Chemical bonding and ionic bond:

Chemical bonding is the interaction between two or more atoms. Chemical bonds result in the
formation of chemical compounds.

They can be strong and weak bonds. They are of three types ionic bond, electrovalent bond, and
coordinatecovalent bond.

They are strong bonds. Weak bonds are dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der
Waals bonds.

The outermost valence electrons are involved in chemical bonds to achieve the stability of the
inert element. Cations and anions are positively and negatively charged ions, respectively.

The electrostatic attraction between cations and anions, generated by the transfer of electrons
from cations to anions, or from anions to cations, forms an ionic bond, also known as an
electrical valence bond. .. Compounds containing this ionic or electrical bond are called ionic or
electrical compounds. Ionic bonds are direction independent. It stretches in all directions.

As a result, they do not exist as a single ionic solid molecule. In order to form a stable ionic
compound, the cations and anions involved must have a net lowering energy. If there is a large
difference in the electronegativity of the interacting atoms, an ionic bond is formed. The
formation of ionic compounds requires at least two differences in electronegativity. A typical
example of ionic bonds and ionic compounds is sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium (Na) has an
electronegativity of 0.9 and chlorine (Cl) has an electronegativity of 3.0, so it forms an ionic
bond.

Sodium has one electron in the outermost shell, and chlorine has seven electrons in the outermost
shell. To achieve the stability of inert elements, Na loses electrons and becomes positively
charged cations, and chlorine tends to take in electrons from sodium and become negatively
charged anions.

When sodium stores electrons or moves to chlorine, ionic bonds are formed. When many sodium
and chlorine atoms form ionic bonds, they form a crystalline structure. Other examples of ionic
bonds include potassium fluoride, beryllium oxide, magnesium oxide, copper sulfide, and so on.