HVAC SYSTEMS DUCT DESIGN SHEET METAL AND AIR GONOTHONING: CONTRACTORS’ NATIONAL*ASSOCIATIONSING::HVAC SYSTEMS DUCT DESIGN CHANTILLY, VIRGINIA 20161-1209 SOOO} = SS aLHVAC SYSTEMS — DUCT DESIGN COPYRIGHT@1990 ‘Al Ritts Reserved ‘SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’ NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC. 4201 Lafayette Center Drive Chantilly, VA 20151-1209 Printed in the U.S.A. FIRST EDTION ~ JULY, 1977 ‘SECOND EDITION - JULY, 1981 THIRD EDITION ~ JUNE, 1990 ‘SECOND PRINTING ~ JULY, 1991 ‘THIRD PRINTING ~ NOVEMBER, 1993 FOURTH PRINTING — DECEMBER, 1996 FIFTH PRINTING — OCTOBER, 1998 Except as allowed in the Notice to Users and in certain licensing contracts, no part of this book may be eproducad, stored in a retrievable system, or tranemitted, in any form or by any means, electronio, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.SMACNA DUCT DESIGN COMMITTEE Bruce Meyer, PE. Chalrman Daytons Bluff Sheet Metal, Inc. St, Paul, Minnesota Paul A. Achey ‘Gross Mectanical Construction Ine. St, Louis, Missouri William 7. Chaisson, PE. Capitol Engineering Co. Newton, Massachusetts Robert DelVecchio Keith A. Nemitz Harrington Bros. Inc. ‘Nemitz Sheet Metal, Inc. Randolph, Massachusetts Spokane, Washington James Smith, PE. ‘W. David Bevint, PE. H&C Metal Products, Inc. ‘SMACNA, Ine. Sante Rose, California Vienna, Virginia CONSULTANTS Consultant (Chaptor 11) Douglas D. Reynolds, Ph.D. Las Vegas, Nevada REERBvwvac systems—puct desian - THIRD EDITION‘The Sheet Matai and Ait Conditioning Contractors’ National Association, Inc. (SMACNA), in keeping with its policy of disseminating information and providing standards of design and construction, offers this comprehensive and fundamental “HVAC Systems- Dust Design” manual as part of the continuing effort to upgrade the heating, ventilating and air condition- ing (HVAC) industry. This manual presents the basic methods and procedures needed to design HVAC air distribution systems. It does not deal with the detor- rmination of air conditioning loads and room air quan- thtes. ‘This manual is part one of a three set “HVAC Sys- tems” Library. The second is the SMACNA “HVAC ‘Systems—Applications” manual which contains in- formation and data needed by designers and install- ers of more specialized air and hydronic HVAC sys- tems. The third manual is the "HVAC Systems— Testing, Adjusting and Balancing” manual, a state- of-the-art publication on air and hydronic system test- ing and balancing. The HVAC duct system designer is faced with many considerations once load calculations are completed and the type of distribution system to be used has been determined. This manual provides not oniy the basic engineering guides forthe sizing of HVAC duct- work systems, but guides in the areas of: a. Materials . Methods of Construction c. Economies of Duct Systerns ¢. Duct System Layout e. i 3% Calculation of System Pressure Losses Fan Selection Duct Leakage hh. Acoustic Considerations i, Duct Heat Transfer j, Testing, Adjusting and Balancing ‘With emphasis on energy conservation, the designer must balance duct sizes between the spaces allo- cated and the duct system pressure losses (which directly affect the fan power and thus the operating costs). Materials, equipment, and construction meth- ‘ods must be chosen with respect to system first costs and life cycle costing. This manual has been struc- tured to offer options in design, materials and con- struction methods, so as to allow the desigher to cope with and solve increasingly complex design problems. Using either U.S. units or metric units. ‘The SMACNA “HVAC Systems—Duct Design” man- ual was written to be totally compatible with chapter 32 of the ASHRAE 1989 “Fundamentals Handbook”, although some new fiting loss coefficients found in this SMACNA manual may be from more recent re- search projects. The basic fluid flow equations (Ber- roulli, Darcy, Colebrook, Altshul, etc.) are not in- cluded, but may be found in the ASHRAE Handbook, Practical applications of these equations are avail able through use of included tables and charts. Some of the text in this manual has beon taken with per- mission from various ASHRAE publications. Some was used as published, some edited, some revised, and some expanded with the adtition of newer data. Although most HVAC systems are constructed to pressure classifications between minus 3 in. wa. to 10 