8 December 2021

Cully Hession
Professor of Biological Systems Engineering
204 Seitz Hall
Blacksburg, VA 24061

Dear Dr. Hession:

Enclosed is the analysis of potential solutions for the project “Habitat Structures for Hellbenders
in Little Stony Creek”. This report investigates four potential design solutions for hellbender
habitat and uses a decision matrix to analyze and compare each alternative. The results of this
analysis will direct the future of this design project. In addition, the report includes a timeline of
project checkpoints. Our advisors have had an opportunity to review this document. We have
neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this assignment.

Please contact us with any questions or concerns.

Sincerely,
The Stony Creek Hellbenders Team

Sophie Bosse Tyler Leeser Michael Snead

Enclosure: Analysis of Potential Solutions

Habitat Structures for Hellbenders in Little
Stony Creek

Analysis of Potential Solutions

Little Stony Creek Hellbenders

Sophie Bosse
Tyler Leeser
Michael Snead
Advisors
Zack Edwards
Emily Bock
Sharyl Ogle

December 8th, 2021

BSE 4125 Comprehensive Senior Design
Introduction
Little Stony Creek is a tributary in the New River watershed that is currently undergoing
streambank stabilization to improve the site conditions affected by erosion and sedimentation.
This section of the watershed is home to a population of eastern hellbender salamanders, which
serve as indicator organisms due to their need for clean, well-oxygenated water. The species is
now in decline which indicates the stream’s impaired water quality and need for restoration.
Along with the current streambank stabilization, our team is designing and implementing
hellbender nest configurations to bring the species back from their decline.
This Review of Alternative Solutions evaluates and ranks the different hellbender nest
configurations based on the benefits the hellbenders will receive from them and their likelihood
to withstand the bankfull water velocity. The review also considers the likelihood of degradation
due to sedimentation, the aesthetic appearance, ease of nest construction and installation, and the
cost of each nest. The best solution must be able to meet the criterion of being
size-accommodating to one adult hellbender. It also must not extend beyond the 280 foot stream
restoration area and be able to resist movement during bankfull flow events.

Potential Solutions
The goal of this project is to increase the amount of viable habitat for adult hellbender
salamanders in Little Stony Creek. In order to accomplish this goal we have identified five
potential solutions: boot-shaped nest boxes, hydrodynamic nest boxes, boulder clusters, flagstone
cover rocks, and a combination of boulders and flagstone rocks.
The first proposed solution is the placement of boot-shaped nest boxes. Boot-shaped nest
boxes are man-made concrete structures designed to imitate a typical hellbender nest (Figure 1,
below). They consist of a large hollow rectangular chamber with an elongated rectangular tunnel
leading into the chamber that creates an environment similar to interstitial spaces between rocks

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 Figure 1. Boot-shaped nest box structures ready for stream placement (Messerman, 2014).

The second proposed solution is the use of hydrodynamic nest boxes (hydrodynamic
boxes, boot-shaped nest box redesign). A hydrodynamic nest box is also a man-made concrete
structure. It was designed as a hydraulically streamlined version of the boot-shaped nest box
(Figure 2, below). The upstream face of this nest box is a rounded point, approximating a
parabolic curve, and the downstream face is narrower and flat, containing the entrance
(Mohammed et al., 2016).

Figure 2. Photographs of a constructed hydrodynamic nest box (Mohammed et al., 2016).

The third proposed solution is the placement of boulder clusters. Boulder clusters are
groups of large natural rocks that are placed into a stream in a specific pattern to create a desired
hydraulic effect. Boulder clusters are typically placed in groups of three to seven with rocks at
least 10 inches in diameter (Fischenich and Seal, 2000).

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 Figure 3. A constructed boulder cluster during low flow in the Washougal River, Clark County,
Washington (Saldi-Caromile et al., 2004).

The fourth proposed solution is the installation of flagstone cover rocks (slab rock
structures). Flagstone cover rocks are natural, wide, plate-like rocks placed in a stream that
provide spaces that can be used for hellbender nests (Figures 4, below).

Figure 4. Flagstone cover rocks recently placed in a stream bed (Piecuch, 2016).

