Synthesis Grid for Discussion Essay

Enter the relevant information into the spaces.

Your Name: Chindy Rosari Tefa (Chindy)

Your Essay Should every babies get breastfed exclusively until at least 6 months old?
Question:

Your Yes, they should.

Contention:

Bibliographical Details Writer position V your Relevant Claims & Supports

of Source contention-Supports (S)
Opposes (O)
Angle e.g. economic
drawbacks, social benefits
(from the writer)
(You may copy and paste the
claims and supports from your
sources here)

V: Breastfeeding is good for Breastfeeding has

Bernardo Horta, Cesar babies health well-established short-term
Victoria. 2013. S: Breastfeeding can reduce benefits, particularly the
Short-term effect of newborns mortality. reduction of morbidity and
breastfeeding. Retrieve mortality due to infectious
from Supports diseases in childhood.
http://apps.who.int/iri Babies health’s benefits
s/bitstream/handle/10
665/95585/9789241506
120_eng.pdf;jsessionid
=431DBB5493AC0BCA9D
95BBC526A71A22?seque
nce=1

http://www.who.int/to
pics/breastfeeding/en/
 V: Breastfeeding can reduce Breast milk is the ideal food for
newborns mortality. newborns and infants. It gives
http://www.who.int/n infants all the nutrients they
ews-room/facts-in-pict S: Breastfeeding provide need for healthy development.
ures/detail/breastfeedi protection from a wide array of It is safe and contains
ng illnesses and infections antibodies that help protect
infants from common childhood
Brenda Dobson, Supports illnesses such as diarrhoea and
Maureen Murtaugh. Babies health’s benefits pneumonia, the two primary
2001. Position of the causes of child mortality
American Dietetic worldwide.
Association: Breaking
the barriers to
breastfeeding.
Retrieved from:
https://search.proques
t.com/docview/218457
509/5DD35B7041DA4C2
BPQ/1?accountid=1366
48

V: Breastfeeding provide Human colostrum (HC) is the

protection from a wide array of first milk produced after birth
Meena L. Godhia, illnesses and infections. and is particularly rich in
Neesah Patel. 2013. immunoglobulin (Ig),
Colostrum - its S: Colostrum as a very first antimicrobial peptides
Composition, Benefits liquid of breast milk is rich in (lactoferrin and lacto
as a Nutraceutical - A immunologic component such peroxidase) and other bioactive
Review. as secretory IgA, lactoferrin, molecule, including growth
and leukocytes. factors which are important for
http://www.foodandnu nutrition, growth and
tritionjournal.org/volu Supports development of newborn
me1number1/colostru Babies health’s benefits infants and also for passive
m-its-composition-bene immunity.
fits-as-a-nutraceutical-
a-review/
Bibliographical Details Writer position V your Relevant Claims & Supports (from
of Source contention-Supports (S) the writer)
Opposes (O)
Angle e.g. economic
drawbacks, social (You may copy and paste the claims
benefits and supports from your sources here)
 V: Breast milk is an Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are
important source of the major contributors to the energy
energy and nutrients for content of human milk (33).
Nancy F Butte, Mardia babies.
Lopez-Alarcon. 2002. Energy requirements derived from
Nutrient adequacy of S: Breast milk provide a the sum of total energy expenditure
exclusive child's energy needs until and energy deposition were used to
breastfeeding for the 6 months old. evaluate the adequacy of human
term infant during the milk to support the energy needs
first six months of life. Supports of exclusively breastfed infants.
http://apps.who.int/iri Babies health’s benefits Energy intakes based on the mean
s/bitstream/handle/10 milk intakes of exclusively
665/42519/9241562110 breastfed infants appear to meet
.pdf?sequence=1 mean energy requirements during
the first 6 months of life. Since
infant growth potential drives milk
production, it is likely that the
distribution of energy intakes matches
the distribution of energy
requirements.
 V: Breast milk can make A meta-analysis of 20 studies about
Dobson, Brenda; infants achieve optimal breastfeeding and cognitive
Murtaugh, Maureen growth and development. development reported that
A.2001. Position of the breastfeeding was associated with
American Dietetic S: Breast milk is an significantly higher scores for
Association: Breaking important source of cognitive development than was
the barriers to energy and nutrients for human milk substitute feeding, and
breastfeeding. babies. low-birth-weight infants showed
https://search.proques larger differences than did
t.com/docview/218457 normal-birth-weight infants (24). More
509/5DD35B7041DA4C2 Supports: importantly, these cognitive
BPQ/1?accountid=1366 Babies health’s benefits developmental benefits increased
48 with the duration of breastfeeding
(23-24).

