1.1 INTRODUCTION Trigonometry, as the word implies, is concemed with the measurement of the parts, sides and angles, of a tangle Plane trigonometry, which is the topic of this bodK, is restricted to triangles lying in a plane. ‘Trigonometry is based on certain ratios, called trigonometric functions, to be defined in the next chapter. The ‘carly applications of the trigonometric functions were to surveying. navigation, and engineering, These functions also play an important role in the study of all sorts of vibratory phenomena—sound, light, electricity, etc. As ‘a consequence, a considerable portion of the subject matter is concerned with a study of the properties of and relations among the trigonometric functions.12. PLANE ANGLE, The plane angle XOP, Fig. 1-1 is formed by the two rays OX and OP. The point 0 is called the vertex and the half lines are called the sides of the angle, not Rv ee , ee mer Pantie SOE More often, a plane angle is to be thought of as being generated by revolving (ina plane) a ray from the ‘Aa angle, so generated, is called pestive if the direction of rotation (indicated by 2 curved arrow) is counterclockwise and negative if the direction of rotation is clekwise. The angle is positive in Fig. 1-24a) and (c), negative in Fig, 1200), ‘aia ae eo1. MEASURES OF ANGLES A dyer eine ste mwa fhe ena anh send by ana of cele 6D we ‘me "nou 06 De! Sr end No i, Uo ge at aunts ew pnncrs a kmeiyann-wre a) £ (24) = el] Wo) ner an = iran = leew = wea b) zara) = 63.5% }2! +See) = 30" e) 5s’) =a0.8° 7.5" oo2'ae! || © 40° 37.5' 240° 37" 30"F 3) 4 (74° 2920") =\s.8°7.1S" 3" 219° 37.7s's" tos = 18°37 20 (ep ave ar + oxNay «271K = FLY + 08K) a) ar = 37 6 0angn) = arena = are 02K Siew (eh R17 = 78 + PA = 7" na et Gp SER 6 = Se ND WENO = S97 ane dr)1M = 360 = c= 3e0% , 180" 2 w att = St te pe 8 The 2s = 8 a) Ded > deg = ¥) “e syrad yoo" = Sived 2 1g acl 7 dea cetiateetl ae1.4 ARC LENGTH On a circle of radius r, a central angle of @ radians, Fig. 1-4, intercepts an arc of length that is, are length s=o radius X central angle in radians. (NOTE: 5 and r may be measured in any convenient unit of length, but they must be expressed in the sare unit.) EXAMPLE 1.4 (a) % © Fig. 14 On a circle of radius 30 in, the length of the arc intercepted by a central angle of {rad is = r0= 300) 10in On the same circle a central angle of 50° intercepts an are of length Sm) _ 250 ovo) 2 (On the same circle an arc of length I ft subtends a central angle = S218 Scag when sandr are expressed in inches or o= sad when s and r are expressed in feet15 LENGTHS OF ARCS ON A UNIF-CIRCLE ‘The carepnense Between point wel mumbai on at cic +3? res ‘The eo 08 he mumber Hie mace is he oi (1-0) a show nF a) Te pone seu unr at wrapped ard te clin comets diction, Fg 10 andthe agave el urnber re wrapped snd the cen ackwne destin 1-1) Every pon te ant ce ‘ued wth many rel ume oth pone und nga “Ther of aunt ce hs length Hence, he amen fhe ie gen by 2s 2 The isan haley aun ra 1 te ay rod #2 Each ose be ped wih a eg of are scandsince = re 1-8 Mea eal pmb ple wine angle Bin ran mete. Lei ‘ch ean rel monic ed wi the eco he enh ft asd herr. with eave angle in ain mere ig -Sa) shows pms comesponing opie angles. and Fg 1) shows pein comespning Yo neaive angles1.6 AREA OF A SECTOR ‘The area K of a sector of a circle, the shaded part of Fig. 1-7, with radius r and central angle @ radians is that is, the area of a sector = § X the radius X the radius X the central angle in radians. (NOTE: _K will be measured in the square unit of area that corresponds tothe length unit used to measure F.) Fig. EXAMPLE 1.5 For a circle of radi 30 in the area of a sector intercepted by a central angle of} rad is K = $0 = 100) 130 in? EXAMPLE 1.6 For a circle of radius 18 em, the area of a sector intercepted by a central angle of 50” is 32 2 4smcm’ or 141 cm* (rounded) Keio 3 sasy (NOTE: 50° = Sa/I8 rad.)1.7 ANGULAR VELOCITY The relationship between the linear velocity v and the angular velocity « (the Greek letter omega) for an ‘object with radius r is where is measured in radians per uit of ime and v is distance per unit of time (NOTE: + and use the same unit of time and r and v use the same linear unit.) EXAMPLE 1.7 A bicycle with 20-in wheels is traveling down a road at 15 mich. Find the angular velocity of the wheel in revolutions per minute Because the radius is 10 in and the angular velocity is to be in revolutions per minute (r/min). change the linear velocity 15 mith to units of ivvmin To change « to r/min, we multiply by 1/27 revolution per radian ¢r/rad), fad A tt 259 shenin nin 1 amin 2r%ad “iin w= 1584 EXAMPLE 1.8 A wheel that is drawn by a belt is making I revolution per second (es) If the wheel is 18 em in diameter, what isthe lineat velocity ofthe belt in ers? fo} 288o - apraws TT rw = 92m) = 18mcms or 37 cm/s1.1 Express each of the following angles in radian measure: (a) 30°, (b) 135°. (c) 25°30", (d) 42°24°3S", (e) 165.7%. (f) -3.85°. (g) -205°, (h) 18°30", () =0.21°1.2 Express each of the following angles in degree measure: (a) 7/3 rad, (b) Sm/9 rad, (c) 2S rad, (d) 43 rad, (e) — 7/8 rad, (f) 2 rad, (g) 1.53 rad, (A) —37/20 rad, (i) —7m rad1.3 The minute hand of a clock is 12 em long. How far does the tip of the hand move during 20 min? ‘During 20 min the hand moves through an angle = 120° = 22/3 rad and the tip of the hand moves over a digance 5 12Qmf3) = Beem = 25.1 em.14 A central angle of a circle of radius 30 cm intercepts an are of 6 cm, Express the central angle @ in radians and in degrees. 6 o 39 7 gad = 146 wi1.8 A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What radius should be used if the track is to change direction by 25° in a distance of 120 m? We are required 10 find the radius of a circle on which a central angle @ = 25° = Smf36 rad intercepts an arc of 120 m. Then