Se) Cutech Arabia LLC Liquid Penetrant Testing LEVEL -II Training Course Prepared by Dr. Samir Saad General Manager Cutech Arabia LLCAZ About the Author Experience: 17 Years (Oil and Gas) Skills & Expertise + Welding and Welding Inspection + Non-Destructive Testing + Material Technology + In Service & On-stream Inspection + Corrosion and Management + Asset Integrity Management DrSamir Saad Education Certification MSS. and Ph.D. degrees in Welding Engineering Technology. Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Professional Certification ‘ASME Authorized Inspector (A), Boland Pressure Vessel [ASNT NDT LEVEL Min 11 methods, ASNT 10: 190002, 41. Visual and Optical Testing (VT). "7. Magnetic fx leakage Testing (MEL), 2. Radiographic Testing (FN, 8. inferred thermal testing (IR), 3. Utresonic Testing (UT). 9. Leak Testing (LD, 4. Liquid Penetrant Testog (PT), 10. Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) 5. Magnetic Testing (MM), 11. Newton Radiography (NA) 6. Electromagnetic Tesing (ET), ‘AWS-CWEng, -Cortiiod Welding Engineer, ID NO. 17010086. AWS-CWE - Cerfied Welding Educator, ID NO, 1902001€. ‘ANS-CWI - Certied Welding Inspector, 1D NO. 19021321. ‘ANS-CWS ~ Certied Welding Superasor, ID NO. 20030008, [AWS-CWSR - Cored Welding Sales Representative, 1D NO. 2003000R {ESWIP 3.22 - Senior Welting Inspector Personal, ID NO.74305, [BGAS-CSWIP-Painting Inspocior Grade 2-8GAS, 10:529730 ‘API 610- Pressure Vessel Inspector ID NO_ 35376, [API 870. Process Piping Inspector ID NO. 38328 ‘API 683. aboveground storage tank inspector ID NO. 96171 ‘APL RP 880 -Risk-Basod Inspection professional ID NO. 52784 ‘APLRP 671- Corrosion and Materials Profesional ID NO. 56359 ‘API 936 - Rofractory Personnol, 1D NO. 94784 [APIST7 = Welding Inspection and Metalurgy, 10 NO, 94785 [API SIFE-Source Inspector:Finad Equipment, ID NO. 95780 Lead auditor according to 180 9001:2018 from IRCChapter Qualification and Certification we Requirements = y ! Dr-Samir Saad3XThe following documents outline personnel qualification and certification requirements: 1. ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. 2. ANSI/ASNT CP-189: Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Personnel. 3. ACCP: ASNT Central Certification Program. 4. NAS 410, National Aerospace Standard Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel.i Training and Qualification Process: Certification of NDT personnel is the responsibility of the employer A person who is in the process of training and qualification is considered a trainee. Three Basic Levels of Qualification LEVEL | —is qualified to perform specific calibrations, specific tests, and specific evaluations. The NDT Level I should receive the necessary instruction and supervision from a certified NDT Level 1! or Ii individual. LEVEL I — is qualified to set up and calibrate equipment and to interpret and evaluate results with respect to codes, standards and specifications. LEVEL Ill — must be capable and responsible for establishing techniques, interpreting codes, and designating the test method and technique to be used. The NDT Level Ill, in the methods in which certified, should be capable of training and examining NDT Level | and Il personnel for certification in those methods.i* Qualification Requirements: 1. Organized training (required class hours). |. Required testing (general, specific, practical). . Education (depends on written practice). . Experience (documented hours). . Physical attributes to perform examinations (vision acuity and color contrast test performed annually). XL Certification + Certification is a written testimony that an individual has met all the qualifications of a company’s written practice.Chapter.2 Introduction to Liquid y Penetrant Testing— fo | Surface Surface/sub-surface and Volumetric 1Nisual Testing(VT) 1.Radiography Testing(RT) 2.Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) 2.Ultrasonic Testing(UT) (surface and near surface , applied on only ferromagnetic material) 3. Penetrant Testing (PT) (any defects open to surface) 4, Eddy Current (ET) ( surface and near surface)xt Nondestructive testing methods are used for the following reasons: 1 rz, 3 4. 5 6. ve 8. . To ensure product integrity and reliability. . To avoid test object failure, prevent accidents and save lives. . To make user profits. To ensure customer satisfaction. . To aid in better product design. To lower manufacturers’ costs. . To maintain uniform quality levels. . To ensure operations readiness.Xf Liquid penetrant testing is one of the oldest methods of nondestructive testing. XE The origin of liquid penetrant testing is generally attributed to the inspection of wheel axles in the railroad industry in the 1890s Xt The oil-and-whiting test involves 1) immersing test objects in oil and then wiping with rags dampened with kerosene. 