AD 2000-Merkblatt ICS 23.020.30 bruary 2010 edition mee Openings in cylindrical, conical ‘AD 2000-Morkblatt pressure vessels: and spherical shells BO The AD 2000-Merlitier ore propared by tho acven associations sted bolow who lagether fown the “Arbeitsgamanschal! Druck- bolalor” (AD). The suuctars ar! the applcaten of the AD 2000 Goce ana the prosscural gadelnes are covered By AD ZO00-Herk- blot G1. The AD 2000-Markblitor cortan safely requirements to be met ureer neal operating canditons If abova-scrmal loaning aro (0 be ‘expected curing the opersion of to prosauro vosse, this aha be faker no account by mesting epeoiel reqursmants Ifthe ore ary diverzences ram the ceauirernarts ofthis AD 2600-Merkbll, shal be pascibie to irove thal the slandand of saety of {vs Cade has been maintained by other means, .9 Cy Mateals stg, ests, sirces anaes, poraing oxperencD. Fachvorbard Dampttosse, Bohser-und Rofristungstsu ©.V. (FDBR), Ddsseldort Deutsche Geseiziche Unfaliverscherung (DGUM), Bere, Veron dor Cherischen Indust 9.¥. (VEY, Franecungain Verband Devischer Maschinen. und Anlagenbeu'2.V. {VDMA), FachgemeizechattVertehronateahnioche Maschinen ued Apparate, FrankttMain StaNinsitut YOER, Dassekior VGB PonerTech 0.V., Essen Verbanul der TOV eV. (VUTO), Beit The above associations comaucusly update the AD 2000-Veskbleter in na wih technical prograss. Pease adoross any prepossis Yor {sto tha pubener: Verband der TOV e.¥,, Friedrichstratle 136, 10117 Berlin. Foreword, Seoge.. General Symbols and units. \Weakenings. Literature. pendox to AD 2000-Merkbiatt 8 ©. Zusense ‘Supersedes March 2009 edition; smendments to previous edition ‘AD zn0u.Hentoatior ara promned by copigh Tha “ght of aa, paculany of any Vansaton, raponicton, pera of Aires Teremeson By Dotemasnancal meane ne etovage In ase Ftiovl ayers, ever of otra, ato roaoved tothe amar Bech Vergp hab taken a} Yasearala Ircatras to eoure the aettany ofthis Wanslcten fut ryt that no reoroiy oor ba aeceea ft any on, enTsak or necaiec. 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Lower limit of the wall thickness ratio ‘The woakening factors cetermined according to tis AD 2000-Wrkblatt presume tho ablity of a otuctuo to chakedown plastic deformations in the elasto-plastic range’) in the case of thinavallod vessa\e wth farge oponings tie affect ‘consiceratytellon shor of duet their high mambrane stresses in relation tothe bending stress 2. Upper limit of the diameter ratio Experience has shown thet in the case of large diemeter ratios siresses occur in the cross section perpendicular to the ‘vessel exie (gusset area) which are not covered by the opening calculations given in this AD 2000-Merkblatt. The results 60 far avallatlo from researon werk in thie eld are not sufficiznt to estaolish general design rules, Conerally, however, these stresses do not result in falure as long as no creep occurs and damage due to cyelis loading accoraing te AD 2000- Merkblalt $ 1 is not expected. Explanations to clause 4.1 of AD 2000-Merkblatt B 9 Where the materials of both the base body and the branches arg stressed lo the same permissible degree in the case of Cylindrical base bodies, the weskering factor may also be coloulated using the folewing equation: bel ttg Pe A sh qe? 0} y ott hs ald ‘The curves shown in Figs. 7.a to 7. correspond to equation (10) for s4/P,~ 0,002 (Fig. 7 a}, 0,005 (Fig. 7 b), 0.01 (Fig, 7 0), 0,05 (Fig. 7d) or 0,10 (Fia. 7), ‘To be 0” the sale side one should use one of Figs. 7 = to 7@ as long as the actual wall thickness paramater s/9,'§ nol {ess than that shown inthe figure.~ AD 2000-Merkblatt — Page at AD 2xc0-UeHksa85 9022090 con Appendix to AD 2000-Merkblatt B 9 Explanations to clause 1.1 of AD 2000-Merkblatt B 9 41. Lower limit of the wall thickness ratio “The weakening factors cotorminod socording to this AD 2000-Merkblatt preeuine the ablity of a stucture to shakedown plastic deformatons in the elaste-plastic range”; In the case of thin.wallod vasces with large openings thie offoct is ‘considerably fallen short of due ta their high mambrane stresses in relation to the banding stress. 2. Upper limit of the dlametor ratio Experience has shown thal in the case of laige dlameter ralos siresses occur In the eross section perpendicular to the vessel axis (gusset area) which are nat covered by the opening calculations given in this AD 2000-Merkbialt, The results 0 far available from researon wor in this ‘eld ere not sufficient to establish general design rules. Generally, however, those stresses do rot result in feiure as long es no creep occurs and damage due fo cydlic loading according te AD 2000- Werkblat S 1 is nat expctoa. Explanations to clause 4.1 of AD 2000-Morkblatt & 9 Where the materials of both the base body and the branches are siressed to the same permissible degree in the case of cylindrical base bodies, the weakering factor may also he calculated using the folowing equation: ea, tastes ~ Bax dp 10 (10) %» bess + igor ian) The curves shown in Figs. 7 to 71 correspond to equation (10) for s/D,~0,002 (Fig. 7 2], 0.005 (Fig. 7 ») 0,91 (Fig. 7 0), 0.05 (Fig. 7 d) or 0,10 (Fig. 7 €). ‘Tobe on the sele side one should usa one of Figs. 7 19 7 a8 long ¢ tho acto! wal thicknoss poromater sy) 6 not tes than that shown inthe Bguro |W base body and branch are made of materials with different permissible stress levels, the weakening factor determined in accordance wiih equation (2) 6 as follows: (Aa Etate x (10a) nerdy Bhan Jn using equations (10) and (10 a}, allowance shell be made for acidtional values c, und cp. 5) Transiator’s note: “There is no tteral transtaion ofthe torm “Stbtewirkung’ Inthe Anglo-Saxon litoratursthke phenomenon Is deseribed Ge the Increase of the load due to support of the elastic zane in a cross-section with elasto-plastic deformation. 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