOH ¡J,e·
<jJopMauee aceMnroreqeCKe npe6Jie)l{aer-
CSI K npSIMott ynpyrott ne<tJopMaurre. ITe- lg~
pexo¡¡eaSI roqKa MeJK¡¡y JlBYMSI KpeBblMe
¡J,Jlll ÓOJibIIIeecTBa MarepeaJIOB eaxoneTCll
B OOJ!acre 104 ueKJIOB.
flpe ecnoJib30BaHee Kperepe51
(20.40), K3K nOK833Jie 3KcnepeMeeTbl,
Koecraerbl cnenyer npeeSITb TaKeMe:

m = 0,6; x = 0, 12; M = e~· 6 ; l = 3,5o8 , lgN

Pee. 382

CJieJJ. osarenbeo,

e = 2e8 = ( ln _l 'Y
1
)º• 6
N -O •6 + 3,5 ªe
E N -O' 12 • (20.41)

ITpe¡¡enbeylO ynpyry!D ¡¡e<jJopMaueio MO)l{HO Bblpa3eTb raKJKe qepes

napaMeTpbl Kpeaott ycranocre: npe¡J,eJI BbleocJJeBOCTH ª-! npe eb16paH·
HO\! 6asoBoM qecne ueKJJOB N {j e no Kas arene crenette Kp HBoif ycranocni
µ. flo)lCTaeeB are aeaqeeHl! B BblpaJKeeee (20.34), eal\¡J,eM 3Haqeeee KOe·
CT8HTbl B npasoA qacre ypaBeeHeSI
a 3 Nµ = a_ 1 N~.

Cne¡¡oaareJibHO, ycno&HaSI ynpyraa ¡¡e<tJopM3UHSI

eay =E
ªa =7
ª-1 NµN-µ
O • (20.42)

Ypaeeeeee Kpesoif ycranocrH np11 JKecrKoM earpy)l{ettee npHHHMaer

Be¡J, ~

(20.43)

9Mn11peqecKee <PopMyJThI (20.42) e (20.43) no3BOJJSIIOT (.1 )lOCT8TO'IHOii

TO'IHOCTblO ouetteTb JlOJifOBe'IHOCTb MarepeaJJoB B .llOBOJJbeo IIIHpOKOM ll,Ha·
na3otte nepeMee ynpyro·nnacraqecKex ¡¡e<tJopMauett.
TepMH'leCKaR ycranocr&. PaspyIIIeeee aJJeMeeroa KoacrpyKUHif MO·
lKeT Ób!Tb Bbl3B3HO )leifcTBeeM reMneparypHblX eanpl!JKeHllÜ OT noBToplllO·
11\HXCSI HarpeBoB e OXJl3JKJleHeif, o6ycJJoBJJeHHblX renJJOBbJM npoueccoM
MaIIIHHbJ H BttelllHHM aosneiicraeeM. TaKoe pa3pyIIIeHee neraneif nprr
cpaatteTeJJbHO ee6oJJbIIIOM qecne ueKJIOB (10 2-10°) H33blBalOT mepJtU~e-

603
Ta 6 JJ H u: a 58 XapaKTepHCTHKH l\HKJIOB noeTopuo-nepeMeHHoro earpyJKeHHR

Pmax + Pm1p
=
1

p
Q 2 Pmin
HaHMeuos8HHe UHKna Pmax Pmln R=- 1

Pmax -Pmfn Pmax

p =
a 2 11

I¡

1 ioCT051HHb!H
rrO;lOlKHTeJ!bHb!H Pe= Pmax =
~I
Ar!

r 1ecHMMeTpHqHbJH
Jj t
•
Pmax = Pm1n> O = Pmrn >0
Pa =0
R=+l

1TOJI OlKHTPJI 1' Hbl fi

Pmax >O Pe> O

~~JL
O<R<+l
Pmm>O Pa i= O

OyJJbCHDYIOll.\Htt
nOJJOlKH re;1bHb!H 1
Pmax> O Pe= 2 Pmax
R=O
Pmm=O 1
t\/\.LJ!.i Ps = 2 Pmax

HeCH\IMerp rrqHbli\

~
Pmax >0 Pe> O
-1 <R<O
'-L._
/jFJ1 t '-" ..
Pmln <O Pa =!=O

C11MMeTp11qHblii

~
p <{ Pmax =-Pmin Pa =0
R=-l
V'"\. / i\. t Pm1n <O Pa = Pmax
\. /
\.../
i
<.:

HecttMMeTpttq11blif

Pmall >O
Pe <O

f\!1Kl f
•
Pmin <O
Pmax < 1 Pmin 1
P8 =!= 0
-oo<R<-l

604
 fl poOOllJ/CeHUe ma611 58

Pmax + Pmin
Pe = 2 Pmln
HauMeuosauue UHKna Pmax: Pmin R=--
Pmax -Pmin Pmax
p
8
= 2
1

1 1
ITyJJbCHpy!Ol.l.i.H~
i1111 OTpHuareJJbHblH 1
Pmax =O
Pe= 2 Pmrn

[Tv
--="JI~
t Pm1n <O
1
P 8 =""f\Pmin1
R=-oo

HecHMMerp11qHblH
OTpHuareJJhHblH

Pe <O

wJr
Pmax <O +1 <R<
Pmm <O Pa =FO < + 00

f10CTOSIHHbIH
OTp11uaTeJJbHblH
Pmax = Pmin =

t Pmax = Pmm< O =Pe<O R=+I

r JI Pa =0

c1.oa ycma11ocmb10 HJJH mepAwycma11ocmb10, KOTopaSI SIBJJSieTCSI qacTHbIM

cJJyqaeM HeHsorepMHqecKOH MaJJOUHKJJOBOH ycraJJoCTH ConpoTHBJJeHHe
raKoMy BHlJ.Y paspyIIIeHHSI Ha3b!Ba!OT mep.MU'lecKoa npottHOCmb/O
Haa6oJJee nOJJHO repMHqecKaSI npoqHoCTh MarepHaJJa H ,n:eTaJJeft oue
HHBaeTCSI no pesy JJbTaTaM cneuHaJJbHblX UHKJJHqeCKHX HCnh1TaHHÍI no pe-
lKHMaM, npHÓJJHlKeHHO COOTBeTCTBylOIUHM THnHqHbIM 9KCnJJyaTaUHOHHblM
l\HKJJaM f1p11 11cnblraHHS1X MarepHaJJa ttarpyJKettHe o6pasua ocyruecTBJJSI-
eTcSI sa cqer crectteHHSI TenJJoBoro pacnrnpeHHSI npH ero UHKJJHqecKoM Ha
rpeBe (oxJJa>K,n:eHHH). HaH6oJJee pacnpocTpaHeHHOH cxeMoH HCnh1TaHHS1
llBJISieTcSI sarueMJJeHHe UHKJJHqecKH HarpesaeMoro o6pasua e BapbHposa
HHeM >KecrKoCTH ero saKpenJJeHHSI (.Memoo Kol/JqJUHa)
f1pH HCnb1TaHHSIX Ha repMHqecKylO ycTaJJOCTb CTpoSIT KpHBble ycTa-
JlOCTH (pHC 382) B Koop,n:HHarax pasMaX noJJHOH e HJJH nJJaCTHqeCKOH ern
.11ecjJopMauHH - qHc.~o UHKJJOB N ,uo paspyrneHHSI (o6pasosaHHSI MaKpo-
TPeruHHbI), a raK>Ke H3MeHeHHe HanpSilKeHHH e qHCJIOM UHKJJOB (noJJyUHK-
IOB) Harpy>KeHHSI npH ,n:aHHb!X MaKCHMaJJbHOH TeMnepaType UHKJJa, pa3·
Maxe TeMneparyph! UHKJJa, acHMMeTpHH UHKJJa H ¡J,JIHTeJJbHOCTH Bbl,n:eplKKH
B llHKJJe npH 9KCTpeMaJJbHOH TeMneparype

~1
 r n ABA 2t

P.+.C~ET HA YAAPHYIO HAfPY3KY

21.1. Pac'ler Ha YA•P npH oceaoM AeAcraHH uarpy3KH

1\ i 8Jill!IHHe y.D.apHoro ,llelkTBllH Harpy3Kll Ha BeJill'lllHY ,lle<lJopMall,llH HJIH

¡' Hanp¡¡>KeHll!I npllll!ITO ou,eHHBaTb KO!Jcf](/JUtiUeHmO.M auna.MU'tHOCmU
''
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kA=F""°' (21.1)
CT

rne licT- ll,e<jlopMau,n11 ynpyroro SJieMeHTa (pnc. 383, a) npe crartt'leCKOM

npeno>KeHttll uarpy3KH Q (npn nocreneHuoM yae·
Jlll'leHHH Harpy3Kll OT HYJill ll,O ee KOHe'IHOro 3Ha•
'leHHll) ¡ liA - .D.e<lJopMaUllll (pnc. 383, 6) npe ¡,rilap·
HOM npllJIO>KeHHll ttarpy3Kll (npeJJ,nOJIO>KHM, npa
nall,eHHH rpy3a Q e Bb!COTbl H) .
.[(llH8MH'leCK8H .lle<fJopM8UHH MO>KeT 6b1Tft'
• Bblpa>Ketta qepe3 craTll'leCKylO <PopMynott ¡
f)A = kA{jCT'

f1o attaJiorllH ycTaHOBllM CBSI3b Me>KJJ,y ,llllH8MH•

lleCKllM ll craTlllleCKHM ttanpSI>Kettttl!Mll:
Q
ªA= kAacT = kA F . (21.2)
f l
t
a ó
4ro6bl HOCUOJib30BaT&C!I <jJopMyJiott (21.2)
Pttc. 383 tteo6XO.llHMO 3HaTb KOS<lJ<lJHUllellT ,llllHaMll'IHOC•
Tll kA.
f1pll onpe)leJieHllH KOS<lJ<lJttUllettTa .llllll3Mll'IHOCTH llCXO,ll!IT 83 ,llony·
Ill,ellll!I, '!TO CfJJIBb .MetHCay YCU/IUJl.MU ll ae<flop.MatiUJl.MU coxpaHRemcJt oouna- '
K060tl "ª" npu cmamU'lectcotl P cT' maK u npu auna.Mu1tec1eoa P A naepy;r
Kax, T. e.
PCT
{jCT =- j
e
PA
{jA =-·
C

r.lle e= E Fil - >KeCTKOCTb crep>KH!I.

8&1BO.ll 4>opMyJibl .llJI!I onpe.11enettllSI Ko3!fxfmueeera lJ.llH8MH'IHOCTll 6a•
3npyerc11 Ha 38Kotte coxpaeellH!I sneprne. 113Mettenee norettu11an&noA·
stteprnll rpysa T np11 na,llenen e BbICOTbl H H npoxo>K.llettntt nyTH H + llA,1
6y.n:er
(21.3)

606
 noreeneanbHall seeprea ne~opMaUHH orep>KHll, HaKonneHHall npe
~nape, MO:>Ker 6b1Tb Bb1pa.lKeea qiopMynoii

U=-Pll=-·
l c«'l; 21 4
(.)
A 2 A A 2

Ha ocHOBaHHH 3aKOHa coxpaHeHHll sueprHH 3anHWeM

T=UA
llJIH

(21.5)

yqHTb!Ball, qro 6CT = Q/c, ~p8BHeHH6 (21.5) MO:lKHO npencraBHTb TaK:

{ji - 28CT6A - 2«'lcTff = 0,

ÜTCJO)la onpeneJJHM HeHsBeCTHylO JlHH8MffqecKylO ,!le~opM8UHIO

611. = 6cT ± V «'l~T + 2«'lCTH.

CoxpaHllH B COOTBeTCTBHH o ~H3HqeCKHM CMblcnoM 3a¡:¡aqH 3HaK nnioc,
nocneneioJO ~opMyny MO:>KeM npencTaBHTb B BHlle

«'lA=«'lcT(1+{1+~)· (21.6)

TaKHM o6pa3oM, B COOTBeTCTBHH e (21.2) H8XOJ1HM Bblpa:>KeHHe K09<j>-

~HUHeHTa JlHHaMHqHOCTH

EcJJH yqecTb, qTo H

kA = 1

= v2¡2g (v -
+
V 1
2H
+r,
CT
cKopocTb nanaiomero rpysa
(21 .7)

B Ha'laJJe
~ ,11apa), To nony'IH\1

(21.8)

TaK KaK 2H /«'lCT = To/U CT (r ne To= QH = Qo2/2g - KHHeTH'lecK8H 9Hep-

1
U CT =
rHH nanaiomero rpysa K MOMettTy coynapeHlllll
2 Q«'lcT - noTeuu0-

aJibhall 911eprHll ne~OpMaUHH CTeplKHll npH CTaTH'leCKOM npHJJolKeHHH

Harpy3KH Q), K09ct>4>HuHeHT llllHaMH'IHOCTH MO:lKHO TaKlKe Bblp83HTb ~OPMYJJOH

kA = 1 + í 'I
V 1 +;:, CT
(21.9)

Dp0 H =O HMeeM kA = 2. l1ocKOJlbKY, KaK npaBHJJo, H «'lcT' TO a Bbl· »

palKeHHH llJlll kA MO.lKHO npeHe6pe'lb e,nHHHuett no cpaBHeHHlO co BTOpbl\I
CJJaraeMblM. Tor.na OOJJY'IHM

kA ~ 1 + Í ~H = 1 + 'I Í
1
V CT V
f CT
= 1 + 'I Í ~o
V CT
, (21. ¡0)

607
 JI.11HaM11qecKoe 11anpmKe1111e npH f.llape cornac110 (21.2)
-. í-:-:-w\ Q -. j 2QHE
ªA= kAacT =
0
cT (1 + V 1 + FJ;;}""' F + V lF '
(21.11)-'

.U1111a\111qecKa11 11arpy3Ka np11 y.llape

PA= aAF = kAocTF = Q( 1 + V + ~:).

1 (21 12),
.
~I
11

Hs a HaJJ11sa <jlo pMy JJbl (21.11) npu pae1-10Mep1-10.1.1 pacnpelJe-

Bll.UHO, '!To
,
'1
111111

Ae1-1uu 1-1anpR:J1Ce1-1uü no lJAu1-1e cmep:JICHR, m. e. Koeaa cmep:J!CeHb u.1.1eem no-

cmo11.1-11-1oe cette1-1ue, eeAuttu1-1a au1-1a.1.1u•iecKux 1-1anpR:J1Ce1-1uü aaeucum 1-1e mO/lbK.O
om n11ow.aou nonepett1-1oeo cetteHuR cmep:llCHR F, K8K &TO 11MeeT MecTo np11 .lleA-
CTBllll CT8Tll'lecKott rrarpy3Kll B CT8T11qecKH onpe,lle.
JJHMblX CHCTeMaX, HO U om eeo lJ/IUHbt {U .MolJy/IR ynpy.
eocmu 1ttamepua11a E. flp11 9TOM, 'le.M 6oAbtue o67>e.M Ma·
mepuaAa, nooeepeae.1.1020 ylJapy ynpyweo cmep:llCHR,
me.M .MeHbtue 609HUKQIOW¡Ue 6 He.M lJUHQ.MU'leCKUe HanpR•
:J!CeHUR
C ,n:pyroA CTOpOHbl, CllH>KeHHe Hanp11>KeH11Ü npH
Y.llape B CTep>KHe e BbITOqKoii MO>KeT 6b!Tb ll,OCTHrHyTo
..... nyreM yMeHbllleHHll o6'beMa ynpyroro 9JJeMeHTa sa C'leT
~MeHbllleH 1111 nJJOll\8.llll YTOJJll\ellHOH 'laCTH H yBeJJll'le·
Hllll TeM C8MblM ,ue<jJopM8THBHOCTH CTep>KHll. :'.hoii >Ke
u:eJJH MO>KHO ll,OCTHrHyTb, B311B M8Teptt8JJ e 6oJJee llH3•
KHM Mo,n:yJJeM ynpyrocTH, BblpOBHllB nJJOll\8,UH none-
peqHoro ce,1emrn no .llJIHHe cTep>KHll, yaeJJrrqrrB ll,JJHllY
Prrc. 384 CTep>KH!I, a TaK>Ke nyTeM BKJllO'lellHSI 6y<jJepHb!X npy·
>KFIH.
Y'leT M8CCbl CTep>KHSI, HCnDITb!B810lll.ero Y.ll8p, MO>KeT 6bJTb ocymecTBJJeH
B npe,llnOJIO>KeHHH, '!TO nocJJe CMSITHll H CllH>KeHHll CKOpOCTll rpy38 Ha nep·
BOM 9T80e OT ti .llO t11. p8BHOÜ CKOpOCTll .llBH>KeHHll aepxeero Ce'leHHll
l 1 CTep>Kllll B H8'18Jl8 BTOporo 9T8na f.ll8pa, CKOpOCTb HH>KeJJe>Kamrrx ceqeHHA.
1
yMellblll8eTC!I no JIHHeiillOMY S8K011y, 08ll,8SI .llO HyJJ!I B llH>KHeM ceqeHHH
1 (pee. 384), T. e. CKOpOCTb B JllOÓOM ce'!eHllH CTep>KllSI 118 p8CCTOllHHH X OT
HH>KHero KOllU:8 6y ll,eT
X
t1 (x) = t1 1 y .
' 1
CooTBeTcTny10ma11 KH rreTtt'!ecKa 11 &He pr HH &JJeMe11Ta p 11oro f'18CTKa
t?Tep>KHH ll,JIHllOÜ dx B paccMaTpHBaeMOM ceqeHHll

' 1
1 dTc rFdx (
=y t11
")ª,
f
a DOJlll8!1 KHHeTH'leCK811 s11eprH!I ~.llªP lleMoro crep>KHll MO>KeT ÓblTb Bbl·
pa>KeH8 cpopMyJJoA

llJIH
1 1
Qc ti~
Te= 3 2g'
rll,e Qc = rFl - COÓCTBeHllbJH BeC y,llapHeMOro ctep>KHSI.

608
 Bb1p8311M rrotep!O SHepr1111 "ª CMSITHC Md repua.~a 1J MC'CTe \OY.llªP' llllíl
rpy3a H CTeplKHSI B Teqerrue nepaoro 9Tana Y.llªPª (KOfll,3 CKOpOCTb 1'3MC·
HSleTCSI OT V= JÍ2gH .llO V¡) cjlopMyJJoif

(21.13)

::hy )Ke noTep!O srrepr1111 MOlKHO Bblp83HTb TaK:

'
Q
1

1 Qc
!:i.T = 2g (v - v1)1 +3 2g (0 -v1 )2 =

= ~g [ v 2
- 2vv 1 + vf ( l + iQ) ). (21.14)

npupaBHSIB npa5ble qaCTll cj¡opMyJJ (21.13) 11 (21.14) 11 pelllllB llOJJyqeHHOe

ypaBHett11e OTHOCHreJJbHO V¡, Haii.lleM

(21. 15)

TaKHM o6paao\!, K11tteT11qecKaSI srrepr11SI, KOTopaH np11 y.llape nepexo.u11r

s 3Hepr1110 .llecjlopMau1111 y.llap11eMoro cTeplKHH, 6y.lleT
2 J
Qº1 l Qcu1 Qu2
T = 2g + 3 2g = ( 1 Qc) •
(21.16)
2g 1 +3 Q

CTo.llCTaBHM B (21 9) B\!ecro T 0 noJJyqerrrroe a11aqerr11e T, BbipaaHM KO·

9cpcjJrru11eHT .llll H8Mllq11oc111 cjlopMy JIOH

k11. = 1 + V + 2.. .
1
UCT

llJIH

k = 1 + -. f l + Qu
2
(21. !7)
11. V ( 1 Qc)
2g l + 3 Q UCT

Yq11Tb1Ball, qTo u2/2g = H; HQ = T 0 , H o6oaua'lasi Qc/Q = ~. qiop-

MYJJY (21. 17) nepenucb!BaeM B BH.lle

(21.18)

MaKCHMaJJbttoe ttanpH>Ke1111e np11 y.llape onpe.ueJJHTCH cpopMyJJoii

20 7-4'i8 609
 HJl!I
~
\\\
<

r
3ttaqeHHH K09cpcprruttenTa, yqttTbIBa10ru.ero Maccy y¡¡,apHeMoro 9JieMeH•

r Ta, ll,Jlll HeKOTOpbIX qaCTHblX CJiyqaeB npHBe¡¡,eHbl B Ta6JI. 59.

t 21.l. HanpJ1>1<eH1o1e npM c1<pyL11o1aat01&.1eM yAape

B CJiyqae y¡¡,apttoro KpyqeHHH, ocyru.ecTB.•rneMoro, HanpttMep, no cxe·
Me, npHBell,eHHOH Ha pHc. 383, MaKCHMaJibHble ¡¡,HHaMHqeCKHe HanpmKe•

t:¡-; HllH B BaJie t A onpe¡¡,eJISIIOTCSI no <jJopMyJie

't
Amax
=k't
A CTm 8 x' (21.19)

•~ '¡ ()

~
• ..Ai . B E:
~
.._. '-
é
• 1
,..., ,__ i:::i

t L l --

it¡ P11c. 385 P11c. 386

•t
1
kA = 1 + V J
2H.
+ ~, CT
(21.20)

i {j = mR = MKPl R = QR2l •
i CT 'I' GJ p GJ •
p
1
MKP QR
t - ----
CTmax - Wp - Wp ·

3,necb H - BbICOTa na)leHHH rpyaa; Q - Bec na¡¡,a10ll\ero rpyaa; R - pa,nHyo

KpHBOIIJHna; l - ¡¡,JIHHa Ba,1a; J P' p - w
noJJS1p1tbie MOMeHT HHepUHH H MO•
MeHT conpOTHBJieHHH ceqeHHH BaJia •
.[(HHaMHqeCKHe ttanpmKeHH!I, B03IIHKalOIIJ.He B BaJie npll pe3KOM Top• '

1~
1
t f
MOlKeHHH 6bICTpO Bpall\alOll\erocH MaXOBHKa (pHC. 386), HMelOll\ero aan3C
KHHeTHqeCKOH 9HeprHll To. MOlKHO HallTH TaKlKe !!CXOll,H H3 saKoHa coxpa•
neHHlI 9HeprHH
(21.21)
, 1 To= U A'

r¡¡,e UA- noTettuttaJibnaH 9Heprirn ¡¡ecpopMaUHH BaJia npH ¡y¡¡,ap110M KPY"

' 1
¡ 'leHl!H.
r 1 yq¡¡ (b!BaSI, qTo

(21.22)

610 1
1
1
11
,, 1 1
'
 11 TOt 'lTO
MKp,A
't' -
Amax - W0
l!Jl 11

MO)KHO 38IlHC8Tb
2
TA
max
lP
41'1 • (21 23)

0o)ICT8BHB (21.23) B (21.21) H pe!IIHB noJiyqeHHoe ypaBHeRHe OTHO•

c11TeJI&HO HCKOMOro M8KCHM8JibHOro )IHH8MHqecKoro HanpmKeHHll, nOJIY·
qHM

(21.24)

r.11e KHHeTHqecKaH 3HeprHH MaXOBHKa BeCOM Q, Bpam.aroll{erocll e yrJIOBOi'i

CKOpOCTblO w, onpe.11eJIHTCll <f>opMyJIOH

To==- 2
J (~)ª
dt
J
-2 w•; J = 8g
QDª

(D - )IHaMeTp MaXOBHKa).

lt.3. Pac&1eT tta y,qap npH H3rH6e

MaKc11MaJJbHb1e .111111aMH'lecKHe 11anpl!}f{eHHlI npH y.z¡ap110M 11ar116e MO•
ryT 6b!Th onpe.11eJieHbl no <f>opMyne

aAmax =kAªe Tmall,

UcT - cTaT1111ecKHH npor116 B Mecre y.11a·

pa, 33BHClill{HH OT cxeMbl Harpy)KeHllll
11 ycaos11A on11pa1111H). z
B cJiyqae y.11apa nocpe.111111e 6aJJKll e {
11sr11l'lHoü JKeCTKOCT&IO ceqeHHlI E J (p11c.
387) noJiyqHM Pnc. 387
Qlª M Ql
f CT = 48EJ' (J
CTmax
::::::::!!:---
W - 4W'

a MaKCHM3JlbHble )lllH3MH'leCKHe Hanpa)KeHHH B 3TOM CJJy'lae 6y.11yT

20~
611
 06osua•rna (¡ 11 = T 0, noJ1y11 HM

0
.z1max
Ql (
= 4W l + l/ 1 + 96TQ2/3EJ) •
0
(21.25)
YcJIOBHe npo11uoCTH a 9TOM cJ1y1iae sanuweTCH T8K'

a ilmn
Ql (
=- 4W 1+
1/
r 1 + 96T EJ)
Q2/3 < (a¡¡J,
0
(21,26)

(JT
(cr,11]= -
n,11

(n¡¡ - sanac npo11ttocTH e y'leTOM l!llH8M1111ecKOH 11arpysKH; a.,- npe,lleJI

'
1 TeKYlJeCTll M8TepuaJia 6aJIKH)
1 Y'leCTb Maccy y¡¡:apaeMoii 6aJIKll MO)l{HO, npHMeHllH MeTOJJ:HKy, pac·
'; CMOTpe1111yJO np11 npo,noJJbHOM y¡¡:ape. By,neM noJiaraTh, 'ITO H KOHUe nep·
soro 9Tana y¡¡:apa CKopOCTb 6aJIKll a MeCTe na¡¡:e1111a rpysa paHHa v 1• KH·
HeT1111ecKaa s11epr11a rpysa, O'!ea11;i;110, 6yJI.eT paHHa Qv~l'2g. OpeJI.nOJJOlKHM
TaK)l{e, 'ITO np11 y¡¡:ape 11 npll CT8Tll'!eCKOM npHJIO)l{eHllH 11arpysKll (H Ha·
t¡ meM cJiy'lae nocpe¡¡:1111e npoJieTa 6aJIK11) 11sor11yTaH ocb 6aJIKll MoJKeT 6bl.Tb
OITHCaHa 0)1,HllM 11 TeM )!{e ypaH11e1111eM

¡ t
w = ¡a (3/ 2z - 4z8),
Ql3
r)le f = 4BEJ - crpeJia npor116a 6aJJKll
06o3Hd'lllB BeJIH'lllHY MaKCllM8JlbHOrO nporH6a nocpe¡¡:HHe 6aJIKH qepe3
1' wmax> BeJJ111111Hy npor116a a ce1Je1111H Ha paccTOHHllH z OT Jieaoro KOBUB
6aJJKll onpe¡¡:eJJHM no <!JopMyJJe

8 CKOpOCTb ,l\Bll)l{eHllH 9Toro ce'leHllH - H3 Bbl.pa:iKeHHll

dw dwmax 1
v = dt = di ¡ 8 (3Z 2z - 4z3).
K1111eT1111ecKaH 9Hepr11sr sJieMeHTa 6aJJKH dz, Haxo,¡i;Hw:erocH Ha paG·
CTOHHllll z OT JJeBoro KOHUa 6aJJKll, 6y¡¡:eT
2
v2 yFdz yF [dwmax 1 ]
dTfJ = Zg = Zg di l 8 (3Z2z - 4z3) dz,
a KllHeTH'lecKaH s11epr11H aceii 6aJJKll onpe,neJJllTCH <!JopMyJJoH
1/2
2 1
{' yF (dwmax) 1 17 yEl (dwmax)
T6=2J 2g dt [6(3/2z-4zª)2dz=35 2g dt •
o
flOCKOJlbKY B KOHUe nepBoro 9Tana y.napa CKOpOCTb nocpe.u1111e l'laJJKR
6y,neT paBHa V1, T. e.
dwmax
di - V1,
To KHHeT1111ecRaH s11epr11H 6aJJKH B 11a11aJie BTOporo 9Tana y.napa 6yJieT
17 rFl 2
1'
l ' Tr:,= 35 2g vl. 121 27)

612
 Bb!paa1rn notepJO 9nepnrn na CMHTHe B Mecte yJI.apa aa nepa&ri\ 9Tan
B íllJ)l.e
Qv 1 ( Qt1~ 17 yFl 2)
!!T = 2g - \ 2g + 35 2g t11 =

Q
= 2g v• -
l t11
2 (
1
17 yFl) J
+ 35 Q • (21. 28)

1 1H
Q 17 yFl
!!T = 2g (v - v1)2 + 35 2g (O - v1)2 =
Q[ 17 yfl)]
= 2g ti - 2t1t11 + 2 (
ti¡ 1 + 35 Q ' (21 29)

a 3aTeM, npnpaBHHB npaBble qactn ypaBHeHnlí: (21.28) H (21.29) H peurns

nOJly lJeHHOe ypaBHeHlle OTHOCllTeJlbHO tlt> Halí:)l.eM

ti
ti¡=---- (21.30)
17 yfl
1 +35"Q

KnHetnqecKaa 9Heprna cncTeMbl (6aJIKa - rpya), Kotopaa JI.OJiiKHa

tpa11ccjJopMnposatbCH B sHeprllJO JJ.ecjJopMaunn 6aJIKll npn yJI.ape, onpeAe·
JIHT~ll cjJopMyJioli.

(21.31)

ÜÓ03d3'1llB
Qv•
T 0 = QH =2g,
cjJOp'>ly JIY (21.31) MO)l{eT nepenllC3Tb B Bll)l.e

T = To . (21. 32)
17 yfl
1 +3s"Q

MaKCH'>!aJI&Hoe Jl.llH3MIJliecKoe HanpHiKettne cor 11acHo cjJopMyJie (21.25)

n0cJJe aaMeHbl a Helí: T 0 Ha T onpeJJ.eJIHTCH taK:

OAmax =
Ql (
4W l + V+ l
96TEJ)
Q2[3 •
fllll1 e yqeTOM (21.32)
0
Amax -
__ k 0
A CTmax -
_ ...9!_ [ l + -.
4W V ( l+ 96T0 EJ
( 17 yfl) J,
Q2/3 1 +35 Q
(21.33)
fil.

(21.34)

613
 T a 6 JI Hu a 59. 3HaqeHHll Ko&cfJcfJHuHeHra a, y11HTNBaJOm.ero Maccy
YAap11eMoro aneMeHra e cpopMyne KoacpcfiuuueHra AHHaMH'IHOCTH

klJ. = 1 +
r
V 2H
1 + <'lCT (1 +a~)= 1 +
-V 1 + g6CT (1 +a~);
v2

H - Bb!COTa na,neHllH y,napaJOu¡ero reJia; v - CKOpocrb y,napaJOu¡ero reJia

H MoMeur Ha'laJia y.napa: 6cT - ,necjJopMau11a y ,napaeMoro ynpyroro aJieMeura
npu craTH'lecKOM npHJ1omeH11H CllJibl, pasHoil secy y,napaJOu¡ero teJia; ~ =
Q3JI
= Q, r.ne Q3JJ - sec y,napaeMoro SJieMeHra, Q - sec y,napaJOu¡ero reJia;
g -ycKopeH11e cso6o,nuoro na,neHHH

¡ CxeMa ynpyroro sJJeMeHTa

a xapaKTep ero uarpymeum1 a:
1
1

Q
1/3

' 1'
'

67
336

f
1
1

r¡I
2 + 4r¡ - r¡ 2 - 6r¡ 8 + 3r¡ 4

105r¡ 2 (1 - r¡) 2

614
 1
fl poiJOAJl(eHue maó11. 59

l
L-Xel\ta ynpyroro JTf'MCHTa
u xapaKTep ero HarpyA<eHH•

Q
4, 8 + r¡s (140+ 23111 + r¡2)
420 (1 + r¡) r¡ 3 2

l l r¡l

'll
105 - 105r¡ + 351'} 1
-- 2r¡ 3
l 40r¡ 2
l

r¡l
24 - 24r¡ - 4r¡2 + 8r¡3 - r¡4
l 35r¡2 (51r- 4- r¡ 2)2

r¡l
+
3 r¡ - r¡2
l 40r¡2 (1 - r¡)2

l 1
15

11
15

11

1
 rnABA 22

OCHOBW MEX.AHHKM PA3PYWEHHSI

22.t. 06&qHe nOHRTH•

MexaHU/W paspytueHUJI, HJill .MexaHU/W pacnpocmpaHeHUJI mpell{UH,

KaK cocTas11asr qacTh 11ayK11 o Mexa1111Ke ¡¡;eiflopM11pyeMoro TBep¡¡;oro Tena
H3yqaeT S8KOHhI pa3¡¡;ene11Hll TBepl{b!X Tell 118 '! 3CTll no,ll. .nelí:CTBlleM lla-
n pllJKeH 11 lí:.
Bo3MO)l{HO qacT11q11oe H non11oe pa3pyrne1111e Tena. KpoMe Toro, pa3-
Jill'l8IOT xpyniwe u 6fl3KOe (nJ1aC11lU'lecKoe) p83pyrneHHe. ÜJIH3KO 9Tll BllJibl
paspyrneHllll MoryT npOllBJillThCll 0¡¡11ospeMeHHO 11n11 nocne¡¡;osaTeJihllO,
Ha'!llH8l1Ch, HanpHMep, e nnacTll'lecKoro 11 nepexo¡¡sr saTe\I B xpynKoe.
XpynKoe pa3pyrne1111e npo11cxo¡¡;11T B pe3yJihTaTe 6hICTporo pacnpo-
cTpaHe1111H Tpem1111bl nocJie 11e3H8'lllTeJibHOH nJI8CTH'!ecKOH ¡¡;eiflopM8UllH
HJill 6e3 Hee. B nocne¡¡;HeM c;¡yqae pa3pyrne1111e Ha3hlB8IOT uoeaAbHO xpyn-
KU.M. CTpll xpynKOM p83pyrueHttll CKOpOCTh pacnpOCTp8He!ll!ll Tpell{llHbl
eeJillK8 11 COCT8BJilleT 0,2-0,5 CKOpOCTll 3BYK8, a 113JIOM llMeeT Kp11CT8JIJill-
qecKHH Bll¡'{. Pa3Jill'l8IOT T8Ki1Ce KIJOJIUxpynKoe pa3pyrne1111e, np11 KOTOpOM
Ha6n10¡¡;aeTCll HeKOTopall nnacT11qecKall 30H8 nepe¡¡; KpaeM Tpem11Hbl. CKo-
poCTh pacnpocTpa11e1111H Tpem1111h1 npaKTll'leCKll Toro ilCe nopll¡¡;Ka, '!TO
H npH xpynKOM p83pyrne111111, H HSJIOM TaKme llBJIHeTCH Kp11CT3JIJlll'!eCKllM.
Bll3KOe pa3pyrne1111e npo11cxo¡¡;11T nocne cymecTse1111olí: nnacT11'le·
CKOH ¡¡;eiflopM8Ullll, npoTeKaIOlllelí: no BCeMy (11 Jill 3H8'!11TeJibHOMY) o6'beMy
Tena 11 llBJilleTCll pesyJihT8TOM ttc'lepna1111H cnoco6HocT11 M8Tep11ana conpo-
THBJillTbCll nnacT11qecKolí: ¡¡;eipopMau1111. CKopoCTh pacnpocTpa11eH11ll Tpe-
urnllhl M8JI8, He npeBbllll8eT 0,05 CKOpOCTll 3ByKa, 113JIOM llMeeT BOJIOKllH•
CTblH Blll{.
Oco6o Bb!¡'{eJill!OT OOCTeneHHoe p83BllTlle Tpem11Hbl npll nOBTOpHO-nepe·
MellHOM UllKJI11qecKOM 11arpyi1CeH1111. TaKOMY ycTanocTHOMY pa3pyrneH11IO
npe¡¡;rnecTsyeT 11aKonne1111e B MaTep11ane Heo6paT11Moro nospeJK¡¡;eHllll,
Oco6y10 npaKTll'leCKYIO sHa'lttMOCTb 11MeeT npo6JieMa xpynKoro pa3·
pyrneHllll KOllCTPYKUllH, o6ycJJOBJieHllOro 6bICTpb!M pacnpOCTpaHeHHeM
Tpeu¡1111 np11 cpe,n1111x HanpHiiCeHttllx, 11e npeB&1rna10m11x npe¡¡;en TeKyqe·
CTll M8Tep118JI8 11 009TOMY Kamym11xcH 6e3on8CHblMll. 9TO 06CTOHTeJI&CTBO
CBtt¡'{eTeJibCTByeT o 11e¡¡;ocTaTO'!llOCTll KJI8CCll'leCKllX MeTO¡[OB pacqeTa KOH·
CTPYKUllll 113 npO'!HOCTh no ynpyroMy 11 nJI8CTll'leCKOMy ee COCTOHHHllM.
Bo3HHKaeT Heo6xo¡¡HMOCTh B .nonon11e11HH KJiaccuqecK11x MeTo¡¡;oe pacqeTa
ua npo•mocTb HOBblMll, yq11T1>1Ba10m11MH saKOHbl 3apoi1C¡¡;e1111ll 11 pa3BHT11ll
Tpem1111, a T8KJKe BO BBe¡¡;eHllll llOBhIX xapaKTepllCTllK M8TepH3JI8, no KO-
TOpblM MOrJia 61>1 oue11ttB3TbCH ero Tpem11110CTOHKOCTb.
On1>1T 9KcnnyaTau1111 peanh11&1x neTanelí: noK33hlBaeT, '!TO paspyrneHtte,
cocTOllll{ee 113 3apoJK¡¡e1111l1 11 p33BllT11ll Tpell{llHbl' B03HllK3eT 38,'{0JirO ¡¡;O
11cqepnaH11ll Hecyw,elí: cnoco611ocT11 H ¡¡;ocT11JKe1111H MaKc11MaJihHOft seJIH'lH•
º'
H 11arp Y3Kll, s1>1¡¡;epiiC11BaeMolí: ¡¡;eTaJihIO. 3aqacTyIO ¡¡;n11TeJihHOCTh npo- ..
necea pa3pyrneHHll H pe3yn&TaTe pocTa Tpeu¡llHhI OT 11aqana ee Bo3HHKll0-
11e1111ll ¡¡;o nOJIHoro pa3pyrne1111H saHllM3CT ¡¡;o 90 11 6onee npoue11TOB epell'e· _
i 1 Hll «i1Cll3Hll» ¡¡;eT3Jill. CTpll 9TOM npoqHOCTb M3Tep113JI3 ¡¡;eT3Jill ¡'{O KOllUll HI

i 1
' 1
11cnoJih3yeTCll. BoT no'leMy npe¡¡;cTaBJIHeT 6onhrnolí: llHTepec He cToJI&KO
!IJHKT B03HllKHOBeHllll rpemHHhI, CKOJibKO reMn ee pOCTa.

