CuapteR Prestressed Concrete ‘+ Prestressed concrete is basically a concrete in which internal strese’of suitable inagnitude and distribution are intioduced so that the stresses resulting from external load are counteracted to a desired degree + A prestressed concrete is different from a conventional RCC structure due to the application of an initial load on the structure prior to its use. ‘+ For Concrete internal stress are induced (usually by mean of tensioned steel) due to the following 1. Tensile strength of concrete is less and hence cracks may develop at early stages of loading in flexural members such as beams and slabs. Hence if the members are compressed prior to application of flexural load, the cracking will not oceur 2. Prestressing enhances the bending, shear and torsional eapabilities of the flexural members. 3. In pipes and liquid storage tanks the hoop tensile stresses can be effectively counteracted by circular prestressing. How do we apply prestress by means of tensioned wire? ‘There are two ways (1) Pretensioning (2) Post tensioning Pre-tensioning + Inpre-tensioning system, the high-strength steel tendons are pulled between two end abutments (also called bulkheads) prior to the casting of concrete, Praecing ed + The abutments are fixed at the ends of a prestressing bed. + Once the concrete attains the desired strength for prestressing, the tendons are cut loose from the abutments. 0) Casting of cneeie ating of enon + The prestress is transferred to the concrete from the tendons, due to the bond between them. + The stages of prestensioning are shown schematically in the following figures. TES MASTER esemrenaus Phone: 01141013406, 638813406 Website: wwe iesmaster ory, Esai: tex masteriyahon.con 1555908 326 Po: Nelo ition sree. sitial wing ag in ation cular 326 Post tensioning + In post-tensioning systems, the duets for the tendons (or strands) are placed along with the reinforcement before the casting of concrete. «The tendons are placed in the ducts after the casting of concrete, + The duct prevents contact between conerete and, the tendons during the tensioning operation. «+ After anchoring a tendon at one end, the tension is applied at the other end by a jack. The tensioning of tendons and pre-cdmpression of, concrete occur simultaneously. Finally the jacking end is anchored. EQUIREMENT OF HIGH ST! Lessee ee Need for high strength steel RCC ‘casting bed Side view (a) Casting of concrete (c) Anchoring the enon atthe stething ena * Fig. 9.2: Stages of posttensioning ENGTH STEEL & CONCRETE 1 Prestressed concrete requires high strength steel and high strength concrete. This can be explained as follows: Strain in cable initially = 7 7 A inital length of Stress in cable initially = #.-y rumen t eee nan concrete . 4 ‘Duet (Poree in cable initially ' + = prestressing force) i c 4 (Loss of strain in cable due = a i {initial length of concrete to shortening of concrete over a period of time) By Loss of stresi in cable 1+ — cable pulled by t +) amount A and fixed ‘ la 8 = shortening of concrete: Fig. 9.3 over a period of time _6 Loss of prestressingforee = F,7-A, which the loss would be around 200 Nimm* ‘Normally dye te creep and shrinkage in long term the strain lost is approximately 0.0008 = ‘Stress lost = 0.0008 x 2x 10= 160 Nimm® If we use Fe250 or F415, all of the initial stress in it will be lost in due course. Hence there would not be any pressuressing force remaining in concrete, thus the beam will fail Hence we use high strength steel such that the initial préstress in it would be 1200 ~ 2000 N/mm? in pi TES MASTER iin oman ‘Site FR, Katara Sarai New Delhi 110076 Website: wr iemasterorg E-mail ex mastersyahoo.cain Phones 011-41018406, 718615406, 711852008CIVIL ENGINEERING Prestressed Concrete 327 Need for High Strength Concrete in Pre-stress Concrete + High strength concrete offers high resistance to tension, shear, bond and bearing. + Incase of pre-tensioned members, tensile stress in steel of very high magnitude should be transferred to concrete as prestress through bonding between steel and surrounding concrete. + In post-tensioned members transfer of stress is through bearing at end sector. Hence concrete of appreciable bond and bearing strength is quite escential for pre-stressed concrete + In addition to above, use of high strength concrete has following advantages! (2) High strength concrete is less liable to shrinkage cracks and has higher modulus of elasticity and smaller ultimate creep strain. As a result loss of prestress in steel is reduced. @) Use of high strength concrete resultg in reduction of cross sectional dimensions of prestressed concrete structural elements, with reduced dead weight longer spans becomes economically and practically viable. VE EV GIS easy econ 7 ‘The prestressing of concrete has several advantages as compared to traditional reinforced concrete (RC) without prestressing, A fully prestressed concrete member is usually subjected to!compression during service life. This rectifies several deficiencies of eonerete. The advantages of presetressed concrete over an equivalent RCC member are as under ‘+ Scetion remains uncracked at service load hence durability of steel increases, ‘+ Pull section of conerete is utilised ‘+ Shear resistance capacity increases (due to confinement) + Useful for liquid retaining structure, Improved performance under dynamic and fatigue loading. High spanidepth (L/D) ratio possible. Approximately L/D. ratio of (40-45) can be adopted. ‘Thus, for the same span, depth reduces leading to reduction in dead weight and hence larger over head clearance available Prestressing is also suitable for precast construction, thereby rapid construction, better quality, multiple use of form work, reduced maintananee ete ean be ensured. {LIMITATIONS OF PRESTRESSING Although prestressing has advantages, some aspects can be considered as limitations, like + Prestressing needs skilled technology. Hence, it is not