in. wa., (-750 Pa to 2500 Pa), the design methods, tables, charts, and equations may be used to design other types of duct systems operating at much higher pressures and temperatures. Air density correction factors for both higher altitudes and temperatures are included, ‘SMACNA recognizes that in the future, this manual must be expanded and updated. As need arises, manuals on related subjects may be developed. A continuing effort will be made to provide the industry with a compilation of the latest construction methods and engineering data from recognized sources, and from SMACNA research, supplemented by the ser- vices of focal SMACNA Chapters and SMACNA Con- tractors, W. David Bevir,, Pi Director of Technical ResearchNOTICE TO USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION 4. 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This procedure doesnotpreventany commit or taskforce chairman. member ofthe commitee or ask fore, or saison fom expresing 1 opinion on 2 provision within the éocumen, provided that such person clearly sites that the opinion is personal and does ot ‘representa ofc act ofthe Assoceton in any way, and itshould no! bereied oa ae tich, The Boerd of Directors ofSMACNA shall, ‘nave final authority for interpretation ofthis standard with such rules or procedures a they mey adopt for processing same. 1) SMAGNA disclims any liability Sor ny personal injury, property damage, or other damage of any nate whatsoever, whether special, indiet, consequential or compensatory, diet of iadzecty resulting from the publistion, use of ot relfance Upon this ¢ocument, SMACNA maces no guaranty or waranty a tothe accuracy or completeness OF ey information published herein, 6 APPLICATION 2) Any sanders contained in thispublicaion were developed using etisbleenineecng principles and researchplvscousulistion with, nd information obisined tom, manufactures, uses, testing laboratories, ana others having specialized experience. The are subjext to revision as firter experience and investigation may show is necessary or desirable. Constuodon end produts which comely with these Standards will not necessary be acceptable if wan examined and tested, they ae found to have ler festres which impair the result contemplated by these requitemens. The See Metal and Air Conditioning Contactors" National Assocation and other contributors assume no responsibilty and accept no liability for the application ofthe principles of techniques contained in tis publication, Authors considering adoption of say standards consined herein should review all federal, state, local, and contract ‘egulations applicable to spociic installations ERD errecrive suv 5,201‘)lnisuing and making this document avcilabl, SMACNA is notundetsking to render profesional or other services fororon bebilf ‘of any person or entity. SMACNA isnot undectaking to perform any duty owed io any person or entity to someoneelse, Any person ‘or organization using tis docurent should rely his, hero sown judgement or, 2 appropriate, see the advice ofa competent ‘profesional in determining the exercise of reasonable cae in any given cxcurstance. 7. _ REPRINT PERMISSION ‘Non-exclusiv,royaly-fee permission is granted to government and private sector specfjing auhostes to reproduce only any ‘constriction details found becein in their specifications and contract drawings propaed foreceipt of bids on new construction au ‘seuovation Work within the United States and is teritoies, provided thatthe material copied unaltered in substane and the the reproducer assumes al liability forthe spcifc application, including erors in reproduction 8 THE SMACNALOGO ‘The SMACNA logo is registered as « membership identification mark. The Association prosribes acceptable use ofthe logo and expresly forbids the ue ofito represent anything other than possession ofmombeship, Possession ofmembersip anduscefthe logo inno way constitutes orreflects SMACNA epproval of aay product, method, oromponeat Furthennore, compliance ofaay sucht ‘with standards published or recognized by SMACNA isnot indicated by presence ofthe Togo, EFFECTIVE JULY 5, 2001 RSH)COMMITTEE FOREWORD NOTICE TO USERS TABLE OF CONTENTS REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Purpose General Requirements HVAC Systems Library Codes and Ordinances 1, HVAC System Codes, 2. Fire and Smoke Codes pop ECONOMICS OF DUCT SYSTEMS A. Introduction 4. Annual Owning