" 616
f:
1 1
¡
 B CBH311 e 9TllM OCHOBHblMH sonpocaMll, 113yqaeMh!Mll B paMKBX MCXa·
HttKll pa3pymeHllH, HBJIHJOTCH npO'IHOCTb TeJI e Tpew.1111aMll, pacnpoc1 pa·
11etttte Tpew.1111, llJlll Kl!HeT11Ka pa3BllTllSI TpeUJ,HH, reoMeTpllH tpeUJ,HH, HJl!I
cTaTttKa Tpew.1111, T. e. YCT8llOBJ1e1111e ypaBHellHH TpaeKTop11lí: KpllBOJIHlll ií·
llblX (nosepXHOCTHbIX) Tpew.1111 H noBepxHOCTelí: 113JIOMa.

ll.l. XpynKoe pa3pyweHHe

XpynKoe paspymeHHe CBH3aHO e B03HllKHOBeHHeM B MBTepHaJie Tpe·
ll¡!IH, llHllUllllpOBaHllblX .neifleKTaMH B CTpyKtype Matep11aJ1a, cOCTOHHHeM
nosepXHOCTll, 06ycJIOBJleHllblM TeXHOJIOfllelí: o6pa60TKll llJIH KOppo3tteil,
.nelícTBlleM nOBTop110-nepeMeH Hbl X Harpy30K (ycTBJIOCTHble tpew.H Hbl)
11 T. n.
Bos1111Km11e rpew.H11bl paas11saJOTCH Bo speMe1111 cuaqaJia Me,nJieHHO,
a nOTOM 6blctpo. PocT xpynKllX tpew.1111 so speMeHll MO)l{et l!Metb MeCTO
11 npll ITOCTOHHHOH 11arpysKe.
TiepBble OCllOBOITOJiaraJOUJ,He HCCJie,noBaHllH pa3BHTllH xpynKHX tpe-
tUHH CBH3hTBaJOT e 11MeHeM fpmp<Pntca, snepBb1e paccMOTpesmero ycJ10Btt11
pa3BllTllH e.lll!Hll'IHOH CKB03HOH tpeUJ,l!Hbl B nJiaCTHHe 6ecKOllelJHOlí ,l\Jlllllbl
n e.nn1111q11olí: TOJIUJ.HHhI, 11axo.naw.ellca B ycJ1os1111x J11111eii11oro 11anpa)l{eH-
Horo COCTOHllllH (p11c. 388). TipH 9TOM CTaBllTCH aa,naqa ycTaHOBllTb, npH
K3KOM s11aqe1111H BHelll!lero HanpH)l{eHHH a, npllJIO)l{eHHOfO K KOllU<iM
nJiaCTllHbl !la 6ecK011eqHOCTll, Tpew.1111a e 11aqaJ1bHOH ,l\JlllHOii 21 CTBH€1'
11eycTOlí:qllBOlí:, T. e. HaqHel' Ób!CTPO pacnpOCTpaHHTbCH npll HeH3MeHHOM º·
BblttllCJIHeM OCBOÓO)l{,l\aeMyJO ITOTeHUll8JlbHYJO 9Hepr11JO ,neipopMau1111
n.~aCTllHbl w npll o6pa30B8Hllll B Helí: rpeUJ,Hllbl ,l\JlllHOlí: 2l e HCITOJlb30B3-
HllCM pemeHHH IIJIOCKOii 3a,naq11 TeOpllll ynpyrOCTll o paCT!l)l{eHllH nOJJOCbl
e 9,1JillITT!lqecKllM OTBepctlleM.
)lJIH ITJIOCKOro 11anpa)l{e1111oro COCTOHHHH

110 2¡2
w ='E. (22 1)
)1.JIH ITJIOCKOH .ne<PopMaUHll
11 (1 _ µ2) 0 2¡2
W= E ' (22.2)

r.ne E - Mo,nyJih ynpyroctH MaTep11aJ1a; µ - K09iflifl11u11e11t Tiyaccott:.1.

Bse.n11 nosepxuocTHYJO 911eprnJO r
JIJIH o6pa30BaBUI11xca ,QByx cso6o,Q-
Hblx nosepx11octeii tpew.1111bl a11aJJor11q110 s11epr11H nosepx11oct11oro HaTH-
lKCHHH ,l\JISI )1{11,1\KOCTH
(22 3)

r.ne '\' 11 - y,llt!J1b11aa nosepx11ocTHaH 911eprHH MaTepHaJJa, MO)l{HO onpe.ne-

•lllTb :>Hepr11JO, 11eo6xo,n11MyJO .llJIH pacrrpoctpa11e1111a tpew.1111bl.

~W=l'-W. (22.4)
ÜlJeBll,l\HO, eCJill e yseJ1Htte1111eM ,l\JlllHbl TpeUJ,l!Hbl l He B03pacTaeT 3Hd-
qe1111e :>11eprHH ~ W HJill ee 311aqe1111e yMeHhmaetcH (pHc. 389), TO Tpew.P Ha
pacnp OCTpa1111eTCH C8MOnp0113BOJJ b!IO.
TipnpaBHHB npo11sso,n11yJO OT ~ W no l 11yJIJO, MO)l{HO oupe11.eJillTh KI 11-
THqecKoe 11anpH)l{e1111e (ipopMyJia fpmtifl11tca):
,l\JIH nJIOCKOrO HanpH)l{eHHOfO COCTOlIHllH

r2Ey~
CTK= V -/-; ¡¡ K
(22 5)

1 617
1
¡
 JIJISI UJJOCKOII j
t
~
~
(22.6~
·j
¡•
t npH KOTOpOM npOllCXO¡'{HT caMOnpOll3BOJJbHhlH, 6e3 coaepweHllSI ¡'{OITOJIHH•¡
~ TeJlbHOH pa60TbI BHelllHllMH CHJiaMH, pOCT HMe10meiic11 B TeJie TpeW:HHbl 1

...
'~~I
'
' KpHTHqecKoA l{JillllOii: ZK. 1

~· " j
¡1
' ttttttttt r. w
r-w
V

r-w
X
o
', \
2l
l
\
\
\
\
E
\
PHc. 388 PHc. 389

3Ha'leHHe 'l'a noJiy'laIOT sKcTpanoJIHUHeli Ha TeMnepaTypy nJiaaJieHHll

paccMaTpHsaeMoro MaTepHaJia no ¡¡;aHHbIM onpe¡¡;eJieHHH <IJH3H'leCKHMH
MeTOl{aMH y¡¡;eJibllOro noBepXHOCTHOro H8TSl)l{eHHH ¡[JI!! pacnJiaBa HCCJie¡¡;ye·
Moro MaTepHaJia npn pasHbIX TeMnepaTy•
6 pax. '
fpa<!JnqecKaH HJIJllOCTpauHH aaBHCH•
MOCTI! KPHTl!'leCKOfO nanp11meHHSI OT ¡'{JIH•
Hbl Tpeml!Hbl npel{CT3BJJeHa Ha pHc. 390,
Ha KOTOpOM lllTpllXOBOÜ JIHHHeii: noKasaa;
¡'{OKPHTH'leCKllÜ pocT TpemHHbl.
6, 1 - - - 4 . . - - ~ - ---.-..

<
Teopna fpH<IJ<IJHTca nosBOJIHer Bblpa·
3HTb xpynKylO npO'lHOCTb qepes <IJH3H'leC.

//01ip1UT1u~ec1i1Jú
Klle H MexaHll'leCKlle CBOÍICTBa MaTepHaJia
{ H noKa3bJBaeT, '!TO paspywaIOmaH H8•,
pocm mpeU/IJJfbl rpy3Ka llMeeT MeCTO He npH B03HHKHOB&r
o l HllH Ha'laJibHOÍI TpemHHbl, a nOCJie ¡'{OCTH•
meHllH Tpeu¡llHOÜ HeKOTOpb!X KpHTH'leCKHll
Pnc. 390 pa3MepoB. C'Jie¡¡;yeT, O)\HaKO, SaMeTHTb,
'!TO 6esonacHb1e, HepasBHBaIOw:HecH Tpe•
W:HHbl MoryT nepeiíTH B onaCHble 3a cqeT
oxpynqHB8HllSI MaTepHaJia, Bbl3BaHHOrO ITOHH)l{eHHeM TeMneparypb1, ¡'{HH8•
MI. «eCKllM nefiCTBHeM Harpy3KH, CTapeHHeM MaTepnaJia H T. n.
BbITeKaIOmee H3 Bb1pameHHH (22.5), (22.6) ycJJcane

a:ZK = const {22,7) ~

l1
618 l
no.'\TBep,!\ttJIOCb rrpoBe,!\eHHhTMtt fpttcjicpttTCOM orrbITaM11 Ha rrJiacnrnax r 3
crw11KaTHOfO CTeKJia.
B MeTaJIJltt'IeCKttX MaTep11aJ1ax, B KOTOphlX B6Jltt3H KOHUa HJIH eep-
WJlllbl Tpell\HHbl 06pa3yeTCSI 30Ha rrJiaCTtt'IeCKHX ,!\ecpopMau11ii, rrptt pac-
npocTpaHeHHH Tpell\ttHbl rrpOttCXO¡[HT rrJiaCTH'IeCKoe ¡¡ecjJOpMttposaHtte Ma·
repttaJia e rrocJie.!\YTOll\eil ero pasrpysKoil, T. e. coeepwaeTC!I tteo6paTttMd!I
pa6orn D.W = 4y 0 l, KOTopyTO no rrpe,!\JIOJl{eHHJO l1pB11Ha H OpoBaHa Heo6xo·
¡¡iJMO ,!\06aBJISITb K 9Heprtttt rroBepxHOCTHoro HaT!IJl{eHirn r.
CTptt rrpttHHTHH
In 3a rroJIOBHHY Heo6parttMO rrorJioll\eHHOÜ 9HeprttH rrJiaCTtt'IeCKoro ,!\l'cjJop-
~1ttpoBaHHS1 MaTepttaJia rrpH rrpO,!\BttJl{eHHH Tpell\HHbl Ha e,nHHHUY ,!\JIHHbJ nptt·
Be,!\eHHble cjiopMyJihl (22.5), (22.6) coxpaHlITC!I nptt 3aMene Ya Ha y= 'l'n+
+ Yn· 06bl'IHO 'l'n)) 'l'n·

22.3. CHnoawe KpHtepHH pa3pyweHH•

ÜCHOBbl rrpeo6pa30B3HHSI 9HepreTtt'IeCKoro KpttTeptt!! fptt<fcjJHTCa

B CHJIOBOÜ KpttTepttii: (Íb]JIH 33JIOJl{eHb] 11pBHHOM, KOTOpbrii: rrpe,!\JIOll{HJI 33
1<.pHTepttii: rrepeXO,!\a K HeCTa6ttJibHOMY paspyweHH!O rrpttHHM3Tb MOMeHT,

Pttc. 391
y y

X
-- X X

I 11
Pnc. 392

Kür,!\a B M3TepttaJie HHTeHCHBHOCTb lia rrp11Jl{eHttii: y BepwttHbl Tpell\HHbl,

onpe,!\eJI!leMa!I MeTO,!\aMH TeOpHH yrrpyroCTH, ,!\OCTttraeT KpttTH'IeCKoro
3Ha'Iettn11.
CocTaBJI!ITOll\He rroJIH ttarrp11*eHttii: "1: (l, j = x, y) y sepWHHhl Tpe1un·
11
llbl (pttc, 391) MOJl{HO rrpe,nCT3BHTb cjlopMyJioii:

cr11.. = K t,1 (0), (22 8)

JI 2nr
619
 r¡¡;e K- KosipcjJ11uHeHT llHTeHCllBHOCTll Hanpsrn<em1li y seplllllllbl rpeID.llHLl
3
(ero pa3Mepl!OCTb - CllJ18/,!\JIH!ia 12); f 11 0 - noJJ¡¡ pllb!e K00pl{llH8Tbl C no.
JJIOCOM B Bep11I11He rpeu¡llllbl H B nJIOCKOCTll, nepnC!1¡'{11KYJJHplloÜ K KpOMKe
1
"
&11:

rpeu¡1111bl; f¡¡- HeK010fJ8SI cjlyHKUllSI yrna o. >

06o3Haqe1111e Koscpip11u,tte11ra 1111re11c11B11ocr11 11anpHlKeH11ii npo113Bo- t
¡'{HTCH B 38BHCllMOCTH OT r11na ¡¡;ecjlopM8Ullll rpem11H.
Pasn11'la10r rp11 npocreii11I11x r11na ¡¡;eipopMau1111 rpeu¡11HbI np11 ¡¡;eü-
crs1111 p83Jlll'!Hb!X BHe!llHllX HarpysoK (pllC. 392). CTpll ¡¡;eifJOpM8ll,llll p8CTH• '
meHllH no cxeMe 1 B03HHKaer rpeu¡1111a 11opM8J1b11oro orphlsa, Kor¡¡;a no·
sep XHOCTH rpeu¡llHbl CMeu¡aIOTCH ( pacxol{HTCH) B nepnell¡'{llKYJJHpHOM
HanpasJ1eH1111. CTp11 ¡¡eipopMau1111 c¡¡snra no cxeMe fl BOSHllKaer rpem11ua
nonepe'IHoro c¡¡;s11ra, np11 KoropoM noeepx11ocr11 rpem1111bl cMeu¡aIOTCH no-
nepeK ee nepe¡¡;11eii KpOMKll. Dp11 ¡¡eipopM11posaH1111 no cxeMe lll o6pasy-
IOTCH rpeu¡llllbl npo¡¡;onb11oro c¡¡s11ra, np11
KOTOpOM nosepXHOCTH rpeu¡llHb! CMema-
IOTCH Bl{OJlb ee nepe,!\Heli KpOMKll.
B COOTBeTCTBllH e np11Be¡'{eHllb!Mll cxe:
MaMll npOH3BO¡'{llTCH 1111¡¡;eKC8ll,llH K09cp<ji11-
u11e11TOB llHTeHCllBHOCTll H8IlpHme1rnli:
Kp K¡¡. K 111 • Ha1160J1blllllli npaKTH'!ec-
Kllii 1111repec npe¡¡craBJJHeT nepsaH cxeMa
11arpyme1111H. B qacr11ocr11, npu nJJOCKOM
HanpHme11110M COCTOHllllH ,!\JIH 11arp)3Kll
no cxeMe 1 ipopMyJJbl (22 .8) B passepH Y·
P11c. 393 TOM s11¡¡;e Mory1 6b1Tb npe¡¡;c1asneHhI cne-
AYIOmllM o6pasoM:

K1 O( . O . 30)
Ox = Y 2:rtr cos 2 1- sin 2 sm 2 ; (22.9)

oy = K1 cos -O (¡ + sin. -O sin. 30)

- ; (22.10)
V2w 2 2 2
K1 O . O 30
'txY = cos 2 sm 2 cos -2 . (22.11)
V2nr
3nIOpa HanpHmeHHli OKOJIO Bep!1111Hbl rpemllHbl 0Tpb!B8 (O ~ lt)<'.o
OOK838H8 H8 p11C, 393.
TaK11M o6pasoM, llHTeHCllBHOCTb noJJH Hanp11meH11ii B 0Kpec1Hoc1H
Bep!ll11Hbl tpeu¡11Hbl s JJllHett11oi1 MexaH11Ke paspy!l1e1111H Ko111pon11pyercll:
e¡¡;1111c1se11Hb!M napaMerpoM K, HBJJHIOU\llMCH ifJYHKUllelí: roJJbKO xapaKre-
pa BHe11I11ero HarpymeHHH, re0Me1p1111 nnac11111bl 11 pasMepos rpeu¡11Hb1.
Ll.JJH CKB03HOlí: ueHrpaJJbHO pacnoJJO)l{eHHOlí: tpemllllbl B n;laCTllHe
Heorpallll'leHllb!X pa3MepoB K03cpcp11UHeHT llHTeHCllBHOCTll HanpHme1111ü
B 38BllCllMOCTll OT CXeMbl ,!\eifJopM11pOB8HllH rpem11Hbl (p11c. 392) onpel{e-
JIHercH C;le¡¡;yIOu¡llMll cpopMy.~aMll:

K1 =olínl;
Kn=tYnl; (22. 12)

K III = "T V nl,

'
r,!\e a, 't' - 0¡¡;11opo¡¡;Hb1e pacnir11sa10u¡11e 11 KacareJibllble 11anp11meH1111 Ha

1
¡,
6ecK011eqHoM KOHType nJiaCTllHbl.

620 l
¡
 )J:Jrn 1pe~HH Apyroro (!aCIJOJJO:lKCHJHI JIJJJI IJJJaCTHH orpaHH'leHHhIX pd3·
Mepoa h03cpcpm,,HeHTbl HI!TeHCHBHOCTH HanpSI:lKeHHií 33Ill1CblB3IOTCSI B BH)\e

K 1 = f 1aY nl;
Kn =fui: Y nl; (22.13)

Kn1 = fu1i: Y nl,

r;¡e f 1, fu, fu 1- HeKoTopble nonpaeo•rnwe Ko9<jlctmuHeHTbl, Bb1pa)KeHHSI
KOTOpblX ,llJlll PHJJ.a cxeM pacnoJJO:lKCHHH tpemH11 H HarpysoK (pHC. 394)
npHBe,!(eHbl HH:>Ke.
CxeMa Harpy11<eHHR H pacnoJ1011<ennn Tpe~HH nonpaaoqn&11! K03<fl4munenr

HeorpaHJI'leHJiaSI IJJiaCTHHa npH pacTSI)KeHHH f 1""" sin 2 ~

e H3KJfOHHoii TpemHHoii B cepe,nHHe (a)

To :>Ke e OJJ.JIOCTOpüHHeA tpeIUHHOA (6) !1=1,12

CTJJaCTHHa urnpHHoli 28 e nonepet!HoA tpe- ni
IllHHoii nocepeJJ.HHe (e) npJI pacT11:>KeHHH JI
c.ns11re (no cxeMe 11)
f¡=fn= V 28
ni tgw

To :>Ke e ,nByMSI CíoKOBblMH TpemHHaMH (a) "'I f 0,2B ni

/¡=/ 11 = JI :rl s•n BX
-./28 -nl
X JI "itf tg 28

CTJJaCTHHa WIIpHJioA 8 H TOJJ!UHHoii H e & Hl

Tpem1rnoii nocepe,nJIÍ!e npH H3rHCíe a csoeii fz=3yg 82 JÍl-µ2
llJIOCKOCTH (a)
(a=6Mn/IIB 2 )

TaKaSI JKe IJ.11acTJIHa upa 'IJICTOM 11srJICíe / 1= l (a= 6MupfH 2)

pac¡¡pe.neJieHHblM MoMeHTOM (e)

UHJIHHJ.lpJiqecKaSI tpyCía JJ.HaMeTpOM 2R H

TOJill\HHOA H uo.z¡ BHyTpeHHJIM .naeJieHHeM p
llpH ITPOJJ.OJibHOli CKB03HoA Tpell\HHe (O!C)
f¡= V
(a= pR/H)
32
lf-l,61RH

CorJiacHo npeJJ.Jio:>KeHHIO HpsJIHa, pocr rpemHH H¡¡l'lHHaeTcH npH .no·

CTH~ftJIJI K03cjJcjrnuHeHTOM JIHTeHCHBHOCTJI HaITpSI1KeHJilí HeKOTOporo KpH•
Ttt'leCKoro SHa'leHJISI Kc, Koropoe AOJI:lKHO CíbITb xapaKTepHhIM JlJJll Ka:>KAO·
ro MaTepH11Jia, T. e. rpell\HRa He paseJisaercSI, Kor.na

K < K0 ,
JI M0:1K8T pa3BJIB3TbCSI, Kor.na
(22 14)

l(pHTJiqecKoe 3Ha4eHJI0 KoacjJcjrnuJieHTa JIHTeHCHBHOCTJI HanpmKeHHA,

xapaKTepJI3ylOIUee COilpOTHBJJeHHe MaTepJiaJia pacIJpOCTpaHeHHIO rpem11-
Hbl, H3!!b1B8IOT 6Jl8KOCmblO paspytueHUJl.
Mo:>KHO noKasaTb, 'lTO CJIJioaoii KPHTepHli paapyrueHHll 3KBJIBaJieHTeR
lilHepreTJI'leCKOMY KpHTepHIO fpJicjJcjJ1nca.

621
 í ''
Bse)lll HHTeHCHBHOCTb OCBOÓO:>K)l3IO~elicll ynpyroil 9HeprHH )lecjlop. I'
Mall,HH w (22.l), (22.2) B BH)le 111
11
(22.15)

H cpaBHHB aHaqeHHe KoscjJcjJHUHeHTa HHTeHCHBHOCTH Hanpll:>KeHHH K

1
1
(22.12) e noJJyqeHHhlM Bblpa:>KeHHeM )lJJll G, Hali)leM CJJe)lylO~He aasuc11.
1
1
!' MOCTH Me:>K,ny G H K: .l\JJll nJJocKoro Hanpll:>KeHHoro cocTollHHll l
Ks1
G =E (22.16)
G G

28

Cill ~
6 6
ó d
6 I'
"'"P. '
1

2B B

' ¡ l
D B
li
.......
6
2 e
H

PHc. 394

JVI ll IlJJOCKOH .zi;ecjlopM aIl,HH

1 - µ.ª ll
G= E K 1•
TaKHM oCípasoM,
repHH paapymeHH.ll:
1) SHepretHqecKall, cor JJacHo Koropoil: npe,llnoJJaraeTCll, qTo TpemHH8
MO:>KeT pacnpoCTpaHHTbCH Torna, KOr)la HHTeHCHBHOCTb ocso6o:>K)l31Q~elicll
qneprHH G .nocrHraer KpHTHqecKoro sHaqeHHll Ge, onpe)leJJlleMoro H3 ycJ](>· '
BHll paseHcrsa HYJJIO npoH3BO.l\HOH oT sHeprHH 8. W (22.4), ueoCíxo,llliMOA J
1 llJlll pacnpocrpaHeHHll tpe~HHhl, no l (dl:l. W/dl = 4y - Ge= O): !
G0 = 4y = const: c22.18) ~I
,1
61.2 ~l
1 ~
1 rj1
1•1
1 '
 2) CHJJOBaH, corJJaCHO Koropoii rpen¡1rna MO)l{€T pa3BllBaTbCH npH
noc111)J{eH11H K09cpcjrnuHeHrOM HHT€HCHBHOCTH HanpH:>KeHHA K caoeií KPH·
'rw1ecKoii aeJJHq11Hh1
= const.Kc (22.19)
Ha OCHOBaHHH cpopMyJJ (22 16) H (22.17) ,llJJH llJJOCKOro HanpH:>K€HHoro
cocTOHHHH H llJIOCKOll ,llecpopMaUHH COOTB€TCTB€HHO !lOJJyqHM

K~ KJc (1 - µz)
Oc= E; Ge= E (22.20)
3aMeTHM, qro cpopMyJJhl (22.20) C!lpase,llJIHBbl ,llJJH H,lleaJJbHO y¡¡pyroro
paspyllleHHH, T. e. Kor.na y KOHUa Tpew;HHbl B JlHHeapH30B3HHolí IlOCT8HOB·
Ke sa.naq¡.¡ reopHH y¡¡pyrocTH ay - oo. KpoMe Toro, IlpH IlJJOCKOM Ha!lpH·
)K€HHOM COCTOHHHH MO:>KeT HM€Tb M€CTO paspyllleHHe cpe3oM. TioSTOMY
B !lepsolí cpopMyJJe (22.20) HH,ll€KC 1 He IlHlll€TCH.
B OTJJHqHe oT paccM01peHHoro H,lleaJJbHoro cJJyqan JlJJH 6oJiblllHHCTBa
peaJJbHblX Ma1epHaJJOB B M8JJOií: OCíJJaCTH KOHU3 Tpew;HHbl HM€IOT MeCTO
nJiaCTHqecKHe .necpopMaUHH. Ü,llH3KO B cxeMe KBa3HXPYilKoro pa3pymeHHH
BCJl€,!(CTBHe M8JJOlí oCíJJaCTH IJJJaCTHqecKOH ,llecpopMaUHH !JO cpasHeHHIO
e ,llJIHHOH Tpew;HHbl IlOJJara101, q10 pa3Mepbl YK833HHOlí oCíJiaCTH H HHTfH·
CHBHOCTb IlpOHCXO,llHlll;elí B Helí !lJl3CTHqecKOH ,llecpopM8UHH Ollpe,lleJIHIOTCH
K09cpcpHUH€HTOM HHT€HCHBHOCTH H3IlpH:>K€HHlí !<.
H Ilpe,lleJioM TeKyqeCTH
º0.2 H, T3KHM o6pa30M, OCT310TCH B CHJie oCía KpHrepHH paspyllleHHH Kc
11 Ge e yqeroM 33BHCHMOCTH IlOCJJe,llHero OT xapaKrepa collpOTHBJJeHHH
MarepHaJJa IJJJacrHqecKoii ,llecpopMaUHH.
CooTHOllleHHH (22.14) H (22.20) a JJHHeÜHoii MexaHHKe pa3pymeHHH
HBJJHIOTCH OCHOBHbiMH H e HX IlOMOll¡biO MO:lKHO ocyw;eCTBJlHTb pacqeT !lpe-
,!(€JlbHOro COCTOHHHH 9JJ€M€HTOB KOHCrpyKUHlí e Tpew;HH3MH, a T3K:>K6 IlpO·
H3BO.l\HTb oueHKY MeXaHHqecKHX CBOHCTB MaTepHaJia H ero CllOCOCíHOCTH
TOPM03HTb pa3BHTHe rpew;HHb1.

22.4. Y11eT nnacTH11ecKoii 30Hbl

Pa,llHyo IJJJ3CTHqecKoii 30Hh1 Ha1160JJee Ilpocro oueHHTh IlpHCíJJH)l{eHHO,

npHpaBHHB Bblpa:>KeHHe ,llJJH <Jy (22.10) IlpH 8 =
0 !lpe)'.leJJy TeKyqeCTH M3•
TepHaJJa ªT' OTKY ,lla J(JJH IlJIOCKoro HallpH:>KeHHOro COCTOHHHH H3H,ll€M
2
¡ 1)
rT = 2n <JT •
(K (22 21)

Tio;:¡crasHB :;maqeHHe K1 .l\JJH IlJJaCTHHhl KOHeqHbIX pasMepos, oIJpe-

(t1;T) 2J,
¡¡:eJIHM ).(JJHHY Tpen¡HHbl e yqeroM IlJJ3CTHqecKoii 30Hbl:

[T=l+rT=[[I+; (2222)

3HaH 9cpcp€KTHBHYIO J(JJHHY rpew;HHbl [T H IlOJ(CT3BHB ee B cpopMyJiy

(22.12)' H3lÍJl€M yroqHeHHOe 3Ha qeH11e K09cpcpHUH€IIT3 HHT€HCHBHOCTH Ha•
Ilp H:lK€HHlÍ

(22 '.?3)

CJJe..11yer aaMeTHTh, qro IJoCKOJJbKy 3Ha'!eHHe rT saBHCHT OT seJJll'lll•

11¡¡¡ K1, onpe..11eJJeHHe SHa'leH11H K1 IJO (22.23) HY)KHO neo.nHoKparHo no·
BTOplITbt iYTO'lHHH 8HaqeHH€ r'l no (22.21).

623
 BeJIHQHHa paccMa1 p1rnaeMoii nonpaBKH CTaHOBHTCH 60J1ee SHalf11TeJlbH01i
no Mepe npu6Jiu:>KeH11H SHaqeul!l1 K 1 K KPHTHqecKoi'.i BeJIHQHHe K e•
C ¡yqeTOM (22.23) MO:lKHO Onpe,neJIHTb ,ZIJIH nJJOCKOrO HanpSi:>KeHHOrO
COCTOSIHHR nepeMelll.el-IHe y KOHIW rpell{HHbl ti npH r = H B =re: 'T
v=
K1(1
E
+µ)V' (3-µ
+ + 2n 1 µ 1- 2 sln 2
ª)
2 sin
B
2 . (22.24)

6
~6

y
- --
Gr
-- - ---
"'O
~
~~
-
X ... ~

2L r; 2i t;
2lr
1
¡
. -t 6
Pnc. 395
1
¡
! Y.naoeuaaH BeJIHQHHa u pasaa pacKpb!THIO rpeW.HHbl {) OpH nJJOCKOM
HanpaiKeHHOM COCTOHHHH (pHC. 395):

-
ª2
6=2v,_r =2(1-µ)-El
T (JT
VI+-, (-ª)ª . 2 (JT
(22.25)

PacqerHbie SHaQeHHH 6, no-

JJyqaeMble IJO cjlopMyJJe (22. 25¡
IlpH (J..,;;: 0,8aT, IlO,ZITBep:>K,ne11bl
9I<CnepaMeHT8JlbHO,

t
'" B EJ CJ
J
!<,,
o t
PHC, 396 PHc. 397

B CJiyqae IlJJOCI<oro ,necjlopMHpoBaHHoro COCTOSIHHH npoTSI:>KeHHOCTb

nnacruqecKoii s0Hb1 CHH:>KaetcH a HeCKOJJbKO pas no cpaaaeHHIO e nnocKHM
H3IlpH:>KeHHb!M COCTOHHHeM.
PasMepb! nJJacra11ecKoA SOHbI f aepIIIHH!il Tpew.HHbI ,ZIJJR o,nHoro H roro
me MatepnaJJa 38BHCHT or creneHH crecueHHSf ,necjJopMaUHH BJJ.OJJb nepe.ntte·
ro Kpasr rpew.nabl. CTeIJeHb crecaeuHH .necjlop)l.fa1rnH saaHCHT or TOJJW.Httli

624
ot5pa3Ua. C ee yseJIHqeHHeM Hanpll:>KeHHOe COCTOHHHe HSMeHHeTCH OT nJIOC·
KOfO, Korna Oz = O, K ot'.i'beMHOMY npH IlJIOCKOii necjJOpMaUHH' Korna Oz =
=µ(ax+ Oy). TipH 9TOM Ha t'.iOKOBOii nosepXHOCTH IlJIOCKoro ot5pa3Ua npH
orcyrcTBIIH Ha Heii suewHero .nasJieHHH scerna HMeer Mecro IJJIOCKoe na·
npH:>KeHHoe COCTOllHHe, a IlOTOMY pa3Mepb1 !lJiacrH'!eCKOii ot5JiaCTH y CBD·
60.!(Hoii nosepXHOCTH 06pa3ua seer.na 6oJibme, '!eM B cpe.nHeii '!acrH ot5pa3·
ua. BHJJ: nJiaCTH'!eCKoii 30Hhl snepe.!(H Kpan rpell\Hl!hl B .nocraro'!Ho ToJicroM
IJJIOCKOM o6pa3ue npn6JIH3HTeJibHO HMeeT cjJopMy K8TYWKH (pHC. 396).
Üt'.i'beMHoe H8!lpH:>KeHHOe COCTOHHHe B cpenHeii '18CTH ot5p83U8 o6ycJIOB·
.1:rnaer t'.iÓJibWYIO xpynKOCTb B &roií 30He IlO cpasHeHHIO e 30HaMH rpell\HHbl,
npHMhlK810ll\HMH K 60KOBbll\l nosepXHOCTHM, H TeM C8MblM CHH:>Kaer conpo·
THBJieHHe MarepHa,1a pa3pyweHHIO, a IlOTOMY cjlpoHT npO)lllH:>KeHHff Tpell\HII
B cpe,!(Heii qaCTH BbI,!(aeTCH snepe,!(, IIMeff ff3bIKO!lO,!(Ot'l"blH BH)\. J13.3a OTllO·
CHTeJihHOii pa3HHUbl IJJiaCTH'IHOii 30Hbl )\JIH o6pa3UOB pa3JIH'IHOii TOJill\HHbl
e H3MeHeHHeM IlOCJie,!(11eii H3MeHHeTCff TaK:>Ke BeJIH'IHH8 &HeprHH, sarpa•rn-
aaeMoii Ha pa3pyweHHe, a cJie)\OBaTeJibIIO, HMeeT MeCTO 3aBHCHMOCTb OT
TOJill{HH!il ot5pa3ua xapaKrepHCTHK Tpell\HHOCTOHKOCTH - BH3KOCTH pa3·
pyweHHH Kc H HHTeHCHBHOCTH ocsot5o:>KJ(a10ll1eiicH &HeprHH Ge. 3asHCH·
MOCTh Kc or ronm;HHhl ot5pa3Ua t cxeMarH'leCKH noKaSaHa Ha pHc. 397.
KaK BH.l{Ho, e yseJIH'!e1rneM TOJill\HHbl o6pa3ua SHaqeHHe Ke (a cJienvsa·
reJihHO, G,) ~MeHbwaerc11 H acHMIJTOTH'leCKH crpeMHTCff K npe.neJibHblM
3Ha'leHHHM Kic H Glc npH ot'.i'beMHoM HanpH:>KetIHOM cocTOHHHH B yCJJoBHllX
IJJIOCKOA ,necjJopMau11H.