2) Powdered chalk was used to dust the surface to increase the visibility of any oil leaking back onto the test object surface.Xf Some advantages of liquid penetrant testing include the following: Liquid penetrant testing quickly examines all accessible surfaces. Liquid penetrant testing detects very small surface discontinuities. It can be used on a wide variety of materials including ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys and fired ceramics. It uses relatively inexpensive and nonsophisticated equipment. Sensitivity magnifies size and location of discontinuities. Technicians can visually detect indications. 4. 5. 6. Sensitivity can be adjusted by selection of penetrant, removal technique and type of developer. da 8. Liquid penetrant testing can be used for in-service checks to resolve production problems earlyXL Penetrant Testing (PT), is a nondestructive testing method that builds on the principle of Visual Inspection. XE PT increases the “seeability” of small discontinuities that the human eye might not be able to detect alone. Xf Penetrant examination is a sensitive method of detecting and locating diseontiiuities, provided the discontinuities are;dearand-open to theisuriace: XE Applicable to all non-porous, non-absorbing materials. XE However, liquid penetrant testing can only be used to inspect for flaws that break the surface of the sample (such as surface cracks, porosity, laps, seams, lack of fusion, etc.).X£Types of Discontinuities can be detected Via PT * All defects that are open to the surface. > Rolled products-- cracks, seams, laminations. > Castings--cold shuts, hot tears, porosity, blow holes, shrinkage. > Forgings- cracks, laps, external bursts. > Welds- cracks, porosity, undercut, overlap, lack of fusion, lack of penetration.what Can NOT be Inspected Via PT? “ Components with rough surfaces, such as sand castings, that trap and hold penetrant. Porous ceramics Wood and other fibrous materials. Plastic parts that absorb or react with the penetrant materials. Components with coatings that prevent penetrants from entering defects.xt Step 1: Pre-Cleaning > Surface is cleaned to remove all contaminants to the extent that the interior of the discontinuities are clean and dry. Surface to be cleaned using appropriate cleaning methods such that dirt, oil, grease, scale, rust, paint etc are completely entry of penetrant. Part surface cleaned Following cleaning, the part shall be completely dried.it Step 2 : Apply penetrant > > Penetrant may be applied by, spraying, dipping, flooding, brushing. For penetrant application the part temperature must be within 10 to 52°C. Penetrant must be applied to clean dry surface. The entire area to be tested must be covered with a thin layer of penetrant, Penetrant must not dry during the entire test cycle. the penetrant must left on the components surface for approximately 5 to 30 minutes (dwell time). The penetrant enters any defects that may be present by capillary action. Pevetantapeled on sueit Step 3 : Remove Excess penetrant > To detect entrapped penetrant, excess penetrant on the surface is removed. Care must be taken not to remove entrapped penetrant from the discontinuities. Depending on the type of penetrant, excess surface penetrant is removed by one of the following methods, a) Water washable: Rinsing with coarse water spray. b) Hydrophilic: Emulsifying the penetrant (prerinse ) and rinsing with water spray. C) _Lipophilic: Rinsing with emulsifier solution. d) Solvent removable: Manually wiping the surface with solvent dampened cloth. solvent dampened cloth cess peretant reno A Developer is applied to bring entrapped penetrant back to the surface by reverse capillary action [ blotting]. > Adeveloper, uniform coating of fine white powder, is used for blotting the penetrant out of the discontinuities. > Developer also provides contrasting background for the indication. > Penetrant bleeds and spreads into developer and the indication become easily detectable. © The indication may enlarge with time oN w oy Lo Developer apoled, inican pes<< Capillary Action > > > The rise of colored water along a capillary . Notice the concavity of the meniscus Liquid enters narrow openings due to capillary action. Liquid rises through the cavity of a fine bore tube against the gravity. This is known as capillary action. The finer the