You are on page 1of 22

UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

81,'$',,,&255,(17((/(&75,&$<&,5&8,726(/‹&75,&26

'HVSOD]DPLHQWR GH FDUJDV HO«FWULFDV ,QWHQVLGDG \ GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH
8QLGDGHV 5HVLVWHQFLD \ UHVLVWLYLGDG /H\ GH 2+0 9DULDFLµQ GH OD UHVLVWLYLGDG
FRQODWHPSHUDWXUD6XSHUFRQGXFWLYLGDG(QHUJ¯DHQXQFLUFXLWRHO«FWULFR/H\GH
-28/( *HQHUDGRUHV GH HQHUJ¯D HO«FWULFD )XHU]D HOHFWURPRWUL] 8QLGDGHV
&£OFXORV GH FRUULHQWHV \ GLIHUHQFLDV GH SRWHQFLDO /H\HV GH .,5&+2))
'LIHUHQFLDV GH SRWHQFLDO HQ ORV WHUPLQDOHV GH XQ JHQHUDGRU \ GH XQ PRWRU
5HVLVWHQFLDVHQVHULH\SDUDOHOR$Q£OLVLVGHOFLUFXLWR5&&DUJD\GHVFDUJDGH
FDSDFLWRUHV


,QGLFH

,QWURGXFFLµQ
9HORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUH
'HQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHHO«FWULFD
5HVLVWHQFLDUHVLVWLYLGDG\FRQGXFWLYLGDG
'HSHQGHQFLDGHODUHVLVWLYLGDGGHORVPHWDOHVFRQODWHPSHUDWXUD
/H\GH2+0
5HVLVWLYLGDG&RPSRUWDPLHQWRGHORV£WRPRV
&RQGXFFLµQHQVHPLFRQGXFWRUHV
6HPLFRQGXFWRUHVWLSRQ\WLSRS
,QWHUFDPELRVGHHQHUJ¯DHQXQFLUFXLWRHO«FWULFR
)XHU]D(OHFWURPRWUL]
&DOFXORGHODFRUULHQWHHQXQFLUFXLWR
$OJXQRVFLUFXLWRVVLPSOHV
'LIHUHQFLDVGHSRWHQFLDO
5HVLVWHQFLDHTXLYDOHQWH5HVLVWHQFLDHQVHULH\HQSDUDOHOR
5HVLVWHQFLDHTXLYDOHQWHGHXQFRQMXQWRGHUHVLVWHQFLDVHQVHULH
5HVLVWHQFLDHTXLYDOHQWHGHXQFRQMXQWRGHUHVLVWHQFLDVHQSDUDOHOR
(MHPSORGHUHVROXFLµQGHFLUFXLWRVDSOLFDQGROD/H\GH2KP
5HGHVHO«FWULFDVದ/H\HVGH.LUFKKRII
/DUHJODGHORVQRGRVRSULPHUD/H\GH.LUFKKRII
/DUHJODGHODVPDOODVRVHJXQGD/H\GH.LUFKKRII
5HVROXFLµQGHFLUFXLWRVPHGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLµQGHODV/H\HVGH.LUFKKRII
(MHPSORGHUHVROXFLµQGHFLUFXLWRV
&LUFXLWRV5&ದ&DJD\GHVFDUJDGHOFRQGHQVDGRU

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


1 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

Introducción

+DVWD DKRUD KHPRV WUDWDGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH OD HOHFWURVW£WLFD HV GHFLU ORV HIHFWRV GH
FDUJDV HVWDFLRQDULDV &RPHQ]DUHPRV DKRUD D FRQVLGHUDU HO PRYLPLHQWRGH ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH
FDUJD OD FRQGXFFLµQ HO«FWULFD <D YLPRV TXH HO FDPSR HO«FWULFR HV QXOR HQ HO LQWHULRU GH XQ
&
FRQGXFWRU E 0  VLQ HPEDUJR VL PDQWHQHPRVXQFDPSRHO«FWULFRGLVWLQWRGHFHURHQXQ
FRQGXFWRU SRU HMHPSOR FRQHFW£QGROR D XQD EDWHU¯D R  XQD IXHQWH ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD GHO
FRQGXFWRU VH PRYHU£Q \ VH HVWDEOHFHU£ XQD FRUULHQWH HO«FWULFD 9HUHPRV ORV HIHFWRV GH
FRUULHQWHV HVWDFLRQDULDV H LQYHVWLJDUHPRV PRGHORV TXH QRV D\XGHQ D FRPSUHQGHU OD
FRQGXFFLµQHO«FWULFDHQODPDWHULD
8Q FRQGXFWRU HV XQ PDWHULDO HQ HO FXDODOJXQDV GH ODV SDUW¯FXODV FDUJDGDV VH SXHGHQ
PRYHUOLEUHPHQWH HVWDV SDUW¯FXODV VRQ ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD GHO FRQGXFWRU 3RUHMHPSORVL
SHQVDPRVHQXQPHWDOFRPRXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHLRQHVSRVLWLYRVORFDOL]DGRVHQSRVLFLRQHVGHUHG
ILMDV\HQWUH«VWRVVHGLVWULEX\HQORVHOHFWURQHVOLEUHV/DFDUJDGHOFRQMXQWRGHORVHOHFWURQHV
OLEUHVHVLJXDO\RSXHVWDDODFDUJDGHOFRQMXQWRGHORVLRQHVUHVXOWDQGRXQPDWHULDOQHXWUR
/RV HOHFWURQHV GH XQPHWDO SXHGHQ PRYHUVH HQWUH OD UHG GH LRQHV \ FRQVWLWX\HQ ORV
SRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDGHXQPHWDO
/RV HOHFWURQHV OLEUHV HQ XQ FRQGXFWRU PHW£OLFR DLVODGR WDO FRPR WUR]R GH DODPEUH GH
FREUHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQPRYLPLHQWRLUUHJXODUFRPR ODV PRO«FXODV GH XQ JDV HQFHUUDGRHQ XQ
UHFLSLHQWH 1R WLHQHQ QLQJXQD GLUHFFLµQ GH PRYLPLHQWR GHILQLGD D OR ODUJR GHO DODPEUH 6L KDFH
SDVDU XQ SODQR KLSRW«WLFR D WUDY«V GHO DODPEUH OD UDSLGH] FRQ OD FXDO SDVDQ HOHFWURQHV D
WUDY«V GH «OGH GHUHFKDD L]TXLHUGD HV PLVPDTXHODUDSLGH]FRQODFXDOSDVDQGHL]TXLHUGDD
GHUHFKD UDSLGH]QHWDHVFHUR6LORVH[WUHPRVGHODODPEUHVHFRQHFWDQDXQDEDWHU¯DVHHVWDEOHFH
&
FDPSRHO«FWULFR E HQWRGRVORVSXQWRVGHQWURGHODODPEUH
&
(VWH FDPSR E  DFWXDU£ VREUH ORV HOHFWURQHV \ OHV GDU£ XQ PRYLPLHQWR UHVXOWDQWH
&
HQODGLUHFFLµQGH  E 
'HFLPRVTXHVHKDHVWDEOHFLGRXQD FRUULHQWHHO«FWULFD VLSDVDXQDFDUJDQHWD q  SRU
XQD VHFFLµQ WUDQVYHUVDO FXDOTXLHUD GHO FRQGXFWRU HQ HO WLHPSR t   OD FRUULHQWH VXSXHVWD
FRQVWDQWHHV

q
i
t 
/D XQLGDG HQ HO VLVWHPD LQWHUQDFLRQDO VHU£ HO $PSHU   GHILQLGR FRPR

>i@ >q@ >coul @ >Amp@  VH OH KD GDGR HO QRPEUH GH DPSHULR HQ KRQRU D $QGU«
>t @ >seg @
0DULH$PS«UH  