22.5. MerOAHKill JKCnepHMeHrani.Horo onpeAeneHHA BA3KOCTH

pa3pyweHHA KOHCTpyK~HOHHlolX MarepHano•

Tipe,neJibHOe paBHOBeCHe rpell\HHO!lO,!(Ot'.iHblX .necjleKTOB B KOHCrpyKI~HH

npH 3a,naH HblX ycJIOBHHX 9KcnJiyarauHH onpe,neJinercH conpoTHBJie1rneM
pa3pyweHHIO (rpell\HHOCTOHKOCTblO) MaTCpHaJia, H3 KOTOporo oHa H3fOTOB·
JieHa. B Ka'!ecrse MepbI rpell\HHocroiiKoCTH npHMeHHTeJibHO K HaHt'.ioJice
onaCHblM H pacnpocTpaHeHHblM rpell\HHaM HOpMaJibHOfO oTpbIBa '13ll\e ace·
ro HC!lOJlb3YIOT Bff3KOCTb pa3pyweHHff - KpHTH'!eCKoe 3Ha'!eHHe BeJIH'IH·
Hbl KO&cjJcj¡HuHeHTa HHTeHCHBHOCTH Ha!lpH:>KeHHii K1c• COOTBeTCTBYIOll\ee MO·
MeHTY crapra Tpell\HHbl IlpH HaJIH'IHH B ee aepWHHe IlJIOCKOH .necjlopMaUHH.
B113KOCTh pa3pyweHHH npH IJJIOCKoii .necjlopMaU.HH Kic Mo:>KHo C'ltiTarb
KOHCTaHTOii MarepHaJia, He 38BHCHll\eii OT cjlopMbl H p33MepoB ot5pasuos.
11,JIH onpe,neJieHHH xapaKTepHCTHKH K¡c ,naHHoro KOHKpeTHoro MaTe-
pHaJia, COOTBeTCTBYIOllleii IlJIOCKoii .necjlopMaUHH, ot'.ibI'!HO HC!l0Jlb3YIOT ene·
UH3JibHble KOM!l3KTHble o6pa3Ubl (pHC. 398) e Tpell\HHoii, y.noaJieTBOpHIOll\He
CJie,!(y!Oll\eMy p 33MepHoMy Tpe6oBaH HIO:

lB (w - l) => 2,5 - (Kic)2 ,

0 0,2
(22.26)

r.ne l - .l{JIHH8 Ha,npe3a e Tpell\HHoii; B- TOJill\HHa ot5pasua; (w - l) -

mHpHHa pat'.ioqero yqacTKa o6paaua; o 0, 2 - npe,neJI reKyqecrH MarepHana
ot5pa3ua.
Pe:>KHM Bblp3ll\HBaHHff HCXO,l{Hoii ~CTaJIOCTHoii rpem;HHbl H ee JlJ!HHa
)\OJI:>KHbl COOTBercTBDBaTb onpe,!(eJieHHblM yCJIOBHHM, o6ecne'IHBa!Oll\HM IlO•
Jiyqe¡¡¡.¡e JlOCTosepHhlX SHa'!eHHii xapaKrepHCTHKH K Ic·
B npouecce sneueHTpeHHoro pacTH:>KeHHH o6pasua sospacra!Oll\HM ~CH·
llHeM perHcTpHpylOT ,nHarpaMMY Harpy3Ka P - CMem;eHHe 6eperos rpell\H·
Hhl v. BeJIH'IHHY KpHTH'lecKoro Ko&cjlcjJHuHeHra HHTeHCHBHOCTH Hanp11»<e-

625
 HHSI Kle HcnwTbJBaeMoro MatepHaJia paccqHThI1rn10T no HarpysKe PQ• coot-
aetcTBYJOW.eii Ha ,nHarpaMMe P - v ctapty TPelll.HHhI, e HCnOJihsosa1111eM
11eKotopoli, saBHCS1W.eii ot KOHcjrnrypau1rn o6pasua, cjlyHKUHH ero pasMepos
H ,llJIHHbl TpeW.HHbl y (l /w).
l(o9<jlcj!HUHeHT HHteHCHBHOCTH HanpS1lKem1li KQ•
cootsetctay10ru.Hli Ha-
rpysKe PQ, onpe.neJIHeTCSI no ~opMyJJe

KQ = Po Y(!....), (22.27)
BYw w
r.ne

y (wl) = 29,6
(w )112 -
l
185,5
(wl )3/2 + 665,7 ([w )5/2
~) ~)
112 912
- 1017 ( + 638,9 ( .

p \), rJ

' .
'
~=~L..1 . .L_~==::::::::::,..,
l•
¡

1
¡

B
w
p
PHc. 398

EcJIH noJiyqeHHaH taKHM o6pasoM seJIHquHa KQ ynosJietsopS1et pas·

MepHOMy tpe6osaHHIO (22.26) H MaKCHMaJibHb!li K03cjlcjJHuHeHT HHTeHCHBHOCTH
HaITpSllKeHHH UHKJia npH BblpaW.HBaHHH yctaJJOCTHOii Tpelll.HHbl K f max <i
..,;;: 0,6KQ, ro KQ cqHtaetcSI HcKoMoii xapaKtepHCTHKoii MatepHaJia Klc.
B UpOTHBHOM CJiyqae Heo6XO).(HMO noBTOpHTb HCilblTaHHSI Ha o6pasuax yse·
JIHqeHHb!X pasMepoB.
iloCKOJibKy SHaqeHHe HarpySKH Ha lIHarpaMMe P- ti He SaBHCHT OT
Mecta H3MepeHHH CMeW.eHHii. TO ITOCJJe,llHHe ueJiecooCípasHO HSMepSITb BCíJIHSH
roqeK npHJIOlKeHHH Harpy3KH HJIH BCíJIH3H cpe,nHeií: TO'IKH JIHHHH cjlpoHTa
tpelll.HHbl. 3tHM CMeru.eHHSIM Ha pHC. 398 COOTBeTCTBYIOT oCíosHa'leHHH ti p
H {), ilo CHHXpOHHO perHCTpHpyeMblM llHarpaMMaM P- Up MOlKHO ,llOilOJIHH•
Tt!JJbHO K CHJIOBOii xapaKrepHCTHKe K Ic onpe¡¡eJIHTb H .necjlopMaUHOHHylO l5r 0
xapaKtepHCTHKY 1peW.HHocroiiKocrH MatepHaJia. TaKoli no.a:xo.n no3BOJlffe7
KIJMITJieKCHO, e e,nHHblX MeTO)lH'leCKHX ITOSHUHli, oueHHBaTb rpew.HHOCTOA·
KOCTb MaTepHaJia KaK B xpyITKOM, TaK H B UJiaCTH'lHOM COCTOHHHHX. OTMe·
THM, 'lTO onHcaHHaff Bhlllle MeTOJlHKa onpe,neJieHHH xapaKrepHCTHKH K 1Q
TeopeTH'leCKH CTporo o6ocHOBaHa H TeXHHqecKH npHeMJieMa TOJibKO nplf
llC llblTaHHHX xpynKHX MaTepHaJIOB.
 rnA aA 23

KOHT AKTHblE HAílPSl>l<EHHSI

ll.f. OcHOBHble nOHllTHA H CIJopMynw An• onpeAeneHHA

KOHTaKTHblX Hanpll)f(eHHl'i " Aeel>opMa~Hl'i

HanpmKeHHH H .necjlopMaUHH, BOSHHKaJOrn.He npH ssaHMHOM HalKaTHH

¡¡,syx conpaKacaJOrn.HxcH reJJ, HaablBalOTCH KOHmaKmHblMU. MarepHaJJ
B Mecre KOHTaKTa, He HMeH B03MOlKHOCTH CBOCíOJ(HO .necjlopMHposaTbCH, Ha·
XO,!(HTCH B oCíbeMHOM HanpHlKeHHOM COCTOHHHH (pHC. 399). KoHTaKTHble
Ha!lpHlKeHHH HMeIOT 'IHCTO MeCTHblH
xapaKTep H seCbMa 6blcTpo yMeHbWa-
z
p
IOTCH no Mepe y.naJJeHHH OT MeCTa CO·
npHKOCHoBeHHH. KoHTaKTHblM HanpH·
iKeHHHM cJie.nyer y,neJIHTb cyw.ecrseH·
HOe BHHMaHHe npH pacqeTe Ha npoq.

p
PHc. 399 { PHc. 400

HOCT.b TaKHX ,!(eTaJJeii, KaK wapHKOBbie H pOJJHKOBble nO,!(WHnHHKH, ayCí-

4.JTbJe KOJJeca, KOJJeca IJOJ(BH:lKHoro cocrasa, peJJbCbl H r. n.
BnepBbJe !lpaBHJlbHOe peweHHe OCHOBHblX 3a,!(at¡ o KOHT3KTHblX Ha·
IlPHlKeHHS!X H .necjlopMauHHX (ÍbJJIO npose,!(eHO MeTO,!(aMH reopHH ynpyro·
CTH B 1881-1882 rr. f. fepueM.
HHJKe npHBe~Hbl HeKOTOpble cjJopMyJJbl ,ZIJJH Ollpe.neJJeHHH KOHTaKT·
Hb!X HanpsiJKeHHii H .necjlopMauHií, llOJJy'leHHble IlpH CJJe,!(ylOW.HX npe.nno·
JlOJKeHHSIX:
1) HanpsilKeHHS! B 30He KOHTaKTa He npeBbIWalOT npe.neJJa ynpyrOCTH;
2) nJIO!l\3)1.Kll KOHTaKTa MaJibl !JO cpaBHeHHIO e !lOBepXHOCTHMH conpH·
Kaca!OW.HXCS! TeJI;
3) CHJ!bl .nasJJeHHH, pacnpe.neJJeHHb!e no nosepXHOCTH KOHraKTa, HOp·
MaJ!bHbl K 9TOii nosepXHOCTH.
CJKaTHe wapoe. Pa.nHyc Kpyrosoii IJJJorn.a.nKH a (pac. 400), o6paay·
1mueiicsi B Mecre KOHTaKTa npn B3aHMHOM HalKarHH CHJIOH p J(BYX wapos
pa.naycaMH R1 H R 2 H MOJ(YJJHMH ynpyrOCTH MaTepHaJJa coorsercTBeHHO
E1 H E 2, onpe.neJJHercsi no cjlopMyJJe

JI pi+i
3
a=088 .. ( (23.1)
1 1 ¡'
Ri + Ra
627
 HopMa.llbHbie (C:>KHM810rn.He) HanpHMeHHH Ha nJJow.a.nKe KOHTaKTa
pacnpe.neJJeHbl no noJJyccjlepe. Haut'.iOJJbmee HanpH:>KeHHe, HMe10rn.ee MecTo
B u.eHTpe J]JlOllJ.3,!(KH KOHTaKTa, Mo:>KeT CíblTb onpe.!(eJJeHO TaK:

V
2
. p E1E2 (R1
¿
R2)2 +
ªª = -1ªmax1 = -1,5 na2 = -0,388 4P (Ei E2)2 + R~R~ .
(23.2)
JlBa .npyrux rJJaBHblX Hanpll1KeHHH B u.eHTpe JJJlOW.3.llKH paBHbl:

IJ¡ = !J2 = -0,8 \ ªmax \.

BcJJe.!(CTBHe oCí'heMHOro HanpH:KeHHOro COCTOHHHH M8TepHaJJa B u.eHTpe
JJJlOUJ.a,!(KH KOHT8KTa, npH KOTOpOM Bce TpH C1KHMa10w.ne H81lpH1KeHJIH
npaKTHQeCKH O).(HHaKOBbl, MaTepHaJJ 3).(eCb M01KeT Bbl).(ep:>KHB8Tb Cíe3 llOHB·
JJeHHH OCT3TOQHblX .necjlopMaU.HH BeCbM3 CíoJJhmHe ,!(3BJleHHH, COCTaBJJH·
• lOlll.He, HanpttMep, corJJaCHO QeTBepToA TeOpttH llpOQHOCTH BeJJHQHHY ªmax =
= 5aT. JlJJH CTaJJH, y KOTOpoü ªn¡¡ =
1000 Mna, ªmax .llOCTHraeT
5000 Mna.
¡'
•¡
HanCíoJJee OJJ8CHaH TOQKa B SOHe KOHTaKTa pacnoJJO:>KeHa B TOJJW.e Ma-
TepHaJJa Ha OCH Z, H3 rJJyCíHHe, p3BHOil: npHMepuo JJOJlOBHHe pa.nuyca JJJlC-
m.a.!(KH KacaHHH. fJJ3BHble H31lpH1KeHHH B 9TOÜ TOQKe
(23.3)
r.ne ªmax onpe,neJJlleTCH no cjlopMyJJe (23.2).
HanCíoJJhmee KacaTeJJbH06 nanpH1KeHne B onacHoA TOqKe
a1-aa
"t"max = 2 = 0,31amax· (23.4)

MaKCHM3JlbHble nanpH1KeHHH, B03HHKa!Orn.He B nJJow.a.nKe npH .naaJJe-

HHH mapa Ha sorHyTy10 ccjlepuqecKylO noaepXHOCTh e pa.nnycoM R 2 (puc.
401 ), noJJyqnM no cjlopMyJJe (23.2), saMeHHB B nefi SH8K npu R 2 na npOTH·
B OllOJJO}l{Hblfi

(23.5)

Ilpn .naBJJeHHH mapa pa.nnycoM R 1 = R Ha nJJocKOCTh (pHO. 402),

nanpH1KeHHH onpe.neJJHM no <jiopMyJJe (23.5), npHHHB B Hefi R 2 = oc:
'·
ªmax = 0,388
V 4P
El2E22
(E1 + E2)2
1
-
R2
. (23.6)

!I
'ifll:llllf.:>
CmaTHe U.HJJHH)lpos. IlpH B3aHMHOM c:>KaTHH pasHoMepHo pacnpe.neneH·
HOÜ HarpysKoil: q J(BYX IJ.HJJHHJ(poB, conpHKaca10rn.HXCH napaJIJieJlbHblMH
o6pa3y!Orn.HMH (pnc. 403), mHpHHa npHMoyroJibHOÜ JJJIOIII.3.!(KH onpe.ne- lf
JIHTCll JJO cjJopMyJie

b = 21 115
{
1+
E;_
q 1
-+-
R1
1
R2
1
E;. (23. 7) l
11
lf 1

673
'ri
1

' 'I 1
j
,,
HaH60Jiblllee HanpsoKeHHe, 11eAcray10w.ee a roqKax ocH nJIOlll.B)lKH,

ºma~=l,27-b
~
q
=0,418
V 2qEE1E2
+E l ~
+ R2
RiRR
l 2
(2.3.8)

Onaceasr TO'IKa B 30He KOHT3Kra ll3XOJ(HTCH Ha OCH z H8 rJiy(ÍHHe, paBHOA

0,4 b.fJI3BllbJe Hanpsr)!{eHHSI B 9TOH TO'!Ke llMelOT CJieJ(yIOW.He 3HalJe!JHH:

cr 1 =-0,180crmax: )
cr 2 - -0,288crmax, (23.9)
cr3 = -0,780crmax·

MaKcHMaJibHoe KacareJibHOe Hanpsr)!{eH11e a onacHoii TO'IKe

1 max = 0,3crmax· (23. 10)

z

p
p

PHC. 401 PHc. 402 PHc. 403

H3\teHHB B cjlopMyJie (23.8) 3HaK npn R 2 Ha nporHaonoJIOlKHbTA, noJiy 'l!IM

nanpSl)KeHHe B CJJy'lae J(3BJ!eHHSI UllJ!!IHJ(pa Ha BOrHyTylO UHJJHH)lp!llleCKYIO
llOBepxHOCTb:

(23. 11)

npH BSaHMHOM J(aBJieH!lll UHJJllHJ(pa pa.unycoM R1 = R 11 IlJJOCKOCTH'

npHHHB a (23.8) R 2 = oo, HaiíJ(eM

(23.12)

npHBe,lleHHble Bblllle cjJOpMyJJbl noJJyqeHbJ npll K09cfJcfJHUHeHTe nyacCO

Ha µ = 0,3. ÜJ(HaKo B npaKTll•JeCKHX pacqerax OHll npHrOJ(Hbl ll npH ilPY·
r11x 3Ha'leHHHX µ.
B oCíw.eM CJJy<Jae KOHTaKra JIBYX TeJJ H3 OJ(lll!aKOBOro MarepllaJia, CiKll-
z
MaeMbIX CHJIOfi p B HanpaBJJeHHH OCH (PHC. 404) ll KaCa!Olll.HXCH no fJJIOCKO-
CTll AB, npH pa;¡uycax KpHBHSHhl nepaoro reJia p 1 H p~, aroporo reJJa p 2
r;
¡.¡ (noJiaraeM, 'ITO r1 < p~ j P2 <
p;) ClOJiyoc11 oCípasyIOW.eiicH 9JIJillIITH•
'lecKoií IlJlOlll.a)J.KH KOHT3KTa onpeJ(eJJSIIOTCSI cpopMyJJaMll

V
3P(I -11;)
a=~ r ; (23.13)
1 1 1 1
E(-+,-+--+•)
P1 P1 P2 P2
629
 b=~-. 3 Í 3 P(l-µ 2 ) , (23.14)
V E
í1
\P1
1
+ PÍ + P2 + Pz
1 1)

r.ne µ- K09cjlcjJHUlfeHT 0y3CCOH3.

HH:>Ke npHBeJJ.eHbl 3H3qeHHS! K09cpcjJHUHeHTOB a H ~ K3K cjlyHKilHA
scno\JOr3TeJibIIOro yrJI3 ljl, Bb1q¡¡cJIHeMoro no cjlopMyJie

cos ljJ =

(23. 15)

! z 3n.ecb (jl - yroJI MelKJJ.Y rJI3BHbIMH TIJIOCKOCTHMH KpHBH3H

¡ p Te.~. a KOTOpbIX JielK3r p3JJ.HYCbJ p 1 H p 2 • 3H3KH B cjlopMyJie

(23 15) Bbl6Hp3!0TCH T3K, qToCíbl 3H3qeHHe cos ljJ (ÍblJIO no-
J!OlKHTeJibHblM.

<j;º a j3 4'º a j3
20 3,778 0,408 60 1,486 0,717
30 2,731 0,493 65 1,378 0,759
35 2,397 0,530 70 1,284 0,802
40 2,136 0,567 75 1,202 0,846
p 45 1,926 0,604 80 l, 128 0,893
50 1,754 0,641 85 1,061 0,944
PHC. 404 55 1,611 0,678 90 1,000 1 000

H3HCíOJibWee H3TipHlKeHHe B ueHrpe TIJIOW.3.11.KH KOHT3KT3

p
O'max = 115 1tab · (23.16)

H3H6oJiee on3CH3SI TO'IKª pacnoJioJKeH3 Ha ocH z

Ha HeKoropoii rJiyCíHHe,
33BHCSIW.eii OT OTHOWeHHS! b/ a.
M3KCHM3JibHOe Kac3reJibHOe H3npSIJKeHtte He aasttCHT or yK333H Hoto
OTHOWeHHS! H paBHO

(23. 17)

1(3K CJie.nyer H3 npHse.neHHbJX cpop':lyJJ, KOHT3KTHble HanpSilKeHHSl

33BHCHT OT ynpyn1x CBOHCTB V1arepttaJ1a H He S!BJIS!!OTCH JIHHeiiHoii cjJyHK•
uueii H3rpy3KH, TaK 'ITo Te\rn HX pocra orcraer oT TeMn3 yseJIHqeHHSI ClKlf• -
M3IOW.eii H3rpysKH. 3ro oCíbSICHHercSI TeM, qro e yseJIHqeHHeM H3rpyaKH
yaeJIHqHB3lOTCSI pa3MepbI nJIOIU3JJ.KH KOHTaKr3. B raCíJI. 60 npHse.neHbl p3c•
qerHb1e cjlopMyJibl .11.JJSI onpe.neJieHHH n3paV1erpos KOHT3KT a n.syx TeJI (KO•
9cpcjJHUHeHTOB A H B ypasHeHUSI 9JIJJHnca K3C3HHSI, pasMepa nJIOW.3.11.KH
KOHraKr3, H3HCíOJibWero KOHTaKTHoro HanpSilKeHHS! ªmax H B3aHM Hoto
cCíJIHJKeHHSI A). )J;JISI ynporn.eHHSI BbJqHcJieHHii no npHse.neHHblM cjlopMyJiaM
1
B TaCíJI. 61 JJ.3Hbl 3H3qeHHH BXOJJ.S!W.HX B HHX K09cjlcjJHuHeHTOB na. llb np, ni!.
B 33BHGHMOCTH or OTHorneHHSI A K B.
t
630
 23.2. npoaepKi!I npo'IHOCTH npH HOHTi!IKTHblX Hi!1np1111<eHHllX

flpoBepKy npo'!HOCTH npH KOHT3KTHblX HanpHlKeHHl!X CJie.11.yeT npOH3·

BOJ\HTb no TpeTbelí HJIH 'leTBeprolí TeOpHH npO'lHOCTH:

ª3Ke III = 01 - 0a <. [al;

CTOJI.CTaBHB B 9TH <iJopMyJihl 0'1, 0'2, 03, BhlpaJKeHHb!e '1epe3 O'max B UeHtpe
IJJIOlllaJI.KH KOHTaKra, sanmueM yc.'IOBHll I1p01lHOCTH B BHJI.e

(23.18)
OTKyJJ.a

O'maX <: ml (O')= (O')KOHT'

r11e (crJKoHT = (cr)/m-.11.onycKaeMoe HanpHlKeHHe JI.JIH Hatt60J1b1Uero HanpS!·

lKtl!HS! B Mecre KOHT8KTa. 3Ha'!eHHS! Kos<tJctmuneHTa m B 3aBHCHl\IOCTH OT
OTllOUieHHS! noJiyoceü 9JIJIHnTH'leCKOH !1JIOIU3.ll.KH b/a npHBeJI.eHbl HHJKe.

a 3KBii 1 a!lKBlV
b/a m= m=
ªmax ªmax
l (Kpyr) 0,620 0,620
0,75 0,625 0,617
0,50 0,649 0,61 l
0,25 0,646 0,587
O (nOJioca) 0,600 0,557

MolKHO peKoMeHJI.OBaTb cJieJI.yIOlllHli nop¡¡.z¡oK pacqera Ha TipO'lHOCTh

9JI eMeHTOB KOHcrpyKUHH B Mecrax KOHT3KT3.
1 Onpe.11.eJIHTb r.'laBHble pa.z¡Hych! KpHBH3Hbl KOH13KTHPYIOlllllX reJI P1. r;.
PJ• pj' a T3KlKe yrOJI 'ljl MelKJI.Y HX rJiaBHb!MH nJIOCKOCTl!Mll KpHBH3Hbl
;¿, Bhl'lHCJIHTh no <iJopMyJiaM (23. ! 3) n (23. l 4) e yqeroM (23.15) pas-
Meph! !lOJiyoceü 9JIJIHnrnqecxolí IJJl0IU3Jl.Kll KOHT3KT3.
3. ITo <iJopMyJie (23.16) O!lpeJI.eJIHTb ªmax• a B CJiyqae KpyrJiolí H npll·
MoyrOJibHOlí IlJIOlll3JlOK KOHTaKra - no <tJopMyJie (23.2) HJIH (23.8) COOT·
BeTCTBeHHO, He O!lpe.z¡eJIHS! pa3MepOB IJJl0lll3Jl.KH.
4. Pacqer "ª
TipO'lHOCTh MO)l{HO I1pOH3BOJl.HTh TIO <iJopMyJie (23 18),
Haxo.11.¡¡ 3Ha'leHHH m IJO TipHBeJI.eHHOli BhI!lle ratSJinue. ITpn sroM peKoMeH·
.z¡yerc¡¡ HCXOJl.HTb H3 'leTBeproü reopHH I1p01lHOCTH.
5. .[LJI¡¡ pOJIHKOBblX H !llapHKOBblX IlOJl.lllHnHHKOB [cr)KOHT paBHO
3500-5000 MITa; JI.JIH peJihCOBOli craJIH 800-1000 MITa.
B TaÓJI. 62 npHBeJI.eHhI Ha1160JihlllHe .z¡oIJycKaeMble .11.aBJieHHH Ha nJio·
llla.n:Ke KOHT3KTa IlpH TiepBOHa'!aJibHOM KOHTaKTe !10 JIHHHH (m = 0,557)
H CTaTH'leCKOM HarpylKeHHH. B CJiy'!ae IJepBOHa'laJibHOro KOHTaKTa B TO'lKe
SHaqeHHe [a)KOHT CJie.11.yer yBeJIH'lHTb B 1,3-1,5 pa3a.

631
 '
' T a 6JI H u a 60. Pac-reT Hble lj¡OpMyJlbl llJIR onpeJJ,eJ1eHHR ni.p4 MeTpOB KOH

K 0•<1>c1>uuueHTb1
ypaeneuu~ onnunca
K8C8HHq
CxeMa K8C8HHR PasMephl nno~aJIKH KOHTBKTB

.Usa ccf>epttqecKHX
TeJia
A 1 B

a= b = 0,9086 X
-
'

p
xV
3Í
p R1R2 ( 1 - µ~ + 1- µ;)
\l.'
. L R1 + R2 E1 E2 ·
1
I 1/\

~ rsi
'
1 1' R1+R2 Ri +R2
~ 2R1R 2 2R1R2 ECJJH E 1 = E 2 =E ·
.
't ''
1'
1¡
'
~
p
-

a=b=l,109 -VE P R1R2

R1 +R2
¡f': it

! •

1
Illap H ccpepttqe.
CKOe yrJJy6JJeHHe

p
X vr p
a= b = 0,9086 X
R i R2
R2-R1
e-µi +
E1
1-
E2
µD ":
'
~..,
~' R2-R1 R2-R1
' X 2R1R2 2R1R2 EcJIH E1 = E 2 = E '
'
7· ~ -

R2>R1
'"
a=b= 1,109
VE p R1R2
R2-R1
'

a= b = 0,9086 X
-
Ccf>eptt'!ecKoe
TeJIO H IJJIOCKOCTb

p X
V PR
e-µ~
E1 + E2
I-µ:) .
'

í ~ 1 l
...._ Ecm1 E 1 = E2 =E

v-
~

\ 7 2R 2R :
~R
'" "
'
a=b=l,109
'

.
'
632

¡
.,•1¡'
' 1 '
1
 Ta~ ra 11Byx Te.n

Hmi6onbwee uanpRlK€Hlle ªmax C6J11llKeHHe conp0KaCa10ll\llXCR Te.JI /1

-
~ 5784 - ' /
'
3
P RiR2
R,+R,
( 1- µl2 1 -µ2 2 X 2) Vª í p2
R1 +
0,8255 X

R2
R1R 2
e - µl2 1 - µ2
E1 E2
+ ·r
E1 + Ea

H µ¡ = µ2 = 0,3, TO

0,388v PE2 (R1 +R2r

R1R2
1,231 v(~r E
R1 + R2
R1R2
1
= 3 ºmax
max 't
max o 1 = 0,133umax
-
05784-
•
I
3
P
( 1 - µ¡2
f!,-R,
RiR2
1 - µ22r P<'
3

R1R2
0,8255 X

p2 R2 - R 1 e' - 2+E1
µ1 1 - µz
E2
2).
E1 + E2

= 0 ,3, TO

r
H µ1 = µ2

V a í (p '2 R, -- R1
0,388 ª Í PE2 ( R2 - Ri
R1R2 l,231v E") R1R2
1
max 't = 3 ºmax

- max o 1 = 0,133umax

0,6784{
R2
(1 - µl2
E +
p
1 -µ2
E2
2r 0,8255
V ( p2
R
1 - µ1
E¡
2+ 1 - µ2
E2
2r
1
H µ1 = µ 2 = 0,3, TO

0,388 -V PE2 R12 Ef

11231 V ( p
1
R
1
max T = 3 ªmax
max o 1 = 0,133omaa

63]

11
1
 Ko3<j><j>uuHeHTbl
ypaBHCHHH 9JJJittnca
CxeMa KacaHHff K8C3HHSI PaaMephl n.'IOll.\aJIKH KOHTaKTa

A B

Ccpepl!'1ecKoe a= 1, 145na X
>
TeJJO H UHJJHH,llp

apepHtieCKOe Te· a= l ,145na X

JIO H UHJJHH,!lpH·
3
qecKHÍ! :lKeJ106
X
p

!
t
j
!
C¡jJepn'lecKoe Te- a= l, 145na X
JJO H KpyroBOÍ!
1KeJio6 (mapHKo- 3
1- µ~ 1-µ~)
BbIÍ! ílO.lJ.lllHílHHK) P( E1 -t- E2
X
p 2 1 1
1 ( 1
- -+
1( 1 - -+-
R1 - R2 Ra
2 R1- 2 R1

-~J +~J 3
b= 1, 145nb

634
 ll pOOO/lJ!leHUe ma611. 60

HaHC50Jibrnee HanpRJKeHue Umax CiiiJIHJKeHne conpuKaca10ll\HXCR Ten !J.

- 0,655n!J. X

0,365np

H µ¡ = µ2 = 0,3, TO
3
0,245np

.
1
0,655n !J. X 1
',II
0,365np

j
1
ví
H µ¡ = µ2 = 0,3, TO

0,245np PE2 (2~:;2Rir

Ví p2 (2Ri - R21+ Ra1) X ..

2 1 1) 3
p ( Ri - &;. + Ra 0,655n!J.
0,365np
e- E1
µ~ 1 - µ~)2
+ E2

635
 j
11

K 03<t<jmuneHTbl
ypaeaeaHR •nnunca
CKearn KacallllR KBCBHHfl
Pa3MCpb1 nnO!l\BAKH KOHT3KTa

A B

ECJ111 E 1 = E2 = lI
------~
p 1

V
1
a = 1,397 na E · 2 1
,

l
-1 +-
-R1 - R2 Ra
•!
¡
¡
'

POJillKOBblH llOJJ.· a= l,145na X

WllílHllK
t-µ2 1 -µ22
1 ( 1
__ _.l+---'
E1 E2
2 R2 - X P ---'----=---
! 1 1 1
--+-+-- -
-~~) R1 R2 Ra Re

a= I,397na X

b = l,397nb X

636
 fl pOOOJIJ((eHUe maú 11. 60
-
Hau6onbwee uanpBlKeBBe Omax COnBJKOBBe conpHKaca10w.uxcR Ten l!i.

- lf µi: = µ.11 - 0,3, TO

V ( )ª V( 2 1 1)
2
2 1 1 p)
Rz + Ra Ri - Ra + Ra
(
0,245np PEZ Ri - 0,977n!!i. E

0,365np X
V pa (1Ri + R21 + Ra1 - ..
3
Í
2 0,655nl!i.
1 1 1 1)
X -
3
p ( -+-+- -
Ri Rz Ra - R,
/
(
1 - µ~ 1- µ:)ª
Ex + Ea

H ¡!1 = µg - 0,3, TO

0,245np X

X
V PEZ (Ri + R2 + Ra-R4)ª
1 1 1 1
X
3

631
 ¡"
!
1 K 09cj>Q>u¡¡uenT bl
1,'
ypaeHeHHH 9nnHDC8
Cir.eMa KataHuff K8C8HHH
PasMepbl nnO!l\8,r\KH KOHTaKTa

A B

1'
1 l..l,HJIHHJJ.pbl CO a= l,145n0 X
B3aHMHO nepneH·
f;
JJ.HKYJllipHbIMH
1: OCRMH

'
i
1
2R2

1 V
X p
Ri R2 ( 1 - µ 1+
R2+R1 E1
2 1 - µs
Ea
IlpH R1
2

i a= b = 0,9086 X

f
'

l..l,HJIHHJJ.pbl e na- CToJiyurnpttHa TIOJIOCKH KOHTaKra •

paJIJieJibHblMH
b=1,12sx
OCRMH

11 •
1
l 1'
1 1 t
1
it
lt
Ir

ti
'I
J l

!I¡' fi38
1 :1
'1
1 l
1
 fl pOOOAJICeHUe ma6A. 60
1
¡'1
Hau6onbwee HanpRlKeuHe Umax CónHlKeHue conpuKaCB!Oll\HXCR Ten l!i.

0,655nl!i. X
a ! p• R2 +R i ( 1 - µ2l + 1 - µ2)i
X
V RiR2 E1
2
E~

R2= R
p
p2(1 - µ~ µ:)·
V í
0,5784
R2 ( 1-µ2
i + 1-µ2)
2
2
0,8255 V 3
R E1 +
1-
E2
E1 E2
µ 1 = µ2 = 0,3, TO

o,245np -v;h'2(RR~: 1r

Rz = R

0,388~
2P [ 1 - µ~ ( 2R1
nl Ei In b + 0,407 + ) 1
1

+ 1 -E µ: (In 2R
ji
b + 0,407
2 )]
1
1
2 1
1
1

2P [( 2R
nl In b + 0,407) X I'
1

1-µ2 1-µ2)]
X ( E1 1 + E2.2 i
1

/1
P ( 4R1R2 )
0,5796 lE In b2 + 0,814

639
l1
1
1
11
 ,, ]( 09<!>cllH1tHeHTbl
fpaBHeHHR snnun4a
KBCBHHR
Cxe11a ucauuR PaaMep bl OJ!OU\811.KH KOHTaKTa

A B
''t t'
R1
1~
flp11
.'
'
1l
b = 1,076 V PR
TE
í1
¡ IJ,HJillHJlp H ~11-
.llHHJlpH'leCKall
Bil3JlllH3
e napanJIMbHhl-
MH OCllMll
fTOJ1yIIJ11p11Ha IlOJIOCKll KOHT3KTa

b = l, 128 X

l' 1J 1 ( 1
2 R. . -

-~J

IJ.HJIHHJJ.p floJJylll11p11Ha TIOJIOCKll KOHT3KT8

11 IlJIOCKOCTb
.. Í -µ~ 1 -µ~

1
b=l,131 v-l- PR(I
E1 + E2 '

2R
ECJ111 E1 = E2 =

b = 1,526 V PR
TE
BoJibIIJ8ll nOJiyoch 9JIJI11nca
JJ.sa TeJJa, orpa-
Hll'JeHHble KpllBO-
Jll!HeHHbJMll
BepxHoCTl!Mll
conp11Kacanw11ec¡¡
no-
11
a=na V 3 ( 1-
2 E1
µi
+
MaJiall nonyocb 9JIJI11nca
1-
E2 }
µ:1

JJ.O JJ.ecj¡op,•auH11

µi 1- µ=) ~
B OJJ.HOH TO'!Ke

b=nb
P-
V
Harpy3Ka;
3
2
(1 -
E + E21
:,1
E - MoJJ.yJJh ynpy "
'
rocT11; µ - K09cj¡cp11UHeHT CTyacco11a· ,
1 11 2 - llH)l,eKCbl. COOTBeTCTBYIO
nepBOMY 11 BTOpoMy TeJJaM; Ik - cyM-
Ma r JiaBHblX KpHB113H IlOBepxHOCTe
conp11Kacruom11xc¡¡ TeJI B Mecre nep• ~

640
"°"'""'""º" ···""'" 1¡
1

1
 ll poaoAJICtHUe ma611. 60

HaHISOJibWee HanpsnKeHHe CJmax CCiJIH>KeHHe conpmrnCBIOUJ.HXCff <reJI /1

- R¡=R
v~
2
o,~91 TR R ( In bZ
0,57967E 4R + 0,814 )

- Rz-R1
p RiR2
0,5642.
T 1 -µª 1 - µ2
E1
1 + E2
2

11 µ1 = µs = 0,3, TO

0,418 V~ Rz -Ri p
1,82 LE (1 - In b)
l RiRs

- p YMeHbWeHHe pasMepa All8MeTpa 11,11-

JlllH.n;pa Me>KAY ABYMll C>KllMalOlll,llMH
0,5642 - IR ero rpaHllMH (e y'leTOM KOHT8KTHblX
1 -µ2
E1
1 + 1-µ2
Es
2
11 06111,llX ll,e<jJopMall,llÜ ll,llJIHllApa)

Af)
P ( 0,41 +In b
= 1,159 IE 4R)
11 µ¡ = µ. = 0,3, TO

0,418 VPE
Tif

np-;tX
1
1
n112
V e- µ~ +
4
9
E1
1 - µ~) 2
E1 P'Ek

X
-v· ( " r2 1-
+ E1
E1
1
µ~ 1 - µ: p'

r.n;e np = nn
a b

21 7-458 641
 ..

'I
1.
¡~
1

¡ A!B na tlb tlp nA

1 ~ 1

~.
1,0000 1,000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000
0,9623 1,013 0,9873 0,9999 0,9999
" 0,9240 1,027 0,9742 0,9997 0,9997
~ t 0,8852 1,042 0,9606 0,9992 0,9992
'•' 0,8459 1,058 0,9465 0,9985 0,9985
¡ 0,8059
0,7652
0,7238
1,076
1,095
1, 117
0,9318
0,9165
0,9974
0,9960
0,9974
0,9960
0,9005 0,9942 0,9942
0,6816 1,141 0,8837 0,9919 0,9919
f· 0,6384 1, 168 0,8660 0,9890 0,9889
f 0,5942 1, 198 0,8472 0,9853 0,9852
! 0,5489 1,233 0,8271 0,9805
• 0,9804
0,5022 1,274 0,8056 0,9746 0,9744
0,4540 1,322 0,7822 0,9669 0,9667
0,4040 1,381 0,7565 0,9571 0,9566
0,3518 1,456 0,7278 0,9440 0,9432
0,3410 1,473 0,7216 0,9409 0,9400
0,3301 J,491 0,7152 0,9376 0,9366
0,3191 1,511 0,7086 0,9340 0,9329
0,3080 1,532 0,7019 0,9302 0,9290
0,2967 1,554 0,6949 0,9262 0,9248
0,2853 1,578 0,6876 0,9219 0,9203
0,2738 1,603 0,6801 0,9172 0,9155
0,2620 1,631 0,6723 0,9121 0,9102
0,2501 1,660 0,6642 0,9067 0,9045
0,2380 1,693 0,6557 0,9008 0,8983
0,2257 1,729 0,6468 0,8944 0,8916
0,2132 1,768 0,6374 0,8873 0,8841
0,2004 1,812 0,6276 0,8766 0,8759
0,1873 1,861 0,6171 0,8710 0,8668
0,1739 1,916 0,6059 0,8614 0,8566
0,1603 1,979 0,5938 0,8507 0,8451
0,1462 2,053 0,5808 0,8386 0,8320
0, 1317 2,141 0,5665 0,8246 0,8168
0, 1166 2,248 0,5505 0,8082 0,7990
0,1010 2,381 0,5325 0,7887 0,7775
0,09287 2,463 0,5224 0,7774 0,7650
0,08456 2,557 0,5114 0,7647 0,7509
0,07600 2,669 0,4993 0,7504 0,7349
0,06715 2,805 0,4858 0,7338 0,7163
0,05797 2,975 0,4704 0,7144 0,6943
0,04838 3,199 0,4524 0,6909 0,6675
0,04639 3,253 0,4484 0,6856 0,6613
0,04439 3,311 0,4442 0,6799 0,6549
0,04237 3,373 0,4398 0,6740 0,6181
0,04032 3,441 0,4352 0,6678 0,6409
0,03823 3,514 0,4304 0,6612 0,6333
0,03613 3,594 0,4253 0,6542 0,6251
0,03400 3,683 0,4199 0,6467 0,6164
0,03183 3,781 0,4142 0,6387 0,6071
0,02962 3,890 0,4080 0,6300 0,5970
642
I'
'
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 ll poBo!lJ1Ce 11,ue ma611. 6 I

A/B

0,02737
na

4,014
nb

0,4014
np

0,6206
l n !!.

