hy 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC Thi du: Argument is war (Ban cai 1a cude chién tranh): Love is journey (Tinh yéu la cude hanh trinh). v.v Xem: An dy, ng6n ngé hge tri nhan, y nghia B bach khoa thu (encyclopedia) Loai sach tinh bay nhimg tri thire co bin cla mot nganh hay toain bd cae nganh. Trong Bach khoa thu, ngudi ta co thé trinh bay nhimng quan diém khac nhau déi v6i ni dung cita thuat ngit, lich str Khoa hoe nghién ciru noi dung dé, cde gid thiét hign dai ddi lap nhau trong khoa hoe dy. Sach trinh bay nhimg tri thite cua mot nganh duge goi la Bach khoa the chusén nganh. Ching han. Bach khoa the Béenh hoc do Trung tim Quéc gia bién soan tir dién bach khoa Viét Nam xudt bin @ Ha Noi, nm 1991 la bach khoa thu chuyén nganh. Sach trinh bay nhimg tri thre ctia tat cd cde nganh dure goi la Bach khoa due tong hop. Ching han, Encyclopedia Britannica cia Anh, Enevelopedia Americana eta Mi Encyclopaedia Universalis, Grande Encyclopaedia, Grand Larousse Eneyclopédique cia Phap. O Viet Nam, nhimg cudn sich sau day cing mang tinh chat cia Bach khoa thu: Van dai loai ng Pini bién tap luc va Kién van tiéu luc cia L& Quy Don: Lich wriéu hién chwong loai chi cia Phan Huy Chi. Xem: tir dién, tir dién bach khoa ban nguyén 4m (semi-vowel) Nhu ta biét, phu dm 1a nhig am khi cdu tao no c6 s cua ludng hoi & mot s6 diém nao do trong ving migng, con nguyen am 1 nhimg am khi cau tao no khong c6 su can tro nhur the. Nhung co nhig trudng hop khong e6 su phan biét rd rang. Chang han. am Fean tro i/ mo dau tir jes trong tiéng Anh chi c6 mot tiéng xat rit nhe, Cac nha ngdn ngir hoe di goi no 1a ban nguyen am hay ban phu amPhan mot. 777 Khai niem ngon ngu hoc "9 {semi-consonants), Ve mat im. ¢ ban nguyen am rat giong cae nguyen am. nhung ching hoat dong nhur cae phy am trong he thong dm cua mot n: on nett. Long Heng Vie nhing am nhu io cde Ur tai, fav (uso ede tr fae sam eting La nhtng ban nguyén am hay nhang ban phu am Xem: nguyén 4am, phu am ban phu to (semi-affix) Ngoai chinh t6 (can to) va phy to. con co nhimg hien tugng duge goi 1a ban phu té. Ban phu t6 la nhing yeu t6 Khong hoan ton mat ¥ nghia sy vat cua minh. nhung lai duge Lap lai trong nhicu tir, co tinh chat ctia nhig phu to cau tao tir, Tigu chi co ban cua ban phu t6 1a tinh chat phu tro cua no. the hién trong nhitng dae diém vé ¥ nghia, phan bé va chite nang. Trong khi hoan thanh chire nang cau tao tir, ching van gitt mdi lién hé vé ¥ nghia va hinh there vdi nhimng tir gc hoat dong doc lap. cho nén ching khong chuyén hoan toan thanh cae phu to. Trong ticng Khmer. cae ban phu to dong mot vai tro quan trong. Thi du: ka co nghia sur vat la ong vige”. No da duge ding dé cau tao cae danh tir triru tugng: kapisaot “kinh nghig¢m, sy ting wai”: Aatheanea “sue bao dam” karukrok “str tham hiém”. Xem: chinh té, phu té ban ngit (native language) Ban ngit la ngdn ngie Hie nhdt con ngwisi nam due mot cach te nhién ngay tir thud nho khi mdi hoe noi, thong qua str tiép xc Gi cde thanh vién ctia cong dong ma minh 1 thanh vién ngdn net. khong qua trudng lp chinh thite nhir ngoai nei hay neon nett thit hai Nhun; 2 ket hon khae thanh phan dan tc ngay cane phat wién khién cho khai tinh trang song dan xen gitra cae dan toe. tinh tran nig¢m Aan ng cin duge xae dinh lai, UNESCO quan nig¢m ban ng la ngon ngir ma con neguoi hoe duve trong nhitng nam dau cua doi80 