The fifth proposed solution is the installation of a reduced number of flagstone rocks
supplemented with additional boulder clusters.
Once the five potential solutions were identified, they were then evaluated to determine
whether or not they could serve as a viable solution in our stream site. The solutions were then
ranked to determine which would best meet the criteria of the project.

3
Description of Evaluation Criteria
To ensure the proposed design meets the constraints and criteria of the project, the overall
feasibility and effectiveness of each of the proposed solutions is evaluated using seven different
criteria. The seven criteria are: aesthetics, stability, resistance to sedimentation, habitat benefit,
affordability, ease of assembly, and ease of installation.

Aesthetics. The appearance of the design solution is important due to the desire to limit
the change in appearance to the stream. The size, how natural-looking the structure is, and how
well it fits in with the surroundings are all factors in the ranking of this category. Due to the
restoration site’s location in a moderately trafficked area, another factor considered is how likely
each structure is to be noticed or disturbed by people. Movement or alteration to a structure
could reduce its function, so a structure that blends into the environment is preferred. The
aesthetics of the structures is moderately important, with a weight of 12 out of 100.

Stability. The more stable a structure is, the longer it will persist in the stream and
continue to provide habitat for hellbenders. Ranking for this category was based on each
structure's ability to resist movement, remain functional over time, and stay in place when
subject to flow velocity created by top of bank events. The stability of the structures is critically
important, and receives a weight of 25 out of 100.

Resistance to Sedimentation. If a structure becomes buried or filled in with sediment it

is no longer a viable habitat. The susceptibility of each structure to sedimentation and the effect
that sediment has on the function of the structure were taken into account when determining the
ranking for this category. Resistance to sedimentation of the structures is very important and
receives a weight of 20 out of 100.

Habitat Benefit. The ability of each structure to provide habitat for hellbender
salamanders is important due to it aligning with the main goal of the project. The ability of each
structure to fit the needs of a hellbender nest, how likely it is to be inhabited by a hellbender, and
the quantity of habitat that it would be able to provide at the site were all factors that influenced

4
the ranking of this category. The habitat benefit of the structure is critically important and
receives a weight of 25 out of 100.

Affordability. The amount that each solution will cost is important in order to make sure
that the project will stay under budget. The project is being funded by multiple stakeholders that
want to make sure the restoration is cost effective. The estimated cost of material and
installation was taken into account when ranking this category. The affordability of the
structures is mildly important, with a weight of 8 out of 100.

Ease of Assembly. This criteria is important due to differences in time and energy
between structures that need to be built and structures that can be delivered directly to the site.
To rank this category, the amount of time and resources required to prepare each structure for
installation is considered. The ease of assembly of the structures is of low importance and
receives a weight of 5 out of 100.

Ease of Installation. To rank this category, the amount of time, resources, and equipment
required to install each of the different structures is considered. Due to the logistical challenges
of machinery rental and operation, if a structure requires the use of large machinery to be
installed it would score lower than a structure that could be installed by hand. The ease of
installation of the structures is of low importance and receives a weight of 5 out of 100.

By ranking how each of the potential solutions perform in the different criteria listed
above, they were able to be compared in a decision matrix.

Decision Matrix
Below, in Table 1, is a decision matrix containing the ranking for the potential solutions
in the seven different criteria. The criteria were weighted based on importance, and in total the
weights add up to a value of 100. The potential solutions receive a score of 1 through 5 in each
of the criteria, with 5 being the best score and 1 being the worst score. Together, the weights and
rankings were used to calculate the overall score of each structure.

5
Table 1. A decision matrix for potential design solutions to create additional hellbender nest
habitat in Little Stony Creek near Pembroke, Virginia.

Boulder
Clusters
Flagstone
Boot-Shaped Hydrodynamic Boulder and
Criteria Weight Cover
Nest Boxes Nest Boxes Clusters Flagstone
Rocks
Cover
Rocks

Aesthetics 12 2 1 5 4 5

Stability 25 1 3 5 4 4

Resistance to 20 1 3 4 3 4
Sedimentation

Habitat 25 3 3 2 4 5
Benefit

Affordability 8 4 3 2 5 4

Ease of 5 2 1 5 5 5
Assembly

Ease of 5 4 4 3 3 3
Installation

Total 100 206 271 371 388 437

Justification of Ranking
In this section the rank that each potential solution receives in each criteria is justified
using knowledge from related literature and logical reasoning.

