Phan mot. 777 Khai niém ng6n ng hoc 7 Phan mot 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC A Am chinh (nuclear) bat ki Viet cling co § thanh phan la: dm diu. am Phan tich cau tric dm ict ticng Viet nguoi ta nhan tha am tict nao trong we dém. am chinh. am cudi va thanh digu. Am chinh 1a hat nhan cua am tet. tire 1 nhimng dm co chire nang quy dinh am sae chu yeu cua dim tit, Trong t cé nhiing nguyen dm va nguyen am doi Jelek lake fake Loh fu. fo). [ok [ek by. sau day Lim am chinh: [i] IS] fur |. fie). fuo}. fur ¥] Xem: Am da m dém, am cu Jim cudi (final) Am cudi hay e6n goi la ching dm 66 chire nang két thie dm Viet 6 nhimg phu am va bin nguyén am sau day ph. [th Tk]. Im}. [n]. ful. fil. [pl va zé tict. Trong tiéng lam dm cudi: im chinh Am dau hay con goi la sv dm eo chite nang mo dau am tiét g Vist. co nhimg phu dm sau day Lam am dau: [b}. [mM]. HT Ev EHUD TU Td Inf. Ist 122 IEE Lh Tsk fk Fed tnd. tk} fod bs}. [a |. [h]. [2] (am tac hong. Khuyet chér vic) rong tic Xem: Am dém, am chinh, Am cudiRe 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC im dém (prevocalie) Am cua dm ghi bang con chit “u” khi dimg trudc cac nguyén am hep va hoi hep, vi du: “huy, huyén, huo, hudn” hoac khi dimg sau phy am /k/, ém hay con goi la gidi dm c6 chite nang bién doi am sac sau lic mé dau. Trong tiéng Viét, co am dém /-w-/ duge vi du: “qué, qua, quan" va 4m dém /zér6/ duge biéu hign bang su ving mat cla mét con chit, vi du “ha hé”. Xem: am dau, 4m chinh, 4m cudi Am sic (timbre) S&c thai ctia Am thanh dugc tao nén béi mdi tong quan giira udng do. Am thanh cita loi dm co ban va cac hoa am vé cao d noi cing nhu am thanh cua tu nhién déu la su phirc hop cla mot dm co ban (la 4m tram nhat, co tan sé thap nhat) va mét sd (la nhitng 4m cao hon, tan sé bang béi sé tan sé 4m co ban). Am thanh do day thanh rung d6ng tao nén Ia nhu vay. Nguén géc su khac nhau vé am sac 1a sy khdc nhau cia cdc cong huong. Khi bam cing mét nét nhac nhung tiéng dan sé khac nhau néu do cac thing dan khac nhau véi tu cach la nhing hdp cong hudng khac nhau. Khi phat 4m, ludng hoi di qua yét hau, migng va mii. Do su thay d6i vj tri cla ludi, mdi, ham ma cdc khoang cong hudng khac nhau da dugc tao ra va ta cé cae 4m voi cdc fim siic khdc nhau. Cac ¢ hoa am nguyén am khac nhau 1a do am sic khdc nhau. Am sic con duge g0i la chat giong. fm tiét (sylable) Don vi phat 4m ty nhién nhé nhat cua loi ndi. No tong img ludn phién cang lén rdi ching xudng cia co thit cla b6 may phat am. MGi am tiét gdm ba phan: khdi 4m (onset), dinh (peak) va két 4m (coda). Dinh 1a b6 phan chinh ma mét dm tiét phai cd, trong khi khoi am va két am 1a ngoai vi, c6 thé ving mat. Trong tiéngPhan mot. 777 Khai niém ngén ngii hoc Viet. dm tict fam gom amt Khoi am. Am ‘a 1a dinh va am im 1a két Am. Dinh 1a phan co ban. dm tiét nao cing phai co. cde phan Khae co thé vang mat. Thong thuong. dinh am tit duge cau tao bang mot nguyén Am, nhung cing co nhing trudng hop