Costs 2, Annual Operating Costs Initial System Costs Operation Costs Controlling Costs Duct Aspect Ratios Pressure Classification and Leakage Cost of Fittings ommoom ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION ‘A. Comfort Conditions B. Alr Diffusion Performance Index (ADP!) 1. Comfort Criteria Definitions. Load Considerations Design Conditions Outlet Type Selection Design Procedure C. Air Distribution Fundamentals 4. Air Diffusion 2. Surface (Coanda) Effect 8, Smudging eareD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1a 11 1 14 12 12 13 24 24 24 24 aa 2.2 28 24 24 26 34 a4 a4 34 3.3 33 3.3 33 34 35 35 35 3.64 4, Sound Level 5, Effect of Blades 8. Duct Approaches to Outlets D. Outlet Location 1. Group A Outjets 2. Group B Outiets 3. Group C Outlets 4. Group D Outlets, 8. Group E Outlets 6. Ventilating Ceilings E. Outlet Criteria General Selection Procedures Grille and Register Applications, ‘Slot Diffuser Applications Ceiling Diffuser Applications Air-Distributing Ceilings Outlets in Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems F. Inlet Criteria 1. General 2. Types of inlets 3, Selection Procedures 4. Application @. Summary 1. General 2. Supply Outlets 3. Accessories 4, Return & Exhaust inlets, GENERAL APPROACH TO DUCT DESIGN Duet System Selection Air Distribution Zoning Preliminary Layout Duet Sizing Design Methods 1, qual Friction 2, Static Regain 8. Extended Plenum 4. T-Mathod 5. Seldom Used Methods 6. Residential System Design G. Duct Heat Gain or Loss H. Sound and Vibration Pressure Classification Negsenn mmpom> 36 36 37 38 38 3.10 an 3.11 an aa 3.11 3at 3.12 3.12 3.13 3.13 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.17 3.47 38.17 3.18 3.19 3.19 3.19 321 321 44 a4 44 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 45 45Duct Leakage Fan Sizing ‘Testing, Adjusting and Balancing (TAB) Final Design Documents DUCT DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS A. Duet System Airflow 4. Component Losses 2. System Curves 8. System Curve/Fan Curve Interaction 4, Fan Speed Change Effects 5. Alt Density Effects 6. “Safety Factor" Cautions B. Other Factors Affecting Duct System Pressures 1. System Effect 2. Wind Effect 3, Stack Effect C. System Pressure Changes 1. Changes Caused by Flow 2. Straight Duct Sections 3, Reducers 4, Increasers 5, Exit Fittings 6. Entrance Fittings 7. System Pressures 8. Fan Pressures 9, Return Air System Pressures D. Straight Duct Losses 41, Duct Friction Losses. 2. Circular Equivalents E. Dynamic Losses 1. Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients 2, Pressure Losses in Elbows 8. Pressure Losses in Divided-Flow Fittings 4, Losses Due to Area Changes 5. Other Lose Coefficients 8. Obstruction Avoidance F. Duct Air Leakage G. Duct Heat Gain/Loss H. SMACNA Dust Research DUCT CONNECTION PRESSURE LOSSES ‘A. Fan Outlet Conditions 1. Outlet Ducts 2. Outlet Diffusers or Evases 47 Ag az 47 BA B41 54 64 BA 53 55 55 56 56 56 58 59 58 59 59 5.10 6.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.12 5:12 5.12 512 512 5.13 6.17 6.18 5.18 5.21 5.22 5.27 6.28 64 64 64 61 viivii 3. Outlet Duct Elbows 4, Tuming Vanes 5. Fan Volume Control Dampers 6. Duct Branches B. Fan Inlet Conditions Inlet Ducts Inet Etbows Inlet Vortex Inlet Duct Vanes Straighteners, Enclosures Obstructed inlets 3. Fiold Fabricated Fan inlet Box C. Effects of Factory Supplied Accessories 1. Bearing Supports Drive Guards Bolt Tube in Axial Fans Factory Made Inlet Boxes 5, Inlet Vane Control D. Calculating System Effect DUCT SIZING PROCEDURES (U.S. UNITS) A. Design Fundamentals, B. Design Objectives ©. Dust System Sizing Procedures 4. Introduction 2, Modified Equal Frition Design Procedures 8, Fitting Pressure Loss Tables 1D. Supply Air Duct System—Sizing Example No. 1 1. Supply Fan Plenum 2. Supply Air System . Return Air (Exhaust Air) Duct System—Sizing Example No. 2 1, Exhaust Air Plenum Z 2. Exhaust Air System F. Supply Air Duct System—Sizing Example No. 3 1. Introduction 2. Design Procedure 3. Supply Air System G. Extended Plenum Duct Sizing Introduction Properties Design Criteria Comparison of Design Methods Cost Comparison eNeereNs sen gees 64 64 64 67 67 67 67 69 6.10 6.10 6.10 ett 615 6.15 615 6.16 6.16 6.16 6.17 6.17 7A 7A 74 74 TA 72 72 TA 74 75 7A2 742 742 718 715 TAB 7.16 721 721 721 7.22 7.22 7.23ed DUCT SIZING PROCEDURES (METRIC UNITS) 84 ‘A. Design Fundamentals a4 1. Metric