bore, the more is the capillary force. Soe pereant Liquid enters narrow discontinuities because of capillary forces. A plant takes in water through capillary action. > Agood penetrant must easily spread on the test surface and enter tight discontinuity openings. High surface tension and low contact angle allow liquids to spread on the surface easily (good wetting ability). Liquids having a contact angle of 902 or less will act as penetrants. Contact angle is strongly affected by surface cleanliness. Liquid penetrants are formulated to have high surface tension, low contact angle and low viscosity. Higher viscosity reduces the speed of penetration contact angle low adhesiveness good wettability good solid surface free high energyxt Contact Angle | low Contact angle High Contact angle xt Surface Tension | High Surface Tension Low Surface Tension*t Contact Angle > The height to which the liquid rises is directly proportional to the surface tension of liquid & to. the cosine of the angle contact and it is inversely proportional to density of the liquid & the radius of the capillary tube. the surface tension Strongly affected by conta! ation > The viscosity of the liquid is not a factor in the basic equation of capillary rise. 9>90°,h <0 9<90%,h>0 n= 278080 par In the formula shown at the left (which you need not memorize!) = elevation of the liquid (m) = surface tension (N/m) 6 = contact angle (radians) p= density of liquid (kg/m) g = acceleration of gravity (m/s) (r= radius of tube (m)Contact Angle > Fig. c: if the contact angle between the liquid & the wall of the capillary tube is less than 90° “the liquid is said to wet the surface, or to have good wetting ability”, the liquid meniscus in the tube is concave, and the liquid rises in the tube, > Fig. b: If 0 = 90°, there is no capillary depression or rise. > Fig. a: If 0> 90°, the liquid depressed in the tube and doesn’t wet the tube wall and the meniscus is. convex. Capillary Tubes ow © Greater than 90° Results In Depression (Very Poor Wetting)<< Viscosity > Viscosity is a measure of liquid's resistance to a charge in physical shape. > Viscosity varies widely with temperature, decreasing when temperatures are raised & increase when temperatures Viscometer tube, is used to measure viscosty are lowered. Unit of viscosity, area / time, mm/sec, m?/sec. Viscosity has a strong effect on the time taken for capillary Cre eaneiety a ¥ "5 centistokes = 5 mm2/sé action to work Viscosity T + Tdwell time. High viscosity penetrants cling to the part surface and Viscosity of penetrant is require increased effort in removal, which increases ¥ Smm?/sec at room temp, dragout cases and dwell time. ¥_3mm*fsec at 38°C, Very thin (low viscosity) penetrants may drain fromthe part so quickly that insufficient penetrant remains on the part surface to fill any discontinuities. 56/0 Dr.Semir SaadChapter 3 Penetrant Materials woe = y ! Dr.Samir SaadxX Penetrants are formulated to possess a number of important characteristics. To perform well, a penetrant must:. . Spread easily over the surface being inspected. . Be drawn into surface breaking defects by capillary action or other mechanisms. . Remain in the defect but remove easily from the surface of the part. . Remain fluid through the drying and developing steps so it can be drawn back to the surface. . Be highly visible or fluoresce brightly to produce easy to see indications. . Not be harmful to the inspector or to the material being tested.Type Penetrant dye Method Of removal Sensitivity For type lonly Developer Solvent Removers Type! Fluorescent penetrant Type lt Visible penetrant (color contrast). Type i Dual mode (visible/ fluorescent). Method A ‘Water- washable Method B postemulsifiable "Lipophilic” Method ¢ Solvent removable Method D postemulsifiable "Hydrophilic" Level #/, Ultra low Level 1 Low Level 2 Medium Level 3 High Level 4 Ultra high FormA: Dry powder. FormB: Water soluble, Form: /FormD: NonaqueousType | (fluorescent). Form: Nonaqueous Type Il (wisible dye). Form F: ‘Special applications Water suspendible. Class (1) Halogenated (nonflammable) Class (2) Nonhalogenated (flammable) Class (3) Special Application Fluorescent penetrants provide a greenish yellow indication against a dark background when viewed in a darkened area under a black (ultraviolet) light source. > Fluorescent penetrant is more sensitive than Visible penetrant (color contrast) because the eye is more sensitive to a bright indication on a dark background. > Sensitivity For type | is Level 1/2: Ultra low , Level 1: Low, Level 2: Medium, Level 3: High and Level 4: Ultra high.Xithere are three basic classification types by dye. 2) Type II: Visible penetrant (color contrast). > Visible penetrant is usually red in color to provide a contrast against the white developer background. Normal white light is usually sufficient to view the discontinuities. > There is no sensitivity level classification for Type Il penetrant systems. 