0,5b60
0.02508 4,156 0,3942 0,6104 0,5741
0,02273 4,320 0,3864 0,5990 0,5608
0,02033 4,515 0,3777 0,5864 0,5460
0,01787 4,750 0,3680 0,5721 0,5292
0,01533 5,046 0,3568 0,5555 0,5096
0,01269 5,432 0,3436 0,5358 0,4864
0,009934 5,976 0,3273 0,5112 0,4574
0,007018 6,837 0,3058 0,4783 0,4186
0,003850 8,609 0,2722 0,4267 0,3579
~

T a 6 JI H u. a 62.
,!J,onycKaeMhle 11.auJieHHH Ha nJiom.a11.Ke KOHTaKTa npu
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MapKa BpeMem1oe conpo- no 13pHHeJIJIIO Hoe ¡¡aBJJeHHe Ha nnow;a.n.Ke
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CTaJib

30 480-600 1800 850-1050

40 570-700 2000 1000-1350
50 630-800 2300 1050-1400
sor 650-850 2400 1100-1450
l5X 620-750 2400 1050-1600
20X 700-850 2400 1200-1450
l5X<I> 1600-1800 2400 1350-1600
IIIX15 - - 3800
4yryH
C42l-40 968 1800-2070 800-900
C424-44 100 1870-2170 900-lOOQ
~428-48 1100 1700-2410 1000-1100
432-52 1200 1700-2410 1100-1200
C435-56 1300 1970-2550 1200-1300
C438-60 1400 1970-2550 1300-1400
:¡!¡
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tt l
r1 ºª - npe,!leJI npQlfHOCTH np11 paCTSDKCHHH (,!IJ!ll .11epeea - B,!IOJ!b BOJIOKOH)¡ i1
ºe - npe,!leJI npoq110CTH npH C>K3THH (.!IJill .11epeea - B,!IOJib BOJIOKOH);
I' 0 11 - npe.11en npoq11ocTH np11 113rn6e;
' TH - npe,!leJI npoqHOCTll npH Kpy..e111111;
Tcp - npe.11eJI npoq11ocTH npu cpe3e (llJill .11epeBa - B,!IOJib BOJIOK011);
ºmi - npe.11eJI nponopn11011aJibHocTH np11 pacTll>Ke111111;
uT - npe.11eJ1 TeKYqec™ np11 pacTll>Ke111111;

llpe¡r.en TeKy•
llpe¡r.en qecTH, npo- Dpe¡r.M Blil•
MaTepHaJJ npoqnOCTH,
nop~HOHBJll•• BOCJIHBOCTBt
Mna nocTH, Mna Mna

YrJ1epoA11 CTfile

06blKHOBeHHOfO
roer 380-71
CTI 08 = 320 - 400 (JT = 180 º-tp = 120- USO
º-1 = 160- 220
l"_l = 80- 120
08 = 320- 400 (JT = 190- 220 º-tp = 120- 160
ª-1 = 170 - 220
t_¡=80-130
Or3 0 8 = 380 - 470 (JT = 210 - 240 (J 1 = 120-160
-P
º-1 = 170 - 220
t_l = 100 - 130 ~J
08 = 420 -520 (JT = 240 - 260 ª-1 == 190 - 250 ~
08 = 500- 620 (JT = 260- 28() º-tp = 170- 220
ª-1 = 220 - 300
t_l = 130- 180
CT6 08 = 600 - 720 (JT = 300 - 31() ª-tp = 190 - 250
º-1 = 250 - 340
t_l = 150 - 250 '
cneUHaJibtlbl'O
' 1
roer 5520-79
15K cr 8 = 380 (JT = 210 - 230
1 t 20K 08 =410 (JT = 230 - 250
fü(,T 6713-75
CT3 MOCT. = 380 = 240
1 M 16C
(JB

= 380
(JT

lll = 230
08 (JT

¡
644
1
,11
11
 0 pueuTupouoquwx pacqeToe)

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Oi-, e - npe¡¡eJI TeKyqecTU npu CJKaTHH;
oT." - npe¡¡eJJ TeKy'!eCTH npu H3rn6e;
º-lp - npe¡¡eJI BblHOCJJHBOCTH npu paCTlllKeHHH;
º-1 - npe¡¡eJI BhIHOCJIUBOCTH npu H3fHÓe;
't_¡ - npe¡¡eJI BblHOCJIHBOCTH npu KpyqeHHH.

ÜTHOCH• K o 3<!>cf>H.
uueHT nn·
TeJlbHOe Teep;¡ocTb Y,11aptta>1 Mo;¡ynb Y;¡enbttblll nellnoro
y,1vrnuenne no Bpe· BH3KOCTb, ynpyrOCTH K 03<1><!>H· eec,
(OTHOCH• unent pacwnpe-
HeJIJIIO, X 10 E (G), x10-• HHH,
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%
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28 tlOO

26 1160

21-23 1310 7-10

19-21 1430 6-8

15-17 1700

-
Ha3HaqeHHSI

23 7-8
22 6-7

22 (50) 7-10
22 (50) 7-10

é41
 ~I
"
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fl pe;a.en TeKyqecTH, npe;a.eJJ
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Mna

fOCT 1414-7!)
1 1 ~
''
At2 aB = 420-570 - -
A40f (J
B
=600-750 - -
K3'leCT

rocT 1050-, 4
.,
10 (JB = 340 - 420 (JT = 210 ª-lp = 120 - 150
ª-1 = 160 - 220
't_l = 80 - 120 1
20 (JB -= 420 - 500 ar= 250 ª-tp = 120 - 160 1

ª-1 = 170 - 220

'C1 = 100 - 130
30 (J
B
= 500-600 (JT = 300 ª-lp = 170 - 210
º-1 = 200 '--- 270
'C1 = 110- 140
40 (JB = 58() - 700 (JT = 340 ª-lp = 180 - 240
ª-1 = 230 - 320
'C1 = 140 - 190
45 (J
B
=610-750 (JT = 360 ª-lp = 190- 250 i 1

ª-1 = 250 - 340 1

't_¡ = 150 - 200

50 (J
B
= 640-800 (JT = 380 ª-lp = 200- 260
ª-1 = 270 - 350
'C1 = 160- 210
60 (JB = 690 - 900 (JT = 410 º-lp = 220 - 280
ª-1 = 310- 380
't_1 = 180 - 220
30f (JB = 550 - 700 (JT = 320 ª-1 = 220 - 320
6or (JB = 710 (JT = 420 º-tp = 250 - 320

JierttpOH3H

1,
' roer 4543-71
' 20X a 9 = 720 - 850 (J = 400-650 º-1 = 310 - 380
il
1 T
'Lt = 170- 230
~I 40X a 9 = 730-1050 (JT = 650 - 900 º-lp = 240 - 340
'I! º-1 = 320 - 480
1 't_¡ = 210 - 260
45X a 9 = 850-1050 = 700-950 = 400 - 500
1; 1
(J º-1
T
' 1

1, ''
lt 646
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il
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I ,[
 fl poíJOllJ1ceHUe npUllo:J!CeHUJI J
J\031jlljJH-
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22 (36) 1600 - 2,02 - - 11,9-14,'2
14 (20) 2070 - - - - -

aeHHb1e***

31 (55) 1,90 7,83 11,6-14,6

25 (55) 2,02 7,82 1l,1-14,4

21 (50) 8 7,82 12,6-15,6

19 ( 45) 6 2, 135 7,81 12,4-14,6

16 (40) 5 2,04 7,81 11,6-14,7

14 (40) 4 2,20 7,81 12,0-14,1

12 (35) 2,08 7,80 11,1-14,6

20 (45) 8 2, 17 7,81
11 (3b) 2,109 7,81 11,6-14,6

H ble CT3JIH

2,07 7,74 11,3

2, 185 (0,808) 7,85 13,4-14,8

~ (45) 1870- 5 2, 109 (0,8015) 7,82 12,8

2190
617 I'
 npe)\eJI '
MaTeppa;1
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'
30XM (JB = 740- 1000 (J = 540- 850 ª-lp = 370
T
~
ª-1=310-410
't_1 = 230
40XH (Jh = 1000-1450 (JT = 800- 1300 º-lp = 310- 420
"'
º-1 = 460 - 600
12XH3A (JB = 950- 1400 (JT = 700- 1100 ª-1 = 420- 640
't_1 = 220 - 300
20XH3A (JB = 950- 1450 (JT = 850 - ! J00 ª-1 = 430 - 650
'L 1 = 240 - 310
40XHMA (JB = 1100-1700 (JT = 850 - 160{) ª-1 = 500 - 700
't_1 = 270- 380
15XCH.lJ. (] 8 =640-660 (JT = 390 - 420 º-1=310
lfü)
't_ 1 =

30XfCA (JB " " 1100-1700 ª- = 850 - 1500 º-1 = 480 - 700
't_¡ = 280 - 400

Hep)l{aBeIOmHe *ªPO
fOCT 5632-72 (JB -= 610 (JT = 410 º-1 = 370
IX13 (3)1(1)

2X 13 (3)1(2) (JB = 720 (JT = f>20 º-1 = 370

(33K3JIK3 C 1273-
l:.!93 K Ha B03·
.11yxe, oTnycK np11
993-1023 K)

IX17H2 (311268) (JB = 960 OT= 770 º-1 = 490

(saKaJJKa e 1303 K.
OTnycK np11
85l K)

JXIBH9T ºº = 580 (JT = 240 ª-1 = 200 - 240

(35111) 't_¡ = 135
1

l ll
f X 12H22T3MDP OB = i35Q (JT = 1040
(3l1696M, 3D33)
1

1 (npOKBTKa, CT~-
rt pettHe 1003 K,
I!
16 11+903 K,
it 16 q)

'lf 648
/¡
11 1
1

' l1
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- - 2,130 - 7,8L
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- - - - - - -
- - - 2,040 (0,815) - 7,85 11,0-14,5

- - - 2,010 - 7,85 ! l,7

18-21 - 7, 11 - - - -
- - - 1,980 (0,830) - 7,85 11,0

npO'IHble cTaJJu

22 (60) 11 2,2 7,75 10,1 - 12,2

21 (65) 6-17 2,2 7,75 1O, I

17 (59) 2,0 7,75 10,3

70 (80) 28 2,0 7,9 16,6--18,6

20 (46) -

649
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llpe.<(en
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11

1 llpeAeJJ
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'
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1'
1
roer 5632-72 (JB = 920 - 1090 (JT = 660
X20H77T2IOP
(3!1437B)
(aycTeHHTH38UH.!l
npH 1253 K e
oxJJa)K¡¡errneM Ha
B03¡¡yxe, cTape- .
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t 16 q) '.
'j

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(3aKaJIKa C J483-
J 493 K e oxJJa)K-
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1223K, 2'1)

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BoJJbcppaM (HeJJertt·
poBaHHbIM*****)
CnJJaBbl BOJJbtjlpa\1a
W - 15 Mo***** (JB = 175
i
W-2 Nb****"'
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ªº =
(JB = 350
234
1
'
MoJJH6¡¡eH (JB = 780
CnJJaBbl MOJJH6AeHa
293 K GB = 800
BM-l { 2073 K (JB = 100
293 K
BM.- 2 { 2073 K
ªª = 750
ºº = 90
293 K a = B
430-600
BM-3

H¡¡oo¡¡f{
{ 2073 K 0 = 120- 135
8
(JB = 770
1
CnJJaBbl HHOÓH.!l
293 K (JB = 750
]
2
BH· { 1773 K ªª = 80- 100
293 K a 8 =750-800
BH-3
{ 1773 K
ª" = 125

1 650
1 1
1
l 1
1 ~
 npoiJO!l:J/CeHUe npu W:J/CeHUfl /
~

ÜTHOCH- K03Qi1J11
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- npoqHble cnJiaBbl
rpa)'.\

11-24 3,1) 2,0 8,2 12,7

(10-21)

1,5-7
(8-16)

MeTaJIJibl

49 (76) 4,2 (1,5) 0,3 19,3 4,45

27 (78)
9 (25)
15 (8)
20 3,3 (1,22) 0,31 10,2 'i,6
10 3,3 10,3
45 1,85
! o (30) 0,2 3,33
18 1,85
2,8 3,25
(0,7-40)
40-50 (6,5)
20-25 37 1,06 (0,88) 0,39 8,57 7,1
(25-35)
18-28 27 1,06 8,66 6,25

16-20 30
(40-70)
40-43

6~1
 Dpe¡i.en
npe¡i.en TeKyqecTH, Dpe¡i.en
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G = 810 (JT = 730 -

-
{ 293 K
BH- 4 1773 K
8
0 9 = 170 - -
 l7poiJ011a1eeHue npuJ1011ceH1151 J

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1,
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- %

- -
16 (33) - 5-7 -
24 (30) - - - - -
qyryu

1430- 0,8-1,5 0,23-0,27 6,8-7,I 10-12

2290 (0,45)

1630- 0,8-1,5 0,23-0,27 6,8-7,1 10-12

2290 (0,45)

1700- 0,8-1,5 0,23-0,27 7,0-7,2 10-12

2290 (0,45)

1800- 0,9 0,85 (0,45) 0,23-0,27 7,2-7,3 10-12

2070

1870- 0,9 t,I (0,48) 0,23-0,27 7,25-7,4 10-12

2170

1,0-1,2 1700- 1,0 1,2 (0,52) ,23-0,27 7,3-7,4 10-12

2410

l,O-J,2 1870- 1,0 1,3 (0,56) 0,23-0,27 7,3-7,4 10-12

2550

1,1-1,3 1970- J,J 1,45 (0,64) 0,23-0,27 7,3-7,4 10-12

2690

6Sl
 ]11

-- 1

n pe)J.eJI
n pe)J.eJJ TeHyti.eCTR, Dpe)J,en
MaTepHa.1 np04HOCTH, nponopuHO• BbIHOC.JIHBOCTH,
Mna HBJibHOCTH, MDa
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1

......
C438-60 ªª = 380 OT = 0,8508 º-1 = 150 '1 1

ªº = 1400 't-1 = 115

ª" = 600
't~ = 460
08 = 100-200
1
BeJJ hlii qy ryH
Oc = 700 - 1400
- - '

08 = 300-500
'
~

)Kaponpoq
'
i
1 fOCT 2176-77
X28 ª.a= 350 - - .

ª" = 550
X34 ªª = 400 - -
ª" =500
KOBKHH
rOCT 1215-79
<l>rppHTHhlH
'
K430-6 ªª:;;.. 300 OT = 190 º-lp = 70 ~

OH= 490 CTT.c=210 º-1 = 120

K433-8
't 8 = 340
ªe:;;.. 330
OT.n=310
OT = 210
T-1 = 110
º-lp = 80 --4
J
ª" = 530 OT. C = 230 ª-1 = 130 t
'te= 345 OT. H= 330 't_1 = 120
K435-10 Oe:;;.. 350 OT = 220 º-lp = 80
ª" = 570 OT. C = 240 º-1 = 140 '
't 8 = 350 OT, H = 340 T-1 = 130
K437-12 ªe:;;.. 370 OT = 230 º-tp = 80
ª" = 580 OT, C = 250 ª-1 = 140
'te= 370 OT. H = 350 't_1 = 130 -

flepJIHTHblH .

.
K445-6 ªª :;;.. 450 - -
'
K450-4 ªª :;;.. 500 CTT = 270 ª-tp=llO
ª" = 720 CTT. C = 300 ª-1 = 180
'te= 520 OT. H = 420 't_t = 160

1
654
~I
l1
'
11 '
t
 ÜTHOCH• I<os<j¡q a-
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H..
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l,:,O- l ,4 2070- 1,0 1,6 (0,7) 0,23-0,27 7,4-7,6 10-- j~

rpo~

2690

- 3000-
7000
0,1-0,5 1,6-1,8 - 7,5::t: 0,2 8::t::2

B bl ií q yry 11

2200-
2700
2500-
3200

:;;;.. 6 (7) <. 1630 1,2 1,55 (0,63) 0,23 7,2 I0,5

:;¡.. 8 (9) <. 1490 1,3 1,6 (0,64) 0,25 7,21 10,3

~10(11) <. 1490 1,4 1,66 (0,65) 0,27 7,22 10,2

~12(13) ...;;: 1490 1,6 1,98 (0,73) 0,36 7,24 10

~6 ..;: 2410
~ 4 (3,5) ..;: 2410 0,8 1,74 (0,68) 0,28 7,3 10

1 1

655
 -,,
1 ~
Ope)l.eJI Te-
Ilpe11eJI KyqecTH, npo- Ilpe11en
MaTepuan npottHOCTH, nopu.uoeaJJ&· BbJHOCnH130CTH,
Mila HoCTe, Mna Mila

1-..'. 1
l' ~
l(lI5'J-4 0 ~ 560 - - '~

'
8
K460-3 ºº :; ;. 600 - -
- - ' ¡1
K463-2 ºº >-- 630
''
4yryHC mapo
f
roer 7293-85 ¡
B445-0 0
8= 450-500 (JT = 350 - 400 ª-1 = 180 - 200 li
Oc= 1500-1600
º" = 650 - 750 '
' 1:
't = 450- 500
8 .
¡

¡' ª-t = 200- 220

1

8450-1,5 ºº = 500 - 600 (JT = 400 - 500 ' l

oc= 1700-1800 't-1 = 170 - 210 .!'
t 0 8 = 900 - 1000
.
¡

't 8 = 500 - 550

8460-2 ºª = 600 - 700 (JT = 420-550 ·ª-1 = 170 - 230 ~

o0 = 2000-2100 't-1 = 150 - 160 .

ªir= 1050-1100 :
T8 = 600 - 750 '
8445-5 ºª = 450- 550 aT = 320-420 a_ 1 = IBO - 200
ªº = 1800-2000
08 = 650 - 750
,
T8 = 400- 450
8440-10 a 8 = 400-550 (JT = 300- 400 ª-1 = 250 - 280
ªº = 2000-2200 't_¡ = 198
a8 = 600-700

UeeTH61e ~
'
A11 !OMHHH8Bbl8 cona ~ l
roc1 4784-74 ¡ 1

AMuM ªª = 130 (JT = 50 O_¡ = 50*

Tcp = 80
AMr2M ªª = 190 OT= 80 ª-1 = 120•

'~
'tcp = 120

656 J
j
. 1(03<j¡<j¡K•
ÜTllOCH• QHeH r JIH•
TeJlbHOe 1 aep¡¡OCTb Y¡¡ap11a11 Mo¡¡ynb Y)leJJbRbJA 11en11oro
y¡¡n!lHºHRe no BPK· Bst3KOCTb, ynpyrocTH 1(03<j¡<!JH· eec.
(o1HOCK• l].HeHT pacw0pe-
uenn10, XIO E (G), x!O-• HHR,
1'eJl ) Roe Mila AlK/MM 1 x10-• Mna nyacco0a H/M'
cyme11He), 1
x10• - -

- ºo rpaA

>4 <: 2690 - - - - -

>3 <: 2690 - - - - -
>2 <: 2690 - - - - -
BH)lHb!M rpa<j)HTOM

0,4-1,4 2070- 0,5-1,5 1,3-1,6 (0,7) 7-7,5 10,6-11,4

2690

1,5-3,0 2070- 1,5-3 1,3 (0,775) 7-7,5 10,6-11,4

2550

2-3 2550- 1,5-3 1,8 (0,8) 7-7,5 10,6-11,4

2850

5-10 1730- 2,5-8 1,3 (0,7) 7-7,5 10,6-11,4

2070

10-20 1560- 5-7 1,6 (0,75) 7-7,5 10,6-11,4

1790

Mera.n.nbl

23 (70) 300 0,71 (0,27) 0,3 2,73 24

23 (64) 450 0,71 (0,27) 0,3 2,67 23,8

657
1 I
1

1
 ''
I'

:l
 fl poiJO!IJ!CeHUe npU/IOJ!Ce HUfl [

ÜTHOCH·
--
Ko3cjJcjm·
TeJTbHOe UHlHT
Taep)J,oCTb Y )J,apuast Mo¡¡yJTb Y )J,eJTbHblfi nHuetínoro
y)J.JTHHeHHe no EipH· BSl3KOCTb, ynpyrocrn l(o3cjJcjJH· BE'C,
(OTHOCH· U,HeHT pacurnpe-
HeJTJTID, XIO F. \ G). x10-• HHH,
TeJTbHOe Mrla ~>K/MM 1 x I o-• Mrla rlyaccoHa H/M 3
LyllieHHe), 1
xIO'-

- %

6 600 - O, 71 (0,27) 0,3 2,67 23,8

rpaJJ.

24 - - 0,7 - 2,64 24,7

18 - - 0,71 (0,27) 0,3 2,64 24,7
18 (58) 450 - 0,71 (0,27) 0,31 2,8 22,9
15 (30) 1150 3 0,71 (0,27) 0,31 2,8 22,9

15 (50) 500 - 0,71 0,31 2,8 22

- 1050 - 0,71 0,31 2,8 22
18 (30) 1050 -

11 ( 15) 1310 -
18 (30) 420 - > 0,71 (0,27) 0,31 2,78 22,7
13(15) - -
6 - -
7 - -
13 (26) 1200 - 0,72 (0,27) 0,33 2,8 19,6-24,8
20 1150 - 0,71 (0,27) 0,31 2,75 23,6-26,9

BbI .nnreÍÍHbie

1,0 800 )

0,5 1000 0,3

0,72 (0,27) 0,33 2,75 22,3-24,4
1,2 900

0,5 1200 J
 ~I

l: Dpe11,en
:¡ Dpe11,en TeKyqeCTH, Dpe11,en

!f
~l
MaTep0an npOqHOCTH,
MDa
nponopunO•
HaJlh HOC TH,
MDa
BblHÓCnHBOCTH,
MDa
ti

AJ12
l JIHTOK B seMmO ªª =
'tcp
180
= 130
OT= 80 º-1 = 55...
,
'
JIHTOH B MeTB.n- CT 8 = 220 OT= 90 º-1 = 70**
JinqeCKYIO <jx)pMy
JIHTOK IlO.ll ,ll8B· ºº = 220 OT = 120
JiettneM
AJ13
JIHTOH B 3eM.nIO cr
8
= 170 (JT = 120
TepMoo6pa60TKa
T5
08 = 200 O"T = 170 -
¡
l
JIHTOH B MeTd.n-
JIH'leCKYIO <jx)pMy
ªª = 320 OT = 120
t TepMoo!'ípal'ÍOTK3 08 = 270 (JT = 220
T5
r AJl8 (repMoo6pa· ºº = 300 O"T = 170 º-1 = 50*
OOTK3 T4)
JIIÍTOH s 8eMJIIO Tcp = 230
JIHTOfi B MeTaJI- ºº = 330 (JT = 180
nnqecKylO <jx)pMy
AJI9
JIHTOK ¡¡ SeMJJIO a B = 200 (JT = 110 IT_l = 45*
(repMOOCípaOOTKa 'tcp = 150
T4)
JlHTOÜ :e aeM.nic 08 = 240 (JT = 210
( TepMootsp a!'íOTKa 'tcp = 120
T6)
JIHTOK 8 MeTdJI·
JIHqecKylO <jx)pMy
ªª = 230 ..,....

(TepM006paOOTK8
T6)
f
/ AJI 11 (TepMoo!'í- cr
8
= 220 crT = 1~0 ª-1=65
1
lt paOOTK8 T2)
I' AJ113
.¡ JIHTOil B 3eMJIIO ºº 170= (JT = 90 º-1 = 40*
'tcp = 140
f
1
JJHTOil B MeTa.n- ºº = 200 0 1
= 100
1
nnqeCKYIO <jx)pM y

'JI1
660
 fl pOí'JOA~eHue npUAO~eH U!I 1

- Ornocn·
reJJbHOe
J<os<f>ctm·
UHCHT JJH•
TsepAOCTb YAapHaff /\1ot1YJ1b YAe"bHblA HeRnoro
y¡¡JilflleHI1e no 6pn· 8H3KOCTb, ynpy rOCTI! Km<!J<!JH· seC1
(OTllOClf· u.neHT pacurnpe·
PeJIJIIO, xl0 E (G), x10-1 HHH,
TeJJbHOe Mne Jl.>K/MM1 XIO-•Mna nyaccoHa H/M'
q >KeHHe), y 10' _1_
% rpaA

- 1
6 500 -
0,7-0,72 0,33
5 550 0,8 (0,27) 2,65 21, 1-23,3

1,8 - -

¡' 2 700 -
3 750 - 0,7-0,72 0,33 2,7 22-24
4 700 0,22 (0,27)

3 800 0,45

12 750 1

l [-¡ 800 - l 0,7-0,72

(0,27)
0,33 2,55 24,5-25,5

f> 550 - l

0,7-0,72
2 73(1 - > (0,27) 0,33 2,66 23-24,5

5 700 - J

2 800 - - - 2,94 24,4

3 650 0,5
0,7-0,72
7(10
} (0,27) 0,33 26
• 20
5 -

661
 '1
1

it' 1
l1i I'
npeACJI
1 ! MaTepHaJI
npeAen TeKylleCTH,
nponopuHo·
npeAeJJ
n¡ npOYHOCTlI,
Mna HBJibHOCTH;
BhlHOCJJliBOCTH,
Mna
• Mna

~r· AJ115B
JlHTOH B 3e"1JI!O
TepMoo6pa6oTKJ
ª" = 150
T5
ª" = 200

J!HTOil B MeT3JI·
JIHqecKy10 cjJopMy CT 8 = 180
TepMoo6pa6oTKa
t
T5 CT8 = 220
AJ119 (JJHTOfi B
aeMJIIO)
i Tep>Joo6pa6oTKa ªº = 320 CTT = 160 ª-1 = 70**
T4
¡ TepMoo6p360TKa a 8 = 370 CTT = 220 ª-1=70•
•' T5
t
! BTl ªº = 610 CTT= 470 ª-1=260

0T4 ªº = 700-850 CTT =550-650

BT8 ªº = 1050-1800 OT = 950 - 1100 ª-1=500

l"cp = 650 - 700 anu = 750-850
BT3-l ªª = 950- 1200 CTT = 850- 1100 ª-1 = 480
t"cp ~ 650 anu = 700-850
BT14 ªº = 950- 1200 CTT=850-J!OO

roer 15527-70
J168
11

p M!lf Kal? ªª = 320 ª0.1 = 91 ª-1 = 120

11
Tcp = 200
1
1 TBepJI.3!! ªº = 660 a0 1 = 520
•
ª-1 = 150
J1A77-2
M!lfK3!l ª" = 400 CTT = 140
TBepJI.3!1 ªº = 650

662
 fl pooOA:J/CeHUe npUAOJIC (HU!I J
K03cPcjJH·
ÜTHOCH• TJ,lH'll1 lflf-
TeJ1bHOe T aep 11.oc Tb Y¡i.apnaH Mo¡i.y Jib Y 1J. eJJ b Hbl fi Hel1Horo
ylJ.JIHHeHne no Ilpll· BH3KOCTb, ynpyrOCTH Ko3cjicjin· sec, pacu 1 pe•
(OrHOCH· HeJJJl!O, XIO E (6), ltHeHT
DyaCCOH3
x10-• HMH,
re.rtbHOe Mna ,[\~</MM 1 XIO-•Mna H/M' 1
~YLKCHHe), x10• -
% rpa¡i.

- ' 1
-
1
700 - )

1
- 800 -
' 0,7-0,72
> (0.27)
0,33 2,7 22-24
1 0,5 700 -
0,5 850 - )

9 900 -
5 1000 - } 0,7-0,72
(0,27)
0,33 2,78 19,5-21,9

ero cnJJaBhI

20-30 1500- ~7 1,121 (0,411) 0,32 4,5 8

(:;;.. ~5) 1800
10-40 2290- 3,5-6,5 1,1 (0,4)-1,2 4,55 8-9,8
(25-55) 3020
9-15 3100- 3-6 1,1 (0,425) 0,3 4,48 8,3-9,1
(30-55) 3500
10-16 3-6 1,15 (0,43) 0,3 4,5 8,6
()3-40)
6-10
(25-35)
2550--
2880
2,5-5 1, 15 - 4,52 8-- 8,7

CIIJJaBbl

lllYHU

r 35 (70) 550 17 1, 1 8,6 19

(
i1 3 1500 1, 15

55 600 20 1,05 8,6 18,3

12 1700

663

1 1
" OpeJJ,eJJ
OpeAeJI
DpeAeJJ
H Merep11en npoqHOCTH,
TeKy4eCTH¡
nponopu11Q· BblHOCJIHBOCTH,
r MDe
"'ºª H8JibHOC1'Hf

¡
Mna

' J1Mu 58-2

11 M!lrKa!I ªº = 400 CTT = 156
lí Tsep;¡an ªª = 700
J1C59- I
M!lrKa!I ªª = 400 a.,= 140
'tcp = 260
'
Tsep.Qa11 ªª = 650 CTT = 450 ª-1= 160
' J1K80
11>111rKa11 ºº = 300 OT = 200
1
' TBep.Qal? CT 8 = 600

5pOH
Bp. 0-10 º11 = 250
Bp OU8-4 º" = 200 CTT = 40-50
1 roer 613-79
Bp. OUC 6-6-3
JJHTbe B sellfJllO ªº = 150 ar= 110
JJHTbe B KOKHllb CTR = 180 CTT=80-JOO
Tcp = 220 ªnu = 50
Bp. O<I> 10-1
JlHTbe B seMJJIO aB = 200-300 CTT = 140
anu = 80-90
JIHTbe B KOKHJlb aR =250-350 CTT = 200
'tcp = 34-0 anu = 130- 140

BpoH

roer 493-79
Bp.A5
JlHTbe B KOKHJlb oT =70
11.111rKa11 ii.ecjJopM11-
ªº = 280
a8 = 380
1
pyeMa11
OT = 160 '
1
TBepita!I ii.ecjJop-
Mllp yeMa!I
ªª = 800 CTT = 500 º-1 = 134..
1
ªnu = 480
r
Bp. AMu9-2
1 I JlHTbe B KOKllJlb 08 = 400 OT = 200
ªnu = 110

'
664
 llpoooA~eHue npuAo~eftu!l 1
- ÜTHOCH•
KoJcjJ<f>H·
uHeHT Ju..
1enbHOe T1;1epAOCTb YAaPH8H MOAYJlb YAeJthHbIJ\ Henuoro
yAJIHHeHHe no BpH• B!ISKOC'l'b, ¡ynpyroctu Ko3<!><!m· BeC,
uaeHT pecwure-
(OTHOCH•
ll~Jl!O, XIO E (G), x10-• HJISI
TeJlhHOe
cYJK&HHe),
na )l;JK/MMl xto-• Mna OyaccoHa H/M'
XIO'-rpaJI
-
1

- % 1

40 8!30 12 1,0 - 8,4 21,2

10 1750 - - - - -

4!3 (44) 900 2,6-5 1,05 (0,35) - 8,5 20,6

16 1400 - - - - -

58 1000 12 0,98 - 8,5 17

4 1800 - - - - -
OAOBRHHblB

11 800 3
4 750

6 600 8,82 l 7, l-18,2

4 (6-10) 600 2-3 0,9

3 (3) 800-1000 0,6 0,754 8,58 17-22

7-10 (10) 900-1200 0,9 1,03 8,76 17

aAIO.MUHU€6ble

55 (48) 650 16
65 (70) 600 11 1 8,2 15,6

4 2000 1,1

20 (25-27) 900-1200 7 0,92

66!1
 4

!
1
I1 PeAeJI
i DpeAeJJ Te1<:y4eCTH, DpeACJI
lf MaTepHaJJ npoll H OCTHi
Mna
nponopL\HO·
H3JiblTOCTH 1
BbJHOCJ1HBOCTH1
Mna

~t
Mna

MHrKaH necpop\111· = 400 = 300

f' pyeMaH
0
8 OT
~
~
Taepna11 necpop- CT 8 = 600 OT = 500 ª-1 = 210
Mllpye\!a!I
Bp A)!\Mu.10·3·
1,5
JlllTbe B KOKllJlb CT 8 = 560 CTT = 210
l 'cp = 380 ªmi= 170
MHrKa 11 JJ.ecpop \lll • CT 8 = 610 CTT = 190
pyeMaH
TBep}la11 Jlecpop- CT8 =600-700 ª-1 = 280****
MHpyeMa!I
Bp. A>KC7-l,5-1,5 ªª = 500 ª-1 = 2 !O****
Bp A)!\9-4
JlllTbe B KOKllJlb ªª = 550 CTT = 200
ªmi= 180
M11rKa11 ne<jJopMll·
pyeMan
ªª = 600 CTT = 220
CTlII\ = 127
TBep.ua11 necpop- CT 8 = 550 CTT = 350 ª-1 = 185****
MllpyeMa!I

Epo1-t

roer 493-79
Bp. KMu.3-1
M!lfKOe COCTOH· a 8 = 350-400 aT = 100- 200 ª-1=110-160
Hile
TsepJloe COCTO!I· CT 8 = 650-750 CTT = 100-200
Hile

MarHlleBble cnna

MAi
JlllCTbl ªº = 210 CTT = 120 ª-1 = 75**
npyTKll ªº = 240 CTT = 140 ª-1 = 75**
T = 190
8
'tcp = 130
MA3
IlOJIOCbl ªª = 290 CTT = 170
lcp= 140
npyTKll 1 º" - 280 CTT = 220

660
 ll pooOA~eHUe npUAO~e!-lU 7 1
. ( THOCH Ko3cP" H·
-
Te.llbHoe r¡HeB
Teep)locTb YAapHall MOAYJJb Y AeJJ bHbtll
y¡\]JHHeHHe Ka9<f><l>H JIHHeHHOrO
no Bpn· BHSKOCTb, ynpyrocm eec, pacwHpe-
(OTHOCH• HeJTJifO, x!O t (G), l\HeHT x10-• Hli SI
reJJhHOe
e\ )heHHe),
Mna )J,>K/MM' xi O-• Mna OyaCCOHa H/M 3

x10•--'-
% rpaA

- 25 1100- - l,05 - - -
1300
4-5 (55) 1600-
1800
- - - 7,6 17-20

22 1300 6-8 1 - - -
(25-27)
32 (55) 1250-
1400
- 1,05 - - -
9-12 1600-
2000
- - - 7,55 16-20

18 - - - - - -
!0-20 1200- 6,3 1, 12
(25-30) 1400
40 (33) 1100 8 1, 12 0,29 7,5 16,2-17, 1

5 1600-
2000
- 1,16

Kpe.MHUCma11

25-45 700-900
5-10 1700-
1900
} 13-17 1,04 8,4 15,8-20

.n;ecflopMttpyeMbie

8 450 0,5 0,4

4 (6) 450 0,6 0,4 } 0,34 1,76 22,3-32

15 (23) 0,43
} 0,34 1,8 26, 1-31,2
12 600 0,43

667
 ílpeAeJJ
ílpeAeJJ TeKYl-leCTH, ílpeAeJJ
MaTepuan npoqHQCTH, npon opuno· 8bJHOCJlH80CTB,
Míld HaJibffOCTH.- Mna
Míl•

-!'
1
BM65·1
npyn.ii = 300 - l
ªº = 350 CTT
i
ªnu = 145
npyTKlf 11C ºº = 335 ar= 280 ª-1 = 150**
tcp = 160 '
llOJIOCbl ªª = 345 aT = 290 - l

ªnu = 130
! npOcpllllH ªº = 345 or = 290 -
!
IlOKOBKll ªº = 310 ª~ = 250 -
mraMnOBKH ªº = 320 CTT= 260 -
j Maruuesblii CllJI8B
'

MJ16
nwroü = llO º-1 =85**
1 rep"Aoo6pa6oT·
ªº = 160
tcp = 140
ªº = 250
OT

aT = 100 ª-1=95** .,
Kd T4 •cp = 150 ¡
repMOOCípaCíOT·
Kit T6
ª• = 260 ª1 = 140 ª-t = 85•* ;
'tcp = 160
'
Clianeu
roer 3778-77 CT
8
= 15 -18 CTT= 5 - JO ª-• = 4,2•**
(.QecpopMHpO•
BaUHblH
H O)
'

~HHK
roer 3640-79 ºº = 64 (JT = JO - -
H11KeJib '
roer 849-70 ªº = 400-550 CTT = 60-200 - .'
'
(MHfKüe (MHfKüe
COCTOHHHe) COCTO!IHHe)
'
ªª = 500 - 1000 (JT = 280 - 90Q -
(rsep.Qoe (rBep¡¡oe
COCTOHHHe) cocromrne) '
 llpooO/lO/C€HUe npUllO:JICPHUfl 1
\ ÜTHOCH- Ko3<P<lm·
.UHeHT
1 TeJlbHOe TeepAOGTb YAaPHaH MoAyJJb YAeJJbHb<fi JJHUe1luoro
j yAJJHHeuue no EpH· BHSKOCTb¡ ;impyroGTH Ko:><f>cjiu eec, pacumpe-
(OTHOCH• ee111110, X!O E (G), U.BeHT x10-• HHH,
TenhHoe Mna AlK/MM 1 x10-• Mna CTyacCOHa H/M' 1
cy>Kenue), X!0•--

- % rpaA

9 (24) 600 - )

9 (24) - 0,9

10 (25) - - • 0,43 0,34 1,8 20,9-22,6

10 - -
12 - -
14 550 - )

1,5 (2,5) 550 0,2 (0, 16)

5 (12) 600 0,3 0,42 (0, 165) 0,33 1,81 26,1-27,7

1 (3) 800 0,15 (0,165) 0,33

35-50 38-4-0 0,6-2,3 0,15-0,18 11,34 28

(90-100)
(JJHTOii) (Jll!TOii) (O)
60-70
(.Qecflop •
MHpoBaH·
HblH)

20 (50) 200 0,53 7,133 39,7

30-50 900- 1,8-2,27 )

l
1200 (0,73)
(M.llrKüe (O)
COCTOff• 8,9 13,3-16,3
HHe)
2-15 1250-
2200
(Tsep.Qoe (HarapTO· J
COCT0.11- BaHHblil)
H11e)
1:

669 li
il
1
11
 DpelJ.~JI
Dpe¡i.en TeKylleCTH, OpeAeJI
MaTep11a11 npo4HOCTH, nponopu110• BbIHOCnHBOCTH,
MI1a HanhHÓCTH¡ MOa
MOa

MeJibXHop
MH >KMu30-0,8- I
(MH70-30)
roer 492-73
~!HfKoe
l!He
COCTOH- ªª = 350 - 450 CTT = 140 -
TBepnoe
HHe
COCTOH- ªª = 550 - 650 CTT = 540 -
f-kiísHJib6ep MHU
15-20 roer 492-
73
\IHfKoe COCTOll- aB = 400-450 ª-1 ... 120 - 140
HHe
TBepnoe
Htte
COCTOH- a8 = 600-720 -
.Monenb HM;>I\Mu
28 2,5- 1,5 roer
492-73
\IHfKOe COCTOll· a8 = 500-600 aT =200 ª-1 = 170
Htte
TBep¡¡oe COCTOH- a 8 = 700-850 CTT= 650-7150 ª-1 == 260
Mtte

flJJaCTHIJeCKH

eTeKJionnacTbl
roer 10292-74,
roer 2910-74
Ha OCHOBe TKaHH aB = 260-400 ªnu = 122 - 260 -ª-1 = 0,22- 0,25
ªe=- 100 - 300 ªª
ª11 = 130 - 150
na OCHO Be HH Teií'
opttettTttpoBaHHblX
ªª = 300- 500 ª-1
-=0,2 5 -0,28
CT0 = 230-460
B ¡¡syx B3attMHO
rrepneH,z:tHKYJJHp-
ª11 = 400 - 420 ªª
HbIX HanpaBJJe-
ttttttlC
reKCTOJJHTbl (tta a8 = 45- 100 aT =78
OCHOBe XJJOnqaTO· ac= 120-250 -ª-1 = 0,2 5 -0,3
6YMaJKHblX TK8Heií)
roer 5-78, ª11 = 75- 160 ªª ª-Ip = 20
roer 5385-74 't 8 = 90- 100
.Ll:peBecuble
TMKH
nnac-
roer
ªª = 140-300 ª-i =o ,25-0' 3
CTc = 120- 185 aB
20966-75
ª" = 165- 280