Vesel, Linda; Bahl, V: Breastfeeding can Exclusive breastfeeding is

Rajiv; Martines, Jose. reduces mortality in recommended for infants up to 6
2010. Use of new malnourished babies. months of age because of its benefits
World Health in reducing morbidity and mortality.13
Organization child S: Breast milk is critical In their systematic review of the
growth standards to source of energy and optimal duration of exclusive
assess how infant nutrients during illness. breastfeeding, Kramer and Kakuma14
malnutrition relates to combined the results of two studies
breastfeeding and Supports: conducted in Honduras and found that
mortality. Babies health’s benefits exclusively breastfed infants had a
https://search.proques lower prevalence of stunting, wasting
t.com/docview/229559 and underweight, although not
731/676448ACBB22480 significantly so.
1PQ/4?accountid=1366
48
Jianghong Liu, Patrick V: Breastfed can improve The attachment aspect of
Leung.2014. mother-infant bonding. breastfeeding underscores the need to
Breastfeeding and consider its potential mental health
Active Bonding S: Early feeding benefits. Psychologically,
Protects against interactions between breastfeeding may enhance the
Children’s Internalizing mother and infant may mother-infant bonding process via
Behavior Problems. result in more positive active talking, eye contact, and
https://www.ncbi.nlm. feeding experiences. skin-to-skin touch. This may help
nih.gov/pmc/articles/P mothers form stronger attachments to
MC3916850/ Supports: offspring and improve maternal
Babies health’s benefits sensitivity, reduce postpartum
depression, and ward off other
negative mood states like maternal
stress. This may indirectly benefit a
child’s mental health, as the
literature detailing the impact of
maternal depression on increasing the
risk of future child and adolescent
psychopathology is compelling.

Infants may similarly derive a mental

health benefit from being breastfed,
including development of more secure
attachments and reduced negative
temperament
 V: Although breastfeeding Breast feeding is contraindicated 1)
World Health is optimal for infants, for infants with phenylketonuria, rare
Organization. 2009. there are a few amino acidurias, and galactosemia; 2)
Acceptable medical conditions under which for infants whose mothers have
reasons for use of breastfeeding may not be diseases such as infectious
breast-milk in the best interest of tuberculosis and venereal disease; and
substitutes. the infant. 3) for infants whose mothers are
http://apps.who.int/iri taking medications which might be
s/bitstream/handle/10 S: Breastfeeding is harmful to the infant.
665/69938/WHO_FCH_ contraindicated in infants
CAH_09.01_eng.pdf?se with classic galactosemia
quence=1 (galactose 1-phosphate
uridyltransferase
deficiency).

Opposes:
Babies health’s benefits

Condon, Marian. 2005. V: Breastfeeding should Routes of exposure to chemicals

Breast Is Best, But It be contraindicated for commonly found in breast milk are by
Could Be Better: What infants whose mothers inhalation, dermal contact, and
Is In Breast Milk That were exposed to the ingestion. This can be as a matter of
Should Not Be? environmental chemicals. course in daily life, through drinking
https://search.proques water and diet. A woman comes in
t.com/docview/199454 S: Contaminated breast contact with a range of environmental
387?accountid=136648 milk can lead to long chemicals in the home that have the
term effect such as potential to appear in her breast milk,
decreased postnatal such as household cleaning and
growth, motor personal care products, paints,
development, and furniture strippers, and pesticides.
short-term memory Exposure to environmental chemicals
function in infancy also can be occupational.
through childhood.

Opposes:
Babies Health’s benefits.
Westdahl, Claire; V: Breastfeeding also Breastfeeding as the normal
Page-Goertz, Sallie. benefits mother's health. continuum of the childbearing cycle
2006. Promotion of (Kroeger and Smith 2004) allows
Breastfeeding - Beyond S: Breastfeeding can women to avoid the delayed return of
the Benefits. reduce risks of breast uterine tone, pre-pregnancy weight,
cancer. as well as the more rapid return of
https://search.proques ovulation experienced by women who
t.com/docview/212807 Supports: do not breastfeed. Lactating women
852?accountid=136648 Mother’s Health experience a decreased risk of breast,
ovarian, and endometrial cancer.