2) Type III: Dual mode (visible/ fluorescent). ¥ Combination of fluorescent and color dye. > Examined under ultra violet as well as ordinary light. Used for special applications.| Availability of Liquid Penstrant.._} Bleed out viewed under a UV-A light source Fluorescent penetrant. HA ch Color contrast Penetrant<% Penetrants are also classified by the method of removing the excess penetrant. 1) Method A: Water- washable » Highly penetrating, oily liquids containing a built in emulsifying agent (as self-emulsifying systems) that renders the oily media washable with water. The simplest to use are visible penetrants or color contrast penetrants, because no fluorescent lighting is required, Greater visibility is obtained if fluorescent penetrants are used and viewed under ultraviolet radiation. penetrants are removed with a course spray of water. They are the easiest to employ and most cost effective when inspecting large<% Penetrants are also classified by the method of removing the excess penetrant. 1) Method A: Water- washable > Advantages > Disadvantages 1. Easily washed with water 1 . Not reliable for detecting scratches and similar Good for quantities of small specimens shallow surface discontinuities (batch testing) Good on rough surfaces 2. Not reliable on reruns of specimens 3. Not reliable on anodized surfaces Good on keyways and threads 4. Acids and chromates affect sensitivity Good on wide range of discontinuities 5, Easily over-washed Fast, single step process 6. Penetrant subject to water contamination Relatively inexpensive Available in oxygen compatible formxt Penetrants are also classified by the method of removing the excess penetrant. Q) Method B & D : Postemulsifiable > Postemulsification penetrants are available as either visible or fluorescent penetrants. When applied to a post-emulsification penetrant, emulsifiers combine with the penetrant to make the resultant mixture water washable. The emulsifier, usually dyed orange to contrast with the penetrant, may be either lipophilic (oil base) or hydrophilic (detergent water base). Typical Emulsifier Dip Tankx Penetrants are also classified by the method of removing the excess penetrant. 2) Method B : Postemulsifiable "Lipophilic” Method B is lipophilic (oil loving). Used to emulsify the excess oily penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering it water washable. Application is done by dipping immersion . Agitation of the test object is prohibited. Brush-on or spray-on is not permitted. The mechanism of lipophilic is by diffusion. Emulsification time is critical and must be carefully controlled for reproducible results.x Penetrants are also classified by the method of removing the excess penetrant. 2) Method B : Postemulsifiable "Lipophilic” Method B is lipophilic (oil loving). Used to emulsify the excess oily penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering it water washable. Application is done by dipping immersion . Agitation of the test object is prohibited. Brush-on or spray-on is not permitted. The mechanism of lipophilic is by diffusion. Emulsification time is critical and must be carefully controlled for reproducible results. Advantages > Disadvantages . High sensitivity for very fine 1. Two step process discontinuities 2. Equipment required for emulsifier . Good on wide shallow discontinuities application . Easily washed with water after 3. Difficult to remove penetrant from emulsification threads, keyways, blind holes and rough Short penetration time surfaces Cannot be easily over washedXt Penetrants are also classified by the method of removing the excess penetrant. 4) Method C: Solvent removable > solvent dampened cloth penetrants are removed by wiping with a cloth ——==—~ ee = dampened with solvent. They are supplied in aerosol cans for portability and are primarily used for spot checks. Available in Type | and II materials. Aerosol cans do not require daily calibration or contamination checks. Weldment on a construction job site is usually inspected with a visible penetrants using a solvent removable method.XtPenetrants are also classified by the method of removing the excess penetrant. 