Aesthetics. Boulder clusters receive a 5 for this category because of their natural
appearance. The boulders used for a hellbender nest look very similar to the rocks already in the
stream, allowing it to blend in with its surroundings. Flagstone cover rocks receive a 4 because it
is also natural and can easily be incorporated into the stream, but it is not currently a part of the
reach geology. For the same reasons as the individual flagstone cover rocks and boulder clusters,
the combination of the two habitats receive a 5 for aesthetics. Boot-shaped nest boxes and
hydrodynamic nest boxes receive a 2 and 1 respectively for aesthetics because they are

6
man-made and would be noticeable to anyone walking by. The boot-shaped boxes score slightly
higher than the hydrodynamic nest boxes because they are fully submerged in the water.

Stability. Boulder clusters are the largest habitat option, with each three foot diameter
boulder weighing approximately 4,000 pounds (Saldi-Caromile et al. 2004). Due to their large
size and mass, boulder clusters received a 5 out of 5 for stability due to resisting flows of up to
6.016 m/s (19.737 ft/s) (Appendix 1). The flagstone cover rocks received a stability score of 4
with a stability velocity calculated at 4.28 m/s (14.042 ft/s) (Appendix 1). This calculation uses
the smallest size rock recommended by Piecuch with dimensions of 51cm x 51cm and a
thickness of 15cm (Piecuch 2016). The calculation also fails to account for the rock being
slightly embedded into the substrate which would further increase its stability. It is expected that
the installed version of these rocks would withstand higher velocities. The hydrodynamic boxes
receive a 3 for stability. The shape of these nests allows the water to flow around the structure
and rejoin downstream which increases the security of the structure. The movement of
hydrodynamic boxes is expected to occur at flow rates of 5.87 m/s (19.25 ft/s), while movement
of boot-shaped nest boxes was initiated at 1.25 m/s (4.10 ft/s) (Mohammed et al., 2016). The
boot-shaped nest boxes are given a score of 1 for stability. One of the primary issues with
boot-shaped nest boxes that prevents hellbenders from inhabiting them is their inability to
withstand peak flows (Button et al., 2020).

Resistance to Sedimentation. Boot-shaped nest boxes are susceptible to sedimentation.

If their small entrance becomes blocked with sediment, they become unusable to hellbenders.
Messerman found poor success of the boot-shaped nest boxes partially due to low flow inside the
box which led to a buildup of sediment (2014). Button et al. found that conducting cleaning on
the boot-shaped nest boxes every 40 days kept the entrances unblocked 75% of the time (2020).
Boot-shaped nest boxes receive a score of 1 out of 5 in the criterion of resistance to sediment.
The shape of the hydrodynamic nest box directs flowlines around the structure so that
they rejoin downstream, and any eddies that might cause sedimentation do not occur at the
entrance to the nest (Mohammed et al., 2016). No studies were found that include hydrodynamic
nest boxes in natural stream systems, but due to their hydrodynamic shape they are expected to

7
resist sedimentation better than boot-shaped nest boxes. Hydrodynamic nest boxes receive a
score of 3 out of 5 for resistance to sedimentation.
The ability of boulder clusters to provide habitat decreases as the interstitial spaces
between rocks fill with sediment. This is likely to occur in channels that carry high levels of fine
sediment (Fischenich and Seal, 2000). Boulder clusters may also become less effective if they
are placed in deposition zones or in readily scoured material. While it is possible for boulders to
be hindered by sedimentation, it takes higher sediment loading or improper installation to
produce negative results when compared to the other structures. Boulder clusters receive a score
of 4 out of 5 for resistance to sedimentation.
While no previous studies have been conducted on the ability of flagstone cover rocks to
resist the buildup of sediment, it is predicted that they will perform comparatively well in this
category. Unless the entire structure is buried in sediment, there would remain an access point
for hellbender usage. Burial is more likely to occur with flagstone cover rocks than with boulder
clusters due to differences in size. Flagstone cover rocks score similarly to the hydrodynamic
nest boxes and slightly worse than boulder clusters; they receive a score of 3 out of 5 for
resistance to sedimentation.
Using a combination of boulder clusters and flagstone cover rocks would have no impact
on the ability of each structure to resist sediment individually. Therefore, their score for this
category is the rounded average of the two scores and they receive a score of 4 out of 5.