Brittany Cordeiro. V: Breastfeeding reduces Most women who breastfeed

2014. Breastfeeding a woman’s lifetime experience hormonal changes during
lowers your breast exposure to hormones lactation that delay their menstrual
cancer risk. like estrogen, which can periods. This reduces a woman’s
https://www.mdanders promote breast cancer lifetime exposure to hormones like
on.org/publications/fo cell growth. estrogen, which can promote breast
cused-on-health/octob S: Women who breastfeed cancer cell growth.
er-2014/breastfeeding- experience hormonal In addition, during pregnancy and
breast-cancer-preventi changes during lactation breastfeeding, you shed breast tissue.
on.html that delay their “This shedding can help remove cells
menstrual periods. with potential DNA damage, thus
helping to reduce your chances of
developing breast cancer,” King says.
Supports:
Mother’s Health Breastfeeding also can help lower
your ovarian cancer risk by preventing
ovulation. And the less you ovulate,
the less exposure to estrogen and
abnormal cells that could become
cancer.
Brittany Cordeiro. V: Breastfeeding can Breastfeeding also can help lower
2014. Breastfeeding reduce risks of ovarian your ovarian cancer risk by preventing
lowers your breast cancer. ovulation. And the less you ovulate,
cancer risk. the less exposure to estrogen and
https://www.mdanders S: Breastfeeding can abnormal cells that could become
on.org/publications/fo prevent ovulation. cancer.
cused-on-health/octob
er-2014/breastfeeding- Supports:
breast-cancer-preventi Mother’s Health
on.html

Sarah Knapton.2018. V: Breastfeeding can Breastfeeding for six months or longer

Breastfeeding for six reduce risks of type II cuts the risk of developing type 2
months slashes type 2 diabetes. diabetes nearly in half for women
diabetes risk by 47 per S: Breastfeeding imposes during their childbearing years, the
cent, study shows. an increased metabolic longest ever study has shown.
https://www.telegraph burden on mothers.
.co.uk/science/2018/0 Researchers in the US analyzed data
1/16/breastfeeding-six Supports: from women who enrolled in a heart
-months-slashes-type-2 Mother’s Health health study more than 30 years ago,
-diabetes-risk-47-per/ and whose lifestyles and health were
monitored throughout that time.
Carley J. Pope, Dwight V: Breastfeeding can A number of studies report that
Mazmanian. 2016. reduce risks of women who are not breastfeeding are
Breastfeeding and postpartum depression. more likely to have higher levels of
Postpartum depressive symptoms than women
Depression: An S: mothers feel greater who are breastfeeding.
Overview and closeness to their child
Methodological and enjoy the naturalness In a recent report regarding maternal
Recommendations for of the breastfeeding health outcomes, researchers found
Future Research. process. that early cessation of breastfeeding
https://www.ncbi.nlm. was associated with increased risk of
nih.gov/pmc/articles/P Supports: postpartum depression in developing
MC4842365/ Mother’s Health countries (Mawson & Xueyuan, 2013).

Elizabeth Reifsnider.
2016.
The Relationship
Between
Breastfeeding,
Postpartum
Depression, and
Postpartum Weight in
Mexican American
Women.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC5135013/
HealthTalk V: Breastfeeding can A few women mentioned having
Organization. 2015. make mother drained difficulty thinking clearly while they
Impact of physically. were breastfeeding, the drain on their
breastfeeding upon the physical resources and tiredness but
mother. S: Breastfeeding can some countered this comment by
http://www.healthtalk make mother tired and saying that they were tired because
.org/peoples-experienc lack sleep. they were a mother not because they
es/pregnancy-children/ were breastfeeding. One of the men
breastfeeding/impact- who spoke to us said that it was
breastfeeding-upon-mo Opposes important to look after the mother
ther Mother’s health too, as she is often focused on the
baby and forgets to take care of
herself.
Condon, Marian.2005.
Breast Is Best, But It
Could Be Better: What
Is In Breast Milk That
Should Not Be?
https://search.proques
t.com/docview/199454
387?accountid=136648