4) Method C: Solvent removable > Advantages > Disadvantages . Portability 1. Flammable materials . No water required 2. Removal of excess surface penetrant be used in open tanks 3. Difficult to use on rough surfaces. such as cast magnesium . Good for spot checking Specimens can be rerun 1 2. 3. Good on anodized specimens is time consuming Materials cannot 4. 5.3 Developer > Development of penetrant indications is the process of bringing the penetrant out of discontinuities open to the surface through blotting action of the applied developer. > This increases the visibility of the indications under suitable visible white light or fluorescent light. 3 Developer materials are available in several different forms 1) Form A: Dry Powder Fluffy powder that is applied to dry test surfaces. Most adaptable to rough surfaces and automatic processing. > » Easiest to remove. > Care should be taken not to contaminate developer with fluorescent penetrant. > Penetrant contamination may cause specks that appear as indications.XkDeveloper materials are available in several different forms 1) Form A : Dry Powder > Advantages 1. Easy to handle 2. No hazardous vapours 3. Easy to remove > Disadvantages 1s Difficult to see if properly applied . Fine powders can be hazardous . Does not offer the best degree of colour contrastXtDeveloper materials are available in several different forms 2) Form D : Nonaqueous Wet Developer (Type | & Type Il) > Suspension of developer particles in a rapid drying solvent. > Used with solvent removable processing. > Applied only to dry surfaces. > This type of developer is intended for application by spray only. > It is too costly and difficult to apply to large areas.XtDeveloper materials are available in several different forms 2) Form D : Nonaqueous Wet Developer (Type | & Type I!) > Advantages > Disadvantages 1. Most sensitive 1. Hazardous solvents 2. Usable with fluorescent 2. Higher cost or colour contrast 3. Need to be correctly appliedX{Developer materials are available in several different forms 3) Form C & B: Aqueous “Water-Based” Developers > Applied before drying the test object. >The aqueous wet developer is suitable for high temperature examination A. Form C: Water suspendible developer: "Particles are held in suspension in water and require continuous agitation to keep the particles in suspension. B. Form B: Water soluble developer: Powder is dissolved in water, forming a solution; once mixed they remain mixed. Indications sometimes lack definition and look milky. Not recommended for use with water-washable penetrants.XtDeveloper materials are available in several different forms 3) Form C & B: Aqueous “Water-Based” Developers > Advantages > Disadvantages 1. No vapours or dust 1. Difficult to apply evenly 2. Cheaper than non- 2. Requires drying after application aqueousxt Developer materials are available in several different forms Peer el Paes 1) Dry immersion (D.P). Least sensitive 2) Dry dust cloud (air agitation) 3) Dry fluidized bed. 1) Dry dust cloud (electrostatic) Increasing sensitive 2) Aqueous wet (immersion) 3) Water globule (immersion) 1) Aqueous wet (spray) 2) Water soluble (spray) 3) Plastic film (spray) 4) Non-Aqueous wet (solvent spray) Most sensitivext Developer materials are available in several different forms 1. The type of developer affects liquid penetrant system sensitivity. 2. Nonaqueous wet developers are the most sensitive, followed by aqueous developer, dry developer and no developer, in that order. Dry powder (solvent spry) sensitivity is slight lower than water soluble for smooth test object, but is it more sensitive for rough test (costing) objects or threads. Dry developer and water soluble developers are not recommended for use with visible penetrant. The use of Non-aqueous (solvent developer) is recommended with water-washable penetrant.Xt Special Purpose Penetrants 1. There are low sulfur and low chlorine materials for testing nickel alloys, certain stainless steels and titanium. 2. High and low temperature penetrants are available for special applications. 3. Low-energy emulsifiers and inhibited solvent removers are available to slow emulsification and the removal of excess penetrant. xt Precautions 1. Ensure that the test object is not damaged or overheated during the test. 2. The technician must ensure that solvent won’t harm the test object. 