670
 llpOOO/lM:eHUe npU/lOJ/CeHUfl [
. ÜTHOCll• Ko9<jJ<jJH•
TeJJbHOe UHeHT
Tseyl\OcTb Y11apuaH MDl\YJJb Y 11eJ1b1101ll
¡y11n11HeH11e no Epu. 1(09<jJ<jJH• JJHHellnoro
BS13KOCTb, ynpyrocm BeC, pacwttpe-
(OTHOCH• E (G), UHeHT x10-•
TeJJbHOe
HeJJJJ!O¡ XIO HUH,
Mna ,lJ.lK/MM 2 XIO-• Mna OyaccoHa H/M3
cyJKeu11e),
%
Xl0 6 - 1
r pa A
-

40-50 700 -
3-5 1900 - } 1,54 - 8,9 16

40-50 700 -
2-3 1600 - } 1,26 - 8,7 16,6

30-50
(65)
1100-
1400
-
3-5
(50)
1400-
2200
- } 1,82 - 8,8 14-15

M8CCbl

270-380 0,5-5,25 0, 18-0,22 0,035- 1,4-1,85 0,45- 8,3

(0,035-0,04) 0,622

280-520 0,5-5,25 0,24-0,35 0,035- 1,7-1,9 0,45-8,3

0,622

300 0,35 0,04-0,J 1,3-1,45 3,3-4,)

(0,25)

180-200 0,17~-0,8 0,12-0,34 1,2-1,4

671

1'
 npe,11en
npe¡¡en TeKyqecm, npe¡¡eJJ
MaTepHaJJ npoquOCTH, nponop~110• ~hJHOCnHBOCTH,
Mna uan&HOCTH, Mna
Mna

reTUH3KC (na OCHO· a 8 = 60- 100 ª-1p=58

Be cy11bCp8THOH óy-
Maru) roer 2718-
ª" = 40-140 ª-t
- = 0,2-0,3
74 (JB

ª-1 =35-49
<l>u6pa (Ha OCHOBe
cneueallbHblX cop-
CJ8
ªº
= 50-70
ª-t
- = 0,2-0,3
TOB 6yMare) roer
CJ8
= 80-140
= 60-95
ªe
14613-83
8oJJOKHHTbl (Hano11- a 8 = 30- 130
HHTeJlH! KnOilKOBble ªº = 100-150
ª- 1 =0,25-0,3
(JB
oqecs, ac6oaonoK-
(Jlf = 40- 130
eo, CTeMOBOJIOKHO)
TepMopeaKTHBHble CJ8 = 25-69
npeccnopouJKH (Ha· ªe= 70-300
ª-1
-=O,3 -0,4
(JB
DOIIHHTeJIU: JJ.peuec·
ea11 MYKa, KBapue- ªª= 45-100
Ball MYK3, CIIIO .n;a)
roer 5689-79
roer 9359-80
OpraeeqecKoe cTeK· 08 =
50 - 108
ª-
1
-=0,1-0, 16
JIO (Ha OCHOBe DO• ªe = 70 - 120
JIHMepoB H COilMH·
uepoB MeTaKpHIIO·
ªª = 80- 176
(JB

BOli KHCIIOTbl)
roer 10667-74,
roer 9784-75
rep'don11acThl
IIHHeÍIHble IlOIIll• ªª = 12 - 80 (J-l
-=Ol 5 2
Mepbl e pa3Jleq- a 8 = 12 - 100 a
e • -O•
noA cTenenb!O
KPHCT31IIJH33UllH
eeapMHpOB3HHble a 8 = 0,4-4,2
ªº = 0,17 - 4,5
a 8 =0,7-5
<l>TopJion -4 (<jJTopo- a8 a. l4-25
nnacT-4)
roer 10001-so
ªº= 12-20
(JH = 11- 14

KanpoH A, 5, B aB =60
ªº = 75 : 1

ª" =90

1
672
1

1
'
 llpo8011J1ceHue npu.Ao:J1C111. q I
I~ ( THOCH•
'
Ko3<Mm·
1
TenbHOe Tsep11,ocrb Y¡¡apHall Monynb Y 11,enbuhlll UPeHT
y11,nnne· no Epu- BH3K0CTb, ynpyrocrn J<o31Mm- Bec, nHdCAl1vrO
HHe (OTHO• HeJIJJIO, XIO e (G), l\HeHT x10-• pa,wupe-
CHTe1bHOe Mna }J,JK/MM 1 X IO-• MI1a OyaccoHa H/M' HJ.tfl,
cyJKeHPe), 1
xto•-
- %

- 250-300 (8-20) X o, 1-0, 18 - 1,3-1,4

rPa.it

20
X 10- 2 (0,008-
0,025) 1

- 100 - (0.07) - l,l-1,25 -

- 180-350 (15-65)X G,05-0,118
X 10- 2
- 1,35-1,9 -

- 100-600 0,03-0,8 - - 1,3-2,7 (0,22-

- 7). 1 o

2,5-23,2 120-250 (4-33) X 0,027-0,041

X IO-~ - l, 18-1,2 46-120

- 30-11)() - 0,0015-0,007 - 0,92-2,1 -

1,5-14 - (0, 16 -
-2,2) X
0,00037~
0,002
- 0,02-0,6 (3,5-
-7,8) X
X 10- 2 (0,00015- X 10
0,00019)
300-350 30-60 - 0,0047-
0,0085
- 2, 19-2,35 (8-25) X
X 10

150-200 100-120 1,5-1,6 0,0144

(0,0045 -
- 1,1-1,14 (6-15) X
X 10
-0,0048)

)') 7-458 673

 j
npe)\eJI
MaTepuan
Ope¡¡eJJ
Opo'I HOCTH 1
TeKy1.1eCTH,
nponopuuo-
Ope¡¡eJ1
RblHOCJJHBOCTH,
1

-l
Mna uanhHOCTH, Mna
Mnd

Ilo;rnaMH¡¡Hall
CMOJia 68
º· = 50-60 - - 1
oc= 70-85
roer 10589-73
C1 = 70
JI
"
BHHHnnacT
roer 9639-71
(] B =40-60 - -
oc= 80 - 160
0 8 = 80- 120

IloJIH3TllJleH Bb!CO• (] B = 22-45 - -

KOH UJIOTHOCTH
(HH3KOfO ,llaBJleHHB)
ªe= 28-40
ª" = 20-38
flOJIHCTHpOJI
Hb!H
6Jioq. C1B = 35 - -
oc= 100
roer 20282-74
ª" =95-100
JJ.p yrHe

Jle.ll

KayqyK HaTypaJib· ºº = 16-38

11b!ii

Cn!KJIO
roer 7132-78
C1 B =30-90
ºe= 500- 2000
(] H = 50-150
l '
683aJlbT

fpaHHT
oc = 250 - 300
º• = 3
oc= 120- 260
--
H3BeCTHllK

flecqaHHK
oc= 50- 150
ªª = 2
-
Oc= 40 - 150
MpaMOp ºe = 100 - 180 -
l(Jia,llK8
llHTa,
H3 rpa- ª• = 0,2 - 0,5 -
H3HeCTHSIKa,

11Hpn11'la

lleroH
oc= 2,5-9

<1c = 5- 48 -
1 í
1
i1
674 ~I

~r
i '
 ll p080.A:!ICeltue npullO:!ICeHUJl 1
1(09<J>4¡H•
0TJJOCH•
UHelJ f
TeJJbHOe Tsepl\OCTb Y11apua11 MOAYJib Y11.enbHblii nHHeAHoro
yA.r.HHeHue no Epu- BH'iKOCTb, ynpyrocrn Ko3cj>cj>H· nec, pacwHpe-
(OTHOCH• 11enn10. xlO C (G), llHeHT x10-• HHfl~
TeJibHOe Mna ,lJ)K/MMI x10-• Mna nyaccoua H/M'
e y>KeHHe), xto•_!_
rpa¡¡
%

100 100-150 - 0,012 - l, 11 (10-

-12) X
X 10

10-100 130-160 0,5-0,8 0,03-0,04 0,354 1,3-1,4 (6-7) X

X 10

250-900 45-58 - 0,005-0,008 - - 0,91-0,96

0,4-0,7 140- 150 0,16-0,2 0,012-0,032 - 1,05-1,l 60

MaT('pH8llbl

0, l (0,25- 50,7
- 0,03)
600-700 (0,6- !) X 0,47 0,91 (1,8-
X 10-4 - 2,8) X
X 1011
0,015- 0,48-0,85 0,18-0,32 2,2-8 0,5-15
0,025 (0,022-
0,032)

2,7-3,3
0,49 2,5-2,8

0,42 1,8-2,6
0,18 2,1-2,8

0,56 2,5-2,8
0,09-0,1

0,06
0,027-0,03
0,146-0,23210, 16-0,18 10-14

1
675
'1
/,'
 ¡,I
11

i 1
i
n¡">CJICJJ
CTpeAe' Tef{yl!CC1H, ílpe11.eo
llf\OLIJ!f'Cli-1 1 nponopuHo~ BblHOC ílHBOCTH,
111na HaJThHOCTH, Mna
Míla

CoCHa 06bJKHOBe11- G8 9,J 1 -

= 11,5 1 On l = 61 .1
11aH ( 15
HOCTll)
% B!UUK·
Ge = 42,7 -
(JI!= 73,6 -
46,G ªnu = 31
87,7
l
•cp = 6,2- 7,3

Enb o6bIKHoseirnal! (J
B
= 107- 122 ªnn = 56
( 15 %
BJJa)l{HOCTH)
ªe = 38,5 - 42,3 (]nn = 27
º11= 77,4 - 72,2
tcp = 5,2-6,7

oepeaa 06b!KHOBell- 08 = 161 -210

llaSI ( 15% BJI3)1{·
ªe = 34
llOCTH)
4 3,7 - 5.3,3 (J
nu =
0 = 9G,7-108,4
11
tcp = 8,5 - 13,3

TonoJih (15 % G8 = 86,9

B.~a)l{HOCTH)
CTc = 34,7
a 11 = G0,9
rcp = 5,4- 7,1

,
Axauttn (15 % 08 = !69 I

Bl!J,KllOCTH)
oc= 66,5
= 119,2
IJll
•cp = 12,5 - 14

ByK KaBKa3CKHÍI 08 = 129, l 0 11 n = 70

\ 15 %
BJialKHOCTH) oc= 47,4
0 11 = 95,3 ºnu = 29
•cp = 9,9 - 13, l

676

,¡
I
 n 0000/t?/C(' 111" 1tpu JJ1,C•",,/•!l 7
ÜTHOCH·
K\> . . rJ1ct 11-
t(l.-l('H r
1 TeJlbHOe TRepA icTb ' .n;apHaH Mo¡¡yJib ~' ,n;eJlbHtJIA nHHerítioro
y,!l,n11He1rne no 5pH- BH3KOCTb, ynpyrocrn 1( o 3<Ji<jm - sec,
UHeHT pacrnupe•
(OTHOCH· HeJlJlIO, XIO L (G), xlO-• 111lff.
TenbHOe Mfla )].1K /MM! xto-• Mfla flyaCCOHB H/M'
cylKeHlle), XIO' _l_
% rpa.11

- 19,9-27 0,18-0,23 o, 102-0, 145 0,49 0,48-0,54 B¡¡OJ!b

l0,0055) BOJJOKOH
3,7;
uonepeK
B0.10KOH
63,6

¡,
- 18,2-25,2 0,18-0,19 o, l l (0,0055) 0,44 0,46 B:tOJib
B0.10KOH
5,4;
nonepeK
B0'10KOll
34, 1

- 29,8-39,2 0,41-0,54 o, 15-0, 184 0,41 0,64-0,73 B.:¡ o.%

(0,0065) B0.10\0H
2-5

- 17,3-25 o, 19 o, 13 (0,0055) - 0,46 B¡¡O!lb

BOJJOKOH
2-5

- 61,9-88, 1 0,92 0,09-0,16

(0,0045-
- 0,75-0,81 Ü!lOJlb
llOJIOl{OH
0,0065) 2-5

1
1 - 37,9-57, 1 0,39 0,127
(0,0065)
0,58 0,68 B.lOJJb
BO IOKOH
1 1 1
2-5
''
1
¡
677
 flpe11.en
-
flpCiJ.CJl lCKYlJeCTH, flpel\CJJ
MaTepHan npOllHOCTH, nponopuHo- BblHOCJlHBOCTH,
Mfla H8JlbHOCTH, Mfla
Mfla

-
~CeHb ( 15
HOCTH)
% BJl3)K· 08 = 144 - 166 (]nu = 74 -
oc= 45-51 ºnu = 27
º" = 98- 115
Tcp = 11,4-13,8

.ll.y6 \ 15
HOCTH
% BJl3lK- 0
8
128,8
= - -
(] = 52 ºnu = 29
e
º" = 93,5 ºnu = 74
Tcp = 8,5 - 12,5

.'IHna (15
HOCTH)
% BJl3lK· 08 = 115,8
oc= 39,8
(]nu = 45
ºnu = 20
-
(] 11 = 78
Tcp = 7,3-8

0.n&xa
HOCTH)
(15 % BJiaJK- 08 = 96,3 - -
oc= 38,7
o H = 71
Tcp = 7,8- 8,5

K.neH (15
HOCTH)
% BJl3lK- (]e = 52
º11= 105,3
- -
tcp = l l,3-12,9

• f1pe11.en BblHOCJ!HBOCTH nony<IeH HB (Í83e 5 • 10• UHKnOB •

• • flpe11.en BbJHOCJ!HBOCTH nonyqeH "ª
tía3e 2 • 101 UHKJ!OB,
-
••o npel\eJl BblHOCJl<lBOCTll noJiy'leK Ha 9a'e 10 7 UHKJ!OB.
* *** CTpe)\eJl BblHOCJJHBOCTH OOJiyqeH HB 6a3e lQI UHKJ10B •
• • • • • ªe' OTHOCHTeJthHOe YJ\JlHHeHHe H ÚTHOCHTeJJbHOe cymeHHe npHBl:AeHhl A.flSI

Cocro1mHe MBTCpHaJJa o-
OTOlKlKCHHb11 3 - CBe>Ke3aKaJJeHHb1AI ~G.w \WTtQTBell
TepMoclípa6oTKa T2 - OTlKHr, T4 - 3aKanKa, 15 - 3aKaJJKa u KplíTKOapeMenuoe
T7 - 3dKBnKa H CTaCS11nH3Hpy10w,uA oTnycK.

678
J
1
 {] pOOO/IJ/CeHue npuAo:Jl<:eHUR 1
Ko;cf¡cf¡H-
ÜTHOCH ..
l!Hf"HT
TCJlbHOe Taepp,oCTb \ A~pnaH Mop,ynb Y11eJJbHh1n JlHHeHHJrD
y1J.J11111eHtte no !lpH· llH31<0CTb, ynpyrocrn Koscf¡cjm- nec, pacwílpe-
(OTHOCH• HeJIJllO, x!O L (ú), U lC'HT X IO-• HHR
TeJlbHOe Mna ./l>K/MM 1 X IO-• M!la OyaccoHa fl/M' 1
cy1KenHe), X10' - -
% rpe)\

- 53,4-73,2 0,3-0,4J1 0,124-0, 15 0,43 0,66-0,71 BlOJlb

(0,0065) 80 IOKOH
2-5

- 46,3-65,3 0,46 0,073-0,151 0,43 0,76 BAO!lb

(0,0065) BOJJOKOH
11 4,9,
nonepeK
BO,lOKOH
54,4

- 15,6-23,4 0,28 '),09 (0,0045) - 0,51 B¡¡oJI&

BOJJOKOH
5,4,
nonepeK
BOJJOKOH
44, l

- 24,8-36,7 0,25 0, 132 (0,0055) - 0,53 Bt10J1b

BOJJOKOll
2-5

- 50,6-69 0,37 º· 118 (0,0055) - 0,7 B11on&

BOJJOl\üll
2-5

-
1
TeMnepaTyphl 1923 !(,
r i

RO COCTapeHHhlll, 11C - l cKyCCTBef!HO cocrn¡;eHHblll,

(Henonuoe) HCKyccrseHHoe crnpeHHe T6 - 3aKaJJKa H no11uoe ucKyccrneuuoe CTdpeHHe

679
'
1
J
~ n /1 !I JI O :1K e H He 2. Ko::ilf>lf>HUllCHTul KOHUeHTp8UHH H8npJ111<CHHfi H 'lYBCTBHTeJlbHOCTH K KOHl{eHrpal{l!ll Hanp1111<eRHK

Ko~cf>c)"iHr1HeHT 4YRLTIHHe.rtbHOC rH
e: CxeMd Harpy}KeHHH TeopeTH4eCKHl1 J<o-tflcf>HUHCHT Slcf¡c)ieKTllBHbll' KOScf¡cf¡H•tHeHT k h. itlJleHTpdül!H 11 JllPff>KeHW!l:
e: aneMeHTa KOHCTPYKUHH KOHLJ.eHTpaUHH HanpsoKeHHl1 KOHUeH1pdU.HH Ha~1pH}KeHll!~
f\-1
H.flH ;¡eTaJJH a tl q=--
z a-1

BallbI, oc11 e ra.T1Tem1- Dpn d = 30-50 MM D .Um1 cra.Tln

MH H D!d = 2 CTpH d = 30-50 MM H d = 2

:RNR
1,2EFEEm
o a2 44 r/d
/J.
1,8

1,4
1.0
o a2
2
J
44 46r/d
ºa·
Mna 1

40
80
120
r/d

0,2-0.5
0,2-0,.')
0,2-0,5
j q

0,27-0,'32
0,59-0,65
0,82-0,93

llm1 CTa.Tlll
1- 0
8
=--~ 1200 ,i\Ula
2- 0 8 = 800 Mfla
3- 0
8
= 400 MT1a

2 BaJr&r, ocn e raJlTCJlR- flpH d = 30-50 M\! ll np11 D/d= 2

MH D/d=2
Ís 1 :

~mm
2,5 ~ ~ +-
1
~
++-+-+-+-4

rt~~~;:tt;t;J
t.5 1- 4
0,5 1 1
O 41 42 4J r/d o 0,1 a2 a.r 44 rJd
J far HÓ L(mr cra1rn
1 - cr 8 = 1200 MDa
1 2- cr8 = 1000 Mfla
1
3-a8 =800 MDa
4 - cr8 = 400-600 Mfla

DpH D/d < 2

~V= 1 +V(~ - 1)
3 Haqe H Hll V H3XO)\l!TCll ¡¡3 J"pacfrn-
Ka
\) ....
as
as '.
1.

0,4 IJ
a21,
o
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,8 t,BIJ/d

Il:Jlll cTaJrn
1 a 8 • Mna
D/d r/d
<500 1 800 1:,..1000
1

1,05 0,02 J,70 1,88 2,05

0,05 1,48 1,57 l,'i3

E rnz' - EX E El &!f2F2% En n s a
 ...g ll poiJOllJ/l,eHUe npUllCY.11U1Kl!f f
Ko~:1rp~ttm1eHT qy2c1BHTenbROC1'1i
e:
1 Cv eMa .iarpy>KeRR 11 TeopeTH'lecK1dl Ko"4><1>nunel!T 3cj>cj>eKTllBHbln K03<j;cj>i•Ulll'HT K J(UJ-Ill(.HTpdUHH HdnpsuKeaHA
¿ 9JIF.... eHT8 KOHCTPYKUHH Ko11ue111pau11u uanpRJKeH11n KOHlleH'ipauw.H. w.anpstx-..ic111-1ri l>-1
~
- !- - 111111 n;eTaJIH o: li Q=--
a-1

l
a 8 , Mfla
D/d r/d
1 4500 l 800 l :,..IOLO
0,10 1,28 l,33 l,36
0,15 1,20 1,23 1,25
0,20 l,!6 1,20 l,22

l, l 0,02 2,00 2,24 2,47

0,05 1,64 1,70 l,75
0,10 l,37 !,42 l,45
0,15 l,27 J,31 1,31
0,20 1.20 1,24 l,27

1,25 0,02 2,12 2,68 3,\0

0,05 1,81 l,97 2,10
0,10 1,47 1,54 1,60
0,15 1,35 l,40 1,43
0,20 1,30 l,32 l,34

l,5 0,02 2,42

0,05 1,91 2,06 2,20
O,!O l,53 l,61 1,67

<l' ~. . ¡~-# "'~.~.,,,~~ ..... 0,15

0,20
1,38
l,33
1,44

-
1,36
1,48
1,38

!'t •
 L(Jill ttyryHa
rrpn d= 12 MM ~ = 1,15
rrpH d = 50 MM ~ = 1,25
1
3 BaJihl, ocn e raJlTeJill· L(Jill cTaJieit rrpn D/d = 1, 4
ITpn d = 30-50 MM n
MH D/d=2 J1 ¡;f-- .... ~
2,0
11-+-l-+-+-1
~ 8 l++--l-+-+-1

%8 ~'1-+-+-I
%4 1-'Mr+-+-+-!
~2 L ..... ~!._
f,O 1-L-..J..,-J..-+.:-J
o a1 a2
r/d
1- a 8 = 1200 MITa
2- a 8 = 600 MITa
3 - cr8 = 400 MITa
Ilpn D/d < 1,4
+
~" = 1 'V (~ - 1)
3Ha'leHHll 'V HaXO.llllTCll H3 rpacfmKa ITptt D/d = 2 llJIH craJirií

Él
112
o
1/) 1,1 u t.JJJ/d
 1'._o.A.pcp¡
H<.. hT qyBCJ.l:UtlL..-lbllOt..iü
C'<eMa aarpy>KeRHSI TeopeTH'l~CK1ül KostjltjlnuHeHT 9tjl$eKTRBHb!il K03<jltjl1111neHT K KOHlll H l p<lllHH Hanpfl>Kt-HHH
3.IIeMeHTa KO!/CTPYKUHH KOHUeH1 pauHH HdnpHlKeHHH KOHUeHTPdUHll H.mp>!.>KeHHH fl-1
HJIH JJ.l "dJI I a ¡; q= - -
a-1

ilpH d = 30-50 MM H D¡d = 2

a8 , ~ma 1 r/d Q

'U
1
2.5
2.0 t 500 0,025 0,7
!,5 0,05 0,65
1,0 0,075 O,G3
o 0.1 a2 O,J r/á 0,1 0,6
0,!25 0,57
0,15 0,5
1-O' B = l 200 Mfla

2-o 8 =500 Mna 1200 0,025 0,8'.?

0,05 0,8
OpH D/d<2 0,075 0,8
.6v = 1 +V (,6 - f) 0,1 0,77
0,125 0,77
3tta'leHl!ff V H3XO)l!!TC!! ll3 rpacp!!K3
0,15 0,76

' ""· .....

 ,1.11 fl cTa 'Ieii

a 8 , MI1a
D/d r Id
<500 l 800 1 o.1000

1,05 0,02 1,24 1,29 !,33

0,05 1,15 l,!8 l,20
0,10 1,08 1,10 l,12
0,15 1,06 J,08 1,09
0,20 1,05 1,06 l,07

1,1 0/'2 !,40 l,52 1,62

0,05 1,25 1,28 1,30
0,10 1,12 1,16 l ,18
O,i5 l,09 l,l? l,14
0,20 l,06 l,J8 1,10

1,25 0,02 1,64 J,7J l,80

0,05 l,40 1,45 1,48
0,10 l,20 1,27 l,32
0,15 1,15 l,20 1,24
0,20 1,09 l,!3 l. 16
. 1,5 0.02 1,76 1,97 2,14
0,05 1,48 1,56 1,62
O,IO 1,24 1,32 l,38
0,15 l,19 1,25 1,29
0,20 1,10 1,18 1,24

-t!; e 1'h7& Q • • • 6ffl§¡ - -, a -ZiF p r Z T•illflli !l 7'!iiE

1

•
 l(o.;ict>cf>Hill!.eHT llyB::TBHTeJlhH ..h. fH
CxeMa 11arpyll<e>1R» TeopeTH'!ecKHA K034'ct>llUHeltT 3Q>l\JeKTRBRblll KOS<j>Q>uuueRT K KOHUeHTPaUHH 11anpHlKePun
~JJeMeHTa KOHCTpyKuHH KORl'.leHTP•UllH Hanp>DKeHHA KoauenTpauuu 11anp>1>1<e>1ell fl-1
HJIH )l.eT8Jlll a tl q=--
a-1

4 BaJibl, ocH e BblTOq· CxeMa orrpen.eJleHHH Hcxon.· ll.Jlll qyryna - 1, 1-1, 4 11.Jill crrJlasa MJI4 (r /d =
'!OH BeJIH'IHHbl a flOKa3aHa =0,l-0,12) 0,4-0,8
~=
K8Mlf
ll!TpHX8MH Ll.Jlll crrJiasa MJ14 ( 0, 1 - llJIH crrJiasoa MA2, MA3,
MA5-0,7-1
p~P -0.12)- 1,4-1,8 fürn cmiasoa AJ15, AJI7,
---rt:ttdt-- llJill CIIJI3BOB MA2, /11A3, MA5 -
1,7-2
AJ18, AJ19 - 0,3-0,8
)lJll! cnJJa B<JB Jl 16, AK2,
AK8 -0,6-0,8
llJl!l CIIJ13BOB AJ15, AJ17, AJ]8,
PacTS1JKeH11e - C)K8THe
AJ19- l,3-l,8
llJill cnnasoB 1116, AK2, AK8-
l,6-l,8
llJlll craJJeir ti
Haxo)l.llT H3 ra6J1H·
Ubl, npttBe¡¡eHHOH )IJill cxeMbl 5

5 BaJibl, octt e BblTO'I· CxeMa onpen.eJieHHll HCKO· JlJill CT8JIH

=
30-50 MM H t/r = 1

:a-
KaMH MOH BeJIH'IHHbI a IIOKa3aHa npH d
wrp11xaMH

1,0 2
OD.2 aJ r/d
0,1
J 2 1 O f 234 567~'d/2r l - cr8 = 1000 /l\Oa
..¡¡¡¡ 2- ª•= 500 MI1a
r nptt f/r =/= 1 ~\1 = f
3HaqeHl!ll V HaXO)lllTCll
+V (~ -
113
1)
rpacfJH·
1,0 0,02
0,05
0,5
0,59
0,10 0,72
Ka 0,15 0,74
0,20 0,75

.~.
D,75
2,0 0,02
0,05
0,10
0,45
0,57
0,72
as 0,15 0,72
o,2So J 2 t/r 0,20 0,74

HeKoropble sna'leR11R ~
L(Jill cra.1eii npH CJ 8 =
a 8 , Mna
=800 MCTa
t/r r/d
<:500 1 800 1 .,, 1000
t/r r/d Q

1 1
0,5 0,02 1,77 2,02 2,22
0,05 1,72 1,87 1,98 0,5 0,02 0,78
0,10 1,59 1,69 1,77 0,05 0,83
0,15 1,45 1,53 1,59 0,10 0,84
0,20 1,37 1,41 1,45 0,15 0,84
0,20 0,85
1,0 0,02 1,85 2,12 2,35 1,0 D,02 0,66
0,05 1,80 1,96 :?,10 0,05 0,71
0,10 1,65 1,76 l,85 0,10 0,84
0,15 1,50 1,58 : o5 0,15 0,85
0,20 1,45 1,48 '"¡')
0,20 0,86

ne rr swa m
"'"
 flpo8011~e11ue npu11M1ce11uH 2

Ko31\lc!muHeHT qyecTBHTe.nbHOCTH
:: Cxe 11.:1 tra rpy Jl ( llH? T C"1P(' flF! e 1 HH K03~)4'Hu.11e11r 31\l<!JeKTHBHblA K031\l<!JHuHeHT K KOHUeHTP3UHH aanpH lKeHHl!

"
.:iJlel\1erna h.OHCTPYK lPll h-.. H '.1.CHTpaLIHH Hanp 91..KeHHA: KOHUeHTpaUHH HanpSIJKeHHA
ll-1
~
UJII! d.fTa 1¡ l a j3 q=--
a-1

08, MI1a
t/r r/d q
t/r r/d 1 1
.;;500 800 1 :;;.1000
1
2,0 0,02 0,59
0,05 0,69
2,0 0,02 1,92 2,21 2,46
0,10 0,8"1
0,05 1,86 2,03 2,19
1,70 l,82 1,92 0.15 0.85
0,10 0,20 0,87
0,15 1,54 1,63 1,70
0,20 1,48 1,5? 1,54

llJrn r raJieií n p11 ª• ~

:;;,. 1000 Mna

l/r r/d ~

1 1

0,5 0,02 0,9

0,05 0,93
0,10 0,94
o, 15 0,93
1 0,20 0,95

. - .
. . . . .!r.1:::!:: -.- ""'
" ,,,t;,,Ji&.j¡~-"""" -----~· --"'~~
 !,O O,Q2 0,8
0,05 0,82
0,10 0,94
0,15 0,94
0,20 0,94

2,0 0,02 0,71

0,05 0,8
0,10 0,93
0, 15 0,94
0,20 0,94

)Jju1 ceporo qyryHa rrpa

cr8 = 290 MCTa
CTpH d= 8 MM H
D-d
-¡;-=0,33

J.
~2
f.O
,p D,1 42 {),J r/á

D-d
Opa --¡;- =F O,33
~\'='Y~

7%*
 T1pooo11'JICeH.Ue npu11o:J1er11utt :?

Ko9<j>cJ¡unReRT qyacTBRTeJlbHocrn
e: CxeMa Harpy>KeHHll TeopeTHqecKnA K01cl>cl>HnHeHT 3cJ¡'.jJeKTHBRblA K03cl>c!JHUHeRT K KOHUeRTP8URH RanPlllKeHu«
.: SJleMeHTB KOHCTPYKU!m KOHUeHTP8URH Haf!PlllKeHHll
a
KORUeHTP3URH "ªªPlllKeRHll ~-\
HJIH ,n.eTaJIH ~ Q=---
a-1

3Ha<reHlfll V HaXOll.llTCll ll:3 rpaq>11- llJrnCIIJiaBOB (d = 8 MM;

Ka D¡d = 1,25- 1,5)
MJ14 -0,4-1
MA2, MA3, MA5 - 0,7-1

:m1111
o 41 42 aJ JJ-d
D
AJI5, AJI7, A.ns, AJ19 -
0-0,3
ll!6, AK2, AKS- 0,5-1

)J.JJH CilJJaBOB (d = 8 MM;

D/d = 1,25- 1,5)
MJI4- 1,4-2
MA2, MA3, MA5 - l, 7-2
AJI5, AJI7, AJ18, AJI9 - 1-1,3
)116, AK2, AK8- l,5-2

6 BaJibl, oc 11 e Bb!Toq. CxeMa oupelleJJeHHH HCKo· LI.nsr cTaJieit D:m1 CTaneit np11
KBMll MOH seJJH•rnHhl a noxasaHa cr8 ~500 MITa
IIITp!!XaMH

ªXf1 ~'
(t/rtx
2 f
~
O 1 2 J 4 S 6 7id/2r
Yl1F'
, ---· ;_~""'~tt' 1JJ$Gtlnlll 11J•t1111•••11n111e:mfr' t#ts 11#t tt W 1Nthtdt ~~~
1
$ #1 b 1
..------
- - .-"""""""'""'"""""WM .,.,..._._- - - •"t, ¡ lf ;;_;;¡: - ~ - - - , - -.----
 a 8 , Mna
t/r rl d
<::500 1 800 1 >1000
t/r
l r id
l q

1,0 0,02 0,64

0,5 0,02 1,46 1,61 1,73 0,05 0,74
0,05 1,43 1,52 1,60 0,10 0,81
O,IO 1,36 1,42 1,46 0,15 0,91
0,15 1,27 1,32 1,36 0,20 1,00
0,20 l,22 1,25 l,27
2,0 0,02 0,49
1,0 0,02 1,51 1,67 1,81 0,05 0,72
0,05 1,48 1,58 1,66 0,10 0,76
0,10 1,39 1,47 l,51 0,15 0,77
0,15 1,30 l,35 !,39 0,20 0,96
0,20 1,27 l,29 1,30
2,0 0,02 1,56 1,73 1,87
0,05 l,51 1,62 1,71 npH a 8 = 800 MITa
0,10 1,42 1,50 1,56
0,15 l,33 1,38 1,42
0,20 1,29 1,30 1,32 1,0 0,02 0,84
0,05 0,89
0,10 0,98
0,15 1,06
0,20 1,07

2,0 0,02 0,45

0,05 0,73
0,10 0,91
0,15 0,91
0,20 l,00

-·
... ~%if??!

lt&lllitl &eftfsrt ~p
Fil t
 --------
Kos(j>(j>HUHeHr YY6CTB tTeJJhHOCTK
é C"<eMa 11arpymemrn Ieopern4cCKHit Ko3(j><jleuHCHT .3<!i<!>eKTHBHblA K03<jl(j>HtIHeHT K KOHUeHTpaUHlt ildf pS1 á ""HHA
r:: 3JJe~eHTa h.0 1fCTPYK1lHH KOH[lelITPaUHH HanP'illheHHA KOHueHTPdUflH ttanp>D!<C'Hflil B-1
HJIH ,l1.CT8Jlli tJ B Q=--
~ ~-1

DpH a 8 ::;.. 1000 ,\ma

fJr r/d Q

1 1

1,0 0,02 1,01

0,0.5 1,02
0,10 l,úG
0,15 !, 14
0,20 1,15
2,0 0,02 0,76
0.05 0,84
0,10 1,00
0,15 1,00
0,20 1,07

7 Ba.ilbl, OC!l e IH>ITO'I• il)}H d=8 MM; nm1 CilJl3BOB .UJisi CilJldBOB MJH -
KaMH D/d = l,02- 1,6 MJ14 -- 1,8-4,3 0,2-0,8
60º f = 0,05 MM; MA2, MA3, MA5 - 1,9-2,5 MA2, MA3, MA5 -
r/d = 0,006; t/r = 4 - 4,5; AJ15, AJ17, AJ18, AJ19- 1-1,4 0,25 -0,26

rffitB;
il3r116
et= 4,5- 6 fü6, AK2, AKB- 1,1-2.6 4.J15, AJ17, AJJS, AJI9 -
0-0,07
JJ:l6, AK2, AK~ -
0,03-0 .>7
 A.
Banbl, OCl'I e none- 2,0
pe11H b!MH KpyrJiblM!J IlpH a/d = 0,1-0,33
OTBepcTHllMH

urt=J-iM !,8
1.4
2

\ctl) 400 600 800 1000

66' Mf/a
l1Jrnó 1 - a/d = 0,05-0, I
2 - a/d = 0,15-0,25
(d = 30-50 MM)
HeKOTOpbie 'lHCJ!OBble 3Hal!eHHll (\
rrpHBeneHbl B Ta6JlHUe

a 8 , Mna
a/d
500 1 600 1 800 1000
1

0,05-0,l 1,90 1,95 2,05 2, 15

0,15-0,25 1,74 1,77 1,86 1,95

llJia ceporo 11yryHa e 08 =

~ 200 MDa irnpH a/d= 0,1-0,15

~mm1i1
f. 10 20 JO 40 á.N"1

---------~~,,.....~
-ª~·-~~ _rr2í;'% ma~-~;_;:!'-,;,-:e,;-;-~ !i:._:J~-~- -L•,.-.. .- 111 f íR 1 l
•
 flpoaoAJ/CeHue npUAOYCCHUJI 2

Ko,<!>cj>HUHeHT qy&CTBHTe.JlbHOC 1"

C...>..eMd uarpy>Kem111 T eopeTH<teCKHAxo9<1i<bHuHeHT .9<!><!>eKTHBHblA Ko3<!J<l>uuueHT K KOHL1eHTpaUHH HanpR>KeHHA°
9JleMeHT8 KOHCTpyKUHH KOH[leHTp3UHH Hanp!llKeHHll KOHUeHTP31lHH Hanp!IJKeHHll l:l-1
HJlH .lleT8JIH a 11 Q=--
cr.-1

DpH JlpyrHx BeJI11q1rnax a 8 cJie,¡¡y-

eT npHMeHHTb nonpaBO'IHblii K03cjJ-
cjJ11u11e11T ~. KOTOpblii HaXO,llllTCll
e IlOMO~blO Hl1Menp11se,¡¡t'HHOro
rpacjJHKa

-
l 200 300

BblCOKOJ1er11poBal1HblM
400
ff,. /'fila

BepxHHH rpatt11ua cooTBeTcTsyeT

qyryttaM,
llll:>KHHH - MaJioJierHpOBaHHblM 11y-
ry11au

9 BaJihl, ocH e none- .Ilm1 craJieii np11 d = 30-50 MM

peqHbIM KpyrJibIM OT• H ajd = 0,05 - 0,25
:sepcT11eM

:s~Hi.....,....,..ttfTl...-.=oo
l.4---~~-~~--
400 600 800 1000
6,,11na
~WU%
 Kpy'«!HHe HeKoTopble q¡¡cJIOBble sHaqe11H!I ~.
COOTBeTcTByJOU.\lle rpacjJllKY. IIpH·
se.aeHbl e Ta6.rnne

08 , Mila
a/d
500 1 600
1
800 ¡ 1000

0,05-0,2511,7511,7811,831 1,92

.Un11 ceporo qyryHa e 0 8 =

t..
= 220 Mila 11 np11 a/d = O, I

1.2
1,0
10 20 JO 40 d,MM '

10
BaJJbl, oc11 e O,llHOH
- .Un11 pac11eToe: rrpli O,llHOH wrro- -
H .l{BYM!I WilOHO'IHbl· HO'IHOH K3HaBKe
MH K3113BK3Mll 1td3 bt (d - t) 2
Wu=32- 2d ;
IlpH llBYX urnonoqHblX K3113BKaX

•• .
nd3 bt (d- t) 2
WH= 32 - d
r.ae W H - MOMe11T conponrn.1eH ¡¡¡¡
I,far116 ce11eH1111 rrp11 H3r116e.