dinh am tiét 14 phu am, chang han, trong cae tte nhu apple, hidden, rhythm. I. //. meting c6 chire nang tao dinh Moi am tiét cht co mot dinh. Khi ¢6 hai nguyén am o mot tir thi phai phan ra 2 am tiét. Nhung khdng han ché sé phy am trong mot dm tiét. Tiéng Viét c6 cdu tric am tiét CV. VC. CVC. Trong titng Anh co thé c6 3 phu am trude dinh va 4 phy dm sau dinh, thi du: spring, sixths. Van dé xac dinh ranh gidi am tiét thudng phy thudc vao timg ng6n ngit. Ranh gidi dm tict trong tiéng Viet rat rd rang. trong khi do, & cae ng6n ngi chau Au, ranh gidi am tiét khong 15 rang Lim. Moi ngudi déu tan thanh girl va salt la nhimg tir 1 am tiet: butter va behind la nhimg tir 2 am tiet; Jingu stics va kangaroo 3 Am tiét; education va development ~ 4 dm tiét. Sy khac nhau trong ‘ach danh gia thudng phan anh su khac nhau thye m. Ching han, police duge mot sé ngudi phat am nhu mot dm tet, nhung mét sé ngudi khdc lai phét 4m nhu 2 am tiét: library medicine durge mot sé ngudi phat am nh 2 Am tiét, nhung mét sd ngudi khae lai phat dm nhu 3 am tiét; remporarily co 5 am tit ddi c ur trong cach phat voi hau hét ngudi Mi, nhung chi c6 3 ddi véi nhiéu ngudi Britons Tir cyclo cia tiéng Phap, ngudi Phap phat am /SI~ KLO/, ngudi Vidi phat am / SIK-LO/. Xem: Am vj hge, chiét doan fim tiét mé (open syllable) Can cir vio cach thire két thie dm tiét, ngudi ta phan dm tidt thanh hai loai: am tiet mo (con goi 1a 4m tiét hG) va am tict khép (con goi 1a am tiét kin). Am tiét ma 1a am tiét khong co két Am, tire Ja am tiét két thie ing mot nguyén am, thi du: fa, /a, chi,... Xeln: Am tiét khép14 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC dm tiét khép (closed syllable) Am tidt két thie bing mot phy dm, thi dus dep, chin ban... trong tidng Vidt: heel “edi giuromg”, ask “hoi”, map “ban do”, ... trong tiéng Anh Xem: Am tiét mé im té (phone) Don vi ngit dm nho nhat cua ngdn ngit vé mat cau am — thinh dic. N6 1a mot trong nhing dm riéng biét durge tao ra tron loi noi. Khi ta noi, mGt s6 co quan phat Am nhu hai moi, ham, ngac mem, thanh mén va mot vai bo phan ctia ludi chuyén dong. Két qua ta nghe duge nhu 1a mét chudi ndi tiép cua nhimg am riéng biét va méi am khac lin nhau vé mét sé mat nhu vi tri cdu am, phuong thire cdu dm, hiru thanh, v6 thanh, tinh chat mai, bat hoi... Mdi mot dm duge inh hoi nhu thé 1a mot am t6. Bang sy phan tich ngit dm hoe. cae am té duge nhom lai thanh nhing don vi ngit am khu chudi biét cla ngén ngit, tre 1a cdc dm vi. Am té 1a nhing cach phat am khae nhau ctia dm vi Xem: dm vi, bién thé am v Aim vi (phoneme) Don vi nga dm nho nhat cua mot ngdn ngir co kha nang khu bigt ¥ nghia ctia hai tir. Cac dm t6 eta Idi noi khac Lin nhau vé mot s6 mat nhu vj tri cau am. phuong thire cdu am, hitu thanh, v6 thanh, tinh chat mii, bat hoi,... Nhung chi m6t s6 trong nhing am kt nhau ay co gid tri Khu biét, tire la ching duge diing dé phan biét cae tir trong mot ngdn ng. Ching han, trong ting Viet, su khac