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


2 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

6LODYHORFLGDGGHIOXMRGHFDUJDQRHVFRQVWDQWHDOWUDQVFXUULUWLHPSRODFRUULHQWHYDU¯D
FRQHOWLHPSR\HVWDU£GDGDSRU

dq
i
dt HQORVSULPHURVDQ£OLVLVFRQVLGHUDUHPRVFRUULHQWHVFRQVWDQWHV
/DFRUULHQWH i HVODPLVPDSDUDWRGDVODVVHFFLRQHVWUDQVYHUVDOHVGHXQFRQGXFWRU
DXQFXDQGRHO£UHDGHODVHFFLµQWUDQVYHUVDOVHUGLVWLQWDHQGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRV'HODPLVPD
PDQHUD OD YHORFLGDG FRQ OD FXDO HO DJXD VXSXHVWD LQFRPSUHVLEOH  IOX\H D WUDY«V XQD VHFFLµQ
WUDQVYHUVDOFXDOTXLHUDGHXQWXERHVODPLVPDDXQFXDQGRFDPELHODVHFFLµQ(ODJXDIOX\HP£V
DSULVDHQ GRQGH HO WXERHV GHPHQRUVHFFLµQ\P£VOHQWDPHQWHHQGRQGHVXVHFFLµQHVPD\RUWDO
PDQHUD TXH HO FDXGDO PHGLGR SRU HMHPSOR HQ OLWURV  PLQXWR FDPELD (VWD FRQVWDQFLD GH OD
FRUULHQWHHO«FWULFDVHGHGXFHGHOKHFKRGHTXHODFDUJDGHEHFRQVHUYDUVHEDMRODVFRQGLFLRQHV
GHU«JLPHQHVWDEOHVXSXHVWDVQLVHDFXPXODFRQWLQXDPHQWHHQQLQJ¼QSXQWRFRQGXFWRUQLVH
SLHUGH FRQWLQXDPHQWH HQ QLQJ¼Q SXQWR 8VDQGR H[SUHVLRQHV \D YLVWDV QR KD\ IXHQWHV QL
VXPLGHURVGHFDUJD
/D H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ FDPSR HO«FWULFR GHQWUR GH XQ FRQGXFWRU QR FRQWUDGLFH OR TXH VH
H[SOLFDPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH \D TXH DQWHV FRQVLGHU£EDPRV DLVODGR DO FRQGXFWRU \ TXH QR VH
FRQVHUYDEDH[SUHVDPHQWHXQDGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHGRVSXQWRVFXDOHVTXLHUDGH«O
(O FDPSR HO«FWULFR TXH REUD VREUH ORV HOHFWURQHV HQ XQ FRQGXFWRU QR SURGXFH XQD
DFHOHUDFLµQ QHWD GHELGRDORVFKRTXHVHQWUHORVHOHFWURQHV\ORV£WRPRV HQULJRUORVLRQHV TXH
FRQVWLWX\HQ HO FRQGXFWRU (VWD GLVSRVLFLµQ GH ORV LRQHV MXQWR FRQ ODV IXHU]DV LQWHQVDV GH
UHVRUWH GH RULJHQ HO«FWULFR VH OODPDQ OD UHG (O HIHFWR WRWDO GH HVWRV FKRTXHV HV WUDQVIRUPDU
HQHUJ¯DFLQ«WLFDGHORVHOHFWURQHVTXHDFHOHUDQHQHQHUJ¯DGHYLEUDFLµQGHODUHG/RVHOHFWURQHV

DGTXLHUHQ XQD YHORFLGDG GH DUUDVWUH FRQVWDQWH PHGLD


vd  HQ GLUHFFLµQ  E&  6H SXHGH
KDFHUXQDDQDORJ¯DFRQXQDERODTXHUXHGDSRUXQDHVFDOLQDWDPX\ODUJD\QRFRQXQDERODTXH
FDH OLEUH GHVGH OD PLVPD DOWXUD (Q HO SULPHU FDVR OD DFHOHUDFLµQ FDXVDGD SRU HO FDPSR
JUDYLWDFLRQDO HVFRQWUDUUHVWDGDHIHFWLYDPHQWHSRUORVHIHFWRVUHWDUGDGRUHVGHORVFKRTXHVFRQ
ORVHVFDORQHVGHWDOPDQHUDTXHFRQGLFLRQHVDGHFXDGDVODFDQLFDEDMDSRUODHVFDOHUDFRQXQD
DFHUDFLµQPHGLDFHURHVWRHVDYHORFLGDGPHGLDFRQVWDQWH
$XQFXDQGRHQORVPHWDOHVORVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDVRQORVHOHFWURQHVHQORVHOHFWUµOLWRV
R HQ ORV FRQGXFWRUHV JDVHRVRV ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD SXHGHQ VHU WDPEL«Q LRQHV SRVLWLYRV
QHJDWLYRVRDPERV
/D FRUULHQWH HO«FWULFD  HV XQD PDJQLWXG HVFDODU \ DXQTXH QR HV YHFWRULDO
FRP¼QPHQWH VH KDEOD GH OD GLUHFFLµQ GH XQD FRUULHQWH LQGLFDQGR FRQ HVWR OD GLUHFFLµQ HQ
TXHIOX\HQORVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDSRVLWLYRV
6H QHFHVLWD DGRSWDU XQD FRQYHQFLµQ SDUD DVLJQDU ODV GLUHFFLRQHV GH ODV FRUULHQWHV
SRUTXHODVFDUJDVGHVLJQRVRSXHVWRVVHPXHYHQHQGLUHFFLRQHVRSXHVWDVHQXQFDPSRGDGR
8QD FDUJD SRVLWLYD TXH VH PXHYH HQ XQD GLUHFFLµQ HV HTXLYDOHQWH SDUD FDVL ORV HIHFWRV
H[WHUQRV D XQD FDUJD QHJDWLYD TXH VH PXHYH HQ GLUHFFLµQ RSXHVWD 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH SRU

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


3 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

VLPSOLFLGDG \ SDUD HVWDEOHFHU D XQLIRUPLGDG DOJHEUDLFD VXSRQHPRV TXH WRGRV ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH
FDUJDVRQSRVLWLYRV\GLEXMDPRVODVIOHFKDVGHODFRUULHQWHHQHOVHQWLGRHQTXHVHPRYHU¯DQWDOHV
FDUJDV6LORVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDQHJDWLYRVVLPSOHPHQWHVHPXHYHQHQVHQWLGRFRQWUDULRDODV
IOHFKD GH OD FRUULHQWH +D\ FDVRV FRPR HQ HO HIHFWR PD\ TXH \D YHUHPRV  HQ HO FXDO WLHQH
PXFKD LPSRUWDQFLD HO VLJQR GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD HQ ORV HIHFWRV H[WHUQRV HQ HVWRV D
FRUULHQWH HO«FWULFD , HV XQD PDJQLWXG HVFDODU \ DXQTXH QR HV YHFWRULDO FRP¼QPHQWH VH
KDEOD GH OD GLUHFFLµQ GH XQD FRUULHQWH LQGLFDQGR FRQ HVWR OD GLUHFFLµQ HQ TXH IOX\HQ ORV
SRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDSRVLWLYRVSRUDOWRODFRQYHQFLµQ\WRPDUHPRVHQFXHQWDODVLWXDFLµQ
UHDO(QODVILJXUDVYHPRVORVGLVWLQWRVFDVRVTXHVHQRVSUHVHQWDQ

)LJXUD

)LJXUD


(Q OD ILJXUD  VH PXHVWUDQ SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD SRVLWLYRV PRYL«QGRVH KDFLD OD
GHUHFKDPLHQWUDVTXHHQOD)LJXUDYHPRVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDQHJDWLYRVPRYL«QGRVHKDFLDOD
L]TXLHUGD (Q OD )LJXUD  ORVSRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD SRVLWLYRV TXH VH PXHYHQ KDFLD OD GHUHFKD
WLHQGHQ D KDFHU TXH OD SDUWH GHUHFKD GHO DODPEUH VHD P£V SRVLWLYD \ OD SDUWH L]TXLHUGD P£V
QHJDWLYD(QOD )LJXUD  ORVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDQHJDWLYRVTXH VHPXHYHQKDFLDODL]TXLHUGD
WLHQGHQ D KDFHU TXH OD SDUWH GHUHFKD VHD P£V SRVLWLYD \ OD L]TXLHUGD P£V QHJDWLYD (V
GHFLU TXH HO PRYLPLHQWR GH SRUWDGRUHV HQ DPEDV ILJXUDV SURGXFH HO PLVPR UHVXOWDGR \ SRU
WDQWRHOVHQWLGRGHODFRUULHQWHHVHQODVGRVHOPLVPRKDFLDODGHUHFKD

/D FRUULHQWH i  HV XQD FDUDFWHU¯VWLFD GH XQ FRQGXFWRU GDGR (V XQD PDJQLWXG HVFDODU HV XQD
FDQWLGDG PDFURVFµSLFD FRPR OD PDVD GH XQ REMHWR R OD ORQJLWXG GH YDULOOD 8QD PDJQLWXG
&
PLFURVFµSLFD UHODFLRQDGD FRQ OD DQWHULRU OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH j  (V XQ YHFWRU \ HV OD
FDUDFWHU¯VWLFD GH SXQWR GHQWUR GH XQ FRQGXFWRU QR HV OD FDUDFWHU¯VWLFD GHO FRQGXFWRU HQ
FRQMXQWR





Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


4 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

9HORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUH

&XDQGR VH DSOLFD D XQ FRQGXFWRU XQ FDPSR HO«FWULFR H[WHUQR «VWH HMHUFH XQD IXHU]D VREUH
FDGD XQR GH ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD GHO FRQGXFWRU SURGXFLHQGR VX PRYLPLHQWR D WUDY«V GHO
PDWHULDO /DV SDUW¯FXODV TXH QR VRQ SRUWDGRUHV VH GHVSOD]DQ OLJHUDPHQWH SHUR FRQWLQ¼DQ
OLJDGDVHQVX VSRVLFLRQHV GH OD UHG LµQLFD  6L VREUH ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD QR DFWXDUDQ
RWUDV IXHU]DV XQ FDPSR HO«FWULFR FRQVWDQWH SURGXFLU¯D VREUH HOORV XQD DFHOHUDFLµQ
FRQVWDQWH 6LQ HPEDUJR ORV SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD LQWHUDFFLRQDQ FRQ ODV GHP£V SDUW¯FXODV GHO
PDWHULDO\HOHIHFWRFRPELQDGRGHHVWDVLQWHUDFFLRQHV\HOFDPSRHO«FWULFRDSOLFDGRKDFHTXH

ORVSRUWDGRUHVVHPXHYDQDYHORFLGDGFRQVWDQWH vd OODPDGDYHORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUH
9HUHPRV DKRUD OD UHODFLµQ HQWUH OD FRUULHQWH i  \ HO PµGXOR GH OD YHORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUH
vd HQXQ DODPEUH GHVHFFLµQ S VXSRQLHQGRTXH n  HVODGHQVLGDG GH SRUWDGRUHV GH
FDUJDHQHODODPEUH Q¼PHURGHSRUWDGRUHVSRUXQLGDGGHYROXPHQ \ q ODFDUJDGHFDGD
SRUWDGRU