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC minh va thudng tré thanh cong cu tu duy va truyén thong ty nhién ban ngt khong nhat thiét phai 1 thir tiéng ma cha me dura tré ding, cing khong can phai la ng6n ngir dau tién ma dita tré hoe dé noi boi vi co nhing hoan canh dae biét lam cho né vao mét tudi rat sém da bo mot phan hay hoan toan ngén ngir do. Xem: ng6n ngir dan téc, ngén ngir thir nhat bang tir (wordlist) Danh sach cae don vi tir vung duge giai thich trong tir dién. Tuy theo muc dich, tinh chat cia tir dién ma bang tir duge xay dung mot cach khac nhau, véi dung lugng khac nhau. Xem: tir dién bao nghia (hyponymy) Quan hé thugng ha danh trong nghia hoc, chang han, xoan 1a mot ha danh ctia cdy, cdy lai 1a ha danh etia ture vat. DO 1a van dé thanh t6 ctia loai. Quan hé bao nghia la quan hé 6 tinh chat qua do va phi déi xtmg, thudng c6 mét don vi thugng danh (superordinate) duy nhat, don vj ha danh (hyponym) duge xem nhu Ia loai don vi cap dudi ctia don vi thugng danh. Noi mét cach don gian, néu X 1a mt loai cua Y thi X (thudc bac thap hon, chuyén biét hon) la mét ha danh va Y (thude bac cao hon, khai quat hon) la thugng danh. Hai tir ha danh co cing tir thugng danh duge goi 1a déng ha danh (co-hyponyms). Vi du: Hoa la thugng danh etia etic, lan, hud, nha hong,...; dén hrgt minh, ctic lai 1A thugng danh cia etic ving, etic dai déa,...; héng la thugng danh ctia hing bach, héng vang, hing nhung, hong xanh,...: Gia stic 1 thong danh ctia (rau, bd, cho lon,...: lon la thugng danh ctia on sé, lon ndi, lon thit,...: Gitta cac tir cé quan hé ton ti. Gia stic 1a thugng danh cua lon, lon lai la thugng danh cia lon sé, lon ndi, lon thit thi gia stic cing la throng danh cua lon sé, lon nai, lon thit Xem: quan hé ngir nghia, dong nghia, trai nghia, tong phan nghiaPhan mot. 777 Khai niém ng6n ngu hoc 81 bat thuéng (anomaly) Su khong phi hop véi kicu dinh hinh. cau tao chung hod chuan mie, tire 1 hign tugng lech chuan. Bat thudng con duge goi la khdng hop thite, khong ding Xem: tinh hop thire bat tuwong thich (incompatibility) Quan hé nghia t6n tai gitta nhimg tir trong mot trudng nghia ma chon Iya tir nay sé loai ui tir kia. Thi du: noi “Nhac khi nay le 1a mau thuan, boi vi nghia chia dan bau loai tir nghia ctia dan ghi ta. Tuong tr, trong trudng nghia vé qua, khong thé ndi “Qua nay 1a qua tio va qua chudi”. Boi vi nhig wr nay 14 nhimg thanh vién loai trir nhau trong mot trudng cho nén 6 tinh bat tuong thich. Tuy nhién, su loai trir khong phai la mt hinh thirc ctia trai nghia. Tio khong phai li déi Kip eta chudi. Nhung cing co nhimg truong hop sy phan biét gitta trai nghia va bat tuong thich kha té nhi. Cha binh thurong duge coi la nhimg tir déi ip, nhung khong phai dan ba khong nhat thiét co nghia la dan dng. Dung hon, nén coi dan ba khong tuong thich v6i dan dng. Trai nghia thi bao ham bat tuong thich, nhung bat tuong thich thi khong bao ham trai nghia. déin bau va dam ghi ta” ing han, dan ba va dan 6ng Xem: trai nghia bat hoi (aspirated) Ludng hoi nh phut ra theo sau mot am. Thi du: trong tiéng Anh, am /p/ & dau tir pan durge phat dm bat hoi. Trong cach phién Am ngir Am hoe, hign tugng bat hoi duge thé hién bing ki higu ["]. bén (lateral) Phuong thite cau am ma khi phat am thi ludng hoi bj can tro doc theo trung tam ctia ving miéng, nhung mt hodc hai bén cla ludi roi khdi vom miéng nén hoi co thé qua hai bén miéng, thi du: dm [I] cia tiéng Viét Xem: phwong thire cau am82 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HO hé (patient, undergoer) i nghia chi ngudi / vat bi tic dong hay déi the. doi tron; clia su tie dong. Vi du: Bam lau réi: Sdch nay doe rat thich: Té doc séch; Em lau ban Xem: vai nghia bién déi tét nghia (amelioration) Qua trinh ngit nghia trong dé mot tir bj mat di edi nghia khons thudn Igi, tot dep. Chang han, tir boy trong tiéng Anh von co nghiv la thang hau, hién nay chi co nghia la tré con. Xem: chuyén nghia, x4u nghia bién hinh (inflection) Bién hinh la cach biéu hién quan hé ngir phap thong qua vié< thém vi t6 vé so, ngéi, tinh hitu dinh, thé, cach... Thi dy ~ Bién doi ve s table “cai ban” / tables “nhimg cai ban” apple “qua tio” / apples “nhimg qua tao” ~ Bién déi vé ngdi, tinh hitu dinh va thé: talk “n6i/ talks/ talking/ talked shout “la hét’/ shouts / shouting / shouted vg Bién cach: boy “tré em” / bo cua tre em™ university “dai hoc” / university's “etia dai hoe” Nhiing ng6n ngi don lap nhu tiéng Viet, tiéng Han.... khong c6 su bién hinh Xem: vi toPhan m6t. 777 Khai niém ng6n ngit hoc 83 bién thé (varia nt) Nhing hinh thie khde nhau cua mot hang the. Prong qué trinh van dung ngon negit. cae tr luon ludn due tai hign voi tu cach 1a nhémg don vi cd san va moi mot tir ludn Luon due gdp trong nhting truong hop str dung riéng biét khae nhau, trong nhimg truong hop tai hién khae nhaw cua no, Néu coi tir la mot hang thé thi nhing tung hop str dung khae nhau cua no la nhiing bién thé. Nguoi ta thuong noi dén cae bien thé nhu: bién thé hinh thai hoc hay con goi la tir hinh, bien the tir vung gir nghia hay con goi la tir vi. bién thé ngir am — hinh thai hoe cua tir. Bién thé con dure hidu la nhimg hinh thre khde nhau ctia mot bién 1. Cae Nha ngdn nei hoe x hoi thudng lay don vi nghién ctru 1a cae bien thé cua cae bien 16 ngdn ngir nao dé trong méi trong quan voi cae bién 15 xa di. Ho thudng phan tich méi tuong quan giita hai bién 6, mot bién 16 ngdn nei, mot bién t6 xa hdi. Xem: bién té, hang thé bién thé Am vi (allophone) M6t trong nhimg hinh thite khée nhau etia mot am vi. Néu sir khac nhau vé am khéng gay ra su khac nhau vé nghia trong mot ngon ngi thi no khong co gia tri Khu biét. Nhiing am khong khu biét 1a nhimg thanh t6 etia cing mot dm vi, duge goi la cde bien thé ctia dm vi, Cae ngén ngit khie nhau co hé thong am vi khée nhau Cae dm vi khae nhau 6 ngén ngit nay ¢6 thé chi la nhéng bién thé dm vi 6 ng6n ngit kia. Chang han. trong tiéng Han, /p/ va /p'/ 1a hai dm vi. Ching tham gia vao cde tir nhu /p"ing/ (EE) va /ping/ (48). Trong tiéng Anh, /p'/ va /p/ thude cing mot am vi, mdi am dién ra mot vi tri riéng. Am bat hoi /p"/ dién ra hau nhu 6 vi tri dau, trong khi am khdng bat hoi /p’ chi dién ra sau /s Xem: Am t6, Am vi. ngiv im hoc, Am vi hoc84 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HO bién thé hinh vj (allomorph) M6t trong cac hinh thire cua mot hinh vi. MOt sé hinh vi ec mot hinh thtre duy nhat trong tat cd cde ngit canh, chang han. dos cat “con méo”,,.. Nhung mt sé hinh vi Ig khuén mau hoac hinh thire ngi am ludn phién nhau. Mdi hinh thir nhu thé la mét bién thé hinh vi. Bién thé hinh vj c6 thé phy thud vao mdi truong ngir dm, ttre 1a bién thé hinh vi duge chon phy thudc vao hinh thtre 4m vi hoe ctia don vj ma no két hop. Thi du [le] va [lez] trong cée danh ngit tiéng Php: les parents [lepara] vé les enfants (lezafa]. Bién