as common as reinforced concrete. + The use of high strength materials is costly ‘+ There is additional cost in auxiliary equipments. ‘+ There is need for quality control and inspection. SM ese y ost Prestressing of concrete can be classified in several ways. The following are the various classifications. Source of Prestressing Force ‘This classification is based on the method by which the prestressing force is generated. There are four 328 Hyd This thet of fo: Mee Intl tran macl Elec Inth the 1 Che: I € 1 sources of prestressing force: Mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and chemical ‘Oe TRE, Kwai Sra, New BAnT- TWO ry LES MASTER Webi: wwriennasterarg, Baal ey antersyahopoia note Phones orT 0138 Tse bee STIISS08and seed and Ro) ring ran same lable tiple ve four 328 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Hydraulic prestressing ‘This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large prestressing forces. The hydraulic jack used for the tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated pressure gauges which directly indicate the magnitude of force developed during the tensioning Mechanical Prestressing: In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights with or without lever transmission, geared transmission in conjunetion with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or without gear drives and wire-winding machines. This type of prestressing is adopted for mass scale production. Electrical Prestressing uv In this type of prestressing, the steel wires are electrically heated and anchored before placing conevete in the moulds. This type of prestressing is also known as thersfoclectric prestressing, Chemical Prestressing «In this case expanding cement is used which is composed of 75% portland cement, 15% high alumina ‘cement and 10% gypaum. In this case since expansion of concrete is restrained by high tension wire compressive stress is introduced. + This system is also known as self prestre: Jing system External or Internal Prestressing External Prestressing + When the prestressing is achieved by elements located. outside the concrete, it is called external prestressing: | Gap lying outside the + The tondons can lie outside the member (for example in | shaded area of concrete L-girders or walls) or inside the hollow space of a box girder, Fig. 9.4 «This technique is adopted in bridges and strengthening of buildings. In the following figure, the box girder of bridge is prestressed with tendons that lie outside the concrete. Internal Prestressing «When the prestressing is achieved by elements located inside the concrete member (commonly, by ‘embedded tendons), it is called internal prestressing, «Most of the applications of prestressing are internal prestressing. concrete is east around the ducts for placing the tendons. Pretensioning or post tensioning Pretensioning «The tension is applied to the tendons before casting of the concrete. The pre-compression is transmitted from steel to conerete through bond over the transmission length near the ends. PM TES MASTER Sa a er cr artaioeetCIVIL ENGINEERING Prestressed Concrete 329 330 Post-tensioning ‘The tension is applied to the tendons (located in a duct) after hardening of the conerete. The pre-compression is transmitted from steel to concrete by the anchorage device (At the ends blocks). Linear and Circular Prestressing Linear prestressing When the prestressed members are straight of flat, in the direction of prestressing, the prestressing is called linear prestressing, For example, prestressing of beams, piles, poles and slabs. The profile of the prestressing tendon may be curved, ‘ Circular Prestressing ‘When the prestressed members are curved in the direction of prestressjng, the prestressing is called circular prestressing. For example, circumferential prestressing of tanks, silos, pipes and similar structures. Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing Full Prestressing When the level of prestressing is such that no tensile stress is allowed in eonérete under service loads, it is called Full Prestressing (Type 1, as per IS: 1843 -1980). Limited Prestressing When the level of prestressing is such that the tensile stress under service loads is within the cracking stress of concrete, it is called Limited Prestressing (Type-2) Partial Prestressing When the level of prestressing is such that under tensile stresses due to services loads, the eracks width is within the allowable limit, itis called partial prestressing (Type 3). Uniaxial Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing Uniaxial Prestressing When the prestressing tendons are parallel to one axis, it is called Uniaxial Prestressing. For example. longitudinal prestressing of beams. Biaxial Prestressing When there are prestressing tendons parallel to two axes, it is called Biaxial Prestressing. Multiaxial Prestressing When the prestressing tendons are parallel to more than two axes, it is called Multiaxial Prestressing. For example, prestressing of domes. pe ae Lal niece al atages of Pre-tensioning he various stages of the pre-tensioning operation are summarised as follows. Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments Placing of jacks alle aa 4 |. Applying tension to the tendons Casting of concrete “5. Cutting of the tendons, ‘ ™ During the cutting of the tendons, the prestress is transferred to the concrete with elastic shortening and vular camber of the member. e Advantages of Pre-Tensioning v 5 | The relative advantages of pre-tensioning as compared to post-tensioning are as follows |». Pre-tensioning is suitable for precast members produced in bulk. j ‘+ Inpre-tensioning large anchorage device is not present. sit Disadvantages of Pre-Tensioning ‘The relative disadvantages are as follows. + Aprestressing bed is required for the pre-tensioning operation, king «There is a waiting period in the prestressing bed, before the concrete attains sufficient strength. ‘+ There chould be good bond between concrete and steel over the transmission length. Devices idth ‘The essential devices for pre-tensioning are as follows. Ea Prestressing bed : abutret Mould Jack End abutments , Shuttering/mould ei Trearenrg oso Jack ‘eve aple. Anchoring device Fig. 9.5-Prestesing bod, end abutment and mould Harping device (optional) ‘The jacks are used to apply tension to the tendons. Hydraulic jacks are commonly used. These jacks work on oil pressure generated by a pump. ‘The tendons are frequently bent, except in cases of For labs-on-grade, poles, piles ete. The tendons are bent (harped) in between the supports with a shallow ig aa shadens Fig. 9.6: Harping of tendons. Use eee Oc FG twas Sava New Dan-O =a TESMASTER EE amc Phone 01111019406, 788615406, 711853008CIVIL ENGINEERING Prestressed Concrete 331 Hoyer system of pretensioning Hoyer system is generally used for mass oe oe production. (like Railway sleepers, poles etc) ‘The end abutments are kept sufficient distance apart, and several members are cast ina single line. The shuttering is provided Fig. 9.7: Schematic representation of Hoyer system at the sides and between the members. This system is also called the Long Line Method. The following figure is a schematic representation of the Hoyer system Stages of Post tensioning ‘ + Unlike pre-tensioning, the tendons are pulled with the reaction acting against the hardened concrete. If the ducts are filled with grout, then it is known as bonded past-tensioning. he grout is a neat cement paste or a sand-cement mortar containing suitable admixture, * In unbounded post-tensioning, as the name suggests, the ducts are never grouted and the tendon is held in tension solely hy the end anchorages. + The following sketch shows a schematic representation of a grouted post-tensioned member. ‘The profile of the duct depends on the support conditions, + Fora simply supported member, Posttensioning the duct has a sagging profile between the ends, Por A continuous member, the duct sags in the span and hogs over the support. ‘The various stages of the post-tensioning operation are stimmarised as follows. 1. Casting of concrete. 2. Placement of the tendons. 3. Placement of the anchorage block and jack. 4. Applying tension to the tendons, 5. Seating of the wedges. 6. Cutting of the tendons. Advantages of Post-Tensioning ‘The relative advantages of post-tensioning as compared to pre-tensioning are as follows, + Post-tensioning is suitable for heavy cast-in-place members. + The waiting period in the easting bed is less. ‘+ The transfer of prestress is independent of transmission length. Disadvantage of Post-Tensioning ‘The relative disadvantage of post-tensioning as compared to pre-tensioning is the requirement of anchorage device and grouting equipment. Follo Tae (Gn May Be Api Devices The essential devices for post-tensioning are as follows. 1, Casting bed 2. Mould/Shuttering 3. Ducts 4. Anchoring devices 5. Jacks pe ESMASTER Cee ete an nw331. 332 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING Various Post-tensioning System Following are the various post tensioning system and their details, = Table 9.1: Postiensioning system. Post tensioning [Tope of tendon| Range of [Cable duct | Arrangement of| Method of | Type of ‘pate (country force tendons in duct|tensioning | anchorage _ of origin) ce @ @ @ a @ @ @ Breyaniet, Wars and | Medium [Curcolar, rmed | Annular. paced [Hodraube | Conical serrated Grance) strands and largo [by pneumatic | by helial wire jack canerete wedge to [tue or metal or | core fensioning | driven by yack plastic sheath at wares | iney female cone vete, round able fembedided. at the end of the Beat Giftord-baai-CCL | Wires Taal ond] veer, wormed | Brenly apneed [itvdraulie | Spit comeal {Groat Brian) rnegium {by pneumatic | By pertrated tensioning | wedge and bush held tue oF stot rod | spacers vies singl | to wach wire, bearing on anchor thrust plate and ing ant no end of beam TaoNca Bare threaded [Small, —[Circulor, formed | Single bare [ydrawhe [High stronath (Great Briton) [at ends medium [by pneumatic tube Jack screwed! nut-and spacing and large [or fesible to threaded | washers bearing eorrugated fend of bar | on sel plate a fn end of beam Miagnel-Biaton | Wires Gaull [Recwnguar, | Horizontal rows [Fisdrautic | Pairs of wires Belgium medium [formed by sold | of our wires finck Dold by Ma ste] find large [rubber core or by | spaced by metal tensioning | wedges in sand Inetal sheath | gelles at io wires. | which plates round cable | Intervals fsa time | bearing on ditsibution plates ‘A prestressed concrete beam of span 6 sh has a width of 150 mm and a depth of $00 m. the initial stress orage = ee, aaa Sarat New DATO OT seat LES MASTER ‘Website wv isinsterarg, Eul-ies master'yahoo.oia coer Powe O17 101408, noes, 971858908CuapTerR 9 | _Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses n ‘The analysis of stresses developed in a prestressed concrete structural element is based on the following assumption: . : 1. Concrete is a homogeneous elastic material. 2. Within the range of working stresses, both concrete and steel behave elastically. 3. Plane Section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending (which implies a linear Strain distribution across the depth of the number. 