SBEG2463-01 CARTOGRAPHY

2021/2022
___________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT 1 (GROUP)

NAME MATRIKS NO
NORIFFAH ILYANI BINTI ZURAIMI B19BE0161
SHAZATUL NORAIN BINTI FADLI B19BE0168
AIREEN IDAYU BINTI ABDUL MALEK B19BE0149

PREPARED TO: DR MUHAMMAD IMZAN BIN HASSAN

 1) GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

A geographic coordinates system arranges framework (GCS) employments a three-dimensional

round surface to characterize areas on the soil. A GCS is regularly inaccurately called a datum,
but a datum is as it were one portion of a GCS. A GCS incorporates a precise unit of degree, a
prime meridian, and a datum (based on a spheroid).

A point is referenced by its longitude and scope values. Longitude and scope are points measured
from the earth's center to a point on the earth's surface. The points regularly are measured in
degrees (or in grads). The taking after outline appears the world as a globe with longitude and
scope values.

The latitude scope is the point shaped by a line going from the center of the soil to the equator at
the point on the equator that's closed to the point of intrigued and another line that goes from the
center of the soil to the parallel that goes through the point of interest
The longitude is the point shaped by a line that goes through the center of the soil and the
equator where the longitude=0 and another line that goes through the center of the soil and a line
through the equator and the meridian that goes through the point of intrigued.

The shape and measure of a geographic arrange system's surface is characterized by a circle or
spheroid. In spite of the fact that the soil is best spoken to by a spheroid, the soil is some of the
time treated as a circle to create numerical calculations simpler. The assumption that the soil may
be a circle is conceivable for small-scale maps (littler than 1:5000000).

At this scale, the contrast between a sphere and a spheroid isn't perceptible on a outline. Be that
as it may, to preserve exactness for larger-scale maps (scales of 1:1000000 or bigger), a spheroid
is fundamental to speak to the shape of the soil. Between those scales, choosing to utilize a circle
or spheroid will depend on the map's reason and the exactness of the information.
1) PLANIMETRIC COORDINATES

Facilitate frameworks empower geographic datasets to utilize common areas for

integration. A facilitate framework could be a reference framework utilized to speak to
the areas of geographic highlights, symbolism, and perceptions such as GPS areas inside
a common geographic system.

Planimetric coordinates is the earth's coordinates are projected onto a two-dimensional

planar surface.

The definition of the outline projection for anticipated arrange systems. Other estimation
framework properties such as a spheroid of reference, a datum, and projection parameters
like one or more standard parallels, a central meridian, and conceivable shifts within the
x- and y-directions.

2) DATUM

Datums are utilized as the beginning reference point for looking over employments and
put your work in a bigger setting. Whereas a datum can be any reference utilized to
degree an question counting planes, lines and focuses in studying they are ordinarily
focuses, called geodetic datums.

There are two sorts of geodetic datum: flat and vertical. To be valuable in looking over, a
geodetic datum must be based on a reference surface, which takes these focuses from an
theoretical thought to a set area on the Earth’s surface. Outstandingly, there are different
reference surfaces, depending on where you're and whether you’re measuring for a flat or
vertical datum.
 7) Malayan Revised Triangulation
There are two existing local geodetic reference systems in Malaysia namely the Malayan
Revised Triangulation (MRT) for Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo Triangulation System 1968
(BT68) for Sabah and Sarawak.

Malayan Revised Triangulation (MRT48)

 The MRT is the coordinate system used for mapping in Peninsular Malaysia.
 The datum is based on the old Repsold Triangulation and computed using data collected
mainly in the period 1948 to 1966 using the Modified Everest ellipsoid.
 It consists of about 1,200 stations plus a number of more recent standard traverses and
has an inter-station accuracy of around 13 to 15 ppm.
 Coordinates in this system are known as MRT48 coordinates which represent a unified
datum, albeit distorted for the whole Peninsular.

Figure 1: Malayan Revised Triangulation

1948 (MRT48)
8) Borneo Triangulation System 1968 (BT68)
 The first datum for Sabah and Sarawak was the Primary Triangulation of Borneo 1948
(BT48) established by the Directorate of Overseas Survey (DOS) which was based on the
Timbalai Datum and Everest Ellipsoid for referenced.
 This triangulation was further strengthened through the readjustment and was later
known as Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68).
 This network consists of the Borneo West Coast Triangulation of Brunei and Sabah
(1930-1942), Borneo East Coast Triangulation of Sarawak, extension of the West Coast
Triangulation of Sabah (1955-1960) and several Doppler points surveyed between 1961
to 1968.
 The adjustment produced an overall accuracy of about 5ppm.
 The BT68, which also referred as the Timbalai Datum, uses the Modified Everest
ellipsoid for referenced.

Figure 2: Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68)

 9) Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO)
 The rectified skew orthomorphic, also known as the Hotine projection, is one version of
the oblique Mercator projection derivations.
 It is used for conformal mapping of areas that are obliquely oriented and do not follow a
north-south or east-west trend.

Figure 3: Rectified skew orthomorphic map projection

Projection Properties

Graticule

 Rectified skew orthomorphic is an oblique cylindric projection. The meridians and

parallels are projected as complex curves.
 Only two meridians, exactly 180° apart can be projected as straight lines, crossing the
poles. Both poles are presented as points inside the projection outline.

Distortion

 Rectified skew orthomorphic is a conformal map projection which is does not maintain
true directions, but angles and shapes are maintained at infinitesimal scale.
 Distances are accurate along the central line if the scale factor is 1.0. If it is less than 1.0,
there are two straight lines parallel to the central line with accurate scale.
  Area, distance, and scale distortions greatly increase with distance from the central line or
from the two straight lines that are parallel to the central line.

Usage

 The rectified skew orthomorphic projection is appropriate for mapping large-scale or

smaller areas with oblique orientation
 RSO projection do not follow a north-south or east-west predominant extent.

Parameters

Rectified skew orthomorphic center parameters are as follows:

 False Easting
 False Northing
 Scale Factor
 Azimuth
 Longitude of Center
 Latitude of Center
 XY Plane Rotation

Rectified skew orthomorphic natural origin parameters are as follows:

 False Easting
 False Northing
 Scale Factor
 Azimuth
 Longitude of Center
 Latitude of Center
 XY Plane Rotation
Particular parameter cases

If the azimuth is 0° or 180° the resulting projection appears as the transverse Mercator
projection. If the latitude of the center is set on the equator and the azimuth parameter is ±
90°, the projection appears as the Mercator.