Habitat Benefit. Boot-shaped nest boxes were first used as habitat for hellbenders in the
Eleven Point River in Missouri where they successfully recruited salamanders (Briggler and
Ackerson, 2012). Briggler and Ackerson observed the boot-shaped nest boxes over a two-year
period. During this time, six hellbenders were found in five of the seven boxes. A similar study
was conducted in North Carolina but did not have success. Messerman found that none of the 54
boot-shaped nest boxes became inhabited during the four month observation period of his project
(2014). Possible limitations to Messerman’s study were that the boxes had too small of an
interior and there was an abundance of other quality natural hellbender nest locations in the area
surrounding the test site. Boot-shaped nest boxes receive a 3 out of 5 in the category of habitat
benefit.

8
 No studies were found that investigate the habitation benefits for the hydrodynamic nest
boxes. However, due to similarities in structure and function, habitat benefit is assumed to be
similar to boot-shaped nest boxes. Hydrodynamic nest boxes also score a 3 out of 5 for habitat
benefit.
Boulder clusters disturb flow which causes a diversity of water depth, substrate size, and
flow velocity, which leads to an increase in habitat diversity (Saldi-Caromile et al., 2004). The
spaces between the rocks provide interstitial spaces, air bubbles, and turbulence which provide
cover and spawning sites for fish. The interstitial spaces between boulders are thought to be
used as cover by hellbenders when hunting and moving throughout the stream, but there have
been no studies on the specific effect of boulder clusters on hellbender habitat. Since boulders
likely only contribute to the overall quality of the stream habitat and do not provide nest sites for
hellbenders, boulder clusters score a 2 out of 5 for habitat benefit.
Piecuch conducted a study observing the number of hellbenders in streams before and
after flagstone cover rock placement (2016). At three sampling sites before rock placement,
there were 5, 0, and 5 hellbenders caught. At the same three sites after rock placement, there
were 31, 13, and 10 hellbenders caught. This is a significant increase in the number of
hellbenders present. Flagstone cover rocks score a 4 out of 5 for habitat benefit.
Using a combination of boulder clusters and flagstone rocks provides optimal habitat for
hellbenders. The flagstones serve as nesting sites and protection while the boulder clusters
provide cover for the hellbenders when hunting and moving within the stream. This summative
benefit produces a score of 5 for the combination of boulders and flagstone.

Affordability. The stream restoration site at Little Stony Creek is 260 feet long. Of this,
86 feet is pools and 170 feet is non-pool features (riffles, runs, or glides). With the available
stream profile, more specific breakdown of the non-pool features would be inaccurate. Based on
the required location of each structure, these values were used to determine the total feet of
stream available for structure placement. The cost estimate is based on placing the highest
density of structures possible without causing a loss of effectiveness of any individual structure.
Using the same boot-shaped nest box construction methods as Messerman, it would cost
$80-120 for the materials of each boot-shaped nest box (2014). This cost estimate is derived
from pricing materials at generic hardware retailers. Assuming similar stream size to