4, Stress in reinforcement does not charge along the length of member, 5, Variation of stress in steel due to external load is negligible Analysis of Member under flexure Analysis of stress means calculation of stress in the member due to combined effect of pre stressing and external loads and checking that stresses are within permissible limits, There are three approaches used for analysis, () stress concept @) load balancing concept (3) Cline, P-line concept [i-e., Thrust line or pressure line concept] 1. Stress Concept + _ In the approach based on stress concept, the stresses at the edges of the section under the internal forces in concrete are calculated. + The stress concept is used to compare the calculated stresses with the allowable stresses. (a) Concentric Tendon Figure below shows a simply supported prestressed concrete beam of rectangular section prestressed by a tendon provided through its centroidal longitudinal axis. Let the beam be subjected to an external load system of uniformly distributed loads, 334 Let} tres I du atres wher Hene and The s 7398815406, 711853908 mw TES MASTER—_—————— lo ving and used ‘ores 334 RCC CIVIL_ENGINEERING Let P be the prestressing forces supplied by the tendon. Due to this prestressing force, the compressive : z where A is the sectional area of the member stressed induced in concrete If due to the dead load and external loads, the bending moment at the section is M, then the extreme stresses at the section due to bending moment alone M a=tz & where, Z is the section modulus of the beam section 1 ae Y Hence, the final extreme stresses on the beam section are given by tress due to bending) PM . Strese at the extreme top edge = 4+ PM and stress at the extreme bottom edge = 4-7 ‘The stresses due to direct load, bending and the final stresses are shown in Fig. below M Zz 4 + ‘CROSS SECTION Ee w M OF BEAM A z 5-4 STRESS DUE STRESS DUE FINAL TO PRESTRESSING TO BENDING STRESSES FORCE MOMENT © Following sign convention should be used Comp. Tension (b) Analysis of Stress using Eccentric Tendon 1. It will be advantageous to place the tendon at an eccentricity. The following figure shows a beam of rectangular section prestressed by a tendon placed longitudinally, at an eccentricity ¢ from the eentroidal ongitudinal axis. Let the beam be subjected to an external load system. Let P be the prestressing force supplied by the tendon, Lot due to the dead load and external loads the bending moment at a section be M. A TR FT Eat aT Now DART TOHTE LES MASTER Nebite ywriesmstrorg bai masertyabeoenia ee Phono sista, 91608__ CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 335 33¢ equivalent loading P equivalent loading atend Pe atend —P Pe tz 5 Gi) Extreme stresses due to eccentricity of the prestressing force = (iii) Extreme stresses due to bending moment Stress at the extreme top edge = Stress at the extreme bottom edge 2 e Pasé x g Ze cmosssecrion =F Be ¥ om 2 are OFSEAM ogtcy sTHEssDUETO sriéssourro” Aut SIRES ECCENTRICITY OF EXTERNAL BENOING STRESS DUET THEPRESTRESS —" MOWENT PRESTRESS ‘+ Note that the stresses caused by external bending moment is counteract by Hogging moment developed due to eccentricity of the tendon. ‘+ Thus by providing tendon at an eccentricity, requirement of prestressing force (P) to counteract. the applied moment (ic., to ensure zero tension or less than acceptable tension) will be reduced significantly + In the case of prestressed inembers, the cross-sectional area of high tensile steel being a very small percentage ‘of the total concrete area, the stress computations are generally based on the nominal conerete cross-sectional properties, ‘+ The use of equivalent concrete section, although important in interpreting test results of experimental nvestigations, generally does not significantly influence the stresses resulting from the use of nominal conerete section, eductions for prestressing Tendons. In calculating area, centroid and moment of inertia of a cross-— section, deduction for prestressing tendons shall be made as follows: (@) In the case of pre-tensioned members, where the prestressing tendons are single wires distributed (@) By) ab Weahe ae ea ae aen =|135, 336 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING ‘on the cross-section or strands of wines of relatively small cross-sectional area, allowance for the prestressing tendons need not be made. Where allowance is made, it shall be on the basis of (m-1) times the area of the prestressing tendons, m being the moduler ratio. (b) In the case of post-tensioned members, deductions shall invariably be made for prestressing tendons, cable ducts or sheaths and such other openings whether they are formed longitudinally or transversely. ‘These deductions need not, however, be made for determining the effect of loads applied after the ducts, sheaths or openings have been grouted or filled with concrete. Where such deductions are not made, o transformed orea equivalent to (m-1) times the area of the prestressing tendon shall be taken in calculation, m being the modular ratio ce! : A pretensionedl concrete of beam of rectangular section 150 inm wide by 300 mm deep is prestressed by 4 wires of mm dia is stressed to 1200 Nimm®. The wires are located at of Sade 50 mm from soffit. Find the stress developed at soffit of the : beam. (6) By considering norinalconerfe sation NP OP LL faome 150 mm (b) By considering equivalent concrete section (neglect the dead load and live load effects.) Take m = 6 4 now 5 mm 6 stress = 1200 Nim’ Sol. (a) Nominal section 150mm 150 mm Pe : vl Ea eee oped By neglecting steel area. P = 4x=(6)'x 1200 ~ 94.25kN the 4 antly © = 100mm small 2.094 4.189 Nim 2.095 Nim ainal a ental : * > ninall + PIA 6.283 Nim “oss- eon 2094 Simm uted ‘Stress developed at the soffitof beam = 6.28 Nimm? ‘Offen FAD, Katara Sorat New DeTi- T8016 ‘tacos Phones 011012 88 30, 185908CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 337 338 (©) Equivalent ora, depth of N.A, that 150 x 300 x 150 + 392.699 x 250 eee Se 208 = 150.865 mm 150% 300 +392.699 _ i 1) 6) <4 992.690 mm ig “As the shift and N.A from 150 mm is only by 0.87 mm (where steel area is neglected) Hence the effect of this will almost be neligible : fe (neglecting dead load and live load effect) 250-¥ = 250 ~ 150.865 = 99.135 mm Stress at the soffit’ 0 y = 800-%~149.135 mm er bea. ar + 892,699 (99,135)* = 811.393%10" mm! 942510" _, 94.25 x10! x99.185 «149.195, 150 x 300+ 392.699 341.393 <10° j* Thus when the equivalent section is considered, the maximum variation is around 1 to 2% in stress. Hence we generally neglect the concept