nhau gitta /b/ va /m/, /i/ va /e/, /n/ va /V 1a co gid tri Khu bigt. Thay thé am nay bing dm khac sé kim thay doi nghia etia tir: ba — mdi, tim — tem, tan — tt. Cac dm co gid tri Khu bist nhu thé due goi la cac dm vi Nhing am khong khu biét 1a nhamg thanh td ctia cng mot am vi. duoc goi la bién thé dim vi Xem: am té, bién thé Am viPhan m6t. 777 Khai niém ngén ng hoc 5 i hoc (phonology) BO mén Ngon ngét hoe nghién etru cae he thong am cua cae ir im hoe chu yéu nghién ctu ban tinh ic Am 6 thi dm vi hoe nghicn ctu cach thtre cde dm 16 hoat dong trong cae ngdn nett. Cudi thé ki XIX. B. de Courtenay nha ngon ng hoe ngudi Ba Lan da dat cor ser cho dim vi hoe vai wr tr. Neu nhu n, ngon n: am cua cach 14 mét b6 mn trong yéu cua ngdn nyt hoe. Dau thé ki XX. nhimg tr tuong dm vi hoc méi dan dan durge truyén ba rong rai o chau Au. Theo cach tiép can am vi hoe mai, khai niém trung tam Li neuyén tic dm vi, hiéu duge no sé cho phép dat dure tién bd lon trong phan tich hé thong am etia cic ngdn ngit, Nho nguyén tic nay, cdc nha ng6n ngir hoc. cudi cling nhan ra cae am cua mot ngdn nei la mot hé thong c6 trit tu. chir khong phai la su tip hop thuan ) dm ring biét. Nhin thie sing suét nay 1a mdt trong nhing thanh tyu ban dau cia cach ti¢p edn dai cong trong nghién ctu ngon ngi duge goi la cau mic uin. Cac nha ngén ngit hoc thude trudng phai Praha va cic nha cau trie lun Mi di co nhicu dong gop cho dm vi hoc. Cudi nam 1950, am vi hoe thay doi nho su dua vao nhitng nét khu bigt la nhimng don vi nho hon am vi. Nét khu biét dure két hop voi At so tur trong rat ra tir li thuyét moi ve ngir phap cai bién ctia N. Chomsky di tao ra mot cach tiép can mGi goi la dm vi hoc tao sinh (generative phonology). Am vi hoe tao sinh tap trung vao nhiing qua trinh am vi hoc dién ra trong cae ngdn ngit. Tir nam 1980, 4m vj hoc tao sinh tan ra thanh nhiéu cach tiép cn khac nhau. nhu dm vi hoe phi tuvén tinh (non-linear phonology), dm vi hoc tiét diéu (metrical phonology), dm vi hoc tr doan (autosegmental phonology). Xem: 4m vi, cap t6i thiéu, két Am hoc, ngir m hoc Am vi siéu doan (suprasegmental phoneme) Xuat phat tir dac thi: cia cde nen nei chau Au, truyén thong ng6n ngit hoc lau nay quan niém am vi bao gid cing dién ra theo trat tu tuyén tinh. Nhu the, cic am vi duge coi 1a doan tinh. Tuy6 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC nhién, nhiéu dit kign cia ngit Am hoc thye nghiém da xac nhan rang trong loi ndi, cae am vi c6 thé dién ra déng thé, tite 1a c6 thé chong chéo lén nhau. Chang han, nhing hién trong nhu trong am, thanh diéu. ngit digu,... Kho c6 thé coi 1a doan tinh duge, béi vi nhing hién tugng nay dién ra déng thoi voi cae 4m vi doan tinh khac, ma lai c6 chite nang khu biét giéng nhu cac am vi binh thudng khac. Ching han, cac thanh diéu cua tiéng Viét co chire nang khu biét tir khong khac gi cdc phu am, nguyén 4m, nhung dinh vj ching @ ché nao, trude hay sau nguyén dm, 6 dau hay & cudi am tiét,... la rat kho xde dinh Thanh digu trai ra toan dm tiét va dién ra déng thoi v doan tinh khac. Chinh vi vay, nguoi ta thira nhan gia tri am vi hoc ctia nhing hién tugng nay, coi ching cing 1a cac am vi. nhung la nhitng am vi loai dic biét, goi 1a dm vi siéu doan. ic am vi Xem: ngir diéu, thanh diéu, trong 4m, chiét doan 4m vue (pitch) MOot dac trung siéu doan duge dp dung 6 am Khi thanh doi khép long, ludng hoi tir phdi sé lam cho né rung, téc dO rung khdc nhau tao nén tin s6 khéc nhau va am vye khéc nhau. Khi chung ta nghe m6t ngudi ndi, ching ta c6 thé thay mét so am hode nhom 4m trong Iii ndi ctia nd cao hon hode thap hon so voi nhing am khde. D6 cao tuong déi ca 4m thanh ma ngudi nghe nhan duge, trong ngén ngit hgc, ngudi ta goi 1a dm virc. Chang han, trong u hoi tigéng Anh Ready? C6 nghia la “Anh san sang chu. tiét thir hai —dy duge nghe nhu cé 4m vue cao hon 4m tiét thir nhat, di sy van déng am vue di lén bat dau tir Am tiét thir nhat rea- Trong. tiéng Viét, tir ba 6 Am vue cao, con tlr ba 6 Am vue thap Xem: cao dé an du (metaphor) sur vat. Sur chuyén di tén goi dua vao su gidng nhau gitta hién tong due so sinh voi nhau. Ngudi ta thurong coi an du laPhan mot. 777 Khai niém ng6n now hoc 7 hi¢ tung str dung c6 tinh van chong mot hinh thie ngdn net Cach hicu nay co tir thoi Aristotle cho tii nay va durye ede nha tu tir hoe va phé binh van hoe chi y. Can ctr vao tinh chat cua su gine nhau co thé chia dn du thinh nhicu kiéu loai khie nhau, trong do co mot loai an du duge goi la an du bd sung Tir khi xudt hién nginh Ngdn ngie hoc wri nhdn (cognitive linguistics) xudt hign mot cach hiGu moi vé an du: An du khong chi la mot phuong thire dién dat ¥ nghi bang ngén tir ma con La mot phuong thire dé tr duy vé su vat. Newii ta dae biét chi ¥ dén vai tro ctia an du doi v6i nhan thire, Lakoff va Johnson nhan manh dén tinh chat lién két hé thong cua an du. den chire na vie ng cua dn du trong iy dung hé thong nhan thire cua con ngudi trén co so nhing kinh nghiém da tiép nhan duoc. Theo hai ong. hé théng y nigm doi thurong cia ching ta ma trong khudn kh cua no chung ta suy nghi va hanh dong, ve xét & pham vi tu duy va hanh dong. ban chat 1a an du va do do an du phai duge xem Xem: An dy bé sung, an du y niém, hoan du An dy b6 sung (metaphor completive) Su két hop ctia hai hay nhicu tir, ngir chi nhing cam gide sinh ra tir ce trung tam cam gidc khac nhau tao ra nhimg an du duge goi la an du chuyén déi cam gic (synesthésie) hode con goi 1a an du bo sung. Thi du: dat 4hd — tinh cim khd, loi noi kid; musp dang, ot cay ~ mot ¥ nghi dang cav; Khiic nhac hong ém di. Diéu ken biée quay cuong (Thé Lin); Nay ling nghe em kinic nhac thom, Say ngioi nh rugu toi tin hon (Xuan Digu) Xem: an du, hoan du An du y niém (conceptual metaphors) Theo Lakoff, an du y nigm 1 cae anh xa c6 tinh hé théng gitta hai mign y niém: mign ngudn li mot pham tri trai nghiém durge anh xa hay phong chiéu vao mién dich la mot mién trai nghi¢m khac