thé hinh vi cing c6 thé phy thugc vio mo trudng ngir phap, tire 1a lién quan dén mot hinh vi khac duge kel hop voi hinh vi goc. Thi du: Trong tiéng Phap, vi tr aller “di hinh thie théi tuong lai, ngéi thir ba, sé it la ira, bién thé hinh vi i- phu thugc vao vi t6 -ra biéu thi thoi tong lai, ngdi thir ba, so it “con cho’ co nhitng ¢ Hinh vi biéu thi sé phire trong tiéng Anh cing co nhieu bién thé khac nhau, thi du: map - maps [maps] (nhimg ban dd) dog - dogs [d 9 gz] (nhitng con chd) watch - watches [w 9 tsiz] (nhiing chiéc ding hd) mouse - mice [mais] (nhitng con chudt) ox - oxen [a ksn] (nhimng con bo) tooth - teeth [ti:6] (nhitng cai rang) sheep - sheep [J i:p] (nhitng con ciru) Nhu vay, y nghia sé phire trong tigng Anh c6 thé bicu hién bing phu am v6 thanh [s]. phu am héru thanh [z] cau tric nguyén am phu am [iz], nguyén am doi [ai], phu dm mai [n]. nguyén am [i:} va hinh thre zero. Nhing hinh thite trén day duge goi la cic bién thé hinh vi. Bién thé hinh vi con duge goi la tha hinh Xem: hinh to, hinh vjPhan mot. 777 Khai niém ngén noi hoc 85 én the két hop (combinatorial va Bién thé vi ui cia mot Am vi. Bién thé ket hop bi quy dinh boi ngir canh str dung, n6 duge coi la bien thé bat bude. Thi du: Bién thé mdi hoa A" khi phat m /t’ trong tir avo “hai” cua tiéng Anh la bién thé két hop. S6 di phai phat am tron mdi vi sau no 1a am /u Trong tiéng Viét, am cudi /k/, thy theo di sau nguyén am hang trudge. ha ira hay hang sau ma duge phat 4m khac nhau, khi thi ngac hoa, khi thi mdi hoa, khi thi doi chit bat hoi. Do la hing bién thé két hop ctia mot am vi Xem: bién thé ty do bién thé ngi Am-hinh thai hoc cua tir (phonetic-morphological variant of a word) Nhimg su bién dang cia tir vé mat ngir dm va cau tao tir chir khéng phai 1a nhimg hinh thai ngit phap cla no. O day, c6 hién tuong cling mot y nghia tir vung duoc dinh hinh mot cach khac nhau. Muén nhimg cach dinh hinh do 1a nhimg bien th phi - 4 rong khi khac nhau chung phai co phan chinh t6 chung va do d6, c6 su gidng nhau vé nghia durge thé hién cy thé trong vo ngit 4m cla ching. cua mot tir — Su khac nhau vé vat chat ngit am khéng biéu hién sy khdc nhau nao vé y nghia. Thi du: Tiéng Viét c6 nhimg cap bién thé: roi ~ gidi, trang — gidng, nhip — dip, so - ré,... Trong tiéng Anh, often va off la hai bién thé cua mot tir cd nghia la “thuong thuéng”. T iéng Nga cing cé nhig cap bién thé nhu: snca — aucuuta “con cdo”. Honb ~ nyab “khong”, ckupa -ckupaa “déng™. Hai tir railway v railroad trong tiéng Anh dit c6 ¥ nghia giéng nhau 1a “duong sa nhung ching van 1a hai tir khac nhau béi vi mot trong nhimg co so cita hai tir nay hoan toan khac nhau vé chat ligu. Trong tiéng Vié xe lita va xe hoa cing 1a hai tir khac nhau chir khong phai la hai bién thé ctia mot tir a Xem: tir hinh, tir86 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC bién thé ty do (free variant) Bién thé khong bi quy dinh vé vi tri. Néu hai am xuat hién trong mot béi cénh khéng twong phan, tire 1a thay thé am nay bang am kia khong tao ra nhirng hinh thire tir khac nhau, ma phat 4m khac nhau ctia cing tir dy thi hai am do 1 bién thé tu do cua nhau. Chang b ic phy dm tac trong tiéng Anh khoi chung dig truéc 4m né khac hode 4m mii nhu trong cac tir, ngit sau: act “hanh d6ng”, apt “co thé”, that boy “thing bé nay morning “chao budi sang”. Nhig am tic khong no nay Ia bi tu do cla phién ban tac né cia ching khi noi can