of equivalent section and calculate the stresses from the nominal section. ‘An unsymmetrical Isection beam is used to support an imposed load of 2 kN/m over a span of 8 m. ‘The sectional details are top flange, 300 mm wide and 60 mm thick, bottom flange 100 mm wide and 60 mm thick, thickness of the web 80 mm, overall depth of beam 400 mii, At the centre of the span the effective prestressing force of 100 kN is located at 50 mm from the soffit of the beam. Estimate the stresses at the centre of span. section of the beam for the following load conditions: (@) Prestress + Self weight () Prestress + Self wt + live load = Stress at soffit 6.198 Nim’ Sol. J, = Distance of controid of the prestressing force from top 00 an, 800 60 x30-+280 80x (60 +140) . ¥60% 100 (400-30) 3. = 300% 60+280%80 + 100% 60 fice FT wars Sa Now Dan Pe ‘ebsites renner re males mater cota ee hone onan seve 9Tea08 a Stre37 338 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING act the im. and pan the 5608 mm ; (400 — 156.03) = 243.97 mm e = 243.97 — 50 = 193.97 mm A = 0.3 x 0.60 + 0.280 x 0.80 + 0.10 x 0.60 = 0.0461 m# ie 300% 0.60 0.280] Dead wt = | ,9.590.100«0.60/° 78 = S114 NIM OM), = 22E 16 aN 4x : @M),, = LHA*® £5919 km I § 1 60" > BOX: 2 1 es +300%60(15603-307 +82 <280 «33.80% (28397-14060) HOOKS. 100;60%(243.07 30) 757.45 * 10° mm* 1157454108 _ pe Boao ths, Moor «10° +, AE LISTAS AOE 4 105%10° mm? % M387 a yy Stress, 100 x10" 100510" = 945 Nymm? PA % 7 46400 ae Moye Mba Pe. 100«10" «193.97 |, 8 go 4156.03 = 4.00 Nimm? L s 757.45x10° 4 ae Pe. 10010" «193.97 x 243.97 Fa, — W00p10" xB TARAS ST 6 95 Naim? 5 te 757.45 *10° he Nee M 16% 10° «156.03, My, = Oa 329 Nim t 757.45 x108 eam Tay tas Newt 757.45 x10 10° oe alae 757.45 «10 M, 8.912 x10" Moy, . 52" «243.97 = 2.87 Ninm? rT 757.45 «10° - is Stress due to Prestress & Self weight Pe Mp: attop = G~ pte P= 2B ~ 4 4 1.895 = — 0.019 Ninn? ES MASTER Disc Fine avast owCIVIL ENGINEERING _Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 339 2.15 + 6.25 - 2.87 = 5.53 Nimm? Stress due to Prestress + Self wt + Live load Bs Mp.» F-Pt yy 4 Made, Madr 9154+ 5.29 + 1.005 u ‘at top at bottom: ‘prestressed concrete beam 400 mm. * 600 mm in section has a span of 6 m and is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 16 kN/metre including the self weight of the beam. The prestressing tendons are located at the lower third point and provide an effective prestressing force of 960 kN. Determine the extreme fibre stresses in concrete at the mid span section. 2.15 + 6.25 — 5.15 — 2.87 Sol. Area of the beam seetio A= 400 x 600 = 2.4 x 10? mm? 960 kN Section modulus 2.4 * 107 mm* ‘Maximum bending moment due to external loading = = 72 kNm Direct stress due to prestressing force = +4 Nimm? 960108 100 24x10" M_, Bnd 2° 24x10" Extreme stress due to eccentricity of the prestressing force 3 4Nim extreme stress due to external bending moment =43 Nimm? Final stresses for the extreme fibres will be as follows: Final stress in the top extreme fibres Final stress in the bottom extreme fibres +4-4+3=+3 Nim? 4444-355 Ninm? 000m Want eN/nn? 2h? aN? ll f N/mm N/mm? 3N/mme N/mm? TES MASTER ‘Ofiees F126 Katwaria Sarai New Delhi 110018 Webnit: wor esmasterorg, Email: ies mastersyahoo os ieceatene Phone: O1-11015406, 7658615106, 711853008, EI340 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING ee sO! ‘A prestressee eoncrete beam 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep is prestressed using 5 high tension bars of 12 mm provide at 220 mm from the soffit of the beam. The effective stress in the steel is 800 N/ mim’, Find the bending that must be applied to the section to just avoid tension at the soffit of the beam. Sol: 4 = 800 x 600 = 18 x 10! mm2 z= OA 18 x 10° mms P= 80052 = 462389 Ne = 300 ~ 220 = 80 mm Let M be the bending moment required so that the tension at the soffit in just avoided. For this condition, 152389 45238980 M u iexio! 1axi0°1ex10" 2.5142. Me i ‘ a ie 18~10° . (M = 18x 10° x 4.52 = 81.36 x 10° N/mm = 81.36 kNm |A prestressed concrete beam 250 mm wide and 375 mm deep is prestressed by concentrically placed tendon. The span of the beam is 8 m and the beam has to support an imposed load of 4.25 kN/m. Find the prestressing force necessary so that the tension is just avoided at the soffit of the mid-section. If however, the tendon is provided at an eccentricity of 65 mm, find the prestressing force necessary 80 that tension is just avoided at the soffit of the mid-section. Concrete weights 24. kN/m!. Sol: A = 250 x 375 = 93750 mm’, 375 mm? Dead load of the beam = 0.25 * 0.375 * 24 5 kNim Superimposed load of the beam = 4.25 kN/m ‘Total load on the beam = 2.25 + 4.25 }.50 kNim ‘Total bending moment due to dead load and superimposed load 5 = M= 6.50 x = Let Phe the prestressing force so that the tensile stress at the soffit of the mid-section is just avoided. Case (i): When the tendon is concentrically provided PM For this case aoe =0 P 210" 52x10 93750. 5859375 - a 5859375 eee Case (ii): When the tendon is provided at an eccentricity of 65 mm P Pe M For this case F aa Gog 7CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 341 342 Pxos | 5859375 58593 © 2.176 x 10 P= 8.874667 P= 407843.13 N= 407,848 kN ‘Thus when no eccentricity provided, the force required is 832 KN, However when tendon is provided at an eccentricity, magnitude of prestressing force becomes 40.7.843 KN. ‘Thus tendon provided at eccentricity requirement the required of prestressing force A prestressed concrete beam of rectangular section 800 mm wide and 600 mm deep has 4 span of 12m. ‘The effective prestressing force is 980 kN at an eccentricity of 120 mm. The dead load of the beam is 45 kN/m and the beam has to carry a live load of 7.5 N/m. Determine the extreme stresses: (@ at the end section Gi) at the mid seetion without the action of live load. (ii) at the mid section with the action of live load. Sol. Area of the beam section = = 300 x 600 = 1.8 x 10% mm? Section