3. Review the MSDS frequently.Chapter 4 iquid Penetrant Processing is Dr-Samir SaadX Cleaning is accomplished by the use of immersion tanks and or detergent solutions. > Immersion tanks and detergent solutions are common means of assuring that a specimen surface is both physically and chemically clean > Cleaning is accomplished as follows: Detergents wet the substrate. Penetrates various soils. Emulsification. Saponification (change to soap). Substrate is rinsed and driedX£Cleaning processes include the following: B. Detergent Cleaning. > Detergent Cleaning Equipment: Suitable rinsing stations. Suitable drying stations. Thorough rinsing and drying after detergent cleaning will leave the substrate physically and chemically clean for liquid penetranttesting.eaning processes include B. Detergent Cleaning.3 Cleaning processes include the following: C. Vapor Degreasing. > Vapor degreasing is effective for the following procedures: Removal of oils. Removal of greases. Removal of other similar organic contaminations. Vapor degreasing does not require a rinse or drying (oven) step. Vapor degreasing can be hazardous to the environment. Vapor degreasing safety is a large concern due to health hazards. Vapor degreasing is limited to cleaning of substrates that have been approved for this type of cleaning method.X<£Cleaning processes include the following: D. Steam Cleaning. > Precleaning with steam and alkaline detergents provide ideal cleaning. . Alkaline detergent emulsifies, softens or dissolves organic contamination. . Steam provides mechanical action for removal of detergents/contaminations from the surface of the substrate. . Steam cleaning is suitable for cleaning large, unwieldy components which are not easily submerged.X<£Cleaning processes include the following: E. Ultrasonic Cleaning. > Ultrasonic cleaning is often combined with detergent or alkaline cleaning. > Combined ultrasonic cleaning improves efficiency and reduces cleaning time. > Ultrasonic cleaning is useful for cleaning large quantities of small test objects. > Ultrasonic agitation requires special approval on some substrates.[ Precleaning and Postcleaning of Test Objects ) xt Cleaning processes include the following: E. Ultrasonic Clean Parts cleaned by microscopic bubbles which explodes An Ultrasonic cleaning and displaces surrounding material. It ultrasonic method Uni with Rewer: ‘may take 30 to 60 minutes for complote supply cleaning.X Approved commercial scale, rust, oxides and corrosion removers include the following. 1. Acid rust removers. 2. Alkaline rust removers. > These require special equipment, and specific procedures should be followed.X Paint removal methods include the following. 1. solvent type paint removers 2. alkaline type paint removers > These require special equipment, and specific procedures should be followed.Removing paint with solvent wipe. Removing paint with solvent.<£Cleaning processes include the following: H. Etching. 1. Some machining, surface finishing and cleaning operations can cause a thin layer of metal to smear on the surface and prevent penetrant from entering any flaws that may be present 2. Acid or alkaline solutions are used to remove smeared metal from operations, including the following: a. Power wire brushing. b. Sand blasting. 3. Solutions open up grinding burrs and remove smeared metals. Etching and neutralization processes use either tanks/immersion or manual equipment.X£Cleaning processes include the following: H. Etching.<£Precleaning Processes to be Avoided: > The following methods should not be used before liquid penetrant tests. 1. Blasting (shot, sand, grit, pressure, etc.). 2. Liquid honing. 3. Emery cloth. 4. Power wire brushes. > These processes tend to close discontinuities by smearing metal, peening or cold working the surface.[ Application of Penetrant } << Penetrant applications include the following: . Spraying. Usually using a low pressure circulation pump or from pressurized spray cans Brushing, Usually applied with rags, cotton waste, or brushes. Pouring. The penetrant is simply poured over the surface Dipping/Immersing The entire part is dipped into a tank of penetrant.XE Before penetrant application part surface must be thoroughly cleaned and dried. 3 The penetrant must cover the examination area in a thin consistent layer. Xf Penetrant may be applied by dipping, spraying, flooding or brushing. ee Application by rubbing with a penetrant soaked cloth is not permitted. xt Test surfaces should remain wetted the entire penetrant dwell time. xt Ultraviolet radiation sources may assist when using fluorescents.Application of Penetrant %E Color Contrast = Application of penetrant also * technicians should review proceduresApplication of Penetrant aE Fluorescent = Test object held in suspension while required dwell time elapses for fluorescent process.