9
Messerman, the site for this project would hold 8-10 nest box structures (2014). The structures
are light enough to be installed by hand, so there would be no installation cost, making the
overall cost of this solution $640-$1,200. Boot-shaped nest boxes score a 4 out of 5 for
affordability.
Using the same construction design of Mohammed et al., the materials needed to build
each hydrodynamic nest box would cost $100-$200 (2014). This cost estimate is derived from
the pricing at generic hardware retailers. Our site would require 8-10 nest box structures,
assuming the stream reach for this study is similarly sized to the streams in Messerman’s study
(2014). The box and lid are separate pieces, and each is light enough to be installed by hand, so
there would be no installation cost, making the overall cost of this solution $800-$2,000.
Hydrodynamic nest boxes score a 3 out of 5 for affordability.
Boulder clusters are typically made up of three to seven boulders that are spaced six
inches to three feet apart, and the clusters are typically separated by 6-12 feet (Saldi-Caromile et
al., 2004). Clusters should be placed at the end or middle (about 16 feet from the start) of riffles,
or in shallow runs (Fischenich and Seal, 2000). Boulder clusters should not be placed in
depositional areas. For this cost calculation, we estimated 170 feet of available placement area.
Average sized boulders cost between $35 and $300 per boulder to have it delivered to the site
(Saldi-Caromile et al., 2004). Installation of the boulders will require a hydraulic excavator with
an operator ($100-$150 per hour) and a site engineer ($65 per hour). It is estimated that the cost
to place each boulder would be $50-$65, making the total cost to deliver and place each boulder
$85-$365. The site for this project would require 4-8 boulder clusters, making the total cost of
this solution $1,020-$20,440. Boulder clusters score a 2 out of 5 for affordability.
It is recommended that Flagstone cover rocks be placed in runs or glides, and there
should be one cluster of two or more nest rocks every 3000-3500 square feet or 100 linear ft,
whichever is smaller (USDA-NRCS TN-07, 2020). Without installation, the average cost of a
3-foot diameter flagstone rock is $20-$35. This cost estimate is calculated based on a mountain
gray flagstone from ArrowStone Creations in Christiansburg, VA. Using the same installation
estimation as boulder clusters, the cost to deliver and place each slab rock is $70-$100. The
stream is greater than 20 feet in width, and our reach is 260 feet long. Depending on the spacing
between runs and glides, the site would require 2-3 cover rock clusters of 3 rocks each making

10
the total cost for this solution $420-$900 (USDA-NRCS TN-07, 2020). Flagstone cover rocks
are the cheapest and score a 5 out of 5 for affordability.
Using a combination of boulder clusters and flagstone cover rocks would allow boulder
clusters to be placed in the gaps between flagstone structures. Using 6-12 foot separation
between boulder clusters and the 2-3 slab rock structures would allow for at least 130 feet of
viable stream for boulder cluster placement (Saldi-Caromile et al., 2004). This would leave
space for 3-6 boulder clusters. Based on the same price estimates and described above the total
cost to use a combination of boulder clusters and flagstone cover rocks would be
$1,185-$16,230.

Ease of Assembly. The ease of assembly category took into consideration the time and
effort required to construct or prepare the structures to be placed in the water. Since boulders and
flagstone would be delivered directly to the site and require no construction, they receive a 5 for
this category. Boot-shaped and hydrodynamic nest boxes need to be constructed by hand out of
concrete, which is a time consuming and difficult task. This results in low scores for both boxes;
boot-shaped boxes receive a slightly higher score of 2 compared to the 1 for hydrodynamic
boxes because their simple design would be easier to construct.

Ease of Installation. The ease of installation category accounts for the time, resources,
and equipment required to get the structures into the stream. There is not a significant difference
between installation effort among the potential solutions. The boot-shaped and hydrodynamic
boxes can be lifted by two people and placed into the stream with a small amount of shoveling
required to partially bury the boxes. This results in both potential solutions receiving a 4 in this
category. Boulder clusters and flagstone rocks would both require equipment to lift and place the
rocks in the stream. This is a slightly more difficult process, but the necessary equipment will
likely be on site already for the streambank stabilization project. This results in boulders and
flagstone receiving 3 out of 5 for ease of installation.

