[TOPIC 1] Magnetic Dipole ang Magnetic Field Lines A magnet is a material or an object that produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for most notable property of magnet. 1.1 Force Between Two Magnetic Poles Magnitude of force acting between two magnetic poles is given by =m +me or Where, m, and m2, are magnetic strength of poles and kis magnetic force constant. Its ST unit is A-m, 1.2 Magnetic Field Lines These are imaginary lines which give pictorial ‘Présentation for the magnetic field inside and around the magnet. Axis 0, Their properties are given as below: (i) These lines form continuous closed loops. (ii) The tangent to the field line at a particular point gives the direction of the field at that point (iii) Larger the density of the lines, stronger will be the magnetic field (iv) These lines do not intersect one another, 1.3 Magnetic Dipole “An arrangement of two equal and opposite magnetic poles separated by a small distance. e.g. A bar magnet.Magnetic Dipole Moment (mM) It represents the strength of magnets. The magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole is given by M=mx2! where, m is pole strength and 2/ is dipole length directed from Sto N. - +m eee ae 214 The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is A- m? or J/T. It is a vector quantity and its direction is from South pole to North pole. Magnetic field strength at a point due to a bar magnet at (i) On axial line (end-on-position) te >>) The direction of magnetic field is along the direction of magnetic dipole moment (M). (ii) On equatorial line (broadside-on-position) Equatorial ¢ tine bb 21 —4 The direction of magnetic field is parallel to the magnetic dipole and opposite to the direction of dipole moment. 1.4 Torque on a Bar Magnet ing ‘ Uniform Magnetic Field ented by equidist i field B is representes ‘an ‘A uniform magnetic field i otlength 2nd parallel lines, NS is a bar ™: cl le is M. strength of each pol = MBsin@=M xB Torque, Mm ee a tEMxB eS @ where, @is the angle between Mand B. Its SI unit is joule per tesla (JT™). ; : ‘MB, when dipole is perpendicular to the field anj Tm), when dipole is parallel or anti-parallel to the field Potential Energy of a Magnet Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Magnetic field Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field | is given by | | MBcos 8 =-M-B where, @ is the angle between M and B. Work done in rotating the dipole in a uniform magnetic field from @, t0, is given by W = MB (cos ®, — cos 85) The direction of dipole moment can be obtained by righ | hand thumb rule. Its SI unit is A-m?, NOTE Current loop behaves like is given by M= 1A. Oscillation of a Freely Suspended Magnet a magnetic dipole whose dipole monest | freely sus; dipole) in a unitor cee SUsPended magnet (magnet | where, moment of in Magnetic mo, B=magnetic fie ‘ertia of the magnet, ment a bee ld intensity.ic Dipole Moment 15 magnet 7 The Electrostatic ving electron is -qipole moment of a revol agree ipo! ® Analogue " le me a iven a or dipole cons ibole is analogous to an electric x2 Sign te) sepre0! 80 equal charges of opposite i se vis the speed of electron on a circular path an electric nae! & certain distance (2a). It has e, ra lectric dij wheter Lisangular momentum and given as pole mor ofradius'- Lis ang Lem. The Dipole Analogy Free Space Electrostatics Magnetism, Constant (lve) (Ho) Dipole moment ip _ Equatorial fed —pyaney> yoMyanr® tu fora shor dipole P/4¥*0" doe Orbital magnetic moment Axial field fora 2p /4negr? Ho2M/4nr of a revolving electron short dipole External field pxe MxB Torque 1.6 Force Between two eae ane - External field : =pe —M-BL Magnetic Dipoles Energy \ Mutual force of interaction between two magnetic dipoles is given by Magnetism and Gauss’ Law ‘The net magnetic flux (9) through any closed. surfaces always zero. where, My and M, are magnetic dipole moments of two different magnets, Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid The expression of magnetic field at distance r from This law suggests that the number of magnetic centre is given by field lines leaving any closed surface is always equal to the number of magnetic field lines entering it. This expression is eqii is eqdiivalent to that of bar B-AS=0 magnet, ae oI los ==cise cel ashe ee hh a tassSe eae Adin Cute) Nai * Q eb i say) ° = ee = vl i nan Ytbe GT Keni (8 B= 4A (Hr XmH) Ba rp Wu ( I+ Yn) ae Bi ey,ls aupeubys oo Collie Oo pain |