ENGLISH FOR CHEMISTRY

(Chem -10024)

1
 Lesson 2:
Chemistry, Scientific Method,
Properties of Matter
 Chemistry

the science that deals with

the properties, composition,
and structure of substances
(defined as elements and
compounds), the
transformations they
undergo, and the energy
that is released or absorbed
during these processes
(Britannica Online Encyclopedia )
 Etymology of CHEMISTRY
English Chemistry • The word chemistry comes from a
French chimie
modification of the word alchemy,
which referred to an earlier set of
German Chemie practices that encompassed elements
of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy,
Russian химия [khimiya] astrology, astronomy, mysticism and
medicine.
Spanish química
• The word alchemy in turn is derived
Portuguese química from the Arabic word al-kīmīā (
).‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎء‬This may have Egyptian origins
Italian chimica since al-kīmīā is derived from the
Ancient Greek χημία, which is in turn
Norwegian kjemi derived
from the word Kemet, which is the
Swedish kemi
ancient name of Egypt in the Egyptian
Greek χημεία [chimeía] language. Alternately, alkīmīā may
derive from χημεία 'cast together'.
 Other Meaning of Chemistry
• the complex emotional or psychological interaction
between two people.
• a quality that exists when two people
understand and are attracted to each other
• the ability of people to have a good relationship

Example:
- The chemistry between them was obvious
- Their affair was triggered by intense chemistry
- Building a strong team requires paying attention to team
chemistry
Chemistry is one branch of science
 Branches (subdisciplines) of Chemistry

Traditional New emerged

• Organic • Nuclear chemistry

• Analytical • Polymer chemistry
• Physical • Environmental
• Inorganic chemistry
• Biochemistry • Computational
chemistry
• Pharmaceutical
(medicinal) chemistry
 Practice Activity
• Work in group: Break out Room in ZOOM
• Take turn ask question and answer about:
– Definition of Chemistry
– Relation of Chemistry with other Sciences
– Branches of Chemistry
• Goal:
– Each member can present (in speaking) about Chemistry,
Branches of Chemistry and his/her preference
• Suggested Question
– Please define CHEMISTRY
– What is the origin of the word Chemistry
– Why can we say that Chemistry is a central science
– How many branch of Chemistry? Which one do you like? Why?
Scientific Method
 The Fool on the hill
Day after day,
Alone on a hill,
The man with the foolish grin is keeping
perfectly still
But nobody wants to know him,
They can see that he's just a fool,
And he never gives an answer,
But the fool on the hill,
Sees the sun going down,
And the eyes in his head,
See the world spinning 'round.
Well on the way,
Head in a cloud,
The man of a thousand voices talking
perfectly loud
But nobody ever hears him,
or the sound he appears to make,
and he never seems to notice,
But the fool on the hill,
Sees the sun going down,
And the eyes in his head,
See the world spinning 'round.
And nobody seems to like him,
they can tell what he wants to do,
and he never shows his feelings,
But the fool on the hill,
Sees the sun going down,
And the eyes in his head,
See the world spinning 'round.
Ooh, ooh,
Round and round and round.
And he never listens to them,
He knows that they're the fools
They don't like him,
 Heliocentric theory
Nicolaus Copernicus
• For nearly 1,000 years,
( 1473 – 1543)
Geocentric view
( Aristotle) of a stationary
Earth at the center of a
revolving universe
dominated natural
philosophy.
• In 1515, Nicolaus
Copernicus proposed that
the Earth was a planet like
Venus or Saturn, and that
all planets circled the Sun
 How do we reason: Deduction vs. Induction

Deduction
• The deduction is a logical
argument that is made to
conduct the conclusion with
the help of the premises.
• In deduction, the conclusion
can not be more general
than the premises.
Induction
• Induction refers to the
logical argument that is
done on basis of newly
emerging theories.
• The conclusion in induction
is always more general than
the premises.