,,-·-=-= =:; i" JIM~•~-=--

,_-< ~ -~-... --
º ., :~ =---=--~7sr3 • • =-.;-.=;;;~ .L!ld ~ WI !l!!iii!!!E.~ - ! L -=~
 np0004JIC€HUe npU,lOJ/CeHUR 2

Ko3<bcj>uL(HeHT •1yeCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH
CxeMa uarpy»<ea1u1 f eopeT Hll(.Cl<..HA J<;094>4>HUHeHT E>ct>cPer<ll RHhli:l' K034>clJHUl1eH1 H. KOtlllCftTPartHH HanpamenH~
3JleMeHT8 KOHCTPYKILHH h.0HUeHTpaU1H·l HanpstmeuHtt KOHUE:HrpaUHH 1-1anpsuKeHHA il-1
HJIH .n.eTaJJH a f3 Q=--
rx- 1

fürn CTaJJCH

0 8 , Mna
f3

500 1,5
bOO 1,6
700 1,72
800 1,8
900 1,9
1000 2,0

[1.JJ¡¡ pac'ICTOB:

npn OJlHOií WilOl!OlJHO!"r KaHaBKe

. nd3 bt (d - t) 2
WK""' 16- '2d

npH llByX WilOHO'IHblX K3HaBKaX

rne w K - MO\!PHT COilpOTllBJJeHHH

ceqeHlrn npn Kpy'leH1111.
 )lJill CTaJieH

0' 8 , Mna íl

so 1,4
60 1,5
70 1,6
80 1,7
90 1,8
100 1,9

11 BaJibl, OCH co m.1¡¡. Jl,Jill. cTaJieli rrpR pacqerax B cJiy.

ueBblMI! (3y6<JaTbl'\l!l) 'lae rrpllM06oqHblX UIJIHUCB MOMEHT
y11acTKaMH conpornsJieHl!ll ce'!eHttll. orrpe.nenll.·
Hsrn6 JOT no cjJopMy Jie
nd3
WH = s 32
rae d - BHyrpeH HHil .n11aMerp; ~ -
rrorrpaBo'IHblií Ko3cjJcjJRutteHr, pas-
Hblii:
.nm1 JicrKoii ceptttt-1,09-1,16;
.llJlll cpe11Heii cepRR - l, 14-1,27;
)lJill. rmKeJJoii cepttR - I, 14-J ,39
MeHbume SHa'leHR!I ~ coorsern-
BYJOT ÓÓJiblllHM d.
llmi 3BOJlbBeHT\l blX mmmeBblX CO·
e¡¡n HeHttli W" orrpe,neJil!eTCll KaK

,. S 5?9!i?sJff X 1 7JJJ WJCW - 1 · 2

 fl poaO/IJfCeHUe npU/lOJICeHUfl 2

Kosi<J>cflHc..u1e11T qyecTBHTeJJbHo ... 111

e:: CxeMa Harpy )KeHHll TeopeTHqecKHR KO•cfl<!>HUHeHT 3cj>cjleKTHBl!blA Ko3<1><1>HUHeHT K KOHue11TpaU,HH H:anp.fDKeHtU1
¿ 3JJeMeHTa KOUCTpyKUHU KOHUeHTPaUllH lldOPSbk.eHHA KOHUeHTPdUHH 1-1anpH.>KeHHn fl-1
HJJH .n,eT8JJH a ,, Q=--
a- l

JJJIH cuJiournoro Kpyr.~oro ce4eHH!l

e .lll!aMeTpoM, fldBHbl\1 .a1rnMeTpy
,¡¡eJIHTeJlbHOH OKpyMHOC TH

fl
lle•
Mnd npRMoyrOJlb·
Hh1e UlJJHUhT
l 3BOJlbBrnTHble
lUJJHUbJ

400 1,35 l,3S

500 1,45 1,45
600 1,55 1,55
700 1,60 1,60
800 1,65 1,65
900 1,70 1,70
1000 1,72 1,72
1200 1,75 1,75

KpyqeH11e .lJ.JIH UPll\lOOOKHX WJlllUeB ¡, JlJIH IIpllM060KllX WJllllleB

fX =
.lJ.JIH
2,5-j,2
3BOJlhBCllT H b!X
uee a.= 1,2-1,5
w.111-
<T B•
Mna np,.MoyroJJb·
HbJe UlJJHUbJ
I 3BOJlbBeHT•
HbJe UJJIHUbJ
q =0,5-1,2
l.lJIH 3BOJlbBeH CHblX
q = 0,8-3,0
WJIHU~B

-
400 2,10 1,40
500 2,25 1,43

'
.•,.,11í'1'~lf~--. ~-1-.1-·~ L_.~,..
·- -
. .
.~
.... - l,46
:..... 11•11••··-~
-
 700 2,45 1,49
800 2,55 J,52
900 2,65 1,55
1000 2,70 1,58
1200 2,80 1,60

MoMeHT conponrn.neHHH ceqeHHH

e npllM060KHMH lll.llHUaM!I npH
Kpy'leHHH
WK=2WH
Jl..n¡¡ 980.llbBeHTHblX llWHUeBblX CO•
e,llHHeHHH w K onpe.ae.nHeTCH KaK
.z¡.n¡¡ cn.nolllHOro Kpyr .noro ce11eHHH
l .z¡HaMeTpOM, paBHblM ,llttaMeTpy
.z¡e.nHTe.llbHOH OKpy:arnOCTH

12 HeKopperupoeaHHbie Dp11 KOnHqecTBe 3)6beB ~ = 1 +q(a-1) !l.nH cTa.neii

lllecrepHH 9BO.%BeHT· Z= 20-80
Horo npoqm.nH e yr·
.noM a = 20º rrpH na·
rpy3Ke, rrpH.nO:>KeHHOH
K eeplllHHe sy6a
d q.!234
as
a4 5
0 2 4 6 fi,MM

1,8 2,6 ,S/l

g #1' 111\ Mi 1Q ; _::Btf!t

 llpo8oAJceH.ue npu11o:HCeHcc<1 2
l(o:;JcpLj:J} uHeur JyBCJBH elbHOL H
CxeMa iarpyiKcHH~ Teopernq<'CKHll Ko3q,q,m.¡A< ¡¡1 ::iq,q,eKrl!BHblll K03cj><l>HuHeHT K KOHUeHTp8UHH HanpSl>KCHHll
JleMeH1 d KoHcTpyI<u1 KOHUeHTpaUHH uanpH>KeHuí\ KOHUeHTpallHH HanpH>KeHl·d\:
1 -1
HJlH 1eTaJ ll a il q=--
a-1

1 - r1/m = 0, 124-0,222 }lJIH qyryHa l ,2-1,3 J -OT/oB = 0,8

2-rtfm = 0,124-0,17 2- OT/0 8 = 0,7
3 - r 1¡m = 0,258-0,36 3 - oT/0 8 - 0,6
4-r 1/m = 0,305-0,317 4 - oT/0 8 = 0,55
5-rtfm = 0,55 5 - oT/0 8 = 0,4-0,5
6 - r 1/m = 0,495-0,6
3p;ecb s - TOJIIUHHa OCE!O-
BaHl!ll sy6a B onacHOM ce-
'l"Hllll, l - nneqo .aeiicTBllH
H3r116a10mei'r c11J1bl, m -
MO.llYJJb sauenJieHllH, r1 -
pa.11:11yc saKpyr JieHHH aep-
llll!Hbl sy6a liliCTPYMeHTa

13 BoJitoable ~oe.a 11HeHH11 .ll.Jill CTaJieH

rrpH pdLTJl}KeHllH -
CMaTl!li J(Jl!I
d = 12 MM
MeTpHqecKaH 1 ,ll.10flMOB8R
pesbCia pesb<ía

400 3,0 2,2

600 3,9 2,9
 r _i_ciº _~_!. .l ~.·-~_J1L_~_:~_T_-~ - - - -
__
14~-;:;:np:ll~M=o~y=r=OJl~-l,l-ld-R~C-T-Y--~~--~----~~----~
neH<raTaR nonoca
3Ha4<'.HJ,}f
B3llTbl H3
M
ridcjJ!I vl \' !Ji 11 b
.neHHoro nJ1º Kd, np11be-
" " CXeMbl 12

~ = 1+q(a-1)

1-Hth= 11
2 -H/h= 1'2
3 - H¡h = 1'5
4 - H/h--= 4'

15 ittaqeHHR q ~or 1 _
B3llTbl H3 rpa"' y
't'HKa
( b!Tb
J.eH!!Oro ,!lJlll CX( \lb!' l~pHBe-
rl
20
15
1,00µ:~*~~ ~ = 1 t- q (a - 1)
vfarn6
1-H/h = 11
;_ H¡h = 2'
f-ll/h=4

--~,,
......
o
..... fl poiJ0,11foi'HUP npUAOJICºHU!l 2
K.0;;1t\>t?HlOILH r \.l. ysc1 Bl11 eJl bHOL 1H
e: Cxe~a ttarpy11<ettufl I eopeu1utcKm1 KO:>d>4J1tuueH 3</J</JCKfllBHolil 1<oj</J</J11u11eHT K h.OHUeHTp1IVIH uanpH.li\eHHÚ
¿ s11eMeHTa KOHCTPYKUHH KOHUeHTpauHH Hanp!DKOfüiA KOHUCHTpaUHll HdnrHA<CHHH f,-1
UJIH .n,eTaJIH a f:l Q=--
a-1

16 CTp51MoyroJibHdf! nJiac· .lJ.JI51 CTaJiei't fürn CTaJieii

THHa e OTBPpCTHeM d/B a
a8 , MI1a

~UfHtiffi
d/B
o 3,0 600 800 \000
0,1 3,03
0,2 3,14 'JOO 700 1100
0,3 3,36 6fi, 11na () 0,3 0,4 0,41:>
PacnDKCHHe - CJKa- 0,4 3,74 0,1 0,3 0,.39 0,47
THe 0,5 4,32 0,2 0,28 0,36 0,44
0,3 0,25 0,.34 0,4
0,4 0,22 0,29 0,35
0,5 O,J8 0,24 0,29