modulus ofthe section = Z = 300 x 2 = 1.8 x 107 mm’ DL, moment at mid span = “222° <8) Nm 7.5%12? LiL, moment at mid span = 72512 = 135 Nm ( Analysis of the end section Direct stress due to prestressing force = = +544 Nimm? Extreme stress due to eccentricity of the prestressing force Resultant stress at top edgi Resultant stress at bottom edge -1.09 Nim: (tensile) + 11.97 Nimm? (compre: 300 sat LN baa oa 1187 New (ii) Analysis of the mid section subjected to prestressing force and dead load Direct stress = + 5.44 N/mm? ‘Extreme stress due to eccentricity of the prestressing force TES MASTER Ofer Fk tea Sra Now DOT TE sooner Phone of orsion, faseaioe snssgs ne Res (iii Ext342, RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING = ¥6.53 Nimm? My , 81x10° x rress deat ment = += + = Extreme stress due to dead load moment = #7" + 37 Resultant stress at the top edge = 5.44 — 6.53 + 4.50 = 8.41 Nimm? (compressive) Resultant stress at the bottom edge 4.50 Nimm? = 5.44 + 6.53 — 4.50 = + 7.47 Nimm? (compressive) 30 5.44 653 ASO SAT Nm is 3aa 653 789 Nim (iii) Analysis of the mid section subjected to prestressing force, dead load and live load Direct stress = + 5.44 Nimm? Extreme stress due to cecentrieity of the prestressing force = ¥6.53 Nimm* xtreme stress due to dead load moment = + 4.50 Nimm* M, _ , 135x10° Extreme atress due to live load moment = * 7 = * oor Resultant stress at the top edge = 5.44 6.53 + 4.50 + 7.50 = + 10.91 Nimm® (comp,) Resultant stress at the bottom edge = 5.44 + 6.53 ~ 4.50 ~7.50 = ~ 0.03 N/mm? (tensile). = + 7,50 Nimm? bat 68 250 10.91 Ning? oa ‘0.03 Nrmm? Sr rome Cetohak «The bending moment at which visible cracks develop in prestressed concrete members is generally referred to as the ‘cracking moment’. «After the transfer of prestress to concrete, the soffit of the beam will be under compression. «Gradually, these compressive stresses are balanced by the tensile stresses developed due to the transverse loads on the beam, so that the resultant stress at the bottom fibre is zero. «A further increase in loading results in the development of tensile stresses at the soffit of the beam. we TES MASTER ‘ebte wr lesmaterarg, salen mastersyahoo.coin “sone Phone: 01111013406, 638615406, 711853008 abies eenCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 343 344 + The tensile stresses developed when crack become visible at the soffit of beams depend upon the type [@ and distribution of steel reinforcement and the quality of concrete in the beam. ry ‘+ However, it is generally considered that visible cracks appear when the tensile stresees at the soffit are approximately equal to the modulus of rupture of the material, Load factor against cracking Load factor against cracking should actually be calculated as follows live load required for cracking 1 inst cracking. = iol factor agamnet king live load actually acting _4 live load moment required for cracking - ‘actual live load moment However sometimes load factor is calculated in terms of total load ‘Total load which cause’ cracking Hence, load factor againsteracking(w.rt total load) =~ totat oad actually acting ‘Total BM (including D.L and live load) required to cause racking ‘Total BM actually acting Tn the. exam if nothing is mentioned as A rectangular simply supported prestressed concrete beam of cross-sectional area 200 mm x 300 mm is prestressed 8 nos, of mm by 15 nos. 5 mi 4 bar located at 65 mm from the soffit and 3 nos, of § mm 9 bar at 25 mm from the top. Assuming the effective stress in the steel wire as 840 N/mm? oF heat (D Caleutate the stress in concrete at extreme fibres at ‘mid span due to presiressing force and also due 0 360 ym its own weight over the span of 6m fi) If @ uniformly distri cork Ni) (i) If a uniformly distributed working load of 6 kN/m [5 mag anes imposed on the beam, find the maximum compressive stress in the concrete. ee (3) If the modulus of rapture of concrete is 6.5 N/mm, Estimate the load factor against eracking nm, Sol. Assuming bars to be unbounded and by neglecting the OR holes due to steel bars, the neutral axis can be taken at yy A fs mid depth of beam. ie Stresses in conerete will be due to ey 150mm e @ DL moment 6mm ‘Ofiiees FDR Ratwaria Sarah New Delhi-110 O18 Website: wwciesmasterorg, Paul ex mastersiyahoo.cain Phone! 01111018106, 758815406, 711853908, LES MASTER543 344 RCC CIVIL_ENGINEERING ype @ Py ab come cocontniaity &; (WP, at some eccentricity ae DL = 02% 03% 24kNim =1.44 kNim BM duetoD.L atmid epan = EHO" = 648kNm Stresses due to dead load { 6.4816" Nmm . : Bending stress at top Sanat ele Nimm! bl 200(800)" 5,0 | 6 ‘ Bending stress at bottom 2,16 Nimm? = 2.16 Nimm?, Net BM duetoP, and P, = (P,e,~P, e,) sagging Te teh Gites ovbacke ae bee 2? a Bae yer, 49.480 x10? N 347 Gy x840N $948 215107 N = 247-410 N 49.48 x10" «125 ~247.4 x10" x85 Top stress Bo eS e OSES, = 4.95 tii . 200 (3007 6 Bottom stress = 4.95 Nimm? : BAP, Stress due to (P, + P,) willbe compressive throughout = +E (49.484247.4)10" os 200 +300 see PtP e deseo = 495 4.95 42.16 4.95 2.16 Ninn? 495 = 2.16 4.95 : PtP, DL Due to(P, + Ppomicn 274 Nimm” At mid span FigA we TES MASTER ‘er Fas, Katana Sora, New Delhi 10 Website: ww iesnaster ong, Email ies, masteryahoo.coin| Phones 01141015406, 785815406, STHI8S008_ CIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 345 346 Part 2: As there is no loss taking place, stress shown in fig, (A) will remain as such only further addition will be due to live load, Max BM at mid span due to live = Stress: Bottom = — 9 Nimm* 216Nimm 8g Nim? 1116 E -9Nimm? — 1.26 7.74Nimm* Maximum compressive stress in beam with D.L, L.L and prestressing force is equal to 11.16 Nimm? Part 3: Tensile stress existing is -1:26 Nimm?. However, cracking will occur when the tensile stress become 6.5 Nimm?, (/e., equal to modulus of rupture of cone.) To create this, additional live load moment required will be s Frx9- 1.26) =15.72kN-m = Live load moment causing cracking = 27+ 15.72 = 42 =>Load factor against eracking wat LL = = 1.58 w.r.ttolive load (Moe +M, = Ma + Mi has * Maa) Wena aaa Load factor against cracking w.r-t total load = yg = 6.48 + 42.72 Gas a7 716 w-rt total load Alternatively, the analysis of stress in the above problem can be done as given in the following example: A rectangular concrete beam of cross-section 30 cm deep and 20.cm wide is prestressed by means of 15 wires of 5 mm diameter located 6.5 cm from the bottom of the beam and 3 wires of dia. of $ mm, 2.5 ‘em from the top. Assuming the prestress in the steel as 840 N/mm, Calculate the Stresses at the extreme fibre at the mid span section when the beam is supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m. Ifa uniformly distributed live load of 6 KN/m is imposed, evaluate the maximum working stress in concrete. The density of concrete is 24 kN/m’, (Soi For Dist Resul Maxin Nes MASTER ebste wieriemasterary Boies manera Phone: 011410130, 88610406, 711853008346 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING 6m. asin Sol. Total load Dead load Tae load + Dead load 0.2 «0,8 x 24 +200 mm-~ 1.44 kN/m. | 25mm Live load a liw 4 7.44 kN/m 300 | 3 wiro offs mm dia a wP 144% | heen 650mm BM, =e 1 Wire of mmm dia 8 8 48 kN-m ‘Total Prestressing force P P (geass is} s00 en 4 206.88 KN, For eccentricity e Distance of the centroid of the prestressing force from the base. + 275 x5? 65 +8x x5? 4 4 15x x5? +8 x5 50] je ae vf" oad 100 mm, = 150 ~ 100 = 50 mm All dimensions inn bp! _ 200%300° : G4 450 x 10% mm‘ A = 200 x 300. £ Y A = 60 * 10° mm? a P i a 296.88 x10° 60 «10° 4.95 Nimm? Pe _ 296.88 x10" «50 688 x10 220 150 = 4.95 Nimm? T 450 «10 A 48 x 10° My 2 BABEIO 50 = 11,16 Nim? 1 45010 L116 N/mm’ ‘Total stress Stress at top = 4.95 — 4.95 + 11.16 0 SB 2 2 it 1.26N/mm’ Stress at bottom ! | i x 4,95 + 4.95 — 11.16 = ~ 1.26 Nimm? u [Resultant stress Maximum working stress in concrete is 11.16 N/mm? (compression). ‘Oilers Fae, Katara Sarai New Delt 110 016 Website: wisiesmasterorg, Pail es masteréyahoo.coin Phones 01141015406, 7858815406, 711852008 LES MASTER wCIVIL_ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 347 34t A prestressed concrete beam cross section is shown, in the fig below. Determine the sagging moment that can be applied Determine the sagging moment that can he applied to the section so that maximum. compressive strosg in eonerete shall not exceed 14 ‘Nimm* and max tensile stress in conerete shall not exceed 14 N/imm?, Neglect loss in prestress, Sol. AAs the span of the beam section is not given, {effect ‘of dead load can not be estimated hence we will only account for ) effect of axial load and P @) moment due to eccentricity of axial load Le. (P x e) (3) the externally applied sagging moment (M) Effect of axial loading P_ 30.16 +60.82 ‘A ~ 100%240-50%100 N.A will be assumed at mid depth ‘Total compressive stress ne 8x (4)? x800= 7 eo «800 Bar ea gied: i Tom 5 4100 mm 2 Gharsof4 mm 6 pre-stress = 500 Nim? 30,16 kN 0.32 kN 4.76 Nimm? ‘M~30,16 «85x10? x16 Hence, 476- 925.27 x10° 1002. 10-100" = oe T= 111.03 10° mm! 1 % = 2 =925,27%10' mm! ayctrie Net sagging moment: M+Pye, = M + 30.16% 8510" 60.3210" x85 = M— 30.1610? x 8 Stress due to sagging moment: top = 3f.=30.16%85x10" - a ate 30.16.85 410 Zz M =30.16 x16x85%10" Total Ts Sane ee eet ene Peer a 925.27x10" ‘Total Bottom stress = 4.76 - 2f—90.16x 85x10" Normally under service load condition there is lesser stress at the bottom and larger stress af top. = 14 > M= 1111 kNm 925.27% 10" No Idea 12k Dist x10 mm Dete stag. Sol. me TE.S MASTER ‘Occ F1, Katwara Saray New Dele T0016] Website: www:iesmastearg Email le mastertyahoo coda Phone 11701846, P88) 306, 971185008347 ne x8 348 RCC CiVIL ENGINEERING M3016 85 10 925.27 «10° ‘Adopt max sagging BM = 8.26 kNm (min of the above two) 476 = 14 = = M= 8265 kNm Tf the tension is assumed at the top of the beam and the compression is assumed at the bottom the value of M comes out to be negative i.e., we will have to apply hogging moment for this. Thus not ‘acceptable because in the question it has beam asked to calculate mox sagging B.M. [ALYSIS OF STRESS IN VARIOUS STAGES OF PRESTRES: fe Analysis of stress in prestress beam is one at two stages (a) At the time of transfer of prestress to the concrete beam In this case stresses due to dead load and the prestressing forcé (without losses) are taken into account (b) At service load condition In this case we calculate stresses due to prestressing force (after losses), dead load and live load, i.e., Top stress zero and bottom stress max » Beam Stress variation {deal final stress distribution under service and condition is as shown in Fig. i ie, Top stress max and bottom srss 20 [. Beam stress variation A Post tensioned prestressed concrete beam span 20 m and carries a uniformly distributed live load of 12 kN/m. Covering entire span besides its own weight, The detail is as follows: Top flange = 500 * 150mm Web = 150 x 650 min Bottom flange = 300 mm x 200 mm Distance of C.G. of the section from the top edge = 455.6 mm, I,, = 265.334 x 10° mm4, Z, = 5.8238 x 10" mmn®, Z, = 4.8739 10° mm’. The prestressing force is applied by Cables of a total area = 1885.44 mmé stretched initially to 1100 N/mm? and located at 100 mm. from the bottom of edge of beam. Determine the stress at transfer and final stages of loading. Assume 15% loss of prestress in the final stage. Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m?. 500 150 Sol. = 1000 — 455.60 = 644.40 mm 500 x 10 + 150 x 650 + 800 x 200 50) 50 232500 mm? 232500 ‘=>4100 ]200 Dead load =4 x 25 = “yy5*25 = 5.8125 kNim a ‘ier 1, Ratwavie Sar LES MASTERCIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses Strese at top At final stage Stress at top Stress at bottom Strese at hottom = pee eM) Ag, 10.97 Nimm? we Ad M, M, e = 44.4 = 100 = 444.4 mm b S P = 1100 x 1385.44 = 1523984 N 4 " P _ 1523984 £ 2 = 1284 6.55 Nimm? * + 4 * 282500 { Pe 150308444 os is My My 22 eae) Ne % % Pe _ 132398444 8 aa 2 > asi’ ~ ae f i Mz _ 290,625 «10° ‘ Me SDSS = sod Nan? 2 ~ $8238%10" = My _ 290.625 «10° Be | Bae 5064 mm? 77 agi = 4 am M, _ _600x10° 4% ~ 5823810 Be eT iat han 4, At Transfer ZG = 085 6.55. — 0.85 x 11.633 + (4.998 + 10.80) M, = 0,85 x 6.55 + 0.85 x 13.897 - (6.604 + 12.51) =~ 0.6241 Nimm? eee 500. A prestress concrete T-beam is designed to support superimposed load of 11000 N/m, span = 6 m Stress in concrete should not exceed in compression by 15 N/mm? and in tension, the stress should be at the most zero (i.e., no tension) at all 300 stage of loading. Find out the required prestressing force and its eccentricity for above case. Show the position of prestressing cable by : considereding straight cable. 120 a lg fee350 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING At transfer At final stress, ° 2% 4215 0 ‘A = 500 x 100+ 120 300 = 86000 mm? 500%100 x50 +120 «300x250 133.72 mm 36000 z y, = 198.72 mm ; yj =26628 mm : 500.100" 120300" 1 = 8002200" « 560x100 033.72-50)¢ + O00 we a ye aa Solt wt = 15kNim (by considering unit wt. of ceonerote ta be 25 kN) Dead load moment = 9,675 kN-m ‘Superimposed load udl = 11 kNin xe Superimposed oadmoment = af, = 5 = 49.5 kN-m Ideal stress diagram at the stage of transfer is as shown in fig. At top P Pe 9 MS PE gg ay BOIS aeo00 ~iiasasxi0e” 7? * 1148.88 %10" & 1389.07 13889.07 p _ pe 9.675x10° = 193.72 ee 2 99.9 P—Pe +9.675 x10° = 0 @ Po Pe M, PPM At bottom. aes wo LES MASTER CE een Oi camer yaisec! Phones 011-1101206, 638815406, 9791952008CIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 354 P| Pex26628 OS 6TBAIO! E 266.28 = 36000 "1148.88.10" T148.8ex10° "0078 = 1 50.14 P + Pe—9.675 «10° = 61718941.6 = Gi Adding (i) and Gi) 150.07 P = 61718341.6 P = 431.25 kN Fea M9P20070 10" ty deal stress diagram for final stage of loading isa shown below Stress at top = AP KP, , Ot 4M), ae ere ree 0.80% 431.2510" _ 0,80 431.25 x10" <133.72 ‘86000 1148.88 10" 122.88 oO 193.72 = 101 491 +6.88 =5.98<15 OK Stress at bottom KP, KPe _ (M,+M,) te ee 80%431.25 10" | 80% 491.2510" «122.93 * 36000 masaaagt * (76825) (9.675 + 49.5) 266.28 10° 4d 88x10" = 4014978 ~18.71 = 0.08 >0safe OK URVED SHAPE OF PROFILE OF CABLE} Load balancing concept By providing bent tendon, the tendons will exert an upward pressure on the concrete beam and will therefore counteract a’part or whole of the external downward loading + A parabolic shape of the profile will exert a uniformly distributed upward load on the beam. + Sharp angles in cable induce concentrated loads, pe ee LES MASTER i aerate mma] itecarere ‘Phone 01141018106, 738811406, 711859008, name ti v FE]352 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING 351 2 The various types of curved shape profile and then equivalent loading are as shown in the figure below, i rs : me 4 aT ie aP-con Peycon Peace eos oo Peas 3 Bd ae ORR ‘Peon he 1 a Paget ( PSR RCERESS Pry cort 1 will SP loos He: t val TES MASTER ‘coin NM ete EsCIVIL ENGINEERING _ Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 353 Paint Psind=Ptang= 26 @ In general the cable profile should be chosen such that it corresponds to the hending moment diagram resulting from external loads. For Point load —> BMD triangular —-> Cable profile should be triangular For udl > BMD Parabolic —> Cable profile should be parabolic For Two point load —+ BMD trapezoidal —» Cable profile should be trapezoidal. p32 (OF U Se) BAe ae ss ts Coma tn js ‘The parabolic cable profile actually acts like a cable in the suspension bridge. The cable has the property that at every point of it the bending moment (BM) is zero (0), Ry BMatC=0 Equation of the parabolic profile wi 2 BM atD=0 Wat Rx-Ry y= 0 pe TES MASTER Dice Fah Karwar Sra New Dent TOOTS Website: ww esmaster og. eal: ies tastersyahoo.coin Phone! 01111015406, 7958813406, #711850008 35onty Ky 354 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING West Wir Wes aN TYG _ 4 Pecos -P) Px Pcos8 ~~ Peos 8 P cos de x(x =D) i [,- ==] ere) ‘This formula is used when origin is chosen at the location of P at ends dy| tan = FL : 4e n8 = SFE 2x] ta 7 | oe ! 400 For the prestressed beam shown in figure, the effective prestressing force = 1200kN Calculate extreme fibre stress at mid span taking deal load 60 also into account Sol. Forsmall angles tan = sin At mid span section of | 1200 KN “At mid span Stress at top 120010? _1200%10" «140 | 295.9210" 24x10" 24x10" 24x10" Stress at bottom =6-7+12.88 = 10.33 Nimm? 0.33 Nimm? ee oe ae eee a pe ee See ee esl PSPsCIVIL ENGINEERING meee) Solve the previous question using load balancing method. Also calculate stress at top at quarter span using both load balancing concept and stress concept. 180 kN y= 5.76 KNim Analysis of Prestress & bending stresses 355 ol. : 40 and = 2012009. 319 en 2 tand ae 5.76 (6) | (180-112) x Bs . + BMaagan = SARE 5 GOO A28 «197,92 kN saguinel Hiress at fap pe 1200%10" | 127.9210" _ 19 99 sim? fv = 4° Z ~ 400x600 * 2410 Stress at bottom Ae vai [ralculation the stress at quarter span (using load balancing concept) 104 w=5rouvh BINS os ie ae 828 a1 ask Ee : 5,760.5)" _ ef BM atquarter span = 61.26x1.5~ 2700 70.44kNm 0% Biemeat aay: B Mess 7.935 Nimm? ae ee eal" Calculation of stress at quarter span using stress concept S70KNm aap uN f jwarter span A guneter sn few Delbt-THO TE Website: wir iesmasterorg Email ies master#yahoo coda Phe: 0114101340, 6388) 406, 711853405 = = WS55 356 RCC CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Fy 5 90+2:70%8 = 107. 28 kN (BM) = 107. 2801.5-270208) BM = 154.44kN-m Btress at top 10° 1200-10 158.44 «10! Az 10" 24% 10' 24x 10° = 5-3.5+6.438 = 7.93 N Nimm? "For the loading and cross. section condition shown in figure. Find stress at top at mid span and at quarter span using te * LL=15kNim i 1500 kN 1500 koi 700 Parabolic = 200mm 1. Stress concept 2. Load balancing concept Sol. Zz A00C80F 97.5410 main? Deadload = 0.4% 0.7 X24 kNim=7.2KNIm —[Yiyye= 24 KNim*] LL+DL = 7.2415 = 222 kNