Chapter 8. 1.The process shown in the diagram is a.replication b.transcription ctranslation d.recombination e.transformation 2. Which of the following nitrogen-containing bases would NOT be found in a molecule of RNA? adenine beeytosine c.guanine dithymine euracil 3. Because a newly synthesized DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand, DNA replication is described as asemiconservative b.conservative cstranscriptive ddispersive e.xrecombinatory 4. Review the Microbiology InSight, Figure, and answer this question. The process of copies DNA, makes an RNA molecule from a DNA template, and assembles amino acids into proteins using the information from the RNA sequence. a.replication; translation; transcription b.transcription; replication; translation c.replication; transcription; translationd.translation; transcription; replication translation; replication; transcription 5-Replication of DNA begins at the a.start codon b.promoter ‘c.operator origin site e-termination site 6.During DNA replication, the lagging strand is replicated in short pieces known as a.RNA primase fragments b.Okazaki fragments c.replicons leading strands e-promoters 7.The section of the tRNA shown in blue is best described as the a.codon b.backbone c.noncoding region unpaired region e.anticodon 8. The primary enzyme needed in the continuous replication of DNA in the 5’ to 3' direction is a.DNA polymerase I b.DNA polymerase II c.DNA gyrase primase helicase9. Analysis of a bacterial protein shows it contains 400 amino acids. What is the minimum number of nucleotides present in the gene for this protein? a.100 b.400 ©1200 d.4000 €.80,000 10. A sequence error that occurs randomly during replication is known as a(n) spontaneous mutation b.nonsense mutation c.reversion mutation dsense mutation e.induced mutation 14, As bacterial DNA replicates, a point mutation occurs in which an A nucleotide is changed to a C nucleotide. Although the mutation changes the codon sequence, it does not change the resulting amino acid in the protein. This would best be described as a a.nonsense mutation D.missense mutation splicing site mutation d.frameshift mutation esilent mutation 12. The Ames test evaluates the A.the ability of a chemical to induce mutations in a gene in Salmonella drug sensitivity of a bacterium ability of a bacterium to transfer its genetic information by conjugation d.ability of a virus to infect a bacterium: e.genetic information of an organism's genome 13. Review the Process Diagram, Figure, and answer this question. ‘The type of horizontal gene transfer that involves a physical connection between two bacterial cells is a.transformation b.transduction C.conjugationd.recombination e.expression 14. Based on the diagram of the lac operon, which of the following statements is correct? Aeon 1 aoe ‘When lactose is absent, the lac operon is on. Lactose inhibits the DNA-binding activity of the repressor protein. ‘When f-galactosidase is present, the operon is off. a repressor of the lac operon. RNA polymerase blocks transcription of the structural genes. aogse Lacto: 15. Restriction enzymes typically cut sequences at sites such as the one shown in the diagram that 5 ESeeer 3 GGATCG coTace a tiitiiiiis are random DNA sequences do not leave sticky ends are random RNA sequences are palindromic e. are double-stranded RNA sequences peop 16, A microbiologist designs an experiment to transfer a gene from a pathogenic bacterium into a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli to discover whether the gene confers virulence. One method for transferring the gene into E. coli would be to use a cloning vector polymerase chain reaction sequencing reaction ligase reaction restriction digestion ve eae 17. Review What a Microbiologist Sees, and answer this question. The yield of corn in a field infested by the European corn borer larvae is a. increased by pesticide applicationdecreased if the corn is genetically modified with the Bt delta endotoxin gene decreased by pesticide application increased if the corn is genetically modified with the Bt delta endotoxin gene Both a and d are correct. pass 18. The use of chain-terminating nucleotides to terminate chain elongation at various points is the basis for a, gel electrophoresis B. restriction digestion C. gene cloning D. ligation reactions E. DNA sequencing 19. Review The Microbiologist’s Toolbox, and answer this question. DNA is pulled toward the end of an agarose gel because it is dissolved in a pH 8 buffer so all the phosphate groups have a. positively charged; a negative charge b. negatively charged; a positive charge ¢. positively charged; no charge d._ negatively charged; no charge e. neutral end; no charge 20. Review the Clinical Application, and answer this question. ‘What is the function of BRCAI? a. DNA repair B. RNA repair °. protein repair D. protein synthesis E. a restriction enzyme Chapter 13 1. What is the correct order for the steps of pathogenesis? entry; avoiding or overcoming host defenses; attachment; damage; exit entry; attachment; damage; avoiding or overcoming host defenses; exit entry; damage; attachment; avoiding or overcoming host defenses; exit entry; attachment; avoiding or overcoming host defenses; damage; exit entry; avoiding or overcoming host defenses; attachment; damage; exit . The site where a pathogen survives and multiplies until it can enter a new host is the © bloodvector reservoir portal of exit portal of entry BA infection occurs when a pathogen attaches at one site and the infection remains limited to that same area. focal local systemic spreading contained 4. Review the Microbiology InSight, Figure 13.4, and answer this question. A pathogen-carrying tick that you find on your ankle is most likely an example of, blood-borne common vehicle transmission direct contact transmission indirect contact transmission transmission by a biological vector Both a and d are correct, 5. A fomite is © an inanimate object that can transmit infections to a new host ‘© a mucous droplet spread thru the air when someone sneezes © an arthropod that transmits microbial diseases © the site on a host cell where a toxin binds © the site on a host cell where a microbe attaches 6. Which of the following pathogens cannot be transmitted vertically? HIV rhinovirus Treponema pallidum herpes simplex virus rubella virus7. The process by which mutations gradually produce a virus that is antigenically different from the original is known as programmed gene switching © antigenic shift © antigenic drift © antibody drift © mutational shift Th 8. The process shown in the diagram that produces a hybrid virus is called programmed gene switching. antigenic shift antigenic drift antibody drift shufiled gene cassettes 9. The diagram shows a bacterium evading destruction by a leukoeyte by lysing the phagolysosome preventing fusion of the phagosome and the lysosome. preventing phagocytosis producing a leukocyte-killing exotoxin None of these is correct. Lysosome Phagosome 10. overcomes host defenses by. © HIV; destroying helper T cells * Measles virus; destroying B cellsInfluenza virus; destroying T cells ‘* Mycobacterium tuberculosis; producing an antiphagocytic capsule © Listeria monocytogenes; producing a leukocyte-killing toxin 11. The process shown in the diagram shows that endotoxin stimulates the release of IL-1, which increases the permeability of capillaries in the brain causes bleeding from the brain ‘causes the release of tumor necrosis factor from the brain causes a change in thermoregulation in the brain causes shock Intorloukin-1 ———> 12, Which of the following CANNOT be caused by the bacterial endotoxin? fever disseminated intravascular coagulation shock adult respiratory distress syndrome immunopathy 13. Which of the following statements about lipid A are false? Itis a structural part of the lipopolysaccharide, It stimulates the release of IL-1 and TNF from leukocytes. It can cause respiratory distress syndrome. It is found in the outer membrane of gram-positive cell walls. Both cand d are false. 14. Which of the following statements are true of exotoxins? Exotoxins are proteins. Exotoxins’ actions are dependent on their specific structure. Some exotoxins can be denatured and used to make toxoid vaccines. Exotoxins are sensitive to heat. All of these are true. 45. Review the Clinical Application, and answer this question. For some pathogens, inactivated toxins, called toxoids, can be used as because they are no longer pathogenic but still immunogenic. © antibiotics16. 17. 18. antitoxins vaccines prophylacties antiviral agents Botulism toxin © causes massive watery diarrhea kills cells in the pharynx © is produced by Clostridium botulinum © causes disseminated intravascular coagulation © Allof these are correct. WI hich of the following is an exotoxin that is correctly paired with the damage it causes? tetanus toxin; causes flaccid paralysis diphtheria toxin; inhibits respiratory cilia action endotoxin; damages capillaries cholera toxin; reverses ion pumps in the large intestine botulism toxin; breaks down cartilage Review The Microbiologist’s Toolbox, and answer this question. A bacterium that produces a toxin that lyses when grown on blood agar is 19. erythrocytes; a-hemolytic lymphocytes; -hemolytic leukocytes; y-hemolytic lymphocytes; a-hemolytic erythrocytes; B-hemolytic Which of the following factors influence the disease outcome after transmission of a microbe into a human? the number of invading microbes microbial virulence factors the health status of the host host genetic factors All of these are correct. 20. Review What a Microbiologist Sees, and answer this question. Is there a correlation between physical stress and the incidence of upper respiratory infections (URIs)? No, activity level doesn’t influence URI risk. Yes, sedentary individuals are at greatest URI risk. Yes, even moderate activity increases URI risk. Yes, extreme athletes are at greatest URI risk. Both c and d are correct Chapter 15initiate that saved the lives of new mothers? What procedure did Ignaz Semmelw hand washing by medical students before examination of new mothers © washing the babies in chlorinated lime solution © washing new mothers in chlorinated lime solution © putting newborn babies in isolation © putting women in labor in isolation 2. The graph shows that there was a(n) in 1918. oat nt fer 1o0000 pyar aoreeee) a outbreak of disease minor epidemic localized epidemic pandemic localized pandemic 3. Clinical trials are a part of the field of, descriptive epidemiology analytical epidemiology experimental epidemiology public health Both a and b are correct. 4, In the United States in 2002 (population 288,000,000), there were 1.7 million HAls that caused 99,000 deaths. 0.00034 is the for HAls, morbidity rate mortality rate incidence rate prevalence cure rate5. The prevalence of a disease is determined by and morbidity rate; mortality rate; cure rate incidence rate; morbidity rate; cure rate mortality rate, morbidity rate, incidence rate morbidity rate; person-time rate, cure rate incidence rate; mortality rate; cure rate 6. The curve in the diagram is a . 5 _ $25 A) 31s Bro *5 OS 827 8299091 2 8 8S OF! ate ot onset NY © common-source epidemic curve © propagating epidemic curve © point-source epider curve © confidence interval © survival curve 7-What would be the most appropriate measure for comparing the risk of cervical cancer from ‘human papillomavirus infection among racial groups? crude incidence rate adjusted incidence rate mortality rate prevalence cure rate 8.Review What a Microbiologist Sees, and answer this question. Analysis of the success of antibiotic-impregnated bone cement in reducing infection rates from total hip replacement is shown as a - © common-source epidemic curve © propagating epidemic curve «point-source epidemic curve© survival curve © irregular curve ¢9.Case-control studies are done to determine the number of local pathogens the percent of immune people the incidence rate possible disease-causing factors the mortality rate 10, The significance of the association between an exposure factor and disease in a cohort study is evaluated by determining the prevalence morbidity rate relative risk odds ratio cure rate 11.Review the Process Diagram, Figure 15.4, and answer this question. In a clinical trial, the carliest phase that tests subjects with the disease in question is phase 0 phase 1 phase 2 phase 3 phase 4=20 healthy voluntwore Low dosage = if a Y t tt ‘ut | ae ea Gnd'a contvorcroup z= = rant tae en I 12, A new drug was developed to treat skin and soft-tissue infections caused by MRSA. The type of study used to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug would be a =. ORNS SANT aon ia Sistecar wecmeass i Y iy le E : rot : i | survival curve ‘case-control study disease surveillance double-blind, randomized clinical trial Both a and dare correet. 13, Review the Clinical Application, and answer this question. ‘Compared with patients with soap and water, patients bathing in 2% chlorhexidine solution got infections and. infections. ‘more polymicrobial; fewer single-pathogenmore single-pathogen; fewer polymierobial more single-pathogen; more polymicrobial fewer polymicrobial; no single-pathogen fewer polymicrobial; fewer single-pathogen 14, The process in the diagram would occur before surgery during surgery after surgery before hospital admission after discharge 15, When invasive procedures are necessary, additional precautions that must be employed to prevent accidental introduction of microorganisms on or into the patient include using aseptic practices during the invasive procedure completing the invasive procedure in a positive-pressure room that has received rigorous disinfection ‘preparing the patient with stringent antiseptic cleansing and a sterile drape at the site of the invasive procedure monitoring the site of the invasive procedure each shift for signs of infection All of these must be employed. 16. The diagram shows a that is inserted in a(n) and ends at theurinary eatheter; vein; jugular vein PIC line; artery; heart central line; vein; heart pulmonary catheter; artery; lungs PICC line; vein; heart 17.Review the Microbiology InSight, Figure 15.7, and answer this question. 5 pepe ting the dena sieges ith acted, sin fed yg complane ascend ‘iol Ate ang eer IS Singlauap Repent lei Sodgmparesncesnny fue Dein Medel eos 20.00 Aino (6% ch Remon 0 ‘icone “cele orn Tien Skrel owners Srinans__ Ai apni Ramee sr fern The the mare candygan deeathefaquany «All clansr morte ad conan, bat Slexegherhandygun rng patent cance eee Sgn pre omg bate use En ‘Seats ae wes tonnes ape St er eee + egiemeam ome” "a aIn medical settings, proper hand washing would have a cleansing time of. and use 10 seconds; soap and water 15 seconds; soap and water 30 seconds; antimicrobial soap or aleohol gel 2 minutes; antimicrobial soap and scrub brush minutes; antimicrobial soap and scrub brush 18. Hand hygiene should be performed 19-The before having direct contact with patients after contact with a patient or their forites if hands will be moving from a contaminated body site to a clean body site during patient. care after contact with inanimate objects in the immediate vicinity of the patient All of these are correct. microbe most commonly screened for in hospitals is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clostridium difficile influenza A virus 20.Review The Microbiologists Toolbox, and answer this question. Growing test specimens on chromogenic media allows the identification of a specific microbe by the shape of the colonies the odor of the colonies the size of the colonies the number of colonies formed the color of the colonies