<{Penetrant dwell time > Penetrant dwell time is a period of time to allow penetrant to enter and fill any discontinuities open to the surface through capillary action. Tight crack line discontinuities may require in excess of 30 minutes for penetration that will give an adequate indication. However, gross discontinuities may be suitably penetrated in 3 to 5 minutes. The temperature of the specimen and temperature of the penetrant can affect the required dwell time. care should be taken not to overheat the specimen since too much heat may cause evaporation of the penetrant from the discontinuity.St Penetrant dwell time Dwell times are based on the assumption that the penetrant will remain wet on the part surface. Additional penetrant may be applied during dwell time. The penetrant manufacturer will provide suggested dwell times for the various penetrants that it produces. xt Development time or Developer dwell time. Liquid penetrant is drawn out of discontinuity entrapments to the test object surface during the so-called development time or developer dwell time. Liquid penetrant may spread into the developer coating to form enhanced indications. This is sometimes referred to as reverse capillary action.XE Itis important for the test to use sufficient penetration and developing time. £ Recommended penetration and developing Aluminium Steel Magnesium Brass and bronze Titanium and high-temperature! alloys{The removal technique depends upon the type of penetrant used, as stated earlier 1. Solvent Removable(Methods C) 2. Water Washable (Methods A ) 3. Postemulsifiable (Methods B and D){< Water Washable (Methods A ) and Postemulsifiable (Methods B and D) = After the required dwell/ emulsification time, the examination area should be: Water rinsed. Course droplets are preferred, as the mechanical action is dependent on the size of drops and velocity at impact. Applied at an oblique angle (45° to 75° is most effective angle). Normal distances of 15 to 61 cm (6 to 24 in.) are acceptable and provide a uniform rate of removal. Temperature range for rinse water is 10 to 38 °C (50 to 100 °F). Water pressure of about 69 to 241 kPa (10 to 35 psi) is generally used. The pressure should not exceed 276 kPa (40 psi).| Excess Penetrant Removal } Prior to spraying of developer, the following procedures should be followed: 1. Aerosol can requires agitation before spraying. 2. The test object must be thoroughly dry. Several thin, uniform coats are preferred over one heavy coat. Acheck spray should be performed before spraying the test surface to prevent spattering of the developer.St Development/Dwell Time . The development of indications does not begin until the moisture is completely evaporated from the developer. |. The test object must be monitored very closely during the developer dwell time to properly evaluate the indications as they form. . Typically, the developer dwell time is a minimum of 10 min. Always reference the specifications. . The point at which the developer dwell time begins depends on the type of developer being used. Wet developer dwell time begins as soon as the developer is dry. Dry and nonaqueous developer dwell times begin at application.Xt Interpretation: "The determination of whether indications are relevant or nonrelevant. 3 Evaluation: = Areview, following interpretation of the indications noted, to determine whether they meet specified acceptance criteria. Xk Types of Indications = Indications form on the surface of test objects during examinations because of discontinuities located on the surfaces. They may be classified as the following: 1. False indications. 2. Nonrelevant indications 3. Relevant indications.Xf False indications 1. A nondestructive testing indication that is interpreted to be caused by a discontinuity at a location where no discontinuity exists. 2. False indications are nonrelevant. 3. In some reference documents, false indications and nonrelevant indications are considered to be the same thing. 4. False indications are caused by the following reasons: A. Lack of cleanliness by poor processing conditions. B. Lack of cleanliness in the testing booth or other aspects of the penetrant process. C. Penetrant on the hands of technicians. D. Contamination of wet or dry developer.itFalse indications 4. False indications are caused by the following reasons: E. Penetrant from other test objects. F, Penetrant on examination table. G. Fluorescent specks or particles. 5. Cleaning and reprocessing a test object is required when false indications are noted. 6. A typical false indication is a piece of lint on a part that resembles a crack during ultraviolet radiation testing.