Design a4 2, Design Criteria at B. Design Objectives et C. Duet System Sizing Procedures a2 4. Introduction 82 2, Modified Equal Friction Design Procedures 82 3, Fitting Pressure Loss Tables 82 D. Supply Air Duct System Sizing—Example No. 1 84 1, Supply Fan Plenum 84 2, Supply Air System 84 E. Retum Air (Exhaust Ait) Duct System—Example No. 2 8.12 1. Exhaust Air Plenum Z 8.12 2, Exhaust Air System B12 F. Supply Air Duct System Sizing—Example No. 3 8.15 1. Introduction 8.15 2. Design Procedures 8.15 8. Supply Air System 8.15 G. Extended Plenum Duct Sizing 82t 4. Introduction 821 2. Properties 8.22 3, Design Criteria 8.22 4. Comparison of Design Methods 8.22 5. Cost Comparison 8.28 PRESSURE LOSS OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS. 94 A. Procedure 94 1. Preliminary Pressure Loss Data 94 2, Final Design Data 94 3. Submittal Review 94 B. Use of Tables and Charts a4 1. ters 94 2. Dampers ot 3. Duct System Apparatus 94 4, Room Air Terminat Devices 96 5. Operating Conditions 96 ©. Damper Charts, 96 D. Duct System Apparatus Charts 97 E. Room Air Terminal Devices 9.13 Louver and Coll Design Data 9.15od PROVISIONS FOR TESTING, ADJUSTING AND BALANCING 10.1 ‘A. TAB Design Considerations 10.41 B. Air Measurement Devices 10.3 C. Balancing with Orifices 105 D. Provisions for Tab in System Design 105 1. General Procedures 105 2. "HVAC Systems—Testing, Adjusting and Balancing” Manual 105 1 NOISE CONTROL, WA A. Introduction 414 8. Definitions 4 C. Basics of Sound 113 1, Sound Levels, 13 2. Noise Criterion Curves 115 3. Room Griterion Curves: 115 D. General Information on the Design of HVAC Systems 118 E, Fans 11.42 F. Aerodynamic Noise 11.43, 1. Dampers. 11.13, 2, Elbows With Turning Vanes 11.44 3, Junctions and Turns 11.15, G. Duct Terminal Devices 41.20 H. Duct Sound Breakout and Breakin 11.28 1. Sound Breakout and Breakin 11.28 2. Rectangular Ducts 11.24 3, Circular Ducts, 11.26 4, Flat Oval Ducts 14.27 5. Insertion Loss of External Duct Lagging 11.29 J. Duot Element Sound Attenuation 1131 4. Plenum Chambers 41.31 2. Unlined Rectangular Ducts 11.83 3. Acoustically Lined Rectangular Ducts 11.34 4, Unlined Round Ducts 11.35 5. Acoustically Lined Round Ducts 11.35 6. Rectangular Duct Elbows, 11.36 7. Acoustically Lined Round Radius Elbows 11.36 8. Duct Silencers 11.37 9, Branch Duct Sound Power Division 1141 10. Duct End Reflection Loss 11.42 K. Sound Transmission through Celting Systems 11.43 1. Sound Transmission through Celling Systems 11.43 2, Receiver Room Sound Corrections 11.43 L. System Example 11.45se 1 13 14 1 16 DUCT SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION ‘A. Introduction B. Duct System Specification Check List C. Duct Construction Materials Galvanized Stee! Carbon Steel (Black Iron) ‘Aluminum Stainless Steel Copper Fibrous Glass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polyvinyl Stee! (PVS) 9, Conorete 10. Rigid Fibrous Glass 11. Gypsum Wall Board D. ASTM Standards SPECIAL DUCT SYSTEMS ‘A. Kitchen and Moisture Laden Systems 1. Dishwasher Exhaust and Moisture Laden Systems 2. Range and Grease Hood Exhaust Ducts B. Systems Handling Special Glasses 1. Cottosive Vapors and Noxious Gases 2. Flammable Vapors C. Solar Systerns 1, Solar System Sizing 2, Duct System Layout 8. Solar Collecting Systems 4. Solar System Dampers SNDARONS DUCT DESIGN TABLES AND CHARTS |. Introduction II, Table of Contents (Chapter 14) Duct Friction Loss—Tables & Charts, Loss Coefficient Tables Heat Transfer Coeticients HVAC Equations (U.S. Units) HVAC Equations (Metric Units) Metric Units and Equivalents Duct Sound Design Tables GLOSSARY Publication List INDEX ommoom> 124 12.4 424 424 12.4 122 122 123 125 125 125 125 128 128 126 126 134 134 13.4 13.1 184 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.2 13.3 133 144 144 144 1486 14.19 14.53 14.54 14.58 14.62 14.65 15.4 15.20 16.1Data from some publications from the following or- ganizations have been used in developing this man- tual and may be used by the reader to further exoand the methods or procedures found herein. Numbers jn parentheses at the end of figures or table tites refer to the numbers preceding the reference. ‘A. Associations and Corporations 1, Air Movement and Control Association, Inc. (AMCA) — Fan Application Manuals, Standards 2. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) — Hand- books, Standards 3. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) — Annual Book of ASTM Standards 4, Cartier Corporation — System Design Manuals, Publications 8. National Environmental Balancing Bureau {NEBB) — Manuals, Standards, Study Courses 6. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) — Standards 7. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ Na~ xi 10. n 12. 13. 14, 15. tional Association (SMACNA) — Manuals, Stan- dards ‘Trane Co. — Publications United Sheet Metal, United McGill Corporation — Publications . Publications “Fan Engineering” — Buffalo Forge Company “Procedural Standards for Measuring Sound ‘and Vibration” — National Environmental Bal- ancing Bureau (NEBB) “Sound and Vibration in Environmental Sys- tems” — National Environmental Balancing Bu- reau (NEBB) "Study Course for Measuring Sound and Vibra- tion” — National Environmental Balancing Bu- reau (NEBB) fandbook of Noise Control” edited by Cyril M. Harris. McGraw-Hill Book Company landbook of Hydraulic Resistance” by LE. Idel- chik, Hemisphere Publishing Corp.A PURPOSE ‘The purpose of the heating, ventilating and ai ditioning (HVAC) duct system is to provide building ‘occupants with: 4. thermal comfort, 2. humidity control, 8. ventilation, 4, ale filtration, However, a poorly designed or constructed HVAC duct system may result in systems that are costly to ‘operate, that cause discomfor, that are noisy, and ‘hat permit contamination to occur to the conditioned spaces. This manual, when used with other SMACNA publi cations, will provide.the necessary information ard data to properly design and Install HVAC systems. ‘They economically wil provide clean, conditioned air unobtrusively to building occupants. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS The HVAC duct system is a structural assembly whose primary function is to convey air between spe- cific points. in fulfiting this function, the duct assem- ‘ly must perform satisfactorily with certain fundamen- tal performance characteristics. Elements of the assembly include an envelope of sheet metal (or ‘other materials), reinforcements, seams, and joints: and theoretical and/or practical’ performance limits ‘must be established for: 1. dimensional stability—deformation and deflec- tion, 2. containment of the air being conveyed. 3. vibration. 4, noise generation, transmission andior attenua- tion, 5. exposure to damage, weather, temperature ex- ‘remes, flexure cycles, chemical corrosion, or other in-service conditions. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 6. support. 7. emergency conditions such as fire and seismic oceurrence. 6. heat gain or loss to the airstream. 8, adherence to duct walls of dirt or contaminants. 4n establishing imitations for these factors, due con- sideration must be given to effects of the pressure differential across the duct wall airflow tition losses, dynamic losses, ait velocities, leakage, 2s well as the inherent strength characteristics of the duct compo- nents. Design and construction criteria, which will permit an economical attainment ofthe predicted and desired performance, must be determined. HVAC SYSTEMS LIBRARY In adkition to this "HVAC Systems—Duct Design" ‘manual, there are many other SMACNA publications ‘that directly or indirectly relate to the design and in- stallaton of HVAG systems. A listing with a brief de- scription follows. They may be ordered from SMACNA using the order form found in the back of this manual 1. HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual ‘A companion to HVAC Duct Construction Standards, this new manual contains duct consiruction foakage classifications, expected leakage rates for sealed and Unsealed ductwork, duct leakage test procedures, recommendations on use of leakage testing, lypes of test apparatus and test setup and sample leakage analysis. tst Edition —1985, 2. HVAC Duct Construction Standards—Metal and Flexible Primarily for commercial and institutional projects, but usable for residential and coriain industrial work, this ‘set of construction standards is a collection of mate- tial from earlier edtions of SMACNA's low pressure, high pressure, flexible duct and duct liner standards. 