(Q OD ILJXUD  VXSRQHPRV TXH WRGRV ORV

vd
SRUWDGRUHV OOHYDQ XQD YHORFLGDG  GH
IRUPD TXH WRGRV ORV SRUWDGRUHV TXH KD\ HQ

HOFLOLQGURGHORQJLWXGGH dl SDVDQDWUDY«V

GHODVXSHUILFLH S HQXQWLHPSR dt 


(QFRQGLFLRQHVGHIOXMRHVWDFLRQDULRHVWRVSRUWDGRUHVVRQUHHPSOD]DGRVSRUORVGHO
VLJXLHQWHFLOLQGURDODL]TXLHUGDGHPDQHUDTXHQRYDU¯DODFDUJDQHWDHQHOWUDPRGHDODPEUH

/DORQJLWXGGHOFLOLQGUµ dl VHU£ dl vd dt 


(OQ¼PHURGHSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDHQHOFLOLQGURHV nAdl nAv d dt 

S  HQ XQ WLHPSR dt  HO YDORU GH OD FDUJD dQ 


\ WRGRV HOORV SDVDQ SRU OD VXSHUILFLH

TXHSDVDDWUDY«VGHODVXSHUILFLH S HQXQWLHPSR dt HV

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


5 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

dQ
dQ nAdlq nAv d dtq FRPR i SRGHPRVHVFULELU
dt
dQ
i nAv d q RVHD
dt
i nAv d q ODFRUULHQWHHVSURSRUFLRQDODODYHORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUH
vd 



'HQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHHO«FWULFD


<DGLMLPRVTXHXQDPDJQLWXGPLFURVFµSLFDUHODFLRQDGDFRQODFRUULHQWHHO«FWULFD i DQWHULRUHVOD
&
GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH j  (V XQ YHFWRU \ HV OD FDUDFWHU¯VWLFD GH SXQWR GHQWUR GH XQ
FRQGXFWRUQRHVODFDUDFWHU¯VWLFDGHOFRQGXFWRUHQFRQMXQWR

 /DFRUULHQWHHO«FWULFD i FDUDFWHUL]DHOIOXMRGHFDUJDDWUDY«VGHODVHFFLµQSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWDO
GH XQ FRQGXFWRU 3DUD GHVFULELU HO IOXMR GH FDUJD HQ SXQWRV GHO LQWHULRU GH XQ FRQGXFWRU
&
GHEHPRVXVDUODGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWH j 6LODGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHHVXQLIRUPHHOPRGXOµGH
ODGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWH j HVLJXDODODFRUULHQWH i GLYLGLGD SRUHO £UHD  A  GHOD VHFFLµQ
GHOFRQGXFWRU

i
j i nAvd q REWHQLGRQRVTXHGD
A VXVWLWX\HQGRHOYDORUGH
i nAvd q
j nvd q TXHSRGHPRVH[SUHVDUHQIRUPDYHFWRULDO
A A

& &
j nv d q 


/DGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHDSXQWDHQODPLVPDGLUHFFLµQTXH
vd SDUDSRUWDGRUHVSRVLWLYRV\HQ
&
FRQWUD GH
vd  SDUD SRUWDGRUHV QHJDWLYRV \ SRU WDQWR OD GLUHFFLµQ GH j  FRLQFLGH FRQ HO
VHQWLGRGHODFRUULHQWHHQHODODPEUH


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


6 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

&
6LXQFRQGXFWRUSRVHHP£VGHXQWLSRGHSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDH[LVWLU£XQDFRQWULEXFLµQD j 

SRU FDGD WLSR GH SRUWDGRUHV 6L WXYL«VHPRV GRV WLSRV GH SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD a   \ b  
WHQGU¯DPRVTXHHVFULELU

& & &
j na vda qa  nb vdb qb GRQGHORVVXE¯QGLFHV a \ b GHVLJQDQODVPDJQLWXGHV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDFDGDWLSRGHSRUWDGRUHV

&
3RGHPRV XWLOL]DU OD HFXDFLµQ DQWHULRU SDUD GHPRVWUDU TXH ODV FRQWULEXFLRQHV D j GHELGDV D
SRUWDGRUHV GH GLVWLQWR VLJQR DSXQWDQ HQ OD PLVPD GLUHFFLµQ &RQVLGHUHPRV OD GHQVLGDG GH

FRUULHQWHHQXQDVROXFLµQVDOLQDHQODTXHORVSRUWDGRUHVVRQLRQHVFRQFDUJD  e \  e 
6 L  HOPHGLRHVQHXWURODVGHQVLGDGHVGHDPERVWLSRVGHLRQHVVRQLJXDOHV7RPDUHPRVHOHMH
& &
x HQ OD GLUHFFLµQ GHO FDPSR E Ei  FRQ OR TXH OD YHORFLGDG GH DUUDVWUH HV
& &
vd  vd  i  SDUD ORV LRQHV SRVLWLYRV \ vd  vd  i SDUD ORV LRQHV QHJDWLYRV
GRQGH ORV PµGXORV GH ODV YHORFLGDGHV vd  \ vd   VRQ DPERV SRVLWLYRV (V GHFLU OD
YHORFLGDG GH DUUDVWUH GH ORV LRQHV SRVLWLYRV WLHQH OD GLUHFFLµQ GHO FDPSR \ OD YHORFLGDG GH

DUUDVWUH GH ORV LRQHV QHJDWLYRV WLHQH GLUHFFLµQ RSXHVWD DO FDPSR /D FRPSRQHQWH x  GH
&
j VHU£
j x nevd   n  e  vd  nevd   nevd  

&
&RPRDPERVIDFWRUHVVRQSRVLWLYRVODVFRQWULEXFLRQHVGHDPERVWLSRVGHLRQHVD j  WDPEL«Q
&
OR VRQ 3RU WDQWR HO VHQWLGR GH OD FRUULHQWH i  FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ OD GLUHFFLµQGH j WDQWR
SDUDSRUWDGRUHVSRVLWLYRVFRPRQHJDWLYRV 'HQXHYRYHPRVTXHHOHIHFWRH[WHUQRGHORVSRUWDGRUHV
GHFDUJDHVHOPLVPRLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHVXVLJQR

& &
/D HFXDFLµQ  j nvd q  HV YDOLGD SDUD FXDOTXLHU FODVH GH GLVWULEXFLµQ GH FRUULHQWH

i
PLHQWUDV TXH  OD HFXDFLµQ 
j
A    VROR OR HV DSOLFDEOH FXDQGR OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH HV
XQLIRUPD


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


7 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

6L OD YHORFLGDG GH DUUDVWUH GH ORV


SRUWDGRUHV YDU¯D FRPR VH YH HQ OD
ILJXUDODGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHYDULDU£
HQODPLVPDIRUPD




(QHVWHFDVRODFRUULHQWHi DWUDY«VGHXQDVXSHUILFLHGDGDSXHGHREWHQHUVHPHGLDQWHODLQWHJUDO
&
GHVXSHUILFLHGHODGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWH j 

& &
i ³ j dS 


3RUORWDQWRSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHODFRUULHQWHDWUDY«VGHXQDVXSHUILFLHHVHOIOXMRGHODGHQVLGDGGH
FRUULHQWHDWUDY«VGHGLFKDVXSHUILFLH



5HVLVWHQFLDUHVLVWLYLGDG\FRQGXFWLYLGDG

6LVHDSOLFDODPLVPDGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHORVH[WUHPRVGHXQDEDUUDGHFREUH\GH
XQD EDUUD GH PDGHUD VH SURGXFHQ FRUULHQWHV PX\ GLIHUHQWHV /D FDUDFWHU¯VWLFD GHO FRQGXFWRU
TXH LQWHUYLHQH HVWD GLIHUHQFLD HV VX UHVLVWHQFLD 'HILQLPRV OD UHVLVWHQFLD GH XQ FRQGXFWRU D
PHQXGR OODPDGR XQD UHVLVWHQFLD V¯PEROR a  HQWUH GRV SXQWRV DSOLFDQGR XQD GLIHUHQFLD GH
V
i
SRWHQFLDO V  HQWUH SXQWRVPLGLHQGRODFRUULHQWH \GLYLGLHQGR R ODVXQLGDGHVGHOD
i
UHVLVWHQFLDVHU£QVL VHVWDHQYROWVH i HQ$PSHUHQWRQFHVODUHVLVWHQFLDHVWDU£HQRKPVFX\R
V¯PERORHV : HQKRQRUD*HRUJ6LPRQ2KP  
(O QRPEUH GH UHVLVWHQFLD HO«FWULFD HV DSURSLDGR\D TXH HV XQD PHGLGD GH OD RSRVLFLµQTXH
HMHUFHXQWUR]RGHPDWHULDODOIOXMRGHFDUJDDWUDY«VGH«O6LXQWUR]RGHXQPDWHULDOWLHQHPD\RU
UHVLVWHQFLD OD PLVPD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO SURGXFLU£ XQD FRUULHQWH PHQRU (Q ORV FLUFXLWRV VH
D³DGHDPHQXGRUHVLVWHQFLDSDUDOLPLWDURFRQWURODUODFRUULHQWH