https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-deduction-and-
inductionwith-table/
 How do we reason: Deduction vs. Induction
Deduction
• Methods of acquiring
knowledge starting with
certain basic assumptions,
or premise.
• The Greek philosopher
Aristotle assumed four
fundamental substances:
air, earth, water, and fire. All
other materials, he
believed, were formed by
combinations of these four
elements
Induction
• Method of reasoning in
which a general statement
is inferred from a set of
observations.
• Nicolas Copernicus through
careful study of
astronomical observations,
concluded that Earth
revolves around the sun in a
circular orbit.
Deduction vs. Induction
Deduction vs. Induction
Deduction vs. Induction
 How do we reason: deduction vs. induction
Parameters of
Deduction Induction
Comparison
Deduction refers to the method of
Induction refers to the method of
generalizing the existing theory for
Definition conducting its conclusion with the
further observations to conduct
help of newly emerging theories.
the conclusion.
The conclusion follows the premise The conclusion might not follow the
Premises
for the results premises for the results
It does not give any new
It gives new knowledge, as it is
Knowledge knowledge, as it is based on the
based on the newly emerging theory
existing theory
The process of conducting the The process of conducting the
Process
conclusion in Deduction is quick conclusion in Induction is slow
It depends upon the existing It depends upon the new sources or
Dependency
sources and theories theories
The deduction is associated with Induction is associated with informal
Association
formal logic logic
The deduction is a method of
Method Induction is a method of discovery
verification
 Scientific Method
The scientific method is a set of procedures used to develop
explanations of natural phenomena and possibly to predict
additional phenomena.
The four basic stages of the scientific method are
• (1) gathering data through observations and experiments;
• (2) reducing the data to simple verbal or mathematical
expressions known as natural laws;
• (3) offering a plausible explanation of the data through a
hypothesis;
• (4) testing the hypothesis through predictions and further
experimentation, leading ultimately to a conceptual model
called a theory that explains the hypothesis, often together
with other related hypotheses
 Scientific Method
• Starts with observation- noting and recording facts
• Make Hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause
of the problem or answer to the question.
• Do Experiment to test the hypothesis
• Generates data observations from experiments.
• Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle
 • Cycle repeats many
times.
Observations • The hypothesis gets
more and more certain.
Hypothesis
• Becomes a theory
Experiment • A thoroughly tested
model that explains
why things behave a
certain way.
 • Theory can never be
proven.
Observations • Useful because they
predict behavior
Hypothesis
• Help us form mental
Experiment pictures of processes
(models)
 • Another outcome is
that certain behavior
Observations is repeated many
times
Hypothesis • Scientific Law is
developed
Experiment
• Description of how
things behave
Observations Theory
(Model)
Hypothesis

Experiment Modify
Prediction

Experiment
Law
Scientific Method
 Product of Scientific Method
Natural Law
• Natural laws are similar to
scientific theories in that
they are principles that can
be used to predict the
behavior of the natural
world. Usually scientific
laws refer to rules for how
nature will behave under
certain conditions,
frequently written as an
equation
Scientific Theory
• A scientific theory is a well-
substantiated explanation
of some aspect of the
natural world, based on a
body of facts that have
been repeatedly confirmed
through observation and
experimentation. Such fact-
supported theories are not
"guesses" but reliable
accounts of the real world
 Law vs. Theory
• Both Natural laws and scientific theories are
typically well-supported by observations
and/or experimental evidence.
• A theory does not change into a law with the
accumulation of new or better evidence.
Remember, theories are explanations and laws
are patterns we see in large amounts of data,
frequently written as an equation. A theory
will always remain a theory; a law will always
remain a law.
Theory vs. Law
Theory vs. Law
 Practice Activity
• Work in group: Break out Room in ZOOM
• Discuss in group and make a list of:
– 3 Natural Law
– 3 Scientific Theory
Matter: Its Properties and
Measurement
 Matter

Matter is anything that occupies space and

has mass.

liquid nitrogen gold ingots silicon crystals

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 States of Matter

• Matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid.

• These are the three states of matter.
– Gases have no fixed shape or volume.
– Gases can be compressed to form liquids.
– Liquids have no shape, but they do have a
volume.
– Solids are rigid and have a definite shape and
volume.
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The Three States of Matter

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 Phase Changes

Melting Vaporization

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation
 Phase Changes
Sublimation

Melting Vaporization

Solid Liquid Gas

Freezing Condensation

Condensation
 Classification of Matter
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
•114 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth

• 32 elements have been created by scientists

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technetium, americium, seaborgium
 Classification of Matter
Elements

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 Classification of Matter
Elements

• Chemical symbols with one letter have that letter

capitalized (e.g., H, B, C, N, etc.)
• Chemical symbols with two letters have only the
first letter capitalized (e.g., He, Be).

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 Classification of Matter
A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.

lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide

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 Classification of Matter
Compounds

• Most elements interact to form compounds.

• The proportions of elements in compounds are
the same irrespective of how the compound was
formed.
• Law of Constant Composition (or Law of Definite
Proportions):
– The composition of a pure compound is always the
same.
• Therefore, if water is decomposed, then there will
always be twice as much hydrogen gas formed as
oxygen gas.

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 Classification of Matter

Compounds
If water is decomposed (shown
here), then there will always be
twice as much hydrogen gas
formed as oxygen gas.

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 Classification of Matter
Pure Substances and Mixtures
• Pure Substances: can be elements or compounds(Ag,
water, sugar)
– Can not be separated by physical means
– Compound: can be decomposed into elements
– Element: cannot be decomposed any further
• Mixture: more than one substances mix together
– Can be separated by physical means
– Heterogeneous mixture: not uniform throughout (salt
and sugar)
– Homogeneous mixture: uniform throughout (sea
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water)
 Separation of Mixtures
Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.

magnet

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distillation
 Classification of Matter

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 Physical and Chemical Change
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in
air to form water

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 Properties of Matter
Extensive and Intensive Properties

• Extensive Properties - depend on quantity

• Volume, Mass

• Intensive Properties - do not depend on quantity

• Density, Melting point, Reactivity

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 Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume

An intensive property of a material does not

depend upon how much matter is being
considered.
• density
• temperature
• color 47
 Vocabulary Check

• Each student make Number English Vietnamese

1 Chemistry Hóa học
her/his own table which
2 Matter Vật chất
list all the terms that 3
she/he learnt from the 4
lesson …
• Submit the table ( file) …

in Moodle
Enjoy studying!