14eS lt comprehensively prescribes construction detail al- ternatives for uncoated steel, galvanized steel, alu- minum and stainless steel ductwork consisting of straight sections, transitions, elbows and united and divided flow fitings plus accessory items such as access doors, volume dampers, belt guards, han- ‘gers, casing, louvers and vibration isolation. For -3" fo + 10" wg. pressures (~750 to 2500 Pascals).. ‘1st Edition—1985, 3. HVAC Systems—Applications This manual, new to the “HVAC Systems Library” contains information and data needed by the de- signer and installer of more specialized HVAC sys- ‘tems used in commercial and institutional buildings. ‘1st Edition—1986, 4. HVAC Systems—Testing, Adjusting and Balancing This manual is a “state-of-the-art” publication on air ‘anc hycronic balancing and adjusting. A contractor Using the methods and principles described can prop- erly supervise the balancing of any system. 1st Edi- tion 1988. 5. Indoor Air Quality Manual A “state-of-the-art” manual that identities indoor air uality (IAQ) problems as they currently are defined, Also contains: The methods and procedures used to solve IAQ problems. The equipment and instrumen- tation necessary. The changes that must be made io the building and its HVAC systems. 1st Ediion-1988. 6. Installation Standards for Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Systems For residential and light commercial installations. ‘This publication incorporates complete and compre- hensive installation standards for conventional heat ing and cooling systems as well as solar assisted ‘space conditioning and domestic water heating sys- tems. 6th Edition—1988, 7. Energy Conservation Guidelines Guidelines to femilarize the HVAC Contractor with the potential eneray savings that can be made in new and existing buildings. Energy conservation informa- 12 ryTRopucTioN ‘ion combined with good industry practice that an owner or systems designer should consider prior to selecting building equipment and systems. ist Edi- tion —1984. 8. Energy Recovery Equipment and Systems Air-to-Air ‘This comprehensive manual is an “A to Z State-of- the-Art" publication which has been developed by leading experts in the energy recovery industry so that anyone with a technical background can obtain 2 complete understanding of energy recovery equip- ment and systems. 1st Edition —1978, 9. Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards Pressure Sensitive Tape Standards, performance of the fibrous glass board, fabrication of the fibrous glass board, fabrication of duct and fitings, closures of seams and joints, reinforcements with tee bars, channels, and tie-rods, and hangers and supports are covered in detail. 6th Edition. 1990. 10. Fire, Smoke and Radiation Damper Guide for HVAC Systems ‘An application and instalation study guide for archi- fects, engineers, code officials, manufacturers and contractors. Covers fire dampers, combination fire and smoke dampers, heat stops, fre doors, framing of structural openings, contract plan marking, instal lation instructions, and special applications. Srd Edi- tion—1986, CODES AND ORDINANCES 1, HVAC System Codes In the private sector, each new construction or reno- vation project normally is governed by state laws or ‘ocal ordinances that require compliance with spe- cific health, safety, property protection, environmental concerns, and energy conservation regulations. Fig- ure 1-1 illustrates relationships between laws, ordi- ances, codes, and standards that can affect the(CHAPTER 1 ODE. ENERGY CODES Ree euLDING CODES ‘CARO MODEL, Pee ENERGY CODE 2530 Sine ¥ WDE MECHANICAL Evens, ‘Cones ‘STANDARDS ‘STANDARDS ANS MANUALS Figure 1-1 U.S.A. BUILDING CODES AND ORDINANCES design and construction of HVAC duct systems; how- ‘ver, Figure 1-1 may not lst all applicable regulations and standards for a specific locality. Specifications. {or foderal government construction are promulgated by the Federal Construction Council, the General Ser- vies Administration, the Department of the Navy the Veterans Administration, and other agencies. ‘Model code changes require long cycles for approval by the consensus process. Since the development of safety codes, energy codes and standards proceed independently; the most recent edition of a code or standard may not have been adopted by a local juris: diction. HVAC designers must know which code com- pliance obligations affect their designs. Ifa provision is in conflict with the design intent, the designer should resoive the issue with local building officials, ‘New or diferent construction methods can be accom- modated by the provisions for equivalency that are Incorporated into