inside manifold.

Late intake valve closing shows decline in pumping losses by 40%

during partial load conditions & it also decrease nitric oxide emission by 24%.

2. Early intake valve opening

This also helps in reducing emission. As because of early valve opening a little
amount of exhaust gases runs in inlet manifold & got cooled there, this inlet gas fills
the cylinder in the next cycle, which aids in controlling the temperature of cylinder
& emission of nitric oxide.

3. Early/late exhaust valve closing

By manipulating the timing of valve we can control the quantity of exhaust
gases in the cylinder by holding exhaust valve for a longer time we can emptied the
cylinder more hence more room for fresh mixture. By closing the valve slightly
early, more exhaust gas can remain in cylinder which increases the fuel efficiency.
This allow for more efficient operation under all conditions.

10.3 V-Tec

“Variable valve timing & lift electronic control” is a system developed by

“HONDA” this system provides higher performance at high RPM & lower fuel
consumption at low RPM.

Its function is same as of VVT system but it uses two camshaft profiles that
can be switched according to conditions. For switching we use hydraulic systems.

It is distinctly differed from VVT system which changes only the valve timing
and do not change the camshaft profile.