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Weight Management
Weight Management
Chapter 14
1
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
2
Weight Management
National Institutes of Health
68% of American adults are overweight
More than 33.8% of American adults are
obese
In 2007-2008, 32.3% of adult men and 35.5%
of adult women were obese
Body Composition
Fat-free mass and body fat
○ Fat-free mass: bone, water, muscle, connective tissue, organ
tissues, and teeth
Body Fat
Essential fat: necessary for body to function
○ 3-5% of total fat in men, 8-12% in women
Fat Storage
Adipose tissue: connective tissue in which fat is stored
Subcutaneous fat: Located under the skin
Visceral Fat (intra-abdominal fat): Located around major organs
Factors Affecting Body Composition
Genetically determined number of fat cells
Cells can increase or decrease in size depending on
○ Age
○ Sex
○ Metabolism
○ Diet
○ Activity level
1 pound of fat = 3500 calories
Weight Management © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
5
Energy Balance
Energy balance is key to keeping a
healthy ratio of fat and fat-free mass
You take in energy (calories)
You use up energy (calories)
Energy in = energy out, you maintain
your current weight
Energy in > energy out, you gain
weight
Energy in < energy out, you lose
weight
Weight Management © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.2 The energy balance 6
equation
Composition
Overweight: Total body weight above
recommended range for good health
Obesity: A more serious degree of overweight
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Based on the concept that weight should be proportional
to height
Does not distinguish between fat weight and fat-free
weight
Pros?
Cons?
(BMI)
Weight Management
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Body Fat Distribution and Health
11
Body Image
Collective picture of the body as seen
through the mind’s eye
Perceptions
Images
Thoughts
Attitudes
Emotions
Body Fat
Genetic Factors
25% to 40% of an individual’s body fat
The tendency to develop weight is inherited,
what you do does matter
Physiological Factors
Metabolism
○ Resting metabolic rate (RMR): the energy
required to maintain vital body functions while
the body is at rest
Lifestyle Factors
Eating
Physical activity
Psychosocial factors
Emotions
○ Distraction from difficult feelings
○ Helps regulate emotions
○ Coping strategies
Socioeconomic status
Family and culture
Coping Strategies
Appropriate coping strategies help you deal
with the stresses of life and help with
weight management
Overeating is not an appropriate coping
strategy
Use food appropriately
To fuel life activities
Foster growth
Bring pleasure
Find new coping strategies
Weight Management © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Approaches to Overcoming A Weight 20
Problem
Doing it yourself
○ Lose 0.5-2.0 pounds per week
○ Initial weight loss occurs from fluid loss
○ Smaller, mostly fat, losses later in the diet are better than
initial larger, mostly fluid, losses
○ Reasonable weight loss: 8-10% of body weight over 6
months
Dietary supplements and diet aids
○ Formula drinks and food bars
○ Herbal supplements
○ Other supplements
Weight-Loss Programs
Noncommercial weight-loss programs
TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly)
OA (Overeaters Anonymous)
Commercial weight-loss programs
Clinical weight-loss programs
Prescription Drugs
Appetite suppressants
All prescription weight-loss drugs have
potential side effects
Recommended only for people who have
been unable to lose weight with nondrug
options or who have a BMI over 30
Body Image
Severe body image problems
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
○ Affects about 2% of Americans
○ Usually begins before age 18
Muscle dysmorphia
Acceptance and change
Knowing what is a healthy lifestyle change
Eating Disorders
Problems with body weight and weight
control
Characterized by severe disturbances in
body image, eating patterns, and eating-
related behaviors
Disordered eating affects an estimated 10
million American females and 1 million
males
About 90% of eating disorders begin during
adolescence. Some begin as young as 8
Anorexia Nervosa
Failure to eat enough food to maintain a reasonable
body weight
Affects 3 million people – 95% are female
Characteristics of anorexia nervosa
Fear of gaining weight
Distorted body image
Compulsive behaviors and rituals
Excessive exercise
Health risks of anorexia nervosa
Loss of menstruation
Intolerance to cold
Low blood pressure and heart rate
Dry skin covered by fine body hair
Hands and feet may swell and take on a blue tinge
Variety of medical complications – electrolyte imbalance, heart
failure, cardiac arrest
Depression and suicide
Bulimia Nervosa
Recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging
Begins in adolescence or young adulthood
Characteristics of bulimia nervosa
○ Rapidly consumes food, then purges
○ Done in secret
○ After a binge, individual feels ashamed, disgusted and physically and
emotional drained
Health risks of bulimia nervosa
○ Erodes tooth enamel
○ Deficient calorie intake
○ Liver and kidney damage
○ Cardiac arrhythmia
○ Chronic hoarseness
○ Esophageal tearing
○ Rupture of the stomach
○ Increased depression
○ Disturbances in cognitive functioning
Chapter 11