codes. Staff engineers from the model code agencies are available to assist in the resolution of conflicts, ambiguities, and equivalen- cies. 2. Fire and Smoke Codes Fire and smoke control is covered in Chapter 47 of the 1991 ASHRAE "HVAC Applications” handbook. ‘The designer should consider flame spread, smoke development, and toxic gas production from duct 13ee smoke development, and toxic gas production ‘rom duct and duct insulation materials. Code doc- uments for ducts in certain locations within build- ings rely on a criterion of “limited combustible material’ (see Chapter 15~"Glossary’) thet is independent of the generally accepted criteria of 25 flame spread and 50 emoke development; how: fever, certain duct construction protected by extin- ‘guishing systems may be accepted with higher levels of combustibilty by code officals. Combustibilty and toxicity ratings are normally based on tests of new materials; litle research is reported (on ratings of duct materials that have aged or of sys- tems that are poorly maintained for cleanliness. brous and other porous materials exposed to airflow in ducts may accumulate more dirt than nonporous materials. National, state and local codes usually require fire andlor smoke dampers or radiation dampers wher- ever ducts penetrate fire-rated walls, floors, ceiling, partitions or smoke barriers. Any required fre, radia- tion or smoke dampers must be identified on the plans by the duct designer, and their location clearly showin. Before specitying dampers for installation in any vertical shafts or in any smoke evacuation sys- tems, consult with local authorities. having juriscic- tion, Also review NFPA 92A “Recommencied Practice for Smoke Control Systems’ 14 In?RODUGTION One oF more of the folowing national codes usually will apply to duct system installations: 1. The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code of Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Ine, Homewood, tincis. 2. The Uniforrn Mechanical Code of inieznational Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), Whit- ter, California, 3. The Standards Mechanical Code of Southern Building Code Congress International, Birming- ham, Alabama, 4, The National Building Code of American Insur- ance Association, New York, Chicago and San Francisco. 5. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Quincy, Massachusetts. 6. National Building Code (by the National Re- search Council of Canada), Ottawa, Ontero, Canada, 7. Building Code of Australia, Australian Uniform Building Regulations Council, Federal Depart- iment of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Canberra, ACT., Australia, Note: Federal state, and focal codes or ordinances may modify or supercede the above isted codes,A INTRODUCTION Al to0 often first cost has preoccupied the minds of both the building owner and the HVAC System de- signer, causing them to neglect giving proper consid eration to system life and operating cost. A building that is inexpensive to build may contain systems that are expensive to operate and maintain. ‘With normal inflation building construction costs con- tinue to escalate. The cost of money and energy con- tinue to increase dramatically, but not always in the same proportion. These factors require @ more ra- tional and factual approach to the real costs of @ system, by analyzing both owning and operating cots over a fied time period (lifecycle costs). Chapter 49—"Owning and Operating Costs” of the 1987 ASHRAE “Systems and Applications Hand- book” has a complete and detailed analysis of this subject. The basic elements are desctibed as follows: 1. Annual Owning Costs ) Initial Costs—The amortization period must be determined in which the initial costs are to be recovered and converted by use of a capital recovery factor (CRF) into an equivalent annual cost (see Table 2-1). b) Interest ‘Table 2-1 COST OF OWNING AND OPERATING ATYPICAL COMMERCIAL BUILDING tern Percentage Financing (New) 44% Maintonance & Operation 30% Initial Construction 20% Indirect Construction 2% Land 2% AIE Fees 1% Miscellaneous 1% 100% CHAPTER 2 ECONOMICS OF DUCT SYSTEMS ©) Taxes 1. Property or real estate taxes. 2. Building management personal- property taxes. 8. Other building taxes. ¢) Insurance 2. Annual Operating Costs a) Annual Energy Costs 1. Energy and fuel costs. 2. Water charges. 3. Sewer charges. 4. Chemicals for water treatment. b) Anqual Maintenance Costs 4. Maintenance contracts. 2. General housekeeping costs. 3. Labor and material for replacing worn parts and fiters. 4. Costs of refrigarant, oil and grease. 5. Cleaning & painting. 6. Periodic testing and rebalancing 7. Waste disposal. ©) Operators—The annual wages of building en- Gineers and/or operators should not be included as part of maintenance, but entered es a sep- arate cost iter, INITIAL SYSTEM cOsTS ‘The first financial impact of the HVAC duct system is, the initial cost of the system. A careful evaluation of ‘all cost variables entering into the duct system should be made if maximum economy is to be achieved. The designer has a great influence on these costs when specifying the duct system material, system operat- ing pressures, duct sizes and complexity, fan horse- power, sound attenuation and determining the space requirements for both ductwork and apparatus. Chapters 7 and 8 desoribe duct sizing methods in detail, and in Chapter 12, duct construction materials, are discussed, Other items, which are important in controling first costs, are given later in this chapter. ‘The amortization period or useful life for HVAC duct a4eS systems is normally considered to be the same as the life of the building, thus minimizing the annual effect of frst cost of duct systems in comparison with other elements of an HVAC system which have a shorter useful life, {In Table 2-2, data is given for capital recovery factors based on years of useful lle and the rate of return or interest rate. The purpose of this table is to give a factor which, when mutiplied by the intial cost of a system or component thereof, wll result in an equiv- alent uniform annual owning cost for the period of years chosen. Example 2-1 Find the uniform annual owning cost it a $10,000 expenditure is amortized over 90 years at 12 percent. Solution ‘The capital recovery factor (CRF) from Table 2-2 for ‘80 years at 12 percent is 012414. The uniform annual owning cost = 0.12444 x $10,000 = $1241.40, Section XIV—"Energy Recovery System Investment Analysis" of the SMACNA “Energy Recovery Equip- ment and Systems” manual contains 19 pages of HVAC systems investment analysis text, equations, ‘examples and financial tables, ECONOMICS OF DUCT SYSTEMS OPERATION cOsTS Since one normally considers that a duct system does not require any allowance for annual mainte ‘nanos expense, except for equipment which may be a part of it, attention should be directed to eneray costs which are created by the duct system. The important determining factor for fan size and power, other than air quantity, is system total pressure. In ‘other sections of this manual, data will be given which will allow for the calculation of the system total pres- sure, Since fans normally operate continuously when the building is ocoupied, the energy demand of various air distribution systems is one of the major contibu- tors to the total building HVAC system annual energy ‘costs, Fan energy cost can be minimized by reducing uct velocities and static pressure losses; however, this has a direct bearing on the system first cost and ‘could influence builcing cost. Extra space might be required by the resultant enlarged ductwork through ‘out the building and larger HVAC equipment rooms ‘also might be required. It is extremely important for the designer to adequately investigate and calculate ‘ihe impact of operating costs versus system first cost. ‘Table 2-2 CAPITAL RECOVERY FACTORS (CRF) Rate of Return or Interest Rate, percent Years. 6 8 10 2 6 20 25 2 0.54544 = 0.56077 0.57619 «0.88170 O.B1512 (0.88455 (0.8444 4 0.28859 = 030192081547 0.32923» 0.38027 038629 (0.42344 6 0.20336 = oz1632 0.22961 0.24323 «0.26424 «0.30071 (0.83882 8 0.16104 = 0.17401 0.18744 «= .20180 0.22285 = 0.26061 «0.30040 10 0.19587 0.14903 0.16275 (0.17698 © 0.19925 © 0.23852-—«0.28007 12 0.11928 0.19270 0.14676 = O.16144 0.18448 © 0.2526 © 0.26845, 4 0.10758 = 0.12130 0.19575 0.15087 0.17469 = .21689-0.28180. 18 0.09895 0.11208 «012782 0.14339 0.16795 21144 = 25724. 18 0.09295 «0.10670 0.12193 0.19794 «0.6319 0.20781 0.28459 20 0.08718 = «G.40185_ 0.11748 0.13288 «0.18976 0.20536. 25202 25 0.07823 0.09368 O.11017 0.12750 0.18470 0.20212 (0.25095 30 0.07265 0.08883 0.10808. 0.12414 = 0.15280 0.20085 (0.25031 35 0.06897 0.08580 0.10369 0.12282 0.15113 0,.20024 «(0.25010 40 0.06646 0.08386 0.10226 0.12180 0.15058 © 0.20014-——(0.25008 22