than. Cac am 1a bién thé tu do ctia nhau thudc cling mét am vi. chi tao ra su Xem: bién thé két hop bién t6 (variable) Mot yéu td ngon ngir cé nhiing hinh thire kha la bién 16. Nhing bién thé khdc nhau cua mét bién to c6 thé lién quan dén st oe hau \ ve pene cach. Trong oon cach hoc, neuen bién thé géc, va li do vi sao hong bién the nao © khde pat toan théa man nhu bién thé géc. Nhimg bién thé khac nhau ctia mot bién t6 cing co thé lién quan dén sy khac nhau vé nén tang kinh té - xa hdi, vé giao duc, tudi tac hoc gidi tinh cla ngudi ndi. Co nhiing bién td trong 4m vi hoc, hinh thai hoc, trong cti phap va trong tir vung. Xem: hang thé, bién thé biet chit (literacy) Neudi ta thuong hicu biér chit la kha nang doc va vie van dé khong don gian nhur vay. Biér chiz la mot pham tri mite do. Gitta hai thai cure, doe thong viét thao va mu chit hoan toan, con ¢6 m6t s6 trang thai trung gian. Co ngudi co thé doc bao phd thong, nhung khong thé doc ban théng ké thué khéa, tham chi khng doc nhungPhan mat. 777 Khai niém ng6n nai hoc duve loi chi dan trén lo thude: Co ngudi tuy 6 thé doe rat nhicu tai ligu Khae nhau. nhung khong the viet ve bat ctr thir gi dt: de hicu. ng xde dinh mire ti thicu cua kha nar Neu ta da 66 wo doc-vidt dé hoat dong co higu qua trong mdt thé gidi bi chi phéi boi cae tai ligu viel. nhung cing khong dé ding. Kha nang doc viet tay thude vio vige 66 day han cach danh van, cach cham Ki nang bie chit, char cau, cach diing tir, cau trie cau va tao van ban... trong trudng hoe hay khong? GO Viet Nam, trinh do biét chi tly thude vao churong trinh day x6a nan mii chit do BO Gido duc quy dinh. Mire t6i thigu cia kha nang doc viet con phu thude vao vige ngudi ta c6 dat ra muc tidu day ngdn nei chudn cho nhang ngudi ndi nhimg bign thé ngdn ngit khong chuan hay khong? Trong thé gidi ndi tiéng Anh hién nay. neudi ta chap nhan mot pham vi rong rai eta nhimn ich ding khong chuan; 6 nhimg noi kha kha nang doc-viet cai ng6n ngit co uy tin 6 dia phurong hinh thite va nguoi ta lai uu tién cho Xem: mi chit biét ngit (jargon) Nhiing tir ngit duge str dung han ché vé mat xa hoi, tite li nhimg tir ngit khong phai todn din ding ma chi mot ting lop xa hoi nao do dung ma thdi. Noi chung, mai ting lép xa hdi co chung mot hoan canh, mot cach s6ng, 6 thé tao ra mot sé tir ngir riéng chi ding trong noi bd tng Isp minh, Nhung tr ngtr nhur vay déu c6 thé goi la bigt gtr. Bigt ngit IG thuge vio ting giai cap, ting ting lop xa hoi nhat dinh nhung néu can ctr vaio dé ma cho rang ngén ngit co tinh giai cap 1a hoan toan sai lim. Moi tang lép, moi giai cap déu co chung mot hé théng ngit Am, mot hé thong ng phap nhu ngdn ngir toan dn, Hoan toan khéng ¢6 hg thing ngtr Am, he thong ngit phip riéng cho timg gia cap, timg tang lop. Bigt ngit ca md Aj han che & mot so tir ngir riéng bist ma thoi. § ting lop chi 0 Vai toan bd hé thong tir veng ctia ngdn nei, bist nett chi chiéy mOt bO phan rat nh6, Hon nia, diét ngtr durge cau tao trén co sé ca ng6n ngir toan dan Xem: tir vung toan dan, tiéng long88 __TTTKHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC biét ngir ca nhiin (idiolect) Bién thé ngon ngir trong cach str dung cua ed nhan. Mdi cong dong ng6n ngt co mot phuong ng6n thi mdi ngudi Ndi cing co nhiing tir, ngit, va cach dién dat tr tuéng riéng ma minh ua chudn! Ching ta thuing noi “tiéng Viét etia Ong X. tiéng Viet ctia chi Y" vi ching ta c6 thé nhan