)l¡¡¡¡ cnJiaBoB MA2, MA3, M '\5, )l 16, AK2, AK8 npH

8 = 40 MM; d = 1-6 MM, TOJlillHHe h = 1,5-5 MM
2,5-3 1,2-1,8 0,1-0,53

17 .l.l.na cTaJJeii HeKOTOpb!e sHa'leHH51 q npH

8/h = 3 11 d¡B = 0,1-0,9
J{Jrn cTa11H e
0 8 = 600 Mf1a - 0,37-1,46;
0 8 =800 MCTa-0,5-2,
. a~ """ LODO Mlla - 0,63-2 ,5
Vl9"
~~~ .,.,,. ,,.. ?.,t',~~t~~"'~"" ~~-==
 .llm1 cnJidBoB MA2, MA3, MA5, 1116, \K2, AK8 npll
8=40 MM; d= )-6 MM, h= J,5-5 MM

1,6-2,5 1,3-1,8 0,2-1,3

18 f1pS1MoyroJJbHa51 nnac- 3ttaqeHHH q MoryT 6b1Tb B3ij·

nrna e 6oKOBbIMH Bbl· Tbl H3 rpa<jJHKa, np1rne.nett
pe3aMH Horo .!lJIH cxeMbl 12

p r#:n
--13fL]--
p ~ = 1 + q (a- 1)

PacTH JKeHHe - cJKa·

THe

19 f1pS1MoyroJJbHaS1 nnac- 3ttaqeHHll q MoryT ÓblTb B3SI•

THHa e 6oKOBblMH Bbl· .±5'1.. 1 1 1 Tbl H3 rpacjJHKa, npHBe,!leH·
pe3aMH ~~ 1 1 1 Roro .nnsi cxeMbl 12
2,01..J~ !=3 :
f.S=~~f.25~
1,0
O
1 1

q2
1

44 45 r//J ~ = 1+ q (a-!)

.. 1 _r
 )\03(j¡¡j¡Hu11eH1' qyBc fBHTeJlbHOC 1"
Cx.c M. riarny A\C111JH fcOp( H14eCKHi"! KOJdJQJHllHC' f 3(j¡cbeKTllBHblt! KO JcjJ(j¡ 11 UHeHT K KOHlleH'rpaurn.f H.anpB>KeHH!1
Kni1•1eP1p 11,m1 Han¡ '1I}l~einn1 KOHuenTpa1um HanpSDKeHH.A
:1¡¿-Ml J!T ! }{OHC 'py1u~m1
f>-1
H.11.1 ,UCJ,\.llrl a (1 q=---
a-1

f1p5nv1oyrn;1bllC15-l n.nal'-
20 nma e GoK'lllhl\11: Bbl
l.lJIH c1waoos MA2, MA.3, MAS, LLl6, AK2, AKB npu B = 12 m1;
peJawr
r = 16 MM; h = 0,S MM

2 1,5-2 O,.': - l

21 Donoca C O.ZU!OCTOpOW lJ;Jill crrJJaBoB .MA2, MA3, MAS npH r = 0,02- 0,05 'm; t/r ~- 3-15;
HHM HJIH .nsyxcropoH-
HBM Ha,!lpe30M
h/t = 20

4-7 1,2 0,03-0,07

PacrnJKe1rne - C)l{aTue
HJIH H3fHÓ
-------~-. ·-
 -----
22 1
npoqJHJJb C BXO.lll!W.HM ,llJJa cTaJJeii CT3Jll1 e a 8 = 900 Mila

:,-
JJ.;¡¡¡
yrJJOM

rfh q

~)
1

J13rH6
!•
o 0,2 0,4 G6 r/h
l -
0,5

(a 8 = 990 Mf1a)
2-
o
JJerHpOBaHHal!
0,2 a4 a6 r¡h

yr JJepO.llHCT3l!
0,1-0,3

Jl,JJ¡¡ cTaJJ 11 e
a8 = 500-700 i\\CTa
1

1
0,33-0,47

(a 8 = 500-700 MDa)

0,1-0,6 0,2-0,35
. 1

23 3JJeMeHT KOHCTpyK- - ;[Jrn 4yrymi e a 8 = 290 Mf1a -

:,.
U1111 e BXO.lllllll.11M yr-
JIOM

M
.....-.....
rTJ
- J¡~.!_5 1
1,4

~~¡
f,O
,O 0.2 a4 ,0.6 r/h

/ 1'l3rn6 1
1
--
 n p H JI o };( e H H e 3. <l>ynK L\HH KpblJ!OBa S, T J V, V

l
S (kz) = 2 (ch kz + cos f,z);
1
T (kz\ = 2 (sh kz + sin kz);
1
U (kz) = 2 (c 11 kz - cos kz);

1
V (kz) = 2 (sh kz - sin kz),

S' (kz) = kV (kz); S" (kz) = k2 U (kz); S"' (kz) = k 3 T (kz)

1
T' (kz) = k\ (kz); Tª (k11 = k•V (kz); T"' (kz) = k 3U (kz)
(kz) = ¡, ! (kz), (kz) = kªV (k;)
I! U' U" \ (; 1 = k 2S (kz\, U"
V' (kz) = kU (kz); V" (kz) = k2T lkz), V"' (kz) = kBS (k<)

k.t S (kz) T ¡t z L' (l,z1 l 1a1

1
0,00 1,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000
0,01 1,00000 0,01000 0,00005 0,00000
0,02 1,00000 0,02000 0,00020
1 0,03
0,04
1,00000
1,00000
0,03000
0,04000
0,00045
0,00080
º·ººººº
º·ººººº
0,00001
1 0,05
0,06
1,00000
1,00000
0,05000
0,06000
0,00125
0,00180
0,00002
0,00004
0,07 1,00000 0,07000 0,00245 0,00006
0,08 1,00000 0,08000 0,00320 0,00009
0,09 1,00000 0,09000 0,00405 0,00012
0,10 1,00000 0,!0000 0,00500 0,00017
0, 11 ),00001 O, l 1000 0,00605 o,oro22
0,12 1,00001 0,12000 0,00720 0,000:19
o, 13 1,00001 0,13000 0,00845 0,00037
0,14 l,00002 0,14000 0,00980 0,00046
0,15 1,00002 0,15000 O,Ol 125 0,00056
0,16 1,00003 0,16000 0,01280 0,00068
0,17 1,00003 0,17000 0,01445 0,00082
0,18 1,00004 O, 18000 0,01620 0,00097
0,19 l,00005 0,19000 0,01805 0,00115
0,20 1,00007 0,20000 0,02000 0,00134
f 0,21
t 1,00008 0,2!000 0,02205 0,00155
¡ 0,22 1,00010 0,22000 0,02420 0,00178
0,23 1,00012 0,23000 0,02645 0,00203
0,24 1,00014 0,24000 0,02880 0,00231
0,25 1,00016 0,25000 0,03125 0,00261
0,26 l,00019 0,26001 0,03380 0,00293
0,27 1,00022 0,27001 0,03645
1 0,28
0,29
l,00026 0,28001 0,03920
0,00328
0,00366
1,00029 0,29001 0,04205 0,00407
,¡
1 706
111
 [J poOO/lJICCllUC npU!lOJ/(r/111 C, 1

kz 5 (hZ) T (/ •! u ,,, ) V (L1

0,30 l ,0003ct 0,30002 0,04500 0,0045

---
o
0,31 1,00038 0,31002 0,04805 0,0049 7
0,32 l / 10044 0,32003 0,05120 0,0054 6
0,33 1,00049 0,33003 0,05445 0,0059 9
0,34 1,00035 0,34004 0,05780 0,0065 e)
0,35 1,000625 0,35004 0,06125 0,0071 5
0,36 1,00070 0,36005 0,06480 0,0077 8
0,37 l,00078 0,37006 0,06845 0,0084 4
0,38 1,00086 0,38006 0,07220 0,0091 5
0,39 1,00096 Q,39007 0,07605 0,0098 9
0,40 1,00106 0,40008 0,08000 0,0106 7
0,4l 1,00117 0,4 l009 0,08405 0,0114 9
0,42
0,43
1,00129
1,00142
0,4201 1
0,43012
0,08820
0,09245
º·º 123
0,0132 5
5

0,44 1,00156 0,440 l 4 0,09681 0,0142 o

0,45 1,00171 0,45015 0,10126 0,0151 9
o.~6 1,00186 0,46017 0,10581 0,0162 5
0,47 1,00203 0,47019 0,11047 0,0173 1 'I 1
0,48 1,00221 0,48021 0,11522 0,0184 4
0,49 1,00240 0,49023 o, 12007 0,0196 1
0,50 1,00260 0,50026 0,!2502 0,0208 4
0,51 1,00280 0,51029 0,13007 0,0221 l
0,52 1,00304 0,52031 0,13522 Q,0234 4
0,53 1,00329 0,53024 0,14048 0,0248 1
0,54 1,00354 0,54038 0,14583 0,0262 4
0,55 1,00381 0,55042 0,15129 0,0277 3
o' 56 1,001 lo 0,56046 (1, 15684 0,02S2 7
0,57 l,00440 0,57050 0,16250 0,0303 7
o 5b 1,00471 0,58054 o, 16825 0,0325 3
0,39 1,00505 0,59060 0,17411 O,O'l42 4
1
0,60 1,00540 0,60074 0,18006 0,03t0 l )~
0,61 l,00577 0,61070 0,18612 0,03""'8 4
0,62 1,00616 0,62076 0,19228 0,0397 3
0,63 1,00656 0,63082 0,19853 0,0416 9
0,64 1,00699 0,64089 0,20489 0,0436 9 .1
0,65 1,00742 0,65097 0,21136 0,04578
0,66 1,00790 0,66104 0,21791 0,04793
0,67 l,00830 0,67112 0,22458 0,0501 3
0,68 l,00il9l 0,681?1 0,23' '34 0,0524 8
o,69 1,00945 O,fi9130 0,23820 0,0547 7
0,70 1,0 lOOO 0,70140 0,24516 0,0571 8
0,71 1,!ll059 0,71150 0,25223 O,O')C ' 7
0,72 l,Ol 120 0,7216! 0,25939 O,Of>'J 23
0,73 1,01183 0,73173 0,26666 0,0648 6
0,74 l,01249 0,74185 0,27403 0,067~ 6
0,75 1,0 l3 l8 0,75198 0,28149 0,0703 4
0,76 l,01390 0,76211 0,28906 0,07 l 1 q
0,77 1,01465 0,77?26 0,29674 0,07G l 2
0,78 l,01542 0,78'.!40 o. 'l045 I 0,0791 l
0,79 1,01623 0,79256 0,31238 0,0822

707
1
1·¡ ll pOOO!l'JfCel-lUe npU!lMICfH U q 3

k, S (kz) T (/1Z) U (kz) V (kzJ

1 1
0,80 1,01707 0,80273 0,32036 0,08538
0,81 1,01794 0,81290 0,32844 0,08St,2
0,82 l,01884 0,82309 0,33662 0,09194
0,83 1,01978 0,83328 0,34490 0,0953.)
0,84 1,02075 0,84348 0,35329 0,091'k5
0,85 1,02175 0,85380 0,36177 0,10~<2
0,86 l,02280 0,86392 0,37036 0.10608
0,87 l,02388 0,87415 0,37905 O, 10983
0,88 1,02500 0,88440 0,38785 O,l 1366
0,89 1,02615 0,89465 0,39674 O.! 1758
0,90 l,02735 0,90492 0,40573 o, 12159
0,91 1,02858 0,91520 0,41483 o, 12570
0,92 l,02986 0,92549 0,42404 O, J /990
0,93 1,03118 0,93582 0,43335 o, 13418
0,94 l,03254 0,94612 0,44275 O, 13856
0,95 1,03395 0,95645 0,45227 0,14303
0,96 l,03540 0,96679 0,46188 0,14 7 61
0,97 1,03690 0,97716 0.47161 0.15247
0,98 1,03845 0,98753 0,48143 O, l 5704
0,99 1,04005 0,99793 0,49136 0,lfll9(l
1,00 1,04169 1,00833 0,50139 O, 16687
1,0 l 1,04338 1,01876 0,5 ! 152 O,l?l93
1,02 1,04513 l,02920 0,52176 o, 17710
1,03 1,04693 1,03953 0,53211 O, 18237
1,04 1,04878 1,05014 0,:=í4256 0,18174
1,05 1,05068 1,06064 0,55311 O,l 9322
1,06 1,05264 1,07116 0,56377 0,19880
1,07 1,05466 1,08169 0,57454 0,2C449
1,08 1,05673 1,09225 0,58540 0,21029
1,09 1,05887 1,10283 0,59638 0,21620
l, IO 1,06106 1, l l 343 0,60746 0,22222
1, 1 l 1,06333 1, 12405 0,61865 0,22835
1,12 1,0656? 1,13469 0,62995 0,23460
I, 13 1,06800 I, 14536 0,64134 0,~4095
1, 14 1,07044 I, 15605 0,65285 0,24742
1, 15 1,07295 l,l 6677 0,66446 0,25401
1, 16 1,07552 1,17750 0,67619 0,26071
1, 17 1,07816 I, 18828 0,68801 0,26753
I, 18 1,08087 I, 19908 0,69995 0,27447
I, 19 1,08365 1,20990 0,71200 0,2815'3
1,20 1,08651 1,22075 0,72415 0,?8871
1,21 1,08934 1,23163 0,73641 0,2~601
1,22 1,09243 1,24254 0,74878 0,3034~
J,23 1,09550 1,25348 0,76196 0,31099
1,24 1,09865 1,26444 0,77385 0,31867
1,25 1,10187 1,27545 0,78658 0,32647
1,26 1,10518 1,28648 0,79936 0,3343')
1,27 I, 10856 1,29750 0,81228 0,34245
1,28 1,11203 1,30866 0,82531 0,35064
1,29 1,11557 1,31980 0,83845 0,35896

708
j/I

,, S (kZ) T (kZ) U (kzl V (/ 1

-
1 30 1,ll920 1,33097 0,85163 0,'367 4 l
' l
l ,3 l, 12292 l,342!8 0,86507 0,3760o
1,32 1,12673 1,35343 0,87855 0,3847 l
l,33 1, 13862 1,36471 0,89214 O,J9o,) 7
l ,34 l, 13460 1,37604 o'90583 0,40.:- 6
1,35 1,13867 1,38740 0,91906 0,4 l 1 G}
1,36 1, 14283 1,39881 0,93336 0,4209 6
J,37 1,14709 1,41026 0,94764 0,4303 -)
1,38 l,l5l44 l,42175 0,96180 0,4399 l
1,39 1, 15588 1,43329 0,97607 0,4495 9
1,40 !, !6043 1,44487 0,99047 0,459J 3
1,41 1, 16507 1,45655 1,00497 0,4694 1
1,42 l,l6g82 1,46817 1,01959 0,4795 2
J ,43 1,17466 1,47990 1,03434 0,4898 o
1,44 1, 17961 1,49167 1,04920 0,5002 1
J ,45 1,18467 1,50349 l,06417 0,51078
1,46 l, 18984 1,51537 1,07926 0,5214 9
l ,47 l,l95lO 1,52728 l,09448 0,5323 7
1,48 1,20048 1,53926 1,00981 0,5433 9
l,49 1,20597 l,55130 l, 12526 0,554 56
1,50 1,21157 1,56338 l, 14083 0,5659 o
l,5 l 1,21729 1,57553 1,15653 0,5772 8
J,52 1,22312 I,58773 l, 17235 0,58903
1,53 l,22907 l,59999 I, 18828 0,6008 3
l,54 l,23514 1,61231 1,20435 0,6 l 27 9
l,55 1,24132 1,62469 1,22053 0,6249 2
J,56 l,24769 1,63714 1,23679 0,6372 o
!,57 l,25407 1,64965 1,25327 0,6496 5
[.58 l,26063 1,66222 l.~6983 0,66226
1 l 59 1,26732 1,67486 1,28652 0,675C 4
'
l,60 1,27413 1,68757 1,30333 0,6880o
1 1,6 l l,28108 1,70034 1,32027 0,70 l l 2
I,62 1,28815 1,71319 1,33734 0,7144 l
J,63 ¡,29536 1,72608 1,35453 0,7278 6
J,64 1,30.a l 1,73910 1,37186 0,74!4 9
1 65 l,31019 1,75216 1,38932 0,7553 o
1' 66 1,31782 1,76530 1,40690 0,7692 8
'
1,67 1,32558 1,77852 1,42462 0,7834 4
' l,68 1,33348 1,79181 1,44248 0,7967 8
I,69 1,34154 1,80519 1,46046 0,81229
1 l,70 1,34974 1,81864 1,47858 0,82699
1,7 l 1,35808 1,83219 1,49683 0,8418 6
" 1,72 1,36657 1,84581 1,53523 0,8569 2
'11 1,73 1,37522 1,85952 1,53375 0,8721 6
I,74 1,38401 1,87331 1,55242 0,8875 9
1,75 1,39297 1,88820 1,57122 0,90321
1,76 1,40208 1,90117 1,59016 0,91903
l,77 1,41135 1,91524 1,60924 0,9350 2
1,78 1,42078 1,92940 1,62846 0,9512 o
1,79 1,43038 1,94366 1,64783 0,96759

709
 l
1¡

)l
1
ll pOOOAJJCeUUe npUA{l1fCeHUfl 8

12 .'> (/ z l (/ 2) u(/ l \r ( ZI

1,80 l,±1013 l,lJobül l ,t 67'34 0,884 l 6

',81 l, t5006 l,Q7246 J ,t.>8699 l,00093
!,'32 l,46015 l Q8h97 l,71 C79 l,02191
1,H3 1, 11042 2,00166 l,72673 l,03ó07
1,si 1 -l-"Obb 2 0164¿ l,74682 l ,Co244
!,85 l,19147 2,03!28 l,76706 1,0700!
1,86 l, ~0225 2 04625 1,78745 !,08778
! ,87 l,51322 2 06133 !,80798 l. l 0576
J,88 l,52437 2,07652 l,82868 !, 12394
l,b9 !,53570 2,09182 J,84952 l,!4233
I,90 1,54722 2, 10723 !,87051 !, l 6093
J ,9 l l,51892 2, 12276 I,89 ¡ 66 l, 17974
1,92 1,57081 2,13841 i,91297 l, l 9877
l,93 l,5'l290 2, 154 l 8 l,93443 l,21t00 1
1,94 l ,59518 2,17006 l,95605 l,237-±5
l,95 l,61265 2,18608 l,97783 l,25713
I,96 l,62032 2,20222 l,99977 1,2770 l
I,97 J,63319 2,21849 2,02187 I,29712
l,98 l,64626 2,23489 2,04415 1,31745
I,99 1,65')54 2,25142 2,06707 l,33800
2,00 1,67302 2,26~08 2,089 l 8 1,35878
2,0l 1,68671 2,L8337 2,11193 1,37828
2,02 l,70062 2,30181 2, l.3487 l,4úl0..!
2,03 1,71474 2 )]889 2, l 5797 1,42249
2,04 1,72907 2, 33611 2, l8 l25 1,44418
2,05 1,74362 2,35347 2,20470 1,46611
2,06 1,75840 2,37098 2,22832 1,48827
2,07 1,77360 2,38864 2,25212 1,5 l 068
2,08 1,78861 2,40645 2,27609 l ,5.3.332
2,09 1,80405 2,42441 2,30024 1,55620 1
2,10 1,81973 2,44253 2,32458 1,57933
2,11 I,8356S 2,46081 2,34910 l,602C9
2,12
2,13
2,14
I,85 l 79
1,868 l 7
1,884 79
2,47925
2,49785
2,51661
2,37380
2,39868
2,42375
1,62630
1,65017
1,67428
'
2,15 1,90165 2,53554 2,44902 1,69865
2, 16 1,91876 2,55464 2,47447 1,72327
2,17 I,93612 2,57392 2,50011 1,74813
2,18 I,95373 2,59337 2,52594 l,773?6
2,19 1,97158 2,61300 2,55198 l,79865
2,20 I,98970 2,63208 2,57820 1,81431
2,21 2,00807 2,65279 2,60464 1,85022
2,22 2,02671 2,67286 2,63126 1,87640
2,23 2,04560 2,69332 2,65810 1,90285
2,24 2,06476 2,71388 2,68513 1,92956
2,25 2,08420 2,73462 2,71237 1,95655
2,26 2, 10390 2,75556 2,73982 l ,98381
2,27 2, 12387 2,77670 2,76748 2,0 l 135
2,28 2,14412 2,79804 2,79536 2,03916
2,29 2, 16465 2,81958 2,82345 2,06725

710
 fi poíJOJlJ/[(1-lUe npU!lO 01c I' 11'1 7 J
1

12 s (/,<) T ( '
l U(/ Z)
1
1 (

2, {º 2,18547 2,84133
2,&6329
2,85175
2 8x027
2,09oli
2, 1242(
2,31 2,20657 '
2,32 2, 227Y5 2,88546 2,go 0 02 2, 15 l~
2, '3'3 2,24964 2,90785 2,9319'l 2, 182 l.
2, 34 2,27161 2,93045 2,96717 2,21201}
2,35 2,29388 2,95328 2,99659 2,2418 2
2,36 2,31645 2,91631 3,02621 2,2719 3
2,37 2,33932 2,99962 3,05612 2,3023 4
2,38 2,36250 3,02312 3,08624 2,3330 G
2,39 2,38598 2,04686 3,11658 2,3640 6
2,40 2,40978 3,0708! 3, 14717 2,3953(1
?,41 2,43389 3,09506 3, 17800 2,4270o
2,42 2,45832 3,11952 3,20907 2,45'\() 3
2,43 2,48307 3, 14423 3,24039 *º
2, 11 4
2,44 2,50814 3,16919 3,27196 2,5231 el•
2,45 2,53354 3, 19439 3,30378 2,5566 4
2,46 2,56927 3,21986 3,33585 2,5898 3
2,47 2,58535 3,24558 3,36817 2,6233,'J
2,48 2,61174 3,27156 3,40076 2,6572 o
2,49 2,63848 3,29781 3,43360 2,6913 6
2,50 2,66557 3,32433 3,46672 2,72581
2,51 2,69300 3,35113 3,50010 2,7607 o
2,52 2,72079 3,37820 3,53374 2,7928 +
2,33 2,74893 3,40555 3,56165 2,83lJ.
2,54 2,77742 3,43318 3,60175 2,861 ¿
2,55 2,80627 3,46110 3,6:~6'12 2,90 ~
2,56 2,83549 3,48931 3,67107 2,93 y J
?,57 2,86507 3 51780 3,70061 2,97 1 ' 3
'.¿, 'í8 2,sg302 3,54660 3,74144 3,01 tO 8
2,59 2,92535 3,57571 3, 77-r¡ 3 3,0') 1617
2,60 2,95606 3,605! 1 3,81295 3,08'! 2
2,61 2,98714 3,63483 3,8!915 3, 12 93
3,62 3,01862 3,66486 3,81'-!565 3,1666 o
0 C)r - r
?,01 3,05047 3,6932 l 3,9 1 ?3'í 0,~\ )U

264 3,08273 3,72587 3,95S55 3,24505

2,65 3,11538 3,75186 3,99696 3,28433
2,o6 3, 14843 3,7881 'l 4,03469 3,3?499
2,67 3,18188 3 81981 4,07273 3,3f')52
2,(8 3,21755 '3,85182 4,11108 3,40045
2,69 3,25001 3,88115 4, 14926 3 ' 44--·
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2,70 3,28470 3,91682 4, 18877 3,48Y-±4
2,71 3,3 l qso 3,94985 4,22810 3,53152
2,72 3, )5533 3,92321 4,26717 3,57401
2,73 3,39128 4,01695 4,30777 361fº8
2,74 3,42767 4,05105 4,34811 '
3,66l l7
2,7) 3,46449 4,íl8S30 4,38879 3,70 l84
2,76 3,50175 1, 120 ¡4 4,42g82 3,7 4704
277 3,5 945 4, 15554 4,471 '!() 3,79 t4
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2,78 3,57760 4, 19112 4,5129 l 3,8 7%
2,79 3,61619 4,22709 4,5550.3 3,8'3271

711
 fl poíJO!lJ/CfHUe npU/IO~eHUJI 3

kz s (112) T (kZ) L' ¡kz) V r1 <

:.!,80 .J,65525 4,26345 4,59748 3,9::é47

~.81 3,69476 4,30020 4,64030 3,97465
2,82 3,73493 4,33735 4,68330 4,02127
2,83 3,77520 4,37490 4,72705 4,06832
2,84 3,81612 4,41285 4,77098 4, 11582
2,85 '\8}751 4,45122 4,81530 4,16375
2 •86 3,b9940 4,49001 4,86000 4,21212
2,87 3,94176 4,52921 4,90510 4,26095
2,88 3,98461 4,56884 4,95059 4,31028
2,80 4,02796 4,60891 4,99648 4,35996
2,90 4,07181 4,64940 5,04277 4,41016
2,91 4,11617 4,69034 5,08947 4,46082
2,92 4,16103 4,73173 5,13658 4,51195
2,93 4,20640 4,77357 5,18410 4,56355
2,94 4,25230 4,81586 5,23206 4,61563
2,95 4,29875 4,85862 5,28042 4,66820
2,96 4,34567 4,90181 5,32923 4,72124
2,97 4,39315 4,94553 5,37846 4,77478
2,98 4,44117 4,98970 5,42814 4,82881
2,99 4,48972 5,03435 5,47825 4,88335
3,00 4,53883 5,07949 5,52883 4,95838
3,01 4,58850 5•12513 5,57'185 4,9:1392
3,02 4,63872 5,17127 5,63133 5,049S8
3,03 4,68950 5,21791 5,68327 5,10655
3,04 4,74085 5,26556 5,73569 5, 16064
3,05 4,7q277 5,31272 5,78858 5,22126
3,06 4,84527 5,36090 5,84195 5,27942
3,07 4,89836 5,40963 5,89580 5,3381 o
3,08 4,95204 5,45888 5,95014 5,39734
3,09 5,00631 5,50868 6,00498 5,45711
3,10 5,061!8 5,55901 6,06032 5,51744
3,11 5, 11666 5,60990 6, 11616 5,57832
3,12 5,17275 5,66135 6, 17252 5,63976
3,13 5,22931 5,71336 6,22936 5,70177
3,14 5,28(;73 5,76594 6,28678 5,7C4 '5
3,15 5,34475 5,819!0 6,34471 5,8275 l
3,16 5,40316 5,87284 6 40117 5,891 ')5
3,17 5,46257 5,92717 ó,46217 5,g5557
3,18 5,52245 5,98209 6,52171 h,02049
3,19 5,58298 6,03762 6,58182 6,01<601
3,20 5,64418 6,09375 6,64747 6,15713
3,21 5,70603 6,15050 6,70369 6,2 !P25
3,22 5,76855 6,20787 6,76349 6,28621
3,23 5,83161 6,26588 6,82800 6,35417
3,24 f\,89564 6,32451 6,89080 6,4L277
3,25 'i,96021 6,38379 6,95384 6,49199
3,26 6/12535 6,44372 7,0 [848 6,56185
3,27 6,09145 6,50431 7,0"322 6,63206
3,28 6, 15813 6,56555 7,14€57 G,70352
3,29 6,22552 6,62747 7,21454 6,77533

712
 ll pOOO/IJICCHUe npUAO;J,CCHllfl 3

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3,30 6,29364 6,69006 7,28112 6,84782

3,31 6,36248 6,75334 7,34833 6,92095
3,32 6,43206 6,81732 7,41619 6,99478
3,33 6,50238 6,88199 7,48460 7,06928
3,34 b,57345 6,94737 7,55383 7, 14448
3,35 6,64527 7,01346 7,62363 7,22036
3,36 6,71786 7,08027 7,69410 7,29696
3,37 6,79121 7, 14782 7,76524 7,37425
3,38 6,86534 7,21610 7,83706 7,45226
3,39 6,94026 7,28513 7,90957 7,53099
3,40 7,01597 7,35491 7,98277 7,61045
3,41 7,09247 7,42546 8,05666 7,69065
3,42 7 16978 7,49476 8, 13028 7,77159
3,43 7'24790 7,56885 8,20661 7,85326
3,44 7:32685 7,64172 8,28266 7,93573
3,45 7,40662 7,71539 8,35945 8,01893
3,46 7,48723 7,78986 8,38697 8, 10291
3,47 7,51858 7,86514 8,51535 8, 187C8
3,48 7,65099 7,94124 8,59427 8,27322
3,49 7,73415 8,01816 8,67407 8,35956
3,50 7,81818 8,09592 8,75464 8,44671
3,51 7,90309 8,17453 8,83599 8,53466
3,52 7 98888 8,25398 8,91813 8,62343
3,53 8'.07556 8,33431 9,00107 8,71302
3,54 8,16315 8,41550 9,08482 8,80346
3,55 8,25164 8,49717 9,16938 8,89472
3,56 8,34104 8,58054 9,25478 8,98685
3,57 8,43137 8,61440 9,34100 9,07982
3,58 8,52264 8,74917 9,42807 9,17367
3,59 8,61485 8,83485 9,51599 9,26838
3,60 8,70801 8,92147 9,60477 9,36399
3,61 8,8D213 9,00902 9,69442 9,46048
3,62 8,89772 9,09751 9,78495 9,55788
3,63 8,99330 9,18696 9,87637 9,65618
3,64 9,09035 9,27738 9,96870 9,75541
3,65 9,18845 9,36878 10,06193 9,85557
3,66 9,28747 9,46116 10, 15608 9,95666
3,67 9,38754 9,55453 10,25115 10,05869
3,68 9,48864 9,64891 10,34717 10,16168
3,69 9,59077 9,74430 10,44414 10,26564
3,70 9,68159 9,84072 10,54206 10,37057
3,71 9,79819 9,93819 10,64095 10,47648
3,72 9,90349 10,03670 10,74082 I0,58339
3,73 10,00986 10, 13626 10,84169 10,69130
3,74 10,11732 10,23690 10,94355 10,80023
3,75 10,22587 10,33861 11,04643 10,91017
3,76 10,33552 10,44141 11, 15033 11,02116
3,77 10,44630 10,54533 11,25526 11,13318
3,78 10,55819 10,65034 11,36124 11,24627
1
3,79 10,67123 10,75649 11,46878 11,36041

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3,80 10,78540 10,87377 11,57638 l 1,47564
3,81 10,90074 10,97221 11,68555 11,59195
3,b..? 11,01725 11,08180 1 1, 7°b82 11,70935
3,83 ll,104 1.3 11,14255 11,90719 1 l,8271i6
3,84 11,2 ~o l 11,30449 12,0 J\J69 11,947::;0
3,bu 11,07 3oJ 11,41763 12, 13329 12,06826
3,86 11,49::;13 11,53198 12,24803 12,19017
3,87 11,6!769 11,64754 12,36393 12,31322
3,88 11,74145 11,76434 12,48099 12,43 7 45
3,89 11,86646 11,88238 12,59922 12,56285
3,90 ll,9':1271 12,00166 12,71864 12,68944
3,91 12,12024 12,12224 12,83926 12,81723
3,92 12,24905 12,24407 12,96109 12,94623
3,93 12,379 J7 12,36722 13,08415 13,07645
3,94 12,511)59 12,49[67 13,20844 13,20797
3,95 12,64333 12,61744 13,33398 13,34063
3,96 12,77740 12,74453 13,46079 13,47460
3,97 12,91283 12,87293 13,58888 13,60966
3,98 13,04960 13,0028') 13,71825 13,74637
3,99 13, 18775 13, l 339'l 13,84893 13,88421
4,00 13,32730 13,26636 13,98094 14,02366
4,0[ 13,46823 13,40053 14,11427 14, 16384
4,02 13,61057 13,53593 14,24895 J4,30565
4,03 13,75435 13,67275 14,38500 14,44882
4,04 13,89955 13,81102 14,52242 14,59335
4,05 14,04622 13,95074 14,66122 14,73228
4,06 14,I 9i35 14,09195 14,80144 14,88658
4,07 14,34395 14,23464 14,94306 15.0~530
4 08 14,49506 14,37883 15,0861 '3 15,18545
4,09 14,64767 l 4,5245b 15,23065 15,3 370.3
4,10 14,80180 14,67179 15,37663 15,43'107
4, 11 14,95747 14,82058 15,57408 15,644~6
4,12 15,11470 14,97095 15,67304 15,80055
4, 13 15,27350 15,12288 15,82351 15,96304
4,14 15,43386 15,27641 15,97551 16,11703
4, 15 15,59533 15,43157 16, 121'15 J6,2i755
4, 16 15,75942 15,58835 16,28415 16,43962
4,17 15,92464 15,74676 16,440b2 16,603L4
4,18 16,09[50 15,90648 16,59909 16,76844
4, 19 16,26001 16,06~60 16, 7°'8 16 16,93522
4,20 16,4 3(•'.20 16,2 r;o4 l 6,92J1G 17, I 0363
4,21 16,6<1208 16,J4721 17,08'3b0 17,27121
4,22 16, 775h8 16,56409 17,2~84 I 17,44530
4,23 16,95094 16,73272 17,4H90 17,611<62
4,24 17,12806 16,9(13 l 2 17,58 307 17,79360
4,25 17,30687 17,1)7529 17,75297 17,970'.!8
4,26 17,48746 17,24926 17,92458 18,14867
4,27 17,66085 J7,425'15 18,04795 18,32&78
4,28 17,85405 17,602'16 18,27309 18,51064
4,29 18,04008 17,78214 18,45002 18,69425

/14
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1 z 0 (/ Z) Í \kZ) U (1 z) V (!« !

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4,30 18,22794 17,96367 18,62874 18,87q64
4,31 18,41767 IP, 14670 18,80929 1(¡ l t1t1'-)
4,32 18,60928 18,33183 JK 99168 1ll 2558)
4,33 18,80280 18,51889 19, 17594 1 '-t4GtJ
1 4,34
4,35
4,36
18,99823
19,19558
19,39491
18,70790
18 89887
19,09182
J9,3G207
19,55010
19,74005
l 9,G3935
JSJ,1<3392
20,03037
4,37 l 9,59620 19,28677 19,93194 20,2287 2
4,38 19,79949 19,48374 20,12579 20 42901
4,39 20,00479 19,68277 20,32162 20,63121
4,40 20 21212 19,88385 20,51945 20,k3545
4,41 20,42150 20,08701 20,71931 2 1 04 16 ¡
4,42 20,63296 20,29229 20,92120 21,L498'i
4,43 20,84651 20,19968 21,12516 ~1,4ú007
4,44 21,06217 20,70922 21,33120 21,67235
4,45 21,27996 20,92093 21,53935 21 88670
4,16 21,49991 21, 13483 21,74963 22,10315
4.47 21,72204 21,35094 21,96236 22,32170
4,48 21,94635 21,56927 22,17665 22,54240
4,49 22,17288 21,78587 22,39345 22,7f524
4,50 22,40166 22,01274 22,61246 22,99027
4,51 22,63270 22,23791 22,83371 23,? 1750
4,52 22,86602 22,46540 23,05722 23,44695
4,53 23,10165 22,69524 23,28303 23,67865
4,54 23,33965 22,92744 23,51114 23,91962
4,55 23,57990 23,16204 23,74159 24, l 4888
4,56 23,82259 23,39905 23,97439 24,31>796
4,57 24,06766 20,63850 24,20957 24,62888
4,58 24,31 766 23,88041 24,44916 24,87166
4,59 24,56510 24,12481 24,68719 25,11733
4,60 24,81752 24,37172 24,92967 25,1654 l
4,61 25,07242 24,62117 25,17463 25,61593
4,62 25,32984 24,87318 25,42210 25,86892
4,63 25,58980 25,12777 25,67210 26, 12438
4,64 25,85233 25,38498 25,92467 26,38236
't,65 26,! l 746 25,64483 26,14981 26,64288
4,66 26,38520 25,90734 26,43757 26,90597
4,67 26,65559 26,17254 26,69797 27,17164
4,68 26,92865 26,44046 26,96103 27,43994
4,69 27,20440 26,71113 27,22678 27,71087
1
4,70 27,48287 26,98456 27,49526 27,98448
1
4,71 27,76410 27,26079 27,76799 28,26079

¡: 4,72
4,73
4,74
28,04810
28,33490
28,62454
27,53985
27,82177
28,10655
23,04045
28,31729
28,59693
28,53982
28,82160
29, 10618
•~I · 4,75 28,91704 28,39327 28,87944 29,39356
4,76 29,21242 28,68490 29,16483 29,68378
4,77 29,51072 28,97852 29,45314 29,97686
4,78 29,81197 29,27513 29,74440 30,27285
4,79 30, 11619 29,57477 30,03855 30,57176

715
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1 z 0 \lc.<: 1 1 (kZ¡ U ('iZ V l <J

4,80 30,42341 29,87746 30,33591 30,87363

4,81 30,73367 30, 18325 30,73367 31,17849
4,82 31,04699 30,49215 30,93959 31,48637
4,83 31,36340 30,80420 31,24607 31, 79729
4,84 3!,68295 31,11943 31,55569 32,11130
4,85 32,00565 3 J,43787 31,86817 32,42812
4/l6 32,33153 31,75955 32, 18445 32,74868
4,87 32,66063 32,08450 32,53670 33,07212
4,88 33,99298 32,41277 32,82615 33,39876
4,89 33,32862 32,74438 33,15194 33, 7;~865
4,90 33,66756 33,07936 33,48105 34,06181
4,91 34,00976 33,41774 33,81353 34,39828
4,92 34,35554 33 79570 34, 14942 34,738!0
4,93 34,70464 34,10486 34,48879 35,08128
4,94 35,05718 34,45367 34,83153 35,42788
4,95 35,41320 34,80602 35,17782 35,77792
4,96 35,77275 35,16195 35,52765 36,13145
4,97 36, 13585 35,52149 35,88107 36,48849
4,98 36,50253 35,88467 36,23810 36,84908
4,99 36,87284 36,25155 36,59878 37,21326
5,0 37,24680 36,62214 36,96314 37,58106
5,1 4J,19599 40,54105 40,81801 41,46686
5,2 45,55370 44,87495 45,08518 45,75840
5,3 50,36263 49,66682 49,80826 50,49909
5,4 55,67008 54,96409 55,03539 55,73685
5,5 61,52834 60,81919 60,81967 6!,52473
5,6 67,99531 67,29004 66,21974 67,92131
5,7 75, 13504 74,44067 74,30033 74,99136
5,8 83,01840 82,34183 82,13288 82,80633
5,9 9 l, 72379 91,07172 90,79631 9!,44562
6,0 lOJ,33790 100,71687 100,37773 100,99629
6,1 i l !,95C6t 1 [ [,37280 110,97337 11 !,55491
6,2 123,68604 123, 19521 122,68950 123,22830
2n 134,37338 133,87245 133,37238 133,87245
6,3 136,64336 136, 15092 135,64350 136,13411
6,4 150,96826 150,46912 149,97508 150,35257
6,5 166,77508 166,39259 165,79749 166,17747
6,6 184,24925 183,92922 183,29902 183,61768
6,7 203,55895 203,20357 202,64457 202,89872
6,8 224,89590 224,70860 224,02740 224,21449
6,9 248,47679 248,35764 247,66106 247,77920
7,0 274,53547 274,48655 273,78157 273,82956
7, 1 303,33425 303,28381 302,64970 302,62707
7,2 335, 16205 335,25434 334,55370 334,46067
7,3 370,33819 370,50003 369,81211 369.64954
7,4 409,21553 409,44531 408,77698 408,54660
7,5 452, 18406 452,92446 451,73742 451,54146
7,6 499,67473 500,03281 499,42347 499,06489
7,7 552, 16384 552,58097 552,01042 551,58780
7,8 610, 17757 610,64966 610,12361 609,65112

716
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- re 643,99272 644,49252 643,99272
2
7,9 674,2Q767 674,81986 674,34367 67',b.2102
8,0 745,16683 745,73409 745,31233 744 ,7447'3
8, 1 823,49532 823,95189 823,73886 823,28~00
82 910,06807 910.70787 910,40722 909,767 l 4
'
8,3 1005,75247 1006,41q12 1006,18385 1005,51695
8,4 1111,50710 1112, 18393 1112,02639 l 1 l l,33933
8,5 1228,39125 1229,09140 1228,99326 1228 2Ci291
8,6 1357,57558 1358,28205 1358,25430 lJ5í,54765
8,7 1500,35377 1501,05950 1501' 10242 l 500,09658
8,8 1658, 15549 1658,85342 l 638,96658 l63b,2u~:::o
8,9 1832,56070 183.3,42607 1833,42614 1832, 7 L::S4
9,0 2025,31545 2025,97701 2026,22658 2025,E:G '89
9,1 2238,34934 22.38, 98270 2239,2Q706 2238,Gt sO
9,2 2473,79487 2474,39373 2474,76971 247;, 17079
9,3 2734,00871 2734,56071 2735,00094 27é'<!, 14'.:55
9,4 3021,59536 3022,10755 3022,59505 302'.:.08297
3rt 3097,41192 3097,91193 3097,41197 3097,91193
9,5 3339,433 [4 3339,89411 3340,43031 3339,96926
9,6 3690,70306 31J9 I, 1 l 321 3691,68775 3691,27754
9,7 4078.92063 4079,26590 407~88299 4079,537(.6
9,8 4508,47103 4508,25298 450 ,90146 4508,61946
9,9 4982,14802 4982,35202 4983,03721 4982,.321:16
1o.o 5506, 19606 5506,34442 5507,03599 5506,888<;4

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0,05 1,0000 0,0500 0,0013 0,00002
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0,20
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0,0200
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0,30 0,9987 0,2999 0,0450 0,0045
0,40 0,9957 0,3997 0,0800 0,0107
0,50 0,9895 0,4990 0,1249 0,0208
0,60 0,9784 0,5974 0,1798 0,0360
0,70 0,9600 0,6944 0,2444 0,0571
0,80 0,9318 0,7891 0,3186 0,0852
0,90 0,8931 0,8804 0,4021 O, 1211
1,00 0,8337 0,9668 0,4945 0,1659

717
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i,30 0,5272 1, 1767 O,bl83 O, '612
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l,50 0,1664 1,2486 l,0620 0,54JO
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1,80 -0,7060 1, 1789 l,4326 o ,q2~7
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2,00 -1,5656 0,9558 1,6490 l ,'.?325
2,10 -2,0923 o,n35 1,7359 1,4n20
2,20 -2,6882 0,5351 1,8018 1,57g 1 '
2,30 -3,3562 0,2335 1,8408 1,7614 '
2,40 -4,0976 -0,1386 1,8461 1,94 61
2,50 -4,9128 -0,5885 l,8!05 2,1293
2,60 -5,8003 -1,1226 1,7256 2,3065
2,70 -6,7fi65 -1,7509 1,5827 2,47 25
2,80 -7,7;59 -2,4770 1,3721 2,6208
2,90 -8,8471 -3,3079 1,0838 2,7443
3,00 -9,9561J -4,2485 0,7069 2,8?46
3,10 -11,1119 -b,30.?3 0,2303 2,88"3
3,20 -12,2656 -6,4711 -0,3574 2,87ú9 l
-13,4048 -7,7549 -1,0678 2,80•)8 1
3,30
3,40 -14,5008 -9,1507 -1,9121 2,6589
3,50 -15,51iJ8 -10,6525 -2,9014 2,4195
3,60 -16,4218 -12,2508 -4,0459 2,0735
3,70 -17,1622 -13,9315 -5,3544 1,6049
3,80 -17,6875 -15,6761 -6,8343 O,'.J'lG9
3,90 -17,9387 -17,4599 -8,4909 0,2321
4,00 -17,8498 -19,2524 -10,3265 -0,7073
4,10 -17,3472 -21,0160 -12,3404 -1,8392
4,20 -16,3505 -22,0755 -!4,5274 -3,1812
4,30 -14,7722 -24,2669 -16,8773 -4,7501
4,40 -125180 -25,6373 -19,.3743 -6,5615
4,50 --9,4890 -26,7447 -21,9959 -8,6290
4,60 -5,5791 -27,5057 -24,7117 -10,9638
4,70 -0,6812 -27.8274 -27,4823 -13,5732
4,80 5,316~ -27,6052 -30,2589 -16,4604
4,90 12,5239 -26,7239 -32,9814 -IQ,6232
5,00 2 l,O'i04 -25,0.'i'i5 -35,5775 -2.'3,0525
5,10 30,9 q7 -22,4661 -37 ,Q1,19 -26,, 117
5,20 42,4' 61 -18,8057 -40,0350 -20,6,,46
5,30 55,5317 -13,q201 -41,6b26 -34,7246
5,40 70,'1"37 -7,6440 -42.7727 -38,96;¿4
5,50 81>, 7044 -0,1901 -4.3, 1;:,9,3 -43,2557
5,60 104,S687 9,7.544 -42,6775 -47,5~')8
5,10 124,7352 21,2191J -41,1454 -51,75í¡3
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6,00 196, 1881 10,6079 -(Jl,
6,10 221,8019 91,4992 -19,4005 -65,I ;03
6,20 245,5231 112,5249 -10,2356 -t1u,-± •81
2n 267,7468 133,872~ o - l o,~,{G2

6,30 272,2487 138,4120 2,288G -l_,·~.q 17)

6,50 324,7861 198, 1637 35,7113 -6~ 1 JJOG
7,00 413,3762 386,8072 180,1191 -13,2842
7,50 313,3700 580,6710 423,9858 133,6506
5/21t o 643,9927 643,9926 321,CJ964
8,00 -216,8647 628,8779 737, 31o1 422,8713
8,50 -14 79,3701 241,4136 981,095-t 660, \017
9,00 -3691,4815 -1010,8800 834,8607 1:-l40,3007
3n -6195,8239 -3097,9120 o 154c, S060
9,50 -6660,9594 -3581,4756 -250,9959 1;::3c1,7410
10,0 -9240,8733 -7616,1462 -2995,7095 812,1636

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B ero rr ~0~1<0.'111 384
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Bb!X CTep:>KHllX 409
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pos 426
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HllH 11 nepeMew,eH11ii B TOHKOCTeHHb!X o60JIO'!Kax • 434
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>KeHllll 11a cJKaT11e • 502
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111111 w (z) ilJill HeKoTopblx cJiyqaen npo¡¡OJlbHo-nonepeq.
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11 llBYMll creneHlll\111 ceo6o¡¡b1 560
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)lOJibHb!X 11 KpyTllJlbHb!X KOJ1e6a1111ü CTep>KHeÜ
nOCTOllHHOro CelleHllll • 5 68

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pellHblX KOJ1e6aH11Ü crepi1rneü nOCTOllHHOro Ce'!eHllH 572

T a6 JI 11 u. a 52. KopH11 '!aCTOTHb!X ypaBHeH111'í nonepe'!HblX KOJie·

6aHllÜ CTep>KHeii ílOCTOllHHOfO ceqeHllll Ha ynpyr11x
onopax 573
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6aH11iI CTepi1rneii nocrOHH11oro ceqe¡¡1151 e cocpe¡¡o-