V: Breastfeeding provides Improved breastfeeding practices

Rollins, Nigel C; economic advantages to would prevent 823 000 annual deaths
Bhandari, Nita;2016. the whole community in children younger than 5 years of
Why invest, and what members. age and 20 000 annual deaths in
it will take to improve women caused by breast cancer.1
breastfeeding S: Breastfeeding also Breastfeeding also reduces morbidity
practices? reduces morbidity and and improves the educational
https://search.proques improves the educational potential of children and probably
t.com/docview/176238 potential of children and their earnings as adults.1
2792/F74FF839F7364ED probably their earnings as
6PQ/5?accountid=1366 adults.
48
Supports:
Economic perspective
Rollins, Nigel C; V: Breastfeeding A 10% point increase in exclusive
Bhandari, Nita;2016. exclusively can prevent breastfeeding up to 6 months or
Why invest, and what health expenditure in continued breastfeeding up to 1 year
it will take to improve several diseases related or 2 years (depending on country and
breastfeeding to child and women. disorder) would translate into reduced
practices? treatment costs of childhood disorders
https://search.proques S: Breastfeeding can of at least $312 million in the USA,
t.com/docview/176238 reduced direct treatment $7·8 million in the UK, $30 million in
2792/F74FF839F7364ED cost related with child's urban China, and $1·8 million in Brazil
6PQ/5?accountid=1366 illnesses. (all values in 2012 US$). Alternatively,
48 improved breastfeeding from present
Supports: levels to 90% for USA, China, and
Economic Perspective Brazil, and to 45% for the UK (45%
coverage for the UK, based on design,
data available, and definitions used in
the original study95 ) would reduce
treatment costs by at least $2·45
billion in the USA, $29·5 million in the
UK, $223·6 million i
n urban China, and $6·0 million in
Brazil (all values in 2012 US$;
appendix p 120 ).
 V: Breastfeeding can The public looks to health care
Lyons, Lynne K..1997. reduce family's professionals for advice and direction;
Breast-feeding benefits expenditure on baby's therefore, health care institutions and
cross socioeconomic formula. providers need to convey a consistent
lines. message about the importance of
https://search.proques S: Breastfeeding saves breastfeeding. The study by
t.com/docview/218394 the family's disposable Montgomery and Splett demonstrates
046?accountid=136648 income for foods for the financial benefits of
older children and adults. breast-feeding in a WIC population
resulting from a reduction in health
care spending. These and other
benefits are applicable to non-WIC
Supports: families as well.
Economic perspective
In addition to lower health care costs,
there is also a savings in the cost of
infant food and formula, which is
higher than the cost of the extra food
mothers require for lactation.

Sarah Boseley. 2015. V: Breastfeeding provides Breastfed babies are more likely to
The longer babies long-term health benefit turn into well-educated and
breastfeed, the more for the children. higher-earning adults, according to a
they achieve in life – major long-term study.
major study S: Breastfeeding can “Our study provides the first evidence
https://www.theguardi increase child that prolonged breastfeeding not only
an.com/lifeandstyle/2 intelligence. increases intelligence until at least
015/mar/18/brazil-lon the age of 30 years but also has an
ger-babies-breastfed-m Supports: impact both at an individual and
ore-achieve-in-life-maj Long term benefit for societal level by improving
or-study the child educational attainment and earning
ability
Dobson, Brenda; V: Breastfeeding provides The advantages of extended
Murtaugh, Maureen A. psychological benefits for breastfeeding include nutritional,
2001. Position of the the children. immunological and psychological
American Dietetic benefits to both infant and mother, as
Association: Breaking S: Breast milk the fatty well as economic and environmental
the barriers to acid that play an benefits.
breastfeeding. important role in
neuropsychological Breastfeeding education efforts and
https://search.proques development. clinical management must highlight
t.com/docview/218457 the importance of breastfeeding for a
509/1ECBDFF088D44BA longer duration to receive the full
1PQ/6?accountid=1366 Supports: range of benefits for both mother and
48 Long term benefit for infant. The unique composition of
the child human milk, such as the fatty acid
composition discussed later, plays an
important role in neuropsychological
development.

Haschke, Ferdinand; V: Breastfeeding can In a meta-analysis, the risk for allergy

Haiden, Nadja; 2013. prevent child from atopic and atopic disease was compared in
Feeding Patterns and allergic diseases. infants at risk of allergy who received
during the First 2 Years either PHF or cow’s milk-based
and Health Outcome. S: Breast milk contains formula at least until 4 months of age.
https://search.proques little amount of PHF
t.com/pqrl/docview/1 (partially hidrolized Until 36 months of age, there was a
428558485/EFF345A844 formula). significant risk reduction (incidence,
5B4656PQ/11?accounti cumulative incidence, and period
d=136648 Supports. prevalence) for both atopic disease
FIPCA: Long term and allergic diseases during most
benefit for the child analyzed periods .
Crume, Tessa; Ogden, V: Breastfeeding can Adequate breastfeeding protects
Lorraine. 2011. reduce the prevalence of against childhood adiposity and
Long-Term Impact of diabetes type 2 among reduces the increased adiposity levels
Neonatal Breastfeeding children. associated with exposure to diabetes
on Childhood Adiposity in utero. These data provide support
and Fat Distribution S: Breastfeeding can for mothers with diabetes during
Among Children prevent obesity in pregnancy to breastfeed their infants
Exposed to Diabetes In childhood which is the in order to reduce the risk of
Utero. risk factor of diabetes childhood obesity.
https://search.proques type 2.
t.com/pqrl/docview/8 Children bom to mothers with
56902847/EFF345A8445 Supports. diabetes during pregnancy have been
B4656PQ/15?accountid FIPCA: Long term shown to have a greater prevalence of
=136648 benefit for the child obesity in childhood, both among
populations at high risk for obesity
and type 2 diabetes

Gayle Tzemach V: Reduce mother's Women who have heard the

Lemmon. 2012. freedom and convenience advantages of breastfeeding and have
A Woman's Right to S: Mothers have right not decided -- for whatever personal
Choose (Not to to breastfed their child. reason -- to feed their newborns
Breastfeed). formula, will now have to justify their
Opposes. reasoning before they are given
https://www.theatlant FIPCA: Mother’s access to it.
ic.com/health/archive Freedom and
/2012/07/a-womans-ri Convenience Women opt not to breastfeed for
ght-to-choose-not-to-b myriad reasons. Some cannot
reastfeed/260530/ breastfeed because they must take
anti-depressants or other medications
that prevent healthy breastfeeding.
Several women I know simply could
not make breastfeeding work because
a battering of infections and their
body's inability to produce sufficient
milk made it both painful and
unworkable.
Alex Turnbull. 2015. V: Mothers fell worry and The study also identified that, while
Mothers uncomfortable embarrassed to breastfed 74% of women start breastfeeding
with breastfeeding in in unconducive their children from birth, only 47% are
public. environment. still doing so six to eight weeks later.
S: There are no One in 10 of women who chose not to
http://www.independe acceptable venue in breastfeed said the worry of doing so
ntnurse.co.uk/news/m public areas to breastfed. in public influenced their decision.
others-uncomfortable-
with-breastfeeding-in-p Opposes. ‘Worries about stigma and
ublic/109077 FIPCA: Mother’s embarrassment around breastfeeding
Freedom and can lead to some women feeling
Convenience unable or unwilling to breastfeed in
public,’ Dr Gill Thomson, from the
Maternal and Infant Nutrition and
Nurture Unit at the University of
Central Lancashire said. ‘This can lead
to isolation and some women stopping
breastfeeding before they intended
to.’
Jena Sauers. 2018. Why V: Working environment Three surprising words keep coming
Women Really Quit is not comfortable. up in my conversations with women
Breastfeeding. about pumping at work: open plan
https://www.harpersb S: Mothers feel their office. Open plan offices aren’t just
azaar.com/culture/feat workplace too noisy and sometimes noisy and distracting, they
ures/a21203672/why-w distracting for them to pose a challenge to anyone who needs
omen-stop-breastfeedi breastfed or pumping. a private place to express milk.
ng-pumping-at-work/
Opposes. If finding an appropriate space to
FIPCA: Mother’s pump can be difficult for a worker
Freedom and based in one location, it becomes
Convenience even more so when routines (the
importance of which I'll get to soon)
are interrupted. I heard from women
who had to negotiate pumping at
off-site meetings or client premises,
and who spoke of conferences where
the temporary lactation room had
only one outlet (meaning space for
only one pump) and a long line of
mothers waiting to use it.
Ellen Mateer. 2016. V: Mother’s support Life may change drastically, especially
Supporting a system makes them feel for a first-time mother, many women
breastfeeding mother. uncomfortable. say they didn’t feel prepared for the
emotional upheaval they experienced
https://www.laleche.o S: Mothers doesn’t have on becoming mom.
rg.uk/supporting-a-bre enough support to
astfeeding-mother/ breastfed from their One very real problem is that many
family and friends. mothers don’t receive enough support
and try to do so much. Most mom who
Opposes. stop breastfeeding before they want
FIPCA: Mother’s to cite lack of supports as the reason.
Freedom and
Convenience

Hannah Ellis-Petersen. V: Many companies sell Formula milk companies are

2018. How formula formula milk worldwide. continuing to use aggressive,
milk firms target clandestine and often illegal methods
mothers who can least S: Companies have right to target mothers in the poorest parts
afford it. to produce and sell of the world to encourage them to
formula milk. choose powdered milk over
https://www.theguardi breastfeeding, a new investigation
an.com/lifeandstyle/2 Opposes. shows.
018/feb/27/formula-mi Formula milk firms
lk-companies-target-po perspective A Guardian/Save the Children
or-mothers-breastfeedi investigation in some of the most
ng deprived areas of the Philippines
found that Nestlé and three other
companies were offering doctors,
midwives and local health workers
free trips to lavish conferences,
meals, tickets to shows and the
cinema and even gambling chips,
earning their loyalty. This is a clear
violation of Philippine law.