ra ho qua cach ho noi va viet, Chung ta 66 thé xet doan ngudi qua loi ndi cia ho true khi bit ho. Giong noi. d6 cao, m6 hirh trong am. sw Iya chon tir vung va cau tric net phap thong béc 16 dic tinh ca nhan etia mdi ngudi. Tinh duy nhat do cla biét ngtr ca nhan duge tao ra tir su ket hop etia tat ca hodie i hét cde die trung ngén gir. Tat cd nhiing nét do Kim thanh nhing da ngudi. Trong ngon ngir viet, né thudng dan dén van dé phong cach trung khu biét, chi ra nhan cach va ca tinh cua moi Phong cach nha van nay khac phong c’ich nha van kia. biéu dé hinh cfy (tree diagram) Mot kiéu dc biét ctia sur trinh bay bang d6 thi cau true ctia cau. Cae nha ng6n ngir hee quan niém mi cau bao gdm mat sd bd phan va mi b6 phan lai gdm mét sé bd phan nhé hon va ctr nhu thé di dén b6 phan nho nhat. Mai bd phan thud phap nao do. Ngudi ta co thé minh hoa true quan kicu cau trac dé dudi dang mét do thi duge goi la biéu do hinh cdy. Mi nhanh cia cay thé hign mot thanh t6 ctia edu va mdi thanh t6 duge dan nhan bang cde thudt ngir ctia cdc lop ngir phap. Chang han. edu The boy ate the apple duge minh hoa nhu sau: vé mot pham trit ed | Det N The boy ate the applePhan mot. 777 Khai niém ngén ngu hoc 89 Cach viet tat S = edu: NP danh nei. VP vi ngit: N danh ur, V © vite: Det = dinh nei Xem: phan tich thanh t6 truc tiép bieu higu (symbol) Biéu hiéu la nhitng tin hié cai duge biéu dat cé tinh chat quy uoc. Chang han, hinh chiee can la biéu higu cia céng li. Trong ngon ngir hoc, ngudi ta thuong co nhimg biéu higu nhu: S: chi ngir, O: bé ngit, V: ma quan hé giita cdi bicu dat va tir. Xem: chi higu, hinh higu biéu thire ngon hanh (performative expression) éu cau tric tng voi mét phat ngdn ngén hanh la mét biéu dute ngén hanh. Bicu thite ngén hanh co taé duge danh dau bang dic diém cau trac ctia phat ngdn, bang ngir d bing nhing tir ngir dac thi ma ngudi ta thudng goi 1a nhing dau higu ng6n hanh. Negi php truyén thong khi nghién ctru cac cau phan loai theo mue dich ndi thi thu té ng6n hanh cua nhing hanh dong ngon tir trong tng. Co thé goi mot uva Ja nghién ctru cac biéu thirc CAn ctr vao muc dich giao tiép, ngwdi ta thudng chia cau tiéng Viét thanh 4 loai 1a: cau tran thudt, cdu hoi, cu cau khién va cau cam than. Thi du: -Trdi ddt quay xung quanh mat troi Cau tran thuat -Anh xem b6 phim nay chica? Cau hoi - Hay ngoi vao cho di! Cau cau khién -Dep v6 cing T6 quéc ta oi! Cau cam than Vé mat cau trac, mdi kigu cau trén co nhimg dac diém riéng biéu thire quy chiéu (refering expression) Nhing hinh thie ngén ng& ma ngudi ndi hoac ngudi viet di ding cho phép ngudi nghe, ngwai doe nhan dién cai gi do. Cae tén90 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC rigng, ching han, Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Tra Vinh, Hing, Tudn v.v 1a nhing bigu thie quy chiéu it phy thude vao hoan canh g 20 tiép nhat. Bigu thie quy chigu co thé 1a cae danh ngir xde dinh, chang han: phong vién nay, ca st kia, 6 sinh vien dy....: cde danh net khdng xe dinh, ching han: mor phong vién nao db, m6t ca si nao d6,...; cic dai tir chi ngdi, chang han: 16), may, nd, ho, v.v. Lara chon biéu thire quy chiéu nao li dua vao cai ma ngudi ndi cho rang ngudi nghe da biet. Trong ngir canh ma moi nguoi déu nhin thay ding cae dai tir lam biéu thire quy chiéu 6 thé du dé quy chiéu thanh cong, nhung ¢ nhimng ché viée nhan dién kh6 khan hon thi co thé ding nhig danh ngit phite tap. Thi du: Anh cé nho cai co xinh xinh, mat irdi xoan 6 lop K39 khong? Nhu thé, quy chiéu rd rang gin bo voi nhig y dinh va niém tin cla ngudi noi khi str dung ng6n ngit. Dé co su quy chiéu ding ching ta phai cong nhin vai tro cia suy ludn, boi vi gitta cac thu thé va cac tir Khong ¢6 moi lién hé trye tiép nén nhiém vu ciia ngwoi nghe 1a phai suy luin ding ngudi noi cé ¥ dinh nhan dién thye thé nao khi diing mot biéu thre quy chiéu. Ngudi ta thuong muén quy chiéu vao ngudi va vat nao d6 ma khong biét chinh xd ding tir ndo Him tén goi ctia no 1a Lot nhat. Ching ta hay ndi mét cach mo hd: Cai gi trang irdng 6 trén ni: Cai gi nhay nhdy; Cai gi dong day 6 trén tran,... va tin ring ngudi nghe c6 thé quy chiéu vao ding cai ma ching ta nghi, Nhw thé, ca ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe déu c6 vai tro khi suy nghi ve cai ngudi khac c6 6 trong dau. Xem: quy chiéu, biéu thire tryre chi fu trung 4m thanh (sound symbolism) We ging giai thich mot tir ma Am cia no true tigp truyén dat mot sé binh dién y nghia cia né. Kiéu biéu trung am thanh thong thuong nhat chinh tir tuong thanh va tr trong hinh (onomatopoeia). ‘Tir trong thanh 1a tir bicu thi gidi the ma hinh thite cla no cé ging bat chuse am thanh do. t ket... Ngoai r: m thanh cua the thi . trong tiéng du: dép, dét, leng keng, loc coc. ¢Phan mot. 777 Khai niém ngén now hoc a Viet con e6 nhing kiéu biéu trong dm thanh khae nhur ding am thanh dé m6 phong dong tic, hinh ding. anh sang. mot thude tinh nao do cua su vat: ding dor tac cau dm va hinh dang cua khi quan phat am dé m6 phong hinh «i ing. dng tic. v.v, cua doi tong. Thi du: hinh dang va dong tac cdu aim etia cae tr “Yeurdi) mim", “(ersi) © tiép m6 phong dong tac curdi mim — cud ma van khép mdi va cudi ha ha ~ ewoi phai ha to miéng. Trong tieng Vist. ha ha" vt su hoa phdi ngé am & cae tir lap lay cing co tac dung goi ta nhat dinh vé nghia. Thi du: lia shia khong nhimg chi biéu hign khai niém dca ma con goi len mot bigu trong cu thé vé Khai nigm do. Biéu trung am thanh tao ra nhig ngoai 1é déi voi nguyén li tinh vo doin cua ng6n nei. Xem: tinh vé doan, hinh hiéu, tinh hinh higu bé ngir (complement) Thanh phan ct phap bé nghia cho vi tir é mat ¥ nghia, nhitng thanh phan b6 nghia cho vi tir co thé chi: ddi trong hanh dong (vi du: dr com), diém dén (vi du: di Son Tay), diém xud phat (vi du: xvdng ngwa), diém vuot qua (vi dur sang song), ngudi tiép nhan (vi du: ding em), ngudi bi ton that (vi du: vay ban). thoi diém (vi du: ngti wiv), thoi gian (vi du: hoc 3 gid), so lan hanh dong (vi du: sang 2 chuvén), phurong dién (vi du han vé ngit phap), noi chon (vi du: choi & céng vién), phurong tin, cong cu. chat ligu (vi du: dn dita), dé tugng cling tham gia vao trong hanh dong (vi du: choi voi em), ndi dung diéu sai khién (vi du: bat hoc), phuong hu6ng (vi du: chay vao), vie di déi voi hanh dong chinh (vi du: ngdi chd), sit hoan thanh (vi du: Jam xong), thé cach ctia hinh dong (vi du: chav nhanh), diéu tic dong vao minh (vi du: nghe nhac, nghe thay ging). diéu nhan dinh ve mot su viée nao d6 (vi du: /@ sinh vien), ndi dung cam nghi noi nang (vi du: bicr rang hing), ket qua (vi du: di no), nguyén nhan (vi dus hong vi dot), mac dich (vi du: nghi cho khée), diéu dem ra so sanh (vi du boi éch, chav nh bay)... Mot 6 nha ngdn ngit hoe cho tat ca92 777 KHAI NIEM NGON NGU HOC nhimng thanh phan trén déu la bo ngit (Cao Xuan Hao): nhiéu nha ng6n ngit hoc kha lai phan biét trong do mot sé thanh phan 1a bo ngir, m6t sé thanh phan Ia trang ngit: B6 ngér 1 nhimg thanh t6 phu ding dé bé sung nhimg chi thiét cho nhimng nhém dong tir nhat dinh; y nghia cia bé ngir bi chi phi boi y nghia khai quat cia nhom vj tir trung tam. Thi dy: dn com, di Ha Noi, tang cho em,... Trang ngit la nhimg thanh t6 phy bd sung nhimg chi tiet chung cho rat nhiéu nhém vi tir khac nhau; y nghia cia trang ngir khéng bi chi phdi boi y nghia khdi quat cia vj tir (Nguy chu: mon Thi du: ngu tra, hoc 4 gio, chay nhanh,... Vé mat hinh thtrc, c6 hai loai b6 ngit: 1. Loai chi dign dat dug bang tir va ngir doan. Thi du: — Do danh tir, ngir danh tir dam nhiém: dn com, di Ha Noi — Do vj tir va ngér vj tir dam nhiém: bit hoc 2. Loai c6 thé dién dat bang ca tir, ngit doan va ménh dé. Thi du: ~nghe nhac, nghe thay giang,... — la nhue, la né lam trén nhiém vu cia minh Cach phan biét bd ngit ruc tiép va bd ngit gidn tiép tong tiéng Viét cing khdc nhau. Mot sé ngudi quan niém bé ngit tre tiép 1a loai bd ngit tiép xtc ngay vdi trung tam, gitra no va trung tam khéng c6 quan hé tir. Thi du: cho em bé mdt cdi keo, nghe thay gidng bai, giang bi Bé ngit gidn tiép 1 loai bd ngir khong tiép xuic ngay v6i trung tam, ngdn cach vi trung tam bang gidi tir. Thi du: dem cho anh mot tin vui; (Cao Xuan Hao). Nhiéu ngwai khae lai quan nigm b6 nga truc tiép 1a loai bd ngit khong thé cl quan hé tir vao giira vi tir va bo ngit. Thi du: an com, nghe nhac, bat hoc, chay vao,...: BO ngit gidn tiép 1a loai bd ngit c6 thé chen hode khong chen quan hé tir vao giita vi tir va b6 ngit. Thi du: ting (cho) 16i, vay (ctia) ban,... (Nguyén Tai Can)Phan mét. 777 Khai niém ngén ngit hoc 93 Vé cuong vi cua bé nei 6 trong edu. ceding 66 nhiéu quan niém khac nhau Cho bé ng la thank phan chinh cia cdu. Da sé ede nha ngOn nyt hoc cho chit ngi va vi ngt la thanh phan chinh cua cau, nong cot cla cau don song p Jin bao gid cing chi la chu ngit va vi ngit, Mot sd nha ngon ngit hoe cho ca bo ngit cling thuge nong cot cui cau. Nhu thé, thanh phan chinh etia cu sé 1a chu ngit. vi ngér va bé ngit. (V.S.Panfilov) ~ Cho bé ngit la thanh phan phu ctia cau. Hai thanh phan chu yéu ctia cau Li chii nga va vi ngi. Ngoai ra, cdu con co nhiing thanh phan thir yéu la: dinh ngi, bo ngi, trang ngit.... (Hoang Tug. Truong Van Chinh) Cho b6 ngir chi la thanh phan phu ctia ngt doan vi tr. (Nguyen Kim Than) Cho bé ngif vira 14 thanh phan thir yéu cla cau, vira 1a thanh phan phu cua ngtr doan. (Nguyen Tai Can) Xem: trang ngif, tan ngir buéc thoai (move) Theo li thuyét phan tich dién ngon & Anh va li thuyét hoi thoai Thuy Si — Phap thi lot n6i khong phai 1a mOt don vi hdi thoai Theo ho, su trao dap gdm hai bwdec thoai (theo thuat ngir cu thuyét phan tich dién ngén) hode hai tham thoai ~— intervention (theo thuat ngit cua li thuyét hdi thoai Thuy Si — Phap). Mot bud thoai do mOt ngudi ndi ra co thé 14 mot Iuot ndi ma ciing co thé La mot bo phan ctia lot noi. Nhu vay, bude thoai 1a mot don vi ca dién ng6n, c6 thé nho hon mot lugt ndi. Thi du: Dap lai edu tra loi ctia sinh vién, thay giao noi a li Ping roi, anh co the cho them mot vi du duge khéng?. O \wot noi nay, 6 hai bude thoai la: a) Diing roi. la phan tmg ciia thay ddi voi cau tra loi duing cla sinh vién. b) Anh c6 thé cho thém mot vi du duoc khéng?, 1a goi mo mot cau tra Li khac cua sinh vién Xem: lot noi