Discussion of Results

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 Boot-shaped nest boxes score the lowest of the four alternatives because of poor ratings
for stability and resistance to sedimentation. Since higher importance is placed on these criteria,
boot-shaped nest boxes are not an effective solution.
Hydrodynamic nest boxes receive intermediate scores in the stability, resistance to
sedimentation, and habitat benefit categories, but their poor aesthetics and difficult assembly
make it a practical, yet less desirable solution.
Boulder clusters score well across criteria, scoring a 5 in aesthetics and ease of assembly.
The drawback of boulder clusters is their lack of direct habitat benefit for hellbenders and its
corresponding low score in that category. Based on this evaluation, boulder clusters are a
promising alternative, but there are reservations with using them as a stand-alone solution.
Flagstone cover rocks also receive a high total score, with the most stability, affordability,
and ease of assembly of each individual solution. These criteria are some of the most important
and lead to a high overall score. Flagstone rocks are an effective solution to providing habitat for
hellbenders; however, they are not the best overall solution.
Combining flagstone rocks and boulder clusters score much better than any stand-alone
design. When considering the different roles that both of these designs play in hellbender habitat,
boulders providing hunting cover and flagstone providing nests, there is great benefit in
combining the two designs. The large size of the boulders along with the placement of the
flagstone rocks within the streambank allows for optimal habitat stability during bankfull flow
events. Both designs are aesthetically pleasing, stable, resistant to sedimentation, and easy to
assemble. The combination of the two rock structures gives the most accommodating solution to
the hellbenders needs while blending into the natural environment.
Using a mixture of flagstone cover rocks and boulder clusters is the most effective way to
provide habitat for hellbenders, and this is the design that will be pursued further.

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References
Briggler, J. T., & Ackerson, J. R. (2012). Construction and use of artificial shelters to supplement
habitat for hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Herpetological Review, 43(3),
412.
Button, S. T., Hallagan, J. J., Bodinof Jachowski, C. M., Case, B. F., Groffen, J., & Hopkins, W.
A. (2020). Weathering the storm: Improving the availability and stability of artificial
shelters for hellbender salamanders. River Research and Applications, 36(9), 1944–1953.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3722
Fischenich, C., & Seal, R. (2000). Boulder Clusters. ERDC TN-EMRRP-SR-11. Ecosystem
Management and Restoration Research Program.
Messerman, A. (2014). The use of nest boxes by the hellbender salamander in western North
Carolina (Doctoral dissertation, MS thesis, Duke University, USA).
Mohammed, M. G., Messerman, A. F., Mayhan, B. D., & Trauth, K. M. (2016). Theory and
practice of the hydrodynamic redesign of artificial hellbender habitat. Herpetological
Review, 47(4), 586-591.
Piecuch, S. A. (2016). Restoring and Enhancing Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus
alleganiensis) Habitat through thePlacement of Flagstone Cover Rock. Herpetological
Review, 47(4), 614–617.
Saldi-Caromile, K., et al. (2004), Boulder Clusters. In Stream Habitat Restoration Guidelines:
Final Draft. Washington Departments of Fish and Wildlife and Ecology and the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. Olympia, Washington.
USDA-NRCS. (2020). Technical Note No TN-07. Hellbender Habitat Improvement. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Tennessee.

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Appendix 1: Stone stability velocity versus stone diameter
1/2
γ𝑠−γ𝑤 1/2
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐶⎡⎢2𝑔 γ𝑤
⎤
⎥ (𝐷50) (USDA-NRCS 2020)
⎣ ⎦
8𝑊50 1/3
𝐷50 = ( Πγ𝑠
)

Where,
𝑉𝑐= Velocity, ft/s
3
γ𝑠 = Specific stone weight, 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
3
γ𝑤 = Specific weight of water, 62.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

𝑊50 = Weight of stone (only used for flagstone to find equivalent spherical

diameter)
𝐷50 = Spherical diameter of stone

C = Isbash constant (0.86 for high turbulence level flow and 1.20 for low
turbulence level flow)
2
g = Acceleration of gravity, 32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
Sample calculations for flagstone rock stability velocity:
8(206.67𝑙𝑏) 1/3
𝐷50 = ( 3 ) = 1. 5195𝑓𝑡
Π(150𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 )

3 3 1/2
2 1/2
𝑉𝑐 = 1. 20⎡⎢2(32. 2𝑓𝑡/𝑠 )(
150𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 −62.5𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 ⎤
3 )⎥ (1. 5195𝑓𝑡) = 14. 0455 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 = 4. 28𝑚/𝑠
⎣ 62.5𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 ⎦

Sample calculation for a boulder’s stability velocity:

3 3 1/2
2 1/2
𝑉𝑐 = 1. 20⎡⎢2(32. 2𝑓𝑡/𝑠 )( )⎤⎥
150𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 −62.5𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
3 (3𝑓𝑡) = 14. 0455 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 = 4. 28𝑚/𝑠
⎣ 62.5𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 ⎦

14
Gantt Chart

15