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722
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crep:xrneií noc10H1rnuro ce'!e1rnH, 11arp) )Kll!HbI:X
npo¡¡oJlhHb!MH Cl!JI3~!11 -.¡(¡
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(19.139) ,'.\.'IH onpe;¡e.1e11115l «Ba,ri:para co6crnPI1'lorr
'!aCTOTbl KOJIC'Ói!Hlli"l C'TeO:>KHH el/ 1

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Hoi"1 qacroTbl no cnocoóy fpaMM eJ15l . 378
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Harpy:>KeHHll 6C4
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y¡¡a p l!eMoro 9JleMeHra B <jiopM y J1e Ko9cj;tjrn u11eH1 a
)\llH3MHt¡HOCTH 614
T a 6 JI H u a 60. PacqerHble cjiopMyJJbl !l:Jlll onpe¡¡eJJemrn napatieT·
pon KOHTaKra ¡¡nyx reJI 632
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T a 6 JI H u a 62 . .LlonycKaeMble ¡¡aaJ1eHHll Ha nJ1oma¡¡Ke KOHTaKra
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r11x c11cTeM.- M - SI.: OfYl3 - focTexns.naT.- 1946.
Bup2ep 11. A.' Wnpp E <P., !1ocu.•e6U'I r. E. PacqeT Ha npOl!HOCTb .ne1a·
JJeii Mam11H: CnpaBOl!HllK.- 3-e H3¡¡., nepepa6. H ¡¡on.-M.: MawH·
!IOCTpoeHHe, 1979 - 702 c.
HeaHOIJ B. <P., HUKUmUfl r. B. CrrpaBOtJHHK no CTpOHTeJlbHOÜ MexaHH·
Ke.- JJ.: KY5Y4, 1933.- T. l -488 c.
Jlio6otuu1{ JH. lf., Hu,KOIJU'I [. M. CrrpaBotJHHK no conpOTHBJieHHIO MaTe·
pHaJioB.- i\ímic K: Bb!l!J3Hlll. lllK , 1969.- 464 c.
Mam1Jeee B. B. ,lleMnqmpoBaH11e i<oJieóaHnii .necjiopM11pyeMblX TeJI.-
KueB· HayK ¡¡y~lKa, 1985.- 264 c.
Mamepua.1bl B MaI1JHHocrpoeH1111.- .111.: MalllHHOCTpOeHHe.- T. 1: lJ,BeT-
Hbie MeTaJIJibI 11 crr.nBbl.- 1967.- 304 c.; T. 2: KoHCTPYKUHOHHall
cTaJib.- 1967.- 496 c.; T. 3 Cneu11aJibHb1e cTaJin 11 cnJiaBbI.-
1968.-446 c.; T. 4: 4:rryH.- 1969.- 248 c.; T. 5: HeMeTaJIJIH'le-
CKHe r,iarepHaJibI.- 1969.- 544 c.
MuxaiLwe-Muxeee ll. E. CnpaBOtJHHK no Me1aJI.1Hl!eCKHM MaTepnaJiaM
Typ611Ho- u MOTOpocTpoeHHll.- M.- JJ.: 1'ialllr113, 1961.- é38 c.
llucapeHKO r. c. Paccel!Hlle 3HeprHH rrp11 MeXaHHl!eCKHX KOJie6aHHHX.-
KHeB: l·fa.n·Bo AH YCCP, 1962.- 436 c.
llucapeHKo t. C., Azape1J B. A., K1JumKa A JI. u iJp. ConpornBJ1e1rne
MHepaa.~oB - 2-e 113¡¡, nepepa6. 11 .non.- K11eB: Teu1iKa, 1967.-791 c.
flucapeHKO ! . C., Aeape!3 B. A , K1Jum1w A. JI. u iJp. ConpoT11B.1eHHe
Ma1ep11d.1011.- Kues: B11w.a l!JIL-3-e H3)l., nepepaó. 11 .non -1973.-
672 e , 5-e H3!l: .. nepepaó. 11 .non.- 1986.- 775 c.
flucapeHKO r. C., Jle6eiJe1J A. A. ConpOTHB.~fJ:He ~·aiepl'3JIOB .nec[OJJMH·
p0B3Hlll0 H pa3pyrneHHIO np11 CJIO)l{HOM Ha11pH,KeH HOM COCT05lHHH.-
KneB: HayK . .nyMKa, 1969.- 212 c.
llucapeHKO r. c., f/KOIJ1e!J A. ll., Mam1Jeea B. B. B11CponorJIOW3JOI.ll,ll€
CBOiicrsa I\OHCTPYKll.llOHHbIX Ma1ep11aJ10B: CnpasotJHHK.- Kn0B:
HayK . .ny\!Ka, 1971.- 375 c.
ilpO'lflDCmb ~13TepnaJIOB H 9JleMeHTOB KOHCrpyKUHH B 3KCTpeMamoTiblX
yc.10BHllX / Ilo.n pe¡¡. r. c. Il11capeHKO.- K11eo : HayK. JlY'>IK3,
1980.- T. 1.- 535 e_
llpo'lnocmb. Ycroii'IHBOCTb. KoJie6aHHi! I Ilo.n pe¡¡. 11. A. 511prepd •l
1¡1 H. r. IlanOBKO.- 111.: MamHHOCTpOeHHe, 1968.- 3 T.
P¡¡(JUl{blfl M. H., Apme,.we ll. f/., Jlto6otuu4 M. 11. CnpaBOl!HOe nocoóne
:1
rro conpo111BJieHHIO MarepHaJIOB - M11ncK: 8bJIIJ3iim. WK., 1970.-
628 c.
CepeHCet-t c. B., Kozaee B. n., WneaiJepOBU'I P. M. Hecvmal! cnOCC'ÓllGC rL>
11 pacqerw .neraJiefi M8ll!llH Ha npol!HOCTb - M.: MaillrH3, 1963.-
1 1 452 e_
CnpG6ottHUK no TexHHqecKoii MexaH11Ke / Ilo.n pe¡¡. aKa].\. A. H_ JJ,0111·
HHK3.- fv\.- J1.: fOCT€Xll3]l3T, 1949.- 734 C.
1
' ' 724
 Cnpa(JO'iHUK no cTpOHTCJJbHOif MexaHHKe Kopa6JIR I I1oJJ, peJJ. 81'BJ1.
!O. A. IlIHMaHCKoro.- .íl.: Cy¡¡np0Mr113, 19;)/:L- T. '2 - f>2G c.
Cnpa(JO'lflUK npoeKTHpoBll(HKa rrpoMblllWC11HT>1x, )KH.%1X 11 oóu1ecTBe1111¡,¡x
3J1.aHHif H coopy)KeHJii1 / íloJJ. pe¡¡. A. A. YMa11cKoro.- M.: foccTpoi1·
H3J(3T, 1960.- 1040 C.
CnpaBO'lflUK Malll11HocTpoHTeJIH / ílo¡¡ pe¡¡. aKa¡¡. Al-l YCCP C. B. CepcH·
ceHa.- M.: 1'<1alllru3, 1963.- T. 3.-- 651 c.
Cnpa(JO'lflUK MaillHHOC'TpOHTeJIH / íloJJ. pe¡¡. 3. A. CaTe.751.- M.: MalllllHO·
CTpoeHHe, 1964.- T. 6.- 540 c.
TexHU'lecKuii cnpaBotJHHK )Ke.1e3liOJ1.0PO"'rrnKa.- M.: foc1paHc)KeJIJJ,Op!13·
¡¡aT, 1950.- T. 2: Tex HHtJeCKHe pactJe1br. - 796 c.
TpoU{eHKO B. r. YcTaJIOCTb H HeynpyroCTb Me1aJIJJOB.- KueB: Ha) K.
JlYMKa, 1971.- 268 c.
<PecuK C. ll. CnpaBotJHHK no corrpoTHBJieHmo Ma1epHaJioB - KHeB:
fiy¡¡ÍBCJ!bHllK, 1982.- 208 C.
XuMyumH <P. <P. )l\aponpotJHb!e CiaJIH 11 cnJiaBbl,- M.: MeraJIJI) pnrn,
1969 .- 749 c.

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582 397, 405, 407
5a.1aH)]J11Ia KpHTepHll 205 - M3JIOH 1qrnBll3IlhI 392
5aJIK8 cjJHKTHBHal! (B3ª!l"!Hall) 265, 5y6Hosa - faJiepKnHa cnoco6 546
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5a.1KH 107 Ba.1 233
- JIByxonopHbie 107 - ' KpliTl!lJeCK8ll CKOpOCTb Bpatu.eHHll
- '¡¡ecpopM3THBHOCTb HX 261 ero 524
- , 113fH6 HX 13, 249 - , pacqeT Ha npOlJHOCTh ero 236
- KOHCOJibHbie 107 BeJIJiepa Kpttsal! 582
- Ha ynpyrOM OCHOBaHHH 278 Bepemanrna cnoco6 329
- Hepa3pe3Hb!e 108, 356 - cpopMyJJa 330
- Oil:HOnpoJieTHble 107 B3aHMHocTb nepeMell\eHHií 326
- pa60T 326
- , onopHb1e peaKuHH 106, 107, 108
Bmmepca cnoco6 onpe)leJieHHll TBep-
- , onopb1 HX 106
¡¡ocn1 151
- nepeMettttoro ceqeHHi! 269
Bo.1KOBa KpHrepnü 206
- 'nepeMelUeHHi! B HHX 271, 286, Bpy6KH 231
288, 289, 344 8b!HOC.1HBOCTb MaTepnaJia 579
- paBHoro conponrn.~emrn H3rn6y
271, 286 f aJIHJ!el! - Jlef16HHU,8 Kp1nepHif 204
- , pacqeT nx 252, 269, 278 fn6KOCTb cTep:>KHll 454
- cTaTJ1qecKH Heonpe¡¡e:rnMuie 108, f1rno1e3a 06 O)lHOpO)lHOCTH 11 H30·
344, 367 TpOílHOCTli 15
- cTaTttqecKH onpe.n:emIMb1e 107, 116 - o J1liHeiiHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Me:>KJJ:Y
- TOHKocre1moro npocjJHJill 275 ¡¡ecjJopMall,H5lMH H Harpy3KaMH
- yclfJIHll H MOMeHTbI B HX Ce'!eHH· 15, 192
l!X 109, 116 - o MaJIOCTH ¡¡ecpOpMauHií 15
5aJIJIO!I ccpepnqecKHii 430 - o cOBepweHHoii ynpyrocnl 15
5ayumHrepa scjJcpeKT 598 - o CflJIOll!HOCTH MaTepHaJia 15
BepttyJIJIH rttnore3a 143 f¡¡noTe3a OTHOCHTeJibHOií >KeC'fKOCTH
5en11 reopeMa 326 15
5oJITOBbie coe,n:HHeHHSI 226 - ílJIOCKHX Cel!eHHli 15, 143
BoTKHHa - Mttpomo6oBa KPHTepHi\ fHcTepe3HC KOHCTpyKU.l!OHHbiiÍ 548
206 fpaMMeJJll cnoco6 578
Bpe¡¡ra cpopMy11a 240 - cpopMyJia 545

726 l
..,
' 'r
í'f 1
fpaq>oJna. 1m H4eCKHíi 01eTo,1 264 - npe¡¡c.%Hil5! cTcpmirn •1.)7
- cno,~o~) ;~~9 - l•fll!BC.JC'ílllilll 1Í l
r p ll cp(jJll Í C:l l\!)!!1ejl11 l! Pjj Í PYIJ J i'lJ JI 5J ,rl,'1.lí 0HC1!ll0C I b Il!lh.JH'lf'1 1· rl H fiQ2
619 JlrJ;ll(ep ·1ea (jJo¡niy.1a 54:-i
- G18
·1 cop1rn T(p) 1'1.e¡i;1 - CT¡rn1 epa Kp111e:J11Ü :2 11fi
-cjJOj'\Jy.W 617
fy6epa - M.H3eca - feHr<Il !(p111e- /l(aporrpO'il!OCTb l(i0
pmí 205 /Ka poc ¡ !JÍJKOC fb 160
fyKa 33I(Qll 15, 143, 14·1, 154 /Kec rKOCTb l 40
- - o•'06W,el!!Iblll 192, 193, 195 /Kec11'.0Cfb Ba.1a lIPH Kpy 'll'!Hlll ¿~3
- - n:rn IJ3rn6e 250 - iIJl 11ó11aH nonepeIJVioro ce ¡e:: · i!
- - rrirn c;I.BHre 225 261
- nonepe·1 Hora ceqef!lrn crepm1rn
,llam1;(eHKosa - <lJpH¡¡MaHa KpnrepuiI rrpn pacrnmemrn (cma1na) 144
rrpOYHOCTH 202 - - -- - npn KPY'iettllll 322
,llasJieirne ¡¡onyrnae~10e 643 - creplK!IH npu pacTHlKett1rn (cma-
,llaJia ~16epa np1rn:.tlln 525, 532, 536, THH) 144
548 /KypascKoro cjiop11yJia 252
,UeKpe,1eHT KoJie6am1i'l JIOrapmp~m­
qeci.11 f1 518 3as11rn \!OCTH ,1ncjicj:;e pen1L<i a.1bl! ble
- - - , ero 3MllJJHTY!lHall 33BHCH· llpH H3rH6e 6aJIOK l 11
MOCfb 522 - - llJIOCKHX KpllBblX creplKHei'l 136
,UeM11qrnpy10w.all cnoco6Hocrb Mare- 3 3BllCHMOCTb 3Mll.1llTY )lllO -qa CTOTI! 351
pHaJia 521 551
,UecjiopM3UHll 13, 153 - cpa30-lJ3CTOTH3.5l 553
- , BH!lbI ee 13 3a¡¡aqa H3XOlKJJ.eHH5l KPYTllW.HX Mo-
- ' KOMílOHeHTbl ee 15 Mettros ll yrJIOB 3BKpy'lHB3H!l5l
- l\OJ!TaKTH35l 625 rrp11 Kpy11ettHH creplKHll 235
- ' MexaHH3M ee o6pa30B3HHH 153 - - rrpo:i,oJJbHbIX cnJ1 11 rrepe\1ewe-
- o6beMHall 192, 193 nuii np11 oceso~1 pacTll.íKeHHll -
-OCT3TO'IH3ll 13, 161 C)K3THI! crep)KHH 208, 209
- OTHOCl!TeJibH3ll 144, 145 - - yr.10BblX ¡¡eqwpM3L(HH 11 Jll!Hetr-
- - mrnei"!Hall 13 Hb!X C)lBHfOBb!X nepeMemettlJ i'l
,UeqiopMDU!li! OTHOCHTeJibH3ll yrno- 224, 225
Ball 14 - o6parHall ¡¡¡¡¡¡ HarrpHmettHi'l 187,
- n.1aCTw1ecKa5l 13, 154, 160, 189
- ITOJIHal! 603 - - - MOMeHTOB llttepUHll 23
- nonepe'IH3ll a6COJIIOTH3ll 145 - rrp11MaH ¡¡¡¡¡¡ Harrpllme1rnií 187,
- -- OTHOCHTe.1bHall 145 188
- rrpH o6oeMHOM Harrpll:lKeHHOM CO· - - -- MO,Iel!TOB Httepu1rn 24
CTOllHllH 192 - eral H'leCKH HeOiipeJJ.t.llDl35l -'.J 11'
- ' CKOpOCTb ee 158 279
- ynpyrall 13 3a¡¡eJ1Ka 107
- lJl!CTOfO C)lBl!r3 224 3aK:ienoYHbie coe;i,HHeHH51 226
,Llnarpa\Dla KPY'iCHHll 233 3aKOH napHOCTll K3C3Te.1bHblX H3llpH·
- HarrpllmeHHi'1 149 meHHi'l 187
- - !ICJ llHl!blX 150 - coxpaHemrn ;rneprirn rrpa Ko.1e6a-
- npe;1e.%Hb1X 1iarrpHlKeHHii 583 HH11x 539
- nµe;i,e.1&HbJX a Mn.1nry¡¡ HarrpmKe- 3arrac npoqirocrH l 64
irnii 58 - - llpH ITOBTOpHo-rrepeMeHHb!X H3·
- pacni.memrn 146 rpy3K3X 590, 595
- -- rrepBH4Hall 149 - - e yqeTOM )lHHaMH'leCKOll ua-
- ClKaTH5l 150 rpy3Kll 612
- ycraJiocr11 581 3ameMJieH11e mecTKoe 107
,ll11cK spamaIOmHifc¡¡ 41 O, 421
LlHcJIOl\aUIHl 155 lfar116 13, 249
,llJIHH3 KplITHYecKal! HllTH 222 l13rn6 6aJIOK, MaTepH3Jl KOJ '•JlLi' lle
- - CftjllKHH 209 CJle)l.yeT 33KOHy fyKa 2K2

727
- ()aJJOK Ha ynpyroM OCHOBalllm KmcjJijiml,l!eHT ac11MMerp1111 UllKJJa
'.?78 580
- KOCOH 3úJ - B.1Hlllll!ll a6COJllOTHblX pa3MepoR
- KpHBblX 6pyCbCB 392 587
- HeilJJOCKHll 30J -1111ttaMw1ec1<oro yrn.qemrn 516, 520
- IlJJOCKHH l 06 - )llllla:vllllil!OCTH 606, 614
- npo¡¡OJ1bPo-rronepe4H¡,1ii 458, 504 - sanaca npoqnocrH 164, 196, 201
- npo¡¡OJJbHb!IÍ 448 - - - npH llOBTOpHO-repeMel!HblX
- e Kpyl!eH11eM 31 l HarpysKax 596
- c.10lKHb!H 303 - - - npn CTaTil'leCKOf! Harpy3Ke
- e paCTS!lKeHHeM 307 164
- liHCTblH 249
- - )'CTOH'IHBOCTll 448, 456
J13JJOM ycTaJJOCTHb!H 579
í111TerpaJ1 Mapa 327, 329, 335
- HHTeHCHBHOCTH narrpm;¡e1rnií y
l1HTCUCHBHOCTb Harpy3KH 102 BepwHHbl TpemHHbl 625, 629
- narrpl!lKeHHtl 192 - KOHLI.eHTpau1111 HanpRlKeHHH 156,
HcnblT3HHe na BWHOCJJl!BOCTb 582 245, 257, 664
- na pac1lDKem1e 146 - - 1eoperw1ec1rn;1 157, 644
- Ha ClKaTHe 150 - - scpcpeKTl!Bilblll (¡¡eiíCTBl1Te.%·
Hb!H) 157, 585, 644
KacTH.follHO TeopeMa 332 KosljlljlHLI.HellT KOHLI.eHTPaLI.HH 3tpcjJeK·
KJJarreiipona ypaBHem1e 358 THBHbl¡:J j¡Jlll .21.eTa.m 588
KJJe6wa - PeHKHHa Kpinepnli 204 - pacwHpeHHll 1ei.IrrepaTyphbiú 219,
KoJJe6anHll Bb!HYlKilellltbie 51 l, 515 644
- r.~aBHb1e 537 - MilfKOCTH 203
- 3aTyxaIOume 510 - npuee¡¡eaul! JJ:JIHHbI 451
- , K•IaCCllcpHKaLI.H!! 51 J, 512 - !JYBCTBH re.1bHOCTll K KOHLI.eHTpau1m
- KpyTHJJbHble 512, 532 Hanpi!X<eHHÜ 586
- Hapac1aIOmHe 510 - ~ K acl!MMeTpHli LI.HKJ!a 591
- nap aMerpw1ec1me 51 O - yMe11hwemrn ,n:onycKaeMoro na-
- nonepe'rnwe 512, 535 nplllKeHHll Ha ClK3Tlle 456
KoJJe6anH!! npo¡¡o,1bl!b1e 512, 532 - yc..10Bttoro ¡¡onycKaeMoro Hanpl!·
- cso6o¡¡m,ie (co6crnem1ble) 51 l, }!{eHHll Ha C}!\3THe 456, 502
521 - YCTOÜl!l!BOCTli 461
- Cl!CTeM e HeCKOJlbKHMll CTeneHl!Mll - , yq1JTbJBaI01UHii Maccy y¡¡ap51e\10·
CBOÓO)lbl 525 ro :meMeHra 614
- - e o)l.Hoii crerrenb!O ceo6o¡¡h1 KpHBall no.q3yqecn1 160
513, 515, 517, 518 - pe30Ha11cHall 551
- C Y'leTOM COílpOTHI.JJJeHHll ,) 17, 518 - ycra.1ocrn 582, 603
- ynpyrne 510 KpHBl!3Ha 250
KoJJbUO pacnop!loe (>KeCTKOCTH) 433 Kp11n - cM. no.qsyl!ecTb
- , ycHJJllll H nepeMemenn¡¡ np11 Ha- KpHTepHH ttau6oJJbrul!X 1<ac2Te.%Hb!X
rpylKeHH!l 360, 384 HanpHlKeHHH 198, 205
Konco.1b l 07, 263, 268, 272, 288 - - ttop,iaJJbHbIX ttarrpinKettnií 197,
Konc 1pyhllllll CTaT11liecK11 Heonpe¡¡e- 204
JJHMall 210 - - OTHOCHTeJ!b'lbJX JJHHeiiHb!X .n:e-
KonTaKT ;i,syx TeJJ 629 cjJopMaLI.Hil 197, 204
- - - , pacqenu»e cjJopMy.~bl 632 - OKTas¡¡pHl!eCKllX Kacare-lbHb!X 11a-
Konueu1pa1opw nanplllKenm1 156, npfllKeHHH 205
157, 258 - 11po'IHOCT11 (npe¡¡eJ1b110ro cocro-
Ko11LI.eHTpaLI.llll nanpH lKCflllli 156, 164 llHHi!) 196, 204
- - , ee BJJll!!Hlle nn npe¡¡e.1 Bbl11oc- - pa3pyweHH!! 619
J1l! flOCTH 585 - y¡¡e,1bHOií llOTeH!lll3JlbHOÍI 9Heprn11
- - npn H3rn6e 257 cjJopMOHJMeHeHH5l 198
- - npH Kpyqe11HH 244 Kpyr H11epum1 23, 189
- - npH pacnilKeHHH - ClKaTl!ll - Mopa 188, 180
l 5fi, 157 - HaílplllKeHHH 188, 189
Krnfilf'I!Ha MeTO,n: 605 Kpy<1enne 13, 233

728
 - 38MKHYTblX TOHKOCTeHHb!X npocjJH-
JJei'! 240
- C H3¡ i!GOM 311
- crep:>KHei'! neKpyrnoro ce'!eHHH
238
- rom.ocreHIJhrx crep}1rnei\ orKpblro-
ro npocjmmi 241
Kpb!Jiosa ljJyHKUHH 280, 536
Ky.1o!la Kpll repni1 205
K~ .10Ha - Mopa Kpn1 epnií 199, 200,
205
Kyno.~ ccpepHIJecKHÜ 432
Jlarpau:>Ka reopeMa 332
~ ypaBHeHHe 526
Jlan.1aca ypaBHem1e 431
J11rnm1 He1hpaJibHa5l 251
- ynpyra>i 261
- - , ee ¡¡ncpcpepeHuHaJibHoe ypaB·
HeHHe 262, 279, 459
- - ee ypaBHeHHe 262, 267, 289,
344
- l.(enHaa 217
Jli!Me 3a¡¡a'la 421
- cpopMyJia 412
Masttnra Mo¡¡e.% 598
MaKcse.1.rn reopeMa 326
- cpopMy.1a 328
MaJiou1:K,10BaH ycraJiocrb 596
MapHoTTa - fpacrocpa KpHrepHií 204
Macea npHae¡¡enHaH 543
- y¡¡apaeMoro SJieMenra, ee yqer
608, 614
MarepHaJI aHH3orponHbitt 15, 231
- ero ncrrbnaHne 146
- , ero MexaHH'!ecKHe xapaKrepHCTll·
KH npH paCT5l:>KeHHH, cxrnrHH 148
- ero cpH3HKo-MexanwiecKHe caotí-
crBa 183
- H3orponnbltí 15
- II.18CTl!IJ!lb!Ü 196, 439, 580
- xpynKHH 196, 580
- UHK.1lll!eCKH CTa6HJibHbIH 600
- - pa3ynpo'lHHIOW.Hi1cl! 600
- - yrrpO'IH5l!Oll~HHC5l 600
Maua6pen reope::.rn 334
Mero¡¡ rpacjJoaHaJIHTH'lecKHH onpe-
¡¡e.1eHHH nepeMemeHHtt 6aJIKll 264
- Ha4a.1b1rnx napaMerpos 265
- nepeMemennil 341
- nepeMHo:>Kemrn 9n10p 327
- ceqem1 fr 103
- CHJI 341
- - 'KaHOHll'leCl\He ypaBHe!IHH 343
MexaHHKa paapywemrn (pacnpocrpa-
Hemrn rpew.nli) 616
Mo¡¡y.1h o6be\l!loi\ 11ecjJop,1a11m1 194
- )llpy1oc1n B1oporo Pº'"ª !6ti, 170,
224, 644
- - npH pacTH:>Ke!rHH 143, 149,
165-170, 644
--!lpH C;lBHre 165-170, 224, 644
- - ceh)'W.Hl'í 149
- lOHra 143, 644
Mo,1e1n H3rn6a10mni1 l 04, l 09, 11 G
- - np1rne¡¡eHHblií 33 l
MoMeHT IlHepu1m n.1ocKH \ ~J!Iryp ¡ 7
- - ocesoH 17, 30-101
- - OTHOCHTe.1bHO na p3.1.l('.1hl">l '{
ocei'! 20
- - nom1pHbrH 18
- - npH noaopore ocei'i 20
- - CJIO:>KHb!X ceqeHH í1 l 9
- - UeHTpo6e:>KHblll 1\:J, 30- 1() ¡
- - 3KB3TOp1!3.ijbflblH 17
- cn;1 1rneruHI1 515
Mo,:einbl 11nepu1m r.1aBHb1e 21
MoMeHT Kpyrncuttf! 104, 106
Mo:v:eHT conponrn.~.:rrn H 26
- - oceaofl 26, 30-1 Ol
- - íl.13CTl!l!eCKHi'I npH KpyqeHHll
442
- - - npH H3rn6e 444, 445
- - no,1Hpllb1i\ 27, 30-101, 235
--npH 113rn6e 251
- - npn Kpyl!eHIIH 238
- crarw1ecKm"1 n.1ow.a¡¡u 16, 253
Mop a Mero11 2\14, 326
- HHrerpa.~ 327, 329, 335
- Kpyr 188
- cjJop11yJia 327
M'lHCOHa - KocjicphHa cjJopMy.1a 602
Haabe cjJopMy,ija 250
Harpy:>KeHHe :>Kecn:oe 597, 600, 602
- !;!5lrKOe 597, 601
HarpysKa 102, 103
- ¡¡HH3MEl!eCEa5l 103, 158
- ¡¡onyrnaeMa H 448
- • ee HHTeHCHBHOCTb 102, 215
- KpHTHIJeCKaH 447, 461, 493
- MrHOBeHHO npHJIO}Ke¡¡¡:a¡¡ 103
- noroHHaH 102
- noaropno-nepeMeHHaa 103
- npe¡¡eJibIIaH 439
- pacupe¡¡eJienHaa 102, 216, 264
- CT2Tl!IJeCK8!1 103, 164
- y ¡¡apH85l J 03, 606
- cpl!KTHBH35l 265
HanpH;i,enne 139, 192
- a 6pycbHX 6oJibWOi\ KPHBll3JILI
394
- B MoMeHT pa3pb!B8 147, 178 ·-
181
729
 - BO Bp3.l!l,3IO!l(e~l('5! ,'J,f!CJ<e 423, 4?5 - - KOI!Hl!CCKa51 12, 436
- B TO, IC [()CT('lll!OM ¡rn.~111!,~pe 4 J :Z, - - C(~lCp!l'H.'.l'l<J 51 J 2, 434
417, 426 - -- Topon:rn 438
- B lOHKOCre1!!lb!X OÓO.'IO•l!(aX 430, - - l(H 'lHHiJ.pH•1ecKa5! 12
4:34 Onopa, ce r 1mi,1 1OG
-fJl3Bi!Oe 181-186, 190 Onop::i w.1pHHpHO-Heno;.¡BHlKI1aH 107
- ;¡H'ld"IH'lecKoe npn y;J.ape 608 - lllajJHII)JHO-ITO;l,BHlKH3H 106
- - np!I CKPY'IHBaKJ·r~e11 YJ1ape blO Onopiíb1e peaKUHH B 6aJJKax 106,
- - n¡;11 y¡¡apHOM JJ3[1JUe 61 l lúí, 11 G
-;.¡on~c"::ie:11oe 140, 163, 164, 182, - -CTa l H4eCKH HCOrrpe)leJH!MblX
232 Ó3,lh3X 344
- - na ynoiítJHBOCTb 456 - yCTpOr°!CTBa 6ao10K 106
- - npn pacn1mettHH 145, 164, 182, ÜCH HHepll,!IH fJl8Bllbie 19
196 - - - , orrpe¡¡e.7emie nx Hanpas.1e-
- - npn c¡¡sttre 226 HHll 21
- K3C3Te•1bHOe 139, i84, 185, 186, Ocb 6a.1K11 l 08, 261
187 - lKeCTKOCTH 6aJJKH 278
- - npH 113rn6e 252, 253 - H3orny1aa 6a.1K11 262
- KOHT3KTHOC 627 ÜTHOCHTe<lbHOe pacce51HHe 3tteprttH
- KpHT!FleCKoe 617 522
- MepH¡¡HOH3JlbHOe 429
-HOpMaJibttOe 139, 184-186, IlapHOCTb KacaTeJibHblX ttallpa:>KeHttií
189 187, 237
- - nptt H3rH6e 249, 250 Ilay3H, IL\ BJJHmme Ha npe¡i:eJI Bbl-
- oKpyiKHoe 429 BOCJJHBOCTH 589
- OKTa3,'l.ptt'-!eCKOe 192 Ileperpy3KH, HX BJJHHHHe Ha npe¡¡eJI
- noBToptto-nepeMeH110e 579 Bb!HOCJIHBOCTH 589
- noJittoe 139, 184 Ilepe\1ew,eHne, BhI3BaHHOe H3MetteHH·
- no H3!{JIOHHbDI n.~oura.z¡KaM 186, eM Te~mepaTyphl 328
188, P39, 191 - BO Bpaw,alOn\eMCH )lHCKe 424
- npene.1bHoe npH nosToptto-nepe· - a era nPiecKH Heonpe.n,eJIHMblX
MeHHO~I ttarpylKCHHH 583 6a.7Kax 344, 367
- np11 H3rn6e e Kpf'lettHeM 31 l - - - - C!ICTe~iax 361
- - - e pacnrnceHHe~1 307 - B TOJlCTOCTeHHOM UHJIHH¡¡pe 412,
- npH KOCOM H3rtt6e 305 426
- nptt Kpyqe¡¡mr 233, 239, 240, 246 - B 1 OHKOCTeHHOÍÍ 060JI011Ke 434
- nptt npo¡¡oJibtto-nonepe'lttOM 111ru· - , ~1e1o¡¡bl ero onpe¡¡eJieHml 31 ll
6e 450 - 0606UJe1rnoe 318
-npn pacn1lKett11n 143, 147, 185 - npu tt3rn6e 264
- npn c;lBHre 224 - - - KpHBb!X 6pyCbeB 397, 405,
- npn C.l01KHGM (uen.10CKOM) H3rll- 407
6e 304 - pacrnlKeHun (clKarirn) 209
- CMHTH51 228 - y¡¡e.11;ttoe 319
-- cpe,.'l.uee u,HKJia 58 l Ilep!IO;l, KOJie6aHHií 510
- Tet.rnepaTypttoe B TOJICTOCTeH!IOM -- - , ero onpe11eJieH!Ie 514
UH.lllil)lDe 417 fleT m1 rnnepe3Hca 521, 54 7, 597
- 9KB11sa:iettn10e 195-199 - - , n.1ow,a¡¡b ee 52 l, 548
Han0Ke1me 1IJ!TH 217 - - , urnpH11a ee 599
1 '

HatJaJJo B03MO:>KHb!X nepeMew.cttnii Ilttcapemw - Jle6enesa KpHTepHi1

323 201, 207
He!l3BeCTllbie JIHWi!lllC 211, 340 fl,1:¡crH 11HOCTb, ee .'«llJ<ilOepHCT!JKH
Heonpe¡¡emrnoCTb craril'lecrrnH 21 l, 148
340 TI.7ocKOCTb 1!3rHÓa 306
215 Cll.1083 5l 305
¡ lJ!ITb r!!ÓKall -
n.rnm~;rKa TeKv 11ecr¡1 147
r.~3BllnH~
1 '
1
06oJio'lKa l l flJJOIUa)lKll 184--186,
- T01lKOCTe!IH3H, ce pacqeT 428- 190
430 Il.1oun1 J\b CC'ICHfül 16, 30-100

730
 I1osepx11oc1 H coCTomme, ee smrnmre - - - so rno;l\rrnn (n.1¡1; 1, r1,H:1,1)
Ha npe;¡e.1 Bbl!IOC.!l!BOCTH 588 323
l lollt:]lXHül l L Dpc;¡e.IL!l3/J :zoo - ,¡e1¡inp,rrlllPll 148
Ilo.13Y'IeCib 160, 175 - yµ,e.1b!Wll 149
-
Ilpasu.1a l!OCT[lOernl5l 3[]!'J~J ,iuy rpel!- , 3rnpa 11e111ia11 Ha pac1mKe.11·c !• 18
-
HHX 109 , 1eope·,¡~ o HJaHMHOCTVi ·~r;
-
IlpaBH.ld Jh3KOH ll,.!ll 1131 H63IOU\C!'O P am1o;¡eúc1 B YIOlllaH p2c11 L'J.e.~el! - :i
MOMe1ua 109 uoh HarpyJr.H 115
- - ,ll~'l5I Kaca1e~Ib. 1 o[X !i(lilpl!MtHllI1 P:1w1,rnecHe )11p)roe ycroii<11 ;_1c 447
186 - - )lljl)'lút: !le 0 L!ü!1'l!lt>,J-0 ,¡¡7
--;¡:IH Kpyrnmero MO.'.IeHra 106 PJ).JJJ e H11epl.l,1l!I 23
- - ¡¡.rn HOpMaJ1bHbI:-. ll3íl]llDKCllllH - - ) ,J.e.Io!tLI,[ 158
186 - - , 3Ha·1eH!lll µ,.!ll u.1ocr.11x ce<1e-
- - ¡¡JJll rrnoepe'lHOÜ rn.1u l 09 HllÜ 30
- - }l.'15l Il]l0)l0,%Hb!X CHJl 106 - "
r.pl!BH3Hbl ne11Tp8.lb!IOrO C.Wil ''ü3,
ú~

TI p311}l.T,1 íl }lll 3f]l3MM3 44(J 39ü, 399

Dpe¡¡e.1 BbH1oc.1Hsoc1H 178, 644 P<iJfJ)'WeHire BllJh.Oe 61ti
- - , B.1l!HH!IC KOHCTPYKTHBHo-TeX· - KB331!CTa Tl1 1!éC1,oe 60 l
HOJlOfll'JeCKll}, qrn1nopoB 585 - KBa311xpyrmoe GJG
- - , MeTo}lbl ero onpeµ,e.~eaHll 581 - ]l.13CT!l'1eCKOe 616
-.!lJ1HTe.1b!l0ll IlpD'!llOCfll 162, 173, - npH lll!K.111YCCKOM }leij:Jop~rnposa-
174 HllH 601
- DOJJ3y'leCTll 161, l 73, 174 - ye ra.1ocTHoe 579, 601
- D]lOilO]lll,l!OH3.1bHOCTI! 17 4, l 78- - xpynKoe 616
181 Pa~1a f-06pa3naíl 113, 370
- - yC.10Bllb!ll 147 - 3aMKHyTa~ 380
-JI]lO'lHOCTH 147, 159, 173, 174, - I1-o6pa3HaH 376
178-181, 644 PacTílJKCHne 13. 208
-TeKy'leCTI! 147, 158, 159, 164, 173, - Bllí"U.eH1 pe11noe 308
174, 178-181, 644 - , 11cnb1TaHHe Marep11aJJa 146
- ynpyroc111 147 - , MexaHll'!eCKHe xapaKTep!!CTllKI!
- - yCJJOBHb!ll 148 Ma1ep11aJJa 146
- cyMM!!pOB3Hl!ll ¡¡eiiCTB!lll CH.'I 15 - , Mo¡¡y.1b ynpyrocra 143
Dp!!Hll.HD cyneprro3Hll.llll 15 - , HanpHZKeHl!íl H Ae<jlopM3ll,Jll! 144,
I1poru6 14, 262 145
- IIO.'IHhlll 307 - , C 113rl!60M 307
-'<jlopMyJJbl }lfül 6aJJoK DOCTOHH· - CTepi1rnei1 e y'leTOM co6CTBef!HOfO
Horo rrouepeq11oro ce<reHHll 289 seca 208
- , <jlopMyJ1bI }lJJll 6aJJOK pasHoro - , ycJJOBl!e ZKeCTKOCTI! 145
conponrnJJeHHH 113r116y 286 -- - IIpO'lHOCTll 145, 208
- '<jlopMy.1LJ }l.Jl51 CTaTl!'leCKH He· PacceHHl!e 3Hepr1!1! OTHOCHTeJJbHOe
onpe¡¡eJJl!MLIX 6a,10K 344, 367 522
I1 po.1e1 6aJJKll 107 Pac<Ier KoJJe6amii1 e yqe10M paccel!·
Dpo<jll!JJL 3a MKHYTLiií 240 Hl!51 3Hepfll1! 547
--- OTKpLITbll! 241 - Ha Bhll10CJ1HBOCTL 590
I1pOt!HOCTL 11 - Ha 1!31'116 e yqeTOM Cl!Jl HHepll,!!H
- )l.Jll!TeJJbilMl 162, 17 5 274
- TepMl!'leCK351 605 - Ha Il]lO'!HOCTb rrpH IlOBTOpHo-rre-
I1pyZKHHbl B!!HTOBble, !IX pacqer 242 peMemrLIX 11arpy3Kax 590
- - KOlll!'!CCKl!e 244 - na cpe3 223
- - ll,llJJl!H}l]lH'!eCKHe 242 - ua y¡¡ap11y10 Harpy3KY (y,D,ap)
- - 11x oca¡¡Ka 243 606
- - !IX y }lJJl!HeHHe 243 - 11a ynoií'!11soc1L 456
I1 yacCOHa K03<jJ<jJHil,llCl!T 145, 159, - no npe,D,e.JlbHLIM COCTOl!Hl!51M 439
165, 166, 168-170 - CTaTl!'leCKll Heorrpe,ll,eJJl!MblX Cl!C-
TeM 210, 340
Pa601a s11ew1111x Cl!JJ 320 PeaKil,1!11, 11x Bhl'!llCJJe1111e 108, 116-
- BHyTpeHHHX Cl!JI 321 135

731
 Pe3epByap ccjiepttYecKni'! 431 - - CO MHOfl!MH (HeCKOJ!bK!IMlf}
'¡. P1nu.a cnoco6 545 crenerrn;.nr cso6o)lhl 525
:~ P3JieH MeToil (cnoco6) 540 - QC!IOBH3H 341

~I:
- cjJopMyJia 544, 546, 577 - CT3THt!eCKH Heonpe)leJIHMaH 215.
f Pe3o!lanc 517 340, 361
1 •
PeJiaKcauttH nanpHlKeHui'r 162 - pa111HaH npocrpa¡¡craeHllall 363
1 1: PoKBe.1.1a cnoco6 onpe¡¡e.·iemrn TBep· - 9KB!IB3Jle!ITH3ll 341
1 1
"1 n:ocrn l 51 CKopocTb KPHTH'lecKaH spaweHHll
! Ba.1a 524
(JIOÜ HC!I J p3.1bHb!ÍÍ. 249
1
1 CsoiícrBa MexaHH'leCKHe 146, 158, CMHTa AuarpaMMa 583
1 644 Cirnrne 227
i ·- TIJl3CT!!lJH0CTH 148 Coemrne1111H csapHble 228, 232
-- llpütIHOCTll 148 Conpor11s.1e1me BpeMeHHoe 147, 158,
1 - cjJH3HKO·MeX3HH'leCKHe 61·1 164
Csoiinea ynpyrne 147 - aeiiCTBH!O TIOBTOpHo-nepeMeHHblX
CaH3H mrwmie 211 ¡¡anpH;KeI!HH 579
C:isnr 13, 223 - CJ!OlKH oe 303
- a6comorHoIII 13 CoCToHirne ¡¡etjJop~rnpoaaHHoe 15.
- 0TIIOCl!Te.1b!lbll! 14 184
- lJHCTb!H 224 - KOHCTpyKIJ,l!lf npe¡¡eJibBOe 439
- - ' ycJIOBHll npo'lHOCTH 226 - lf3Bp5!lKeHIIOe 184
-<jia3&I Ko.1e6aHn!r 513 CocrollHHe ¡¡ecjlopMnpoaaHnoe ABYX•
Ceu-BeHaHa Kp1nepní\ 204 OCHoe 186
Ceu-BeHaHa npttHUHH 144 - - , ero rnaBHble HanpaaJieHHll
Ce'leHire, ero reoMerpH'l~CKue xapaK· 185
TepHCTHKH 16, 30-10 J - - JIIIHeii11oe 185
- onacuoe 145 - - o6beMHoe 185, 190, 194
CJKarne 13 - - O)lHOOCHoe 185
- a11eue1npeHHoe 308 - - on:Hopo;:1.noe 185
- , l!Cl!b!T3!1He 150 - - fJJIOCKOC 185, 186, 188
- , ycJIOBHe npO'IHOCTH 143 - - npe¡¡e.1hHOe . (onacHoe) 196,
- mapas 627 439
- i¡HJIHH)lpOB 628 - - Tpexocaoe 185, 190
CHJia aue!lllfllH 102 - uanp51JKeHHO-)lecjJopMHpOB31fHOe
- BlfyrpeHHHH 102 npen;eJihHoe 196
-- Bb1HylK.D.3lOW.3H 516, 518 Cren;-Hb CTarw1et:Koií !feonpe,!{e.1u-
- HHep¡¡Hlf 513, 525, 532, 536 MOCTll CHCTeMbf 340
(HJia Kpl!Ttt'leCK3H 448 CrepMelib 11
0

- - , BJ!l!51HHe )'CJIOBH! f 33Kpe!l.'CHH51 - 60.1bllJoi'r !(pl!BH3Hbl 397

creplKHH 450 - , ero l<oJie6amrn 532, 535
- M3CCOBaa 102 - , ero patrnMeH11e (cJKarne) 208
- o6o6meHHaH 318 - KpHBOH l 14, 138
- OÓ'beMHall 102 - KpyrOBOH KOHCOJ!bHbfll 142
- HOBepXHOCTH351 102 - JIOM3Hblfr npocrpaHCTBeHHblH 137
- nonepe4H3H 104, 109, 116-135 - M3J!Oll fl!ÓKOCTH 455
1 ¡ - npO)lOJlbHall 104, 106 - - Kpl!BH3Hbl 397
,, '
- conponrn.1eHH5!, uponopunouaJib· - paaHoro conpOTHB.1eHHll 209
Haíl CKOpOCTH 517 - ClK3TbJH, ero yCTOH'lHBOCTb 455
' , - cocpc:io ro<Jerrnaíl 102 - CT3TlllJCCKH !feonpeJieJIHMbIH Kp!!·
- ynpyroro conporHBJieHHll 321 BOJIHHelrnb!H 359
CnMncoua - KopHoyxoaa cjlopMyJia - crynew1arblil 209, 210, 269
331 C1pe~a npoBncaHl!ll H!ITH 218
C11creMa KoJie6ateJibHaíl 511 CyineHne OTHocuTeJibHoe 148, 178-
-- - e .UBYMíl creneHl!MH CBOÓO,ll.bl 181
511
- - e OJJ;HOII creneHb!O CBOÓO,!{bl Taepn:ocrb MarepnaJia 150, 151, 159,
511, 513 171

I' 732
1
1:l
TeMrreparypa, ee nmrnrrne Ha rrpe.11,e.1
BhllfOC.lHF.OCTll 590
TeopeMa ¡¡att:.ieHbWci'r paúorbI 334
- o B33H\lllOCTlf paÚOT H nepe:.ietl!l'-
HJfi'i 326
- O MHHHMyMe TIOTC!llli;<J,lbf!Q;i
9Hepnrn 334
Teop1rn o6oJiolJeK 6e3~.IO\ienrIIaH 428
- rrpot1HOCT!I 196
- - ~1exaHw1ecKaH 197
TpaeKTO!JHH r.1asH1>1x Hanp;i¡¡;e;mii
257
TpeHttpoBKa, ee s.111¡¡H11e Ha n pe}l.e.1
Bb!HOC.1l:SOCTH 589
Tpem1rna Hop~1aJibW:iro orpb!Ba 620
- rronepe'rnoro C!l.B!lra 620
- npo.11,o.1bHoro c;LBnra 620
TpeurnHocrol:i;ocrb, ee xapaKTepn-
CTHKH fi'.?5
YroJI 3aKpy~HBilHHH 14
- - OTHOCHTe,1bHbliÍ 14, 234
- nosopora ce'!eHHH rrpH H3rH6e 14
- - - - -, ero 3¡¡at;eH11n }l.JIH
KOHCOJlbHOA 6aJIKH nepeMCUHoR
BblCOTbl 288
- - - - - , ero sHalJeHHH A·1ll cra-
TH'leCKH Heonpe}l.e,1HMbfX 6aJIOK
344, 367
- - - - - , ero 3HalJeHHH .11,.1H cra-
rwrec1rn onpe)l.e.1l!MbfX 6aJioK
289
- - - - - , ero onpe}l.eJiem1e
265, 267
y }l.JlHHeH1le
a6COJl!OTlIOe 13, 209
- 0THOCHTe.1bHOe cpe}l.Hee 13, 148,
178-ISI
- - HCTHHHOe 13, 178-181
YKopo'leHHe a6coJirornoe 13
- 0TlfOCHT('.1GHOC rpe1wee 13
Ypasuem:e ;i_x(jlcjlepenuna.1h1!oe KO-
Jie6am1ií Kpyn1.%Hb1x 535
- - - nonepe'lHblX 537, 539
- - - rrpo.10.1bHhIX 533
- - - Cl!creubl e HCCKOJibKHMH cre-
rrel!H MH e BOÚO}l.bf 526, 529
- - - e on;rwn creneHbIO cso6on;bl,
Bb!HYlK}l.eHHbfe 516, 518
YpasHeHHe JJ.Hcjlcjlepeuu.n a,1bHoe irn-
JJe6aimiJ KpynrnhHbfX e o;\Hoi!
CTerreHbfO CBOÚOIJ,bl, CBOÚO¡J,lfbfe
513, 517
- - 1!30fffyToR OCH (ynpyroir J/H-
lll!H) 262
- - - -- Óil.~KH Ha yrrpyroM OCHO-
BaHl!I! 279
- - - - nptt npo.D.OJibHO-norrepeq-
HOM H3fl!Úe 459
- - - - - - ;¡.'lll Ú3JIOK lIOCTOl!U-
l!Or'l CC'!CllifH '.:62
- IIJvl :,) 1OH oc;1 (ynpyroñ .~HHHH)
6~: . .1'11 r0r:rom111oro ceqe¡¡¡rn 262
267, 23r1, 3~.1 '
- --· -- -- -- ;1.111 hülICO.!LHoií 6aJIK!I
nep.:,rcHIIoii i>blCJ 1¡,¡ 288
- - -- - - ;i:.rn CT3THl!eCKH Heon-
pe;¡e.111,lb!X 6aJioK 344
- K3 ílül! IF!eC1(0e Me1 O}l.3 CHJJ 343
- Kpl!BOlí ycra.10CTH 603
- Helhpa.%HOIÍ. JIHHHH 305
- pas¡¡osecirn 21 l
- COBMeCTHOi'r .:i:ecjlop~iau,11H 211
- COCTOHHHH HHTH ?2 l
- cratttKfl 210
- rpex MOMeHTOB 356
- yroia nosopoTa 6a,11rn 262, 288
- ynpyroi'r JIHHHH 6aJIKH 262, 267,
289, 344
- - - YHIIBepcaJJbHoe 267
- cjJH3Hl!eCKOe 250
- qacronioe (tracrorbf) nonepe'IHb!X
KO.~e63H!iiÍ 538, 572
- - - npO,'J,OJlbHb!X H 1<pyr11,1bHblX
KOJJe6aHHii 534, 568
- 'I2CTOTbl J7ml CHCTe:,1bl e HeCKOJlb·
KHMH crene!IHMH CBOÓO;:I.bf 529
Yctt.~l!H B npocreiiwnx creparneBbIX
cttcreMax (ra6~nua 20) 213
- B ce11emrnx 6aJIKI! 116, 135
- B CelJeHHH (CM. CHJIG BHyTpeHHllll)
262, 103, 104
- , l!X 3!l!Opbl 102, 103, 105, ! 08
y CJlO B!le JKeCTKOCTH 14 2
- - npH Kpy'íeHHH 236, 239
YcJJOflHe :>KecnrncTH nptt pacrnMe-
HHn 145
- TipO'lHOCT!I 140, 197-199, 220,
226, 228, 236, 314, 397
- - B o6meM CJlytiae .D.e!JcTBfül CH.~
na 6pyc 314
- - npl! BHeueHrpeHHOM paCTlll!(C-
HHI! (Cll<aTHH) 309
- - np11 H3rn6e 255, 397
- - npu 1!3rH6e e Kpy•;cmre11 312
- - npH KOHTaKTHb!X H3TipHlKeHHHX
631
- - npH KOCO~I H3rtt6e 306
- - np11 KpyqeHHH 236, 239
- - npH Ol(HOOCHOM H:lnpmI\eHHOM
COCTOHHHH 196
- - 11p11 pacTHR(eHl!H l <15
- - npH CJIOlKHOM Ha lfjlH)KCHHOM
COCTOHHHH 196
- - npu lJHCTOM C¡¡BHre 226
YcraJIOCTb (cM. TaKJKe BblHOCJil!-
eocrh) 579
733
 - M8JIOUHK10BBR 596
- IJ() 1() Ke11m1 TCOP!1fl 580
11
- 1e¡l\11' ICCK H1 (,Q 3
:Y Cl OH<!!!BOC1 ¡, 447
- Cll\3TLI\ l 1 Lfl'h er1 el 18, 453
- ynp) 1 oro pa BHOBecm1 417
<PB3B hO 1C61 llfll 5J3
,JaK1cp \J,lJl.llJ6Bb!H 537
11
<P1hTú¡>LI 1 1\ l t'<!Illle C!l 10BUe 101
- hO!!Li fl\ hTilb !v TC\!!01úf!!' elhl'e,
1
H» l WH!!lle Ha rrpe,:¡e.1 Bb!HOC~H­
Bül Tl1 585
1
4aCTOTb1 K0,1e6al!HH CHCTeM e 0.11,HOll
e rcIIeIIb!O CBOÓO;U>l 513, 515, 560
- - - e 1ui) \JH u eneHin111 uwúo
ll.bl )27, 532, 560
-- nonrpc'll'L>!\ 1w1cóaHl1H cTep,irneü,
!ldrp) ,¡,eH!lbI' npo;io.1LHh1\111 CH·
.Ia \ !l 576
tfoc 10 !(O 1e6 H!!III B ceK) HAY 514
- o50¡lOTOB 11pI1Tll'IecKOe 524
- C1 eIIeHei'I L Brióri,¡LT 511
illapHHp rr1acnHecKHi'1 444

illBbl CBapHblE', HX p3ClJeT 226, 230

Cl>op\rn 1.1as!'oro ¡..o~e5amrn 537 ille11Ka 14 7
Cl>op\!L KO •claH!!tt Rp) TIMbllblX 568
- - noncpe lHh!\ 537
8111epa nrnep6o.ia 454
- - npü.J.01hl!b!X 534, 568
- qiop>v!yJI3 448, 449
- - CHcTe q,¡ e 1JecKo.1hhH\1H cre-
nellH Ml1 CBOÓO.Jbl 528
Sl.11.111nc HHepurrn 26
Sltteprnii ll.ec!Jop\!BUHH noreHI.J.HBJih•
Cl>opMbI hO~e63¡JHH COÓCTBeHHble
HBR (c;i TBK)f{e pa5oT8 BHYT·
537
peHHllX Cl!JJ) l 94
Cl>yHKUHB Kpb1J1osa p,Jll1 pac'leTa 5a-
- - - s o6w:eM cJiyqae l 94
JIOK ¡¡a }lipyroM OCHOBBHH1 280,
- - - rrp11 pdc rnJKeHHH 194
717
- - - npu cp,s11re 225
- - S , T, U, V 537, 706 - - - n p u y}lape 607, 610
Cl>ypbe MeTOJI 533
- noaepxHoCTH351 (IiaTH)KeHH51) 617
XapaKTepr•cTHKa aMrrJ11HyA110 ~3C· - Fa CM51THe MBTCpHBJiil B Mecre
TOTIIB51 517 coy}lapeHH51 609, 613
XapaK1ep11cr1IKH rPovretptt<JecKHe - 110Te11uuaJibttaii y1J.e.%H351 194,
lIJIOCKHX Ce-JCHPH 16, 30 195
- MeX3fltl'leLhHe \lBTepna 13 143, - - - 1131'1eHeHH5I o6beMa 195
178 - - - - cpüpMLI 195
- TIJIBCTHYHOCTH MBTepnaJia 148 - - - npH p3cnoKeHHI! 194
- npoq11ocrn MarepHaJia 147 - - - npu CiJ.BHre 226
- Ul!h.13 580, 604 - - - cpopMOH3MeHeHH51 200
- '1Hepre1 1qechHe \r anpHa.~a 148 3!ll00b! BH) Tpe!lHilX yCHJl11'1 103
AeH5! }ll!8ip3\I"3 581 - -- - )l.J151 I1p!'ílbl\ Cl ep1KHC!l 114
A '3}ll!0,!0\!K0CTb 163 - - - ;¡'U! r 1JOCTp2 •Cl Bel' Hb!X
c1epJKr e~1 130-138
UeHTp 11{lCTMJl TB 278 - - - } l ' r n pa·1 113
- H3rl!Ó3 21 ') 278 - - - , npa 11! 1a noCTpoel!H51 109
- T51)KeCT,I 1b SlmopbI 113! ¡lHll\éhHH } acaTC.1bHbJ'{
UttK'I Hanrn-"'e rm1 ::;so rrpH H31 ,i6e 253, 276
- - llJ 1hCllp} !OWHI, 581 - - - npH 1,¡l\ 'lE'f!IH! 215, 240
0

- - CH\ \1í!Tp!P!Hb!l l 581 - - HOp\!3 1bHhl\ llpl! H3rBÓe 25J

UHh 1b1 !!cnp1íKP'll1ÍÍ (narpvw:enuH) - rronrpe'J111>1x CH•I I! H3rnóa!OlllHX
na¡¡ li' "' I'C 11 \8P~K1CpHCTH­ MO!YeHTOB n.~~ 5a'OK 109, 110,
KH 5b0, 604 116--IJS
Un III!I,1pl' 101c1ocTemu,1e 410, 417, -rrpo;orbl!b'X (oceaLI\) c11.1 IOb,
426 208
- - CC'U JBli ,¡e 415

YaC1ora hO 1c60 1m1 ce1\II1I1351 511 5Irnil -- 5) ll\llHlhOfO KpH rcpr ri npo'I
- - , n 1116"rPI c1ll!b1e 1 ,1r Jhr onpe HOCTH 205
AeJie11m1 540 ~¡¡po ce'leH!HI 108
'11
- - yrnosa¡¡ 513 - - , <Jrnl'' 1>1 'I pu\repbl :ll3
l\plITH'leCKa51 517 5:{CHI!Cf(Of0 cpop~1y.~a 455

734

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