(O IOXMR GH FDUJD D WUDY«V GH XQ FRQGXFWRU VH FRPSDUD D QXGR FRQ HO IOXMR GH DJXD D
WUDY«V GH XQ WXER HO FXDO VH GHELGR D TXH KD\ XQD GLIHUHQFLD GH SUHVLµQ HQWUH ORV H[WUHPRV
WXERHVWDEOHFLGDSRUHMHPSORFRQXQDERPED(VWDGLIHUHQFLDSUHVLµQVHSXHGHFRPSDUDUFRQOD
GLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHVWDEOHFLGDHQWUHORVH[WUHPRVGHXQDUHVLVWHQFLDPHGLDQWHXQDEDWHU¯D

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


8 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

(OGHDJXD GLJDPRVP VHJ  VH FRPSDUD FRQ OD FRUULHQWH  DPS  /D UDSLGH] GH IOXMR GHO
DJXD SDUD XQD GLIHUHQFLD GH GDGDGHSHQGH GH OD QDWXUDOH]D GHO WXER (VODUJR RFRUWR" (V
DQJRVWRRDQFKR"(VW£YDF¯RROOHQRGHDOJRSRUHMHPSORJUDYD"(VWDVFDUDFWHU¯VWLFDVGHO
WXERVRQDQ£ORJDVDODUHVLVWHQFLDGHXQFRQGXFWRU

5HODFLRQDGD FRQ OD UHVLVWHQFLD HVW£ OD UHVLVWLYLGDG U  TXH HV XQD FDUDFWHU¯VWLFD GH XQ
PDWHULDO \ QR GH XQD PXHVWUD HVSHFLDO GHO PDWHULDO 3DUD PDWHULDOHV LVµWURSRV TXH VRQORV
PDWHULDOHVFX\DVSURSLHGDGHVHO«FWULFDVHQHVWHFDVRQRYDU¯DQFRQODGLUHFFLµQTXHVHWRPHHQ
E
HOPDWHULDOVHODGHILQHFRPR U /DUHVLVWLYLGDGGHOFREUHHVGH;2KPPODGHO
j
FXDU]RIXQGLGRHVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGH
r2KPP3RFDVSURSLHGDGHVI¯VLFDVSXHGHQPHGLUVH
HQWUH P£UJHQHV WDQ DPSOLRV GH YDORUHV (Q OD WDEOD VLJXLHQWH YHPRV XQD OLVWD GH DOJXQRV
YDORUHVSDUDPHWDOHVFRPXQHV

 5HVLVWLYLGDG D &RHILFLHQWH GH 'HQVLGDG 3XQWR GH IXVLµQ
r&RKPP WHPSHUDWXUD D r&

$OXPLQLR [ [  


3ODWD [ [  
&REUH [ [  
+LHUUR [ [  
&DUERQR [ [  


1 dU
D HVHOFRHILFLHQWHGHWHPSHUDWXUDHQHVWDWDEODHVWDGHILQLGRFRPR D U dT 

dU
ODIUDFFLµQTXHFDPELDODUHVLVWLYLGDG  SRUXQLGDGGHFDPELRGHWHPSHUDWXUD9DU¯DFRQOD
dT
WHPSHUDWXUDORVYDORUHVTXHDTX¯VHFRQVLJQDQVRQSDUDr&3DUDHOFREUH ;
&r OD
UHVLVWLYLGDG DXPHQWD HQ  [  SDUD XQ DXPHQWR GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH  &r FHUFD GH r&
1µWHVH TXH D SDUD HO FDUEµQ HV QHJDWLYD R VHD TXH OD UHVLVWLYLGDG GLVPLQX\H DO DXPHQWDU OD
WHPSHUDWXUD

&RQVLG«UHVH XQ FRQGXFWRU FLO¯QGULFR GH VHFFLµQ WUDQVYHUVDO A  ORQJLWXG  l   TXH OOHYD XQD
FRUULHQWH FRQVWDQWH  i  $SOLTXHPRVXQDGLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO V  HQWUH VXV H[WUHPRV 6L ODV
VHFFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GHO FLOLQGUR VRQ VXSHUILFLHV HTXLSRWHQFLDOHV OD LQWHQVLGDG FDPSR
HO«FWULFR \ OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH VHU£Q FRQVWDQWHV HQ WRGRV ORV SXQWRV HQ HO FLOLQGUR \
WHQGU£QORVYDORUHV

V i
 E 
j 
l A


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


9 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

/DUHVLVWLYLGDG U SXHGHHVFULELUVHHQWRQFHVDV¯
V
E l V A
U 
j i i l
A
V
3HUR
i HVODUHVLVWHQFLD RGHPDQHUDTXHVHREWLHQH
V A A
U R Ÿ 
i l l
l
R U 
a


V  i \ RVRQFDQWLGDGHVPDFURVFµSLFDVTXHVHDSOLFDQDXQFXHUSRD XQD UHJLµQ H[WHQVD HQ


SDUWLFXODU /DV FDQWLGDGHV PLFURVFµSLFDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVVRQ E j \ U «VWDVWLHQHQVXV
YDORUHV SDUWLFXODUHV HQ FDGD SXQWR GH FXHUSR /DV FDQWLGDGHV PDFURVFµSLFDV HVW£Q

UHODFLRQDGDV HQWUH V¯ SRU PHGLR GH OD HFXDFLµQ GH OD HFXDFLµQ V Ri         \ ODV

FDQWLGDGHVPLFURVFµSLFDVHVW£QUHODFLRQDGDVHQIRUPDYHFWRULDOSRU E Uj 
/DVFDQWLGDGHVPDFURVFµSLFDVVHSXHGHQHQFRQWUDUSRULQWHJUDFLµQGHFDQWLGDGHVPLFURVFµSLFDV
XVDQGRODVUHODFLRQHV\DFRQRFLGDV
& & b & &
i ³ \ Vab ³a Edl 
j dS


/D LQWHJUDO HQ OD HFXDFLµQ GH OD FRUULHQWH HVXQD LQWHJUDO GH VXSHUILFLH TXHVHGHEH REWHQHU  HQ
XQD VHFFLµQ WUDQVYHUVDO FXDOTXLHUD GHO FRQGXFWRU /D LQWHJUDO HQ OD HFXDFLµQ GH OD
GLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHVXQDLQWHJUDOGHO¯QHDTXHVHGHEHHIHFWXDUVLJXLHQGRXQDO¯QHD
DUELWUDULD WUD]DGD D OR ODUJR GHO FRQGXFWRU XQLHQGR GRV VXSHUILFLHV HTXLSRWHQFLDOHV
FXDOHVTXLHUD GHVLJQDGDV a  \ b  3DUD XQ DODPEUH ODUJR FRQHFWDGR FRQ XQD EDWHU¯D OD
VXSHUILFLHHTXLSRWHQFLDO a SRGU¯DHVFRJHUVHFRPRXQDVHFFLµQWUDQVYHUVDO GHO DODPEUH FHUFD
GH OD WHUPLQDO SRVLWLYD GH OD EDWHU¯D \ b  WRPDUVH FRPR XQD VHFFLµQ WUDQVYHUVDO FHUFD GH OD
WHUPLQDOQHJDWLYD

/D UHVLVWHQFLD GH XQ FRQGXFWRU HQWUH a  \ b  SXHGH H[SUHVDUVH HQ W«UPLQRV PLFURVFµSLFRV
GLYLGLHQGRODVGRVHFXDFLRQHVPLHPEURDPLHPEURDV¯


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


10 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

b
& &
V ab
 ³
a
E d l
R & & 
i ³ j d S


6LHOFRQGXFWRUHVXQFLOLQGURODUJRGHVHFFLµQWUDQVYHUVDO AORQJLWXG l   \ORV SXQWRV a \


b  HVW£QHQVXVH[WUHPRVODDQWHULRUHFXDFLµQGH R VHUHGXFHD

El l
R U \DYLVWD
jA a


/DV FDQWLGDGHV PDFURVFµSLFDV V  i  \ R  VRQ GH LQWHU«V SULPRUGLDO FXDQGR HIHFWXDPRV


PHGLFLRQHVHO«FWULFDVHQREMHWRVFRQGXFWRUHVUHDOHV6RQODVFDQWLGDGHV TXH VH OHHQ HQ ORV

PHGLGRUHV/DVFDQWLGDGHVPLFURVFµSLFDV E j \ U VRQGHLPSRUWDQFLDSULPRUGLDOFXDQGR


QRVRFXSDPRVGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRIXQGDPHQWDO GH OD PDWHULD FRPR RFXUUH RUGLQDULDPHQWH
HQHOFDPSRGHOD I¯VLFDGHOHVWDGRVµOLGR 0£VDGHODQWHQRVRFXSDUHPRVDSURSLDGDPHQWHGHO
SXQWRGHYLVWDDWµPLFRGHOD UHVLVWLYLGDG GHXQPHWDO\QRGHOD UHVLVWHQFLD GHXQDPXHVWUD
GHPHWDO/DVFDQWLGDGHVPLFURVFµSLFDVVRQWDPEL«QLPSRUWDQWHVFXDQGRHVWDPRVLQWHUHVDGRVHQ
HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRLQWHULRUGHREMHWRVFRQGXFWRUHVGHIRUPDLUUHJXODU



'HSHQGHQFLDGHODUHVLVWLYLGDGGHORVPHWDOHVFRQODWHPSHUDWXUD

/D UHVLVWLYLGDG GH PXFKRV PHWDOHV SXURV YDU¯D FDVL OLQHDOPHQWH FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD HQ XQ
DPSOLRUDQJRGHYDORUHVGH«VWDFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODILJXUDVLJXLHQWHSDUDHOFREUH


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


11 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

&RPRJHQHUDOPHQWHSDUDORVPHWDOHVVµORDSDUHFHXQDOLJHUDFXUYDWXUDHQODJU£ILFDGH U
IUHQWHD T SRGHPRVHVFULELU


U | U 0 >1  D T  T 0 @ 


GRQGH U  HV OD UHVLVWLYLGDG D OD WHPSHUDWXUD T  U0 OD UHVLVWLYLGDG D XQD WHPSHUDWXUD


GHUHIHUHQFLD T0   \ D HV HO OODPDGR FRHILFLHQWH W«UPLFR GH OD UHVLVWLYLGDG (VGHFLU
HQ XQ UDQJR OLPLWDGR GH WHPSHUDWXUDV SRGHPRV DSUR[LPDU OD OLJHUD FXUYDWXUD GH OD

JU£ILFDGH U IUHQWHD T SRUXQDUHFWD1RWDPRVTXHHQODILJXUDODO¯QHDUHFWDGDGDSRU


OD HFXDFLµQ DQWHULRU HV GLI¯FLOPHQWH GLVWLQJXLEOH GH OD FXUYD SDUD WHPSHUDWXUDV FHUFDQDV D

T0  (Q OD WDEOD GLPRV YDORUHV GH ORV FRHILFLHQWHV W«UPLQRV GH OD UHVLVWLYLGDG SDUD
DOJXQRVPDWHULDOHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRV

/D GHSHQGHQFLD GH OD UHVLVWLYLGDG GH ORV PHWDOHV FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD  DOWXUD VH DSDUWD
FODUDPHQWH GH OD OLQHDOLGDG D EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV SRU GHEDMR GH  . (Q OD VLJXLHQWH
ILJXUDYHPRVHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRW¯SLFRHQHVWHUDQJR



$ HVWDV EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV OD UHVLVWHQFLD GH XQ PHWDO GHSHQGH IXHUWHPHQWH GH ODV SHTXH³DV
FDQWLGDGHV GH LPSXUH]DV TXH FRQWHQJD 5HDOPHQWH HQ OD SUDFWLFD ODV PHGLGDV GH UHVLVWLYLGDG D
EDMDVWHPSHUDWXUDVVHXVDQDPHQXGRRSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODFDQWLGDGGHLPSXUH]DVTXHFRQWLHQH
XQPHWDO
(Q DOJXQRV PHWDOHV DSDUHFH XQ KHFKR VRUSUHQGHQWH FXDQGR VRQ HQIULDGRV D PX\ EDMD
WHPSHUDWXUD VX UHVLVWHQFLD VH DQXOD FRPSOHWDPHQWH  (VWH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD
ILJXUDVLJXLHQWH

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


12 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

(OIHQµPHQRIXHGHVFXELHUWRHQSRU
+ .DPHUOLQJK 2QQHV   \ VH
FRQRFH FRPR VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLGDG +R\
G¯DODVXSHUFRQGXFWLYLGDGFRQVWLWX\HXQD
DFWLYD £UHD GH LQYHVWLJDFLµQ HQ I¯VLFD \
FDGD YH] HV PD\RU VX LPSRUWDQFLD HQ
LQJHQLHU¯D




7RGDVODVH[SHULHQFLDVOOHYDGDVDFDERSDUHFHQLQGLFDUTXHOD UHVLVWHQFLDGHORVPDWHULDOHV
HQHOHVWDGRVXSHUFRQGXFWRUHVUHDOPHQWHFHURXQDYH]TXHVHHVWDEOHFHQFRUULHQWHVHQXQ
FLUFXLWRVXSHUFRQGXFWRUFHUUDGRSHUVLVWHQVLQGLVPLQXLUGXUDQWHPXFKDVVHPDQDV DXQFXDQGR
QR KD\D EDWHU¯D HQ HO FLUFXLWR 6L OD WHPSHUDWXUD VH HOHYD OLJHUDPHQWH VREUH HO SXQWR
VXSHUFRQGXFWRUODVFRUULHQWHVVHDQXODQLQPHGLDWDPHQWH




/H\GH2+0

3DUD PXFKRV FRQGXFWRUHV OD FRUULHQWH D WUDY«V GH XQ WUR]R GHO FRQGXFWRU HV GLUHFWDPHQWH
SURSRUFLRQDO D OD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO DSOLFDGD HQWUH ORV H[WUHPRVGHOPLVPRGHIRUPDTXH

VXUHVLVWHQFLDHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGH V  RGH i $V¯SRUHMHPSORVLVHGXSOLFDODGLIHUHQFLDGH


SRWHQFLDO HQWUH ORV H[WUHPRV GH XQ FRQGXFWRU OD FRUULHQWH WDPEL«Q VH GXSOLFDU£ (Q HVWH
FDVRSRGHPRVHVFULELU

V Ri 
(O QRPEUH GH /H\ GH 2KP HVWD HFXDFLµQ  HV SRVLEOHPHQWH DOJR HUUµQHR SRUTXH HO UDQJR GH
YDOLGH] GH HVWD HFXDFLµQ HVW£ HQ RFDVLRQHV GHPDVLDGR OLPLWDGR FRPR SDUD JDUDQWL]DUOR
XWLOL]DQGR OD SDODEUD OH\ 1R VH WUDWD GH XQ KHFKR IXQGDPHQWDO HQ OD QDWXUDOH]D FRPR SRU
HMHPSOR OR HV OD OH\ GH &RXORPE 3RU HO FRQWUDULR VH WUDWD GH XQD H[SUHVLµQ HPS¯ULFD TXH
GHVFULEH FRQ SUHFLVLµQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH PXFKRV PDWHULDOHV HQ HO UDQJR GH YDORUHV GH

V  W¯SLFDPHQWH XWLOL]DGRV HQ ORV FLUFXLWRV HO«FWULFRV (Q HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV OD OH\ GH 2KP
UHVXOWDPX\¼WLO


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


13 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

/RVPDWHULDOHVTXHFXPSOHQODOH\GH2KPVHGHQRPLQDQ µKPLFRV\ORVTXHQRODFXPSOHQ
QRµKPLFRV8QFRQGXFWRUµKPLFRVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUWHQHUXQ¼QLFRYDORUGHVXUHVLVWHQFLD

/DJUDILFDGH
V FRQUHVSHFWRD i HV XQD
UHFWDGHIRUPDTXHODSHQGLHQWHHQWRGRVORVSX

GHODJU£ILFDHVODPLVPD\FRUUHVSRQGHD R 




8Q FRQGXFWRU QRµKPLFR QR SRVHH


XQ YDORU ¼QLFR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \ VX

JU£ILFD GH V  IUHQWH D i  QR HV  XQD


O¯QHDUHFWD

 





5HVLVWLYLGDG&RPSRUWDPLHQWRGHORV£WRPRV

3RGHPRV HQWHQGHU SRU TX« ORV PHWDOHV REHGHFHQ OD OH\ GH 2KP IXQG£QGRQRV HQ ODV LGHDV
FO£VLFDV VHQFLOODV 6L VH PRGLILFDQ HVWDV  LGHDV FXDQGR VHD QHFHVDULR GH DFXHUGR FRQ ORV
UHTXLVLWRVGHODFX£QWLFDHVSRVLEOHGDUXQSDVRP£V\FDOFXODUORVYDORUHVGHODUHVLVWLYLGDG
U SDUDGLYHUVRVPHWDOHV(VWRVF£OFXORVQRVRQ VHQFLOORVSHURFXDQGRVHKDQHIHFWXDGRORV
UHVXOWDGRVRUGLQDULRVFRLQFLGHQFRQORVYDORUHVH[SHULPHQWDOHVGH U 

(Q XQ PHWDO ORV HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD QR HVW£Q OLJDGRV £WRPRV LQGLYLGXDOHV VLQR TXH WLHQH
OLEHUWDGSDUDPRYHUVHGHQWUROD UHG\ VH OODPDQ HOHFWURQHVGHFRQGXFFLµQ (QHOFREUHKD\XQR
GHHVWRVHOHFWURQHVSRUFDGD£WRPRORVYHLQWLRFKRUHVWDQWHVHVW£QOLJDGRVQ¼FOHRVGHFREUHIRUPDQGR
FRUD]RQHVLµQLFRV

/D GLVWULEXFLµQ GH YHORFLGDGHV GH ORV HOHFWURQHV GH FRQGXFFLµQ  VµOR VH SXHGH GHVFULELU
FRUUHFWDPHQWH DSOLFDQGR OD I¯VLFD FX£QWLFD  6LQ HPEDUJR SDUD QXHVWUDV ILQDOLGDGHV EDVWD

FRQVLGHUDU VRODPHQWH  XQD YHORFLGDG PHGLD v  GHILQLGD HQ IRUPD FRQYHQLHQWH  SDUD HO FREUH
Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008
14 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

v HVLJXDOD[ FPVHJ(QDXVHQFLDGHXQFDPSRHOHFWUµQLFRODVGLUHFFLRQHVHQTXHVH


PXHYHQ ORV HOHFWURQHV HVW£Q FRPSOHWDPHQWH D]DU FRPR ODV GH ODV PRO«FXODV GH XQ JDV
FRQILQDGRHQXQGHSµVLWR

/RV HOHFWURQHV FKRFDQ FRQVWDQWHPHQWH FRQ ORV FRUD]RQHV LµQLFRV GHO FRQGXFWRU HVWR HV
LQWHUDFW¼DQFRQODUHGVXIULHQGRDPHQXGRFDPELRVUHSHQWLQRVHQODUDSLGH]\GLUHFFLµQ(VWRV
FKRTXHVFRQFXHUGDQDORVFKRTXHVGHODVPRO«FXODVGHXQJDVFRQILQDGRHQGHSµVLWR/RPLVPR
TXHHQHOFDVRGHORVFKRTXHVPROHFXODUHVGHVFULELUORVFKRTXHVGHOHOHFWUµQFRQODUHGPHGLDQWH

XQ UHFRUULGR OLEUH PHGLR  O    VLHQGR O    OD GLVWDQFLD PHGLD TXH UHFRUUH XQ HOHFWUµQ HQWUH
FKRTXHV FRQVHFXWLYRV  VH SXHGH GHPRVWUDU TXH ORV FKRTXHV HQWUH HOHFWURQHV RFXUUHQ PX\
SRFDVYHFHV\WLHQHQSRFRHIHFWRHQODUHVLVWLYLGDG

(QXQFULVWDOPHW£OLFRLGHDODr.QRRFXUULU¯DQFKRTXHVHOHFWUµQUHGVHJ¼QSURQRVWLFDODI¯VLFD

FX£QWLFDHVWRHV O of FXDQGR T o00 K HQORVFULVWDOHVLGHDOHV/RVFKRTXHVRFXUUHQ




HQORVFULVWDOHVLGHDOHVSRUODVVLJXLHQWHVFDXVDV
D ORV FRUD]RQHV MµQLFRV D FXDOTXLHU WHPSHUDWXUD 7  HVW£Q YLEUDQGR HQ WRUQR GH VXV
SRVLFLRQHVGHHTXLOLEULRHQXQDIRUPDGHVRUGHQDGD
E SXHGHQH[LVWLULPSXUH]DVHVWRHV£WRPRVH[WUD³RV
F ORV FULVWDOHV SXHGHQ FRQWHQHU LPSHUIHFFLRQHV HQ OD UHG WDOHV FRPR ILODV GH £WRPRV
IDOWDQWHV\£WRPRVGHVDOLQHDGRV

(Q YLVWD GH OR DQWHULRU QR HV VRUSUHQGHQWH TXH OD UHVLVWLYLGDG GH XQ PHWDO VH SXHGD
DXPHQWDUGHODVVLJXLHQWHVPDQHUDV
D HOHYDQGRVXWHPSHUDWXUD
E DJUHJDQGRSHTXH³DVFDQWLGDGHVGHLPSXUH]DV
F VRPHWL«QGRORDHVIXHU]RVVHYHURVSRUHMHPSORHVWLU£QGRORDWUDY«VGHXQDKLOHUDSDUD
DXPHQWDUHOQ¼PHURGHLPSHUIHFFLRQHVGHODUHG

&XDQGR VH DSOLFD XQ FDPSR HO«FWULFR D XQ PHWDO ORV HOHFWURQHV PRGLILFDQ VX PRYLPLHQWR
LUUHJXODUGHWDOPDQHUDTXHVRQDUUDVWUDGRVOHQWDPHQWHHQGLUHFFLµQRSXHVWDDODGHOFDPSR

FRQXQDYHORFLGDGPHGLDGHDUUDVWUH
vd (VWDYHORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUHHVPXFKR PHQRU TXH
ODYHORFLGDGHIHFWLYDPHGLD v PHQFLRQDGDDQWHULRUPHQWH




Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


15 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III




/D ILJXUD VXJLHUH OD UHODFLµQ HQWUH HVWDV GRV YHORFLGDGHV /D O¯QHD OOHQD HV XQD WUD\HFWRULD
LUUHJXODU SRVLEOH VHJXLGD XQ HOHFWUµQ FXDQGR QR VH DSOLFD XQ FDPSR HO HOHFWUµQ DYDQ]D GH

x D y HIHFWXDQGRVHLVFKRTXHVHQHOFDPLQR

/DV O¯QHDV LQWHUUXPSLGDV PXHVWUDQ FµPR KXELHUD SRGLGR RFXUULU HO PLVPR IHQµPHQR VL VH
&
KXELHVH DSOLFDGR XQ FDPSR HO«FWULFR E  1RWDPRV TXH HO HOHFWUµQ HV DUUDVWUDGR

c
FRQVWDQWHPHQWHKDFLDODGHUHFKDWHUPLQDQGRHQ y \QR y 

v
6HSXHGHFDOFXODUODYHORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUH d  GHORVHOHFWURQHVHQGHOFDPSRHO«FWULFRDSOLFDGR
&
E \ GH  vd  \ O  &XDQGR VH DSOLFD FDPSR D XQ HOHFWUµQ TXH HVW£ LQLFLDOPHQWH HQ UHSRVR
& &
H[SHULPHQWD IXHU]D F eE  TXH OH FRPXQLFD XQD DFHOHUDFLµQ D GDGD SRU OD VHJXQGD
OH\GH1HZWRQ

eE
a 
m

&RQVLGHUHPRVDXQHOHFWUµQTXHKDFKRFDGRSUHFLVDPHQWHFRQWUDXQFRUD]µQLRQ(OFKRTXH
HQ JHQHUDO GHVWUXLU£ PRPHQW£QHDPHQWH WHQGHQFLD GHO DUUDVWUH \ HO HOHFWUµQ WHQGU£ XQD
YHUGDGHUD GLUHFFLµQ GHVRUGHQDGD GHVSX«V GH HVWH FKRTXH $O VLJXLHQWH FKRTXH OD YHORFLGDG GHO
HOHFWUµQKDEU£FDPELDGRD

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


16 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

§O · O
v
 d
a ¨ ¸ VLHQGR §¨ ·¸  VXWLHPSRPHGLRHQWUHFKRTXHV
©v ¹ ©v ¹ 


(OPRYLPLHQWRGHOHOHFWUµQDWUDY«VGHOFRQGXFWRUHVDQ£ORJRDODYHORFLGDGFRQVWDQWH FRQ TXH
FDH XQD SLHGUD HQ HO DJXD &RQWUD OD IXHU]D JUDYLWDFLRQDO  VREUH OD SLHGUD VH RSRQH XQD
IXHU]DUHVLVWHQWHYLVFRVDTXHHVSURSRUFLRQDODODYHORFLGDG $V¯ SXHV OD YHORFLGDGILQDOGHOD
SLHGUDHVFRQVWDQWH


3RGHPRV H[SUHVDU D vd  HQ IXQFLµQ GH OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH j \ FRPELQDUOD FRQ OD
HFXDFLµQDQWHULRUREWHQHPRV

j eE O jm v
vd E
ne mv GHGRQGH
ne 2 O 

E
\FRPRVDEHPRVTXH
U OOHJDPRVD
j
E 1 jm v mv
U
j j ne 2 O ne 2 O 


(VWD HFXDFLµQ VH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU FRPR OD DILUPDFLµQ GH TXH ORV PHWDOHVREHGHFHQODOH\

GH2KPVLHVTXHSRGHPRVGHPRVWUDUTXH v \ O QRGHSHQGHQGHOFDPSRHO«FWULFRDSOLFDGR
E  (Q WDO FDVR U  QR GHSHQGHU£ GH E  OR FXDO HV HO FULWHULR SDUD VDEHU VL XQ
PDWHULDO REHGHFH OD OH\ GH 2KP /DV FDQWLGDGHV v \ O   GHSHQGHQ GH OD GLVWULEXFLµQ GH
YHORFLGDGHV GH ORV HOHFWURQHV GH FRQGXFFLµQ9HPRV TXHHVWDGLVWULEXFLµQTXHGDDIHFWDGDVµOR
OLJHUDPHQWHDODSOLFDUXQFDPSRHO«FWULFRDXQFXDQGRVHDUHODWLYDPHQWHJUDQGHSXHVWRTXH v 

10 8 FP  VHJ PLHQWUDV TXH v d HV VRODPHQWH HV GHO RUGHQ GH
HV GHO RUGHQ GH

10  2 FPVHJGDQGRXQDUHODFLµQGHORUGHQGH 10 10 
3RGHPRVHVWDUVHJXURVGHTXHFXDOHVTXLHUDTXHVHDQYDORUHVGH v \ O  SRUHMHPSORSDUD
HOFREUHDr& FXDQGRQRKD\XQFDPSR HO«FWULFR VH FRQVHUYDQ FDVL VLQ FDPELR FXDQGR

VH DSOLFD XQ FDPSR HO«FWULFR $V¯ SXHV QXHVWUD HFXDFLµQ GH U  HV LQGHSHQGLHQWH GHO FDPSR

HO«FWULFR E \HOPDWHULDOREHGHFHODOH\GH2KP(OF£OFXORQXP«ULFRGH U DSDUWLUGHHVWD

HFXDFLµQVHFRPSOLFDSRUODGLILFXOWDGGHFDOFXODUD O VLELHQVHKDHIHFWXDGRHVWHF£OFXORHQ
XQEXHQQXPHURGHFDVRV

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


17 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III




&RQGXFFLµQHQVHPLFRQGXFWRUHV

$QWHULRUPHQWHKDE¯DPRVGLYLGLGRORVPDWHULDOHVHQGRVFODVHVGHSHQGLHQGRGHVXFRQGXFWLYLGDG
HO«FWULFD FRQGXFWRUHV \ DLVODQWHV ([LVWH XQ WHUFHU WLSR ORV VHPLFRQGXFWRUHV FX\D
FRQGXFWLYLGDG HV LQWHUPHGLD HQWUH OD GH ORV FRQGXFWRUHV \ OD GH ORV DLVODQWHV /RV
VHPLFRQGXFWRUHV MXHJDQ XQ SDSHO HVHQFLDO HQ OD WHFQRORJ¯D PRGHUQD 6RQ ORV PDWHULDOHV
XVDGRVSDUDIDEULFDUGLVSRVLWLYRVHOHFWUµQLFRVFRPRGLRGRVWUDQVLVWRUHV\FLUFXLWRVLQWHJUDGRV
3XHV ELHQ OD GHQVLGDG GH SRUWDGRUHV HV HO IDFWRU FODYH SDUD FRQWURODU OD FRQGXFWLYLGDG GH XQ
VHPLFRQGXFWRU

& R Q G X F F L µ Q  H Q  V H P L F R Q G X F W R U H V  S X U R V   /RV VHPLFRQGXFWRUHV HVW£Q IRUPDGRV SRU
HOHPHQWRV GH ODV FROXPQDV FHQWUDOHV GH OD WDEOD SHULµGLFD HQWUH ORV TXH HO VLOLFLR HV HO P£V
FRP¼Q(VWXGLDUHPRVHOVLOLFLRFRPRQXHVWURVHPLFRQGXFWRUUHSUHVHQWDWLYR

(O VLOLFLR Z 14   WLHQH XQD YDOHQFLD  \ FXDQGR ORV £WRPRV GH HVWH HOHPHQWR VH MXQWDQ
IRUPDQGRXQVµOLGRFDGDXQRWLHQHFXDWURYHFLQRVP£VSUµ[LPRV(QVLJXLHQWHILJXUDPRVWUDPRV
XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLµQHQGRVGLPHQVLRQHVGHODUHGFULVWDOLQDWULGLPHQVLRQDOGHOVLOLFLR


FDGD£WRPRDSDUHFHFRPR
XQLRQGHFDUJD  4e 
DFRPSD³DGRGHFXDWUR
HOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLD




(Q HO VLOLFLR SXUR FDVL WRGRV HVWRV HOHFWURQHV HVW£Q OLJDGRV D VXV UHVSHFWLYRV LRQHV D
WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHSHURODVIOXFWXDFLRQHVGHHQHUJ¯DW«UPLFDKDFHQTXHDOJXQRVGHHOORVVH
HQFXHQWUHQ OLEUHV (V GHFLU XQD SHTXH³D IUDFFLµQ GH ORV £WRPRV GH VLOLFLR HVW£ W«UPLFDPHQWH
12
LRQL]DGD $ WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH XQ £WRPR GH FDGD 10  VH HQFXHQWUD
LRQL]DGR HV GHFLU XQD IUDFFLµQ PX\ SHTXH³D  /RV HOHFWURQHV OLEHUDGRV W«UPLFDPHQWH VHU£Q
SRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDQHJDWLYRV
$GHP£V GH ORV HOHFWURQHV OLEUHV ORV VHPLFRQGXFWRUHV WLHQHQ SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD SRVLWLYRV
(QODILJXUDDQWHULRUYHPRVTXHVLXQHOHFWUµQVHOLEHUDGHVXVLWLRHQHOVµOLGRGHMDDWU£VXQD

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


18 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

SRVLFLµQGRQGHIDOWDXQHOHFWUµQ(VWDmIDOWDGHHOHFWUµQ}VHOODPD KXHFR\XQFDPSRHO«FWULFR
DSOLFDGRSXHGHKDFHUTXHXQKXHFRVHPXHYDDWUDY«VGHOVµOLGRHQODGLUHFFLµQGHOFDPSR'H
HVWDIRUPDXQKXHFRHVXQSRUWDGRUGHFDUJDSRVLWLYR
8Q KXHFR PRYL«QGRVH HQ XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU GHELGR D XQ FDPSR HO«FWULFR DSOLFDGR HV VLPLODU D
XQD EXUEXMD PRYL«QGRVH KDFLD DUULED GHVGH H HO IRQGR GH XQD SLVFLQD GHELGR DO FDPSR
JUDYLWDWRULR GH OD WLHUUD OD EXUEXMD VXEH D WUDY«V GHO DJXD DXQTXH UHDOPHQWH HO DJXD HVW£
FD\HQGR FRQIRUPH OD EXUEXMD VXEH (Q OXJDU GH KDEODU GHO DJXD FD\HQGR UHVXOWD P£V
DSURSLDGR KDEODU GH OD EXUEXMD VXELHQGR SHQVDPRV HQ WHUPLQR GH  mOD IDOWD GH DJXD} OD
EXUEXMD HQYHFRQVLGHUDUHODJXDVXELHQGR

6HPLFRQGXFWRUHVWLSRQ\WLSRS

(QHOFDVRDQWHULRUHOQ¼PHURGHSRUWDGRUHVGHOVLOLFLRHUDPX\EDMRHQFRPSDUDFLµQFRQHOGHORV
PHWDOHV (Q XQ PHWDO KD\ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH XQ SRUWDGRU SRU £WRPR \D YLPRV TXH HQ HO VLOLFLR D
12
WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH KD\ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH XQR SRU FDGD 10  £WRPRV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD OD
11
UHVLVWLYLGDG GHO VLOLFLR D WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH HV GHO RUGHQ GH 10  YHFHV PD\RU TXH OD GH ORV
PHWDOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR OD GHQVLGDG GH SRUWDGRUHV HQ XQ VHPLFRQGXFWRU SXHGH DXPHQWDUVH
FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHLQWURGXFLHQGRFLHUWDVLPSXUH]DVHQHOPDWHULDO&RQVLGHUHPRVHOHIHFWRGHOD

LQFRUSRUDFLµQ GH £WRPRV GH IµVIRUR HQ VLOLFLR (O IµVIRUR Z 15   WLHQH FLQFR HOHFWURQHV GH
YDOHQFLD XQR P£V TXH HO VLOLFLR 6L VH LQWURGXFH XQD SHTXH³D FDQWLGDG GH IµVIRUR HQ HO VLOLFLR
VµOLGRDOJXQRVOXJDUHVQRUPDOPHQWHRFXSDGRVSRUORVLRQHVVLOLFLR FRQFDUJD  4e VHU£QDKRUD
RFXSDGRVSRULRQHVIµVIRUR FRQFDUJD  5e FRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODVLJXLHQWHILJXUD




&XDWUR GH ORV FLQFR HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD GH FDGD £WRPR GH IµVIRUR HVWDU£Q OLJDGRV DO LRQ GH
IµVIRUR HQODPLVPDGLVSRVLFLµQGHORVHOHFWURQHVDOUHGHGRUGHORVLRQHVGHVLOLFLR \HOHOHFWUµQ
UHVWDQWHHVW£VLHPSUHSU£FWLFDPHQWHOLEUHDWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH3RUWDQWRHVHQFLDOPHQWHFDGD
£WRPRGHODLPSXUH]DGHIµVIRURFHGHXQSRUWDGRUGHFDUJDQHJDWLYRHOHFWUµQOLEUHDOPDWHULDO

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


19 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

&RQVLGHUHPRV DKRUD HO HIHFWR GH LPSXUH]DV GH DOXPLQLR HQ VLOLFLR (O DOXPLQLR Z 13  WLHQH
WUHV HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD XQR PHQRV TXH HO VLOLFLR 6L VH LQWURGXFH XQD SHTXH³D FDQWLGDG GH
DOXPLQLRHQVLOLFLRVµOLGRDOJXQRVOXJDUHVQRUPDOPHQWHRFXSDGRVSRULRQHVVLOLFLRSDVDU£QDHVWDU
RFXSDGRVSRULRQHVDOXPLQLR FRQFDUJD  3e FRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODILJXUD




$WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHHOKXHFRIRUPDGRSRUODIDOWDGHXQHOHFWUµQGHYDOHQFLDHQHODOXPLQLR
HVW£SU£FWLFDPHQWHVLHPSUHOLEUHGHIRUPDTXHFDVLWRGRVORVLRQHVDOXPLQLRWLHQHQFXDWUR
HOHFWURQHVDVXDOUHGHGRUFRPRORVGHVLOLFLR

$WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHHOKXHFRIRUPDGRSRUODIDOWDGHXQHOHFWUµQGHYDOHQFLDHQHODOXPLQLR
HVW£ SU£FWLFDPHQWH VLHPSUH OLEUH GH IRUPD TXH FDVL WRGRV ORV LRQHV DOXPLQLR WLHQHQ FXDWUR
HOHFWURQHV D VX DOUHGHGRU FRPR ORV GH VLOLFLR (O £WRPR GH DOXPLQLR DFHSWD XQ HOHFWUµQ GHO
PDWHULDO\DKRUDHOPDWHULDOWLHQHXQSRUWDGRUGHFDUJDHQIRUPDGHKXHFR(VHQFLDOPHQWHFDGD
£WRPRGHDOXPLQLRSURGXFHXQKXHFRHQHOPDWHULDO

&XDQGRVHLQWURGXFHDSURSµVLWRXQDLPSXUH]DHQXQPDWHULDOTXHHUDSXURVHGLFHTXHHOPDWHULDO
HVW£ GRSDGR 3RU HMHPSOR FXDQGR VH LQWURGXFH IµVIRUR HQ VLOLFLR SXUR HO PDWHULDO UHVXOWDQWH HV
VLOLFLRGRSDGRFRQIµVIRUR&RPRKHPRVYLVWRHOVLOLFLRGRSDGRFRQIµVIRURFRQWLHQHXQH[FHVRGH
SRUWDGRUHV GH FDUJD QHJDWLYRV (VWH WLSR GH PDWHULDO VH GHQRPLQD VHPLFRQGXFWRU WLSR Q
UHILUL«QGRQRVDODFDUJDQHJDWLYDGHORVSRUWDGRUHVHQHVWHFDVRHOHFWURQHV(OVLOLFLRGRSDGRFRQ
DOXPLQLRHVXQVHPLFRQGXFWRUWLSRSRVHDDODFDUJDSRVLWLYDGHORVSRUWDGRUHVORVKXHFRV
3DUDFDOLILFDUXQVHPLFRQGXFWRUFRUQR WLSRQ RWLSRSODFRQFHQWUDFLµQGHEHVHUVXILFLHQWHPHQWH
DOWD FRPR SDUD TXH OD GHQVLGDG GH HOHFWURQHV OLEUHV R KXHFRV GHEH VHU PXFKR PD\RU TXH OD
GHQVLGDGGHSRUWDGRUHVHQHOPDWHULDOSXUR



Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


20 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

,QWHUFDPELRVGHHQHUJ¯DHQXQFLUFXLWRHO«FWULFR

/DILJXUDPXHVWUDXQFLUFXLWRTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQDEDWHU¯DFRQHFWDGDFRQXQDFDMDFHUUDGDHVGHFLU
QRVDEHPRV\SDUDHVWHSULPHUDQ£OLVLVQRLPSRUWDTXHKD\DGHQWURVLQRVRORVXFRPSRUWDPLHQWRDO
UHODFLRQDUOD FRQ HO H[WHULRU  3RU ORV DODPEUHV GH FRQH[LµQ SDVD XQD FRUULHQWH i  FRQVWDQWH \

H[LVWH XQD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO FRQVWDQWH V ab  HQWUHODVWHUPLQDOHV a \ b /DFDMDSRGU¯D


FRQWHQHUXQDUHVLVWHQFLDXQPRWRURXQDFXPXODGRUHQWUHRWUDVFRVDV


/D WHUPLQDO a  FRQHFWDGD FRQ HO ERUQH SRVLWLYR
GH OD EDWHU¯D HVW£ D PD\RU SRWHQFLDO TXH OD

WHUPLQDO b 6LVHPXHYHXQDFDUJD
dq GH a D
b  HVWD FDUJD GLVPLQXLU£ VX HQHUJ¯D SRWHQFLDO

HO«FWULFDHQXQDFDQWLGDG
dq * Vab 



(OSULQFLSLRGHFRQVHUYDFLµQGHODHQHUJ¯DQRVGLFHTXHHVWDHQHUJ¯DVHWUDQVIRUPDGHQWURGH
ODFDMDGHHQHUJ¯DSRWHQFLDOHO«FWULFDDDOJXQDRWUDIRUPD4X«FRVDVHU£HVDRWUDIRUPD"(OOR
GHSHQGH GHO FRQWHQLGR GH OD FDMD (QWRQFHV HQ XQ WLHPSR dt  OD HQHUJ¯D dU  WUDQVIRUPDGD
GHQWURGHODFDMDHV


dU dqV ab idtV ab 

(QFRQWUDPRVODUDSLGH]GHWUDQVPLVLµQGHHQHUJ¯D P GLYLGLHQGRHQWUHHOWLHPSRRVHD
dU
P iV ab 
dt

6LHODUWHIDFWRTXHHVW£GHQWURGHODFDMDHVXQPRWRUODHQHUJ¯DDSDUHFHFDVLWRGDFRPR
WUDEDMRPHF£QLFRKHFKRSRUHOPRWRU VLDUWHIDFWR HV XQ DFXPXODGRU TXH VH HVW£ FDUJDQGR
ODHQHUJ¯DDSDUHFHFDVLWRGDFRPRHQHUJ¯DTX¯PLFDDOPDFHQDGDHQHVDVHJXQGDEDWHU¯D
6L HO DUWHIDFWR HV XQD UHVLVWHQFLD DVHJXUDPRV TXH OD HQHUJ¯D DSDUHFH FRPR FDORU HQ OD
UHVLVWHQFLD3DUDGDUVHFXHQWDGHHOORFRQVLGHUHPRVXQDSLHGUDGHPDVD P TXH FDH GHVGH XQD

DOWXUD h  'LVPLQX\H VX HQHUJ¯D SRWHQFLDO JUDYLWDFLRQDO HQ XQD FDQWLGDG mgh  6L OD SLHGUD
FDHHQHOYDF¯RRELHQSDUDPXFKRVILQHVSU£FWLFRVHODLUH HVWDHQHUJ¯DVHWUDQVIRUPD
HQ HQHUJ¯D FLQ«WLFD GH OD SLHGUD 3HUR VL OD SLHGUD FDH HQ HO DJXD VX YHORFLGDG DO FDER
GHFLHUWR
WLHPSRVHKDFHFRQVWDQWHORFXDOVLJQLILFDTXHODHQHUJ¯DFLQ«WLFD\DQRDXPHQWD/D

Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


21 de 43
UNNE – Facultad de Ingeniería Física III

HQHUJ¯D SRWHQFLDO GH TXH FRQWLQXDPHQWH VH GLVSRQH FRQIRUPH FDH OD SLHGUD DSDUHFH HQWRQFHV
FRPRHQHUJ¯DW«UPLFDHQODSLHGUD\HQHODJXDFLUFXQGDQWH(VODIXHU]DYLVFRVDGHDUUDVWUHGHO
DJXD VHPHMDQWH D OD IULFFLµQ \ TXH REUD HQ OD VXSHUILFLH GH OD SLHGUD OD TXH HYLWD TXH
«VWDDFHOHUH\HVHQHVWDVXSHUILFLHHQGRQGHDSDUHFHODHQHUJ¯DW«UPLFD
(O SDVR GH ORV HOHFWURQHV D WUDY«V GH OD UHVLVWHQFLD HV PX\ VHPHMDQWH DO GH OD SLHGUD D

WUDY«V GHO DJXD /RV HOHFWURQHV DYDQ]DQ FRQ XQD YHORFLGDG FRQVWDQWH GH DUUDVWUH vd  \
SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHQRJDQDQHQHUJ¯DFLQ«WLFD/DHQHUJ¯DSRWHQFLDOHO«FWULFDTXHSLHUGHQVH
WUDQVPLWH D OD UHVLVWHQFLD FRPR FDORU (Q XQD HVFDOD PLFURVFµSLFD  HVWR SXHGH
LQWHUSUHWDUVH FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH ORV FKRTXHV GH ORV HOHFWURQHV FRQ OD UHG DXPHQWDQ OD
DPSOLWXG GH OV YLEUDFLRQHV W«UPLFDV GH OD UHG HQ XQD HVFDOD PDFURVFµSLFD HVWR
FRUUHVSRQGH D XQ DXPHQWR GH WHPSHUDWXUD (VWH HIHFWR TXH HV WHUPRGLQ£PLFDPHQWH
LUUHYHUVLEOHVHOODPD FDOHQWDPLHQWRSRUHIHFWR-RXOH

3DUDXQDUHVLVWHQFLDWHQHPRV


P Vi SHURGHODOH\GH2KPWHQHPRVTXH V Ri FRPELQDQGRDPEDV
H[SUHVLRQHVSRGHPRVHVFULELU

V 2
P Ri 2
µ
P 
R
7HQJDPRV SUHVHQWH TXH PLHQWUDV TXH P Vi  VH DSOLFD D OD WUDQVPLVLµQ GH HQHUJ¯D

2 V 2
HO«FWULFDGHWRGDVODVFODVHVODVHFXDFLRQHV P Ri \ P VHDSOLFDQVRODPHQWH
R
DODWUDQVIRUPDFLµQGHHQHUJ¯DHO«FWULFDHQHQHUJ¯DFDOµULILFD
DHQXQDUHVLVWHQFLDHVWDVVRQODVTXHVHFRQRFHQFRPRGH-RXOH(VWDOH\HVHQGHILQLWLYDXQD
PDQHUDSDUWLFXODUGHHVFULELUHOSULQFLSLRGHODFRQVHUYDFLµQGHODHQHUJ¯DSDUDHOFDVRHVSHFLDOHQ
HOFXDOHQHUJ¯DHO«FWULFDVHWUDQVIRUPDHQHQHUJ¯DFDORU¯ILFD

/DXQLGDGGHSRWHQFLDODSRGHPRVGHGXFLUGH

ª joule º ª coul º
>P @ >V @>i @ >volt @>amp @ «¬ coul »¼ « seg »
¬ ¼


ª joule º
>P @ « seg » >watt @ 
¬ ¼


Ing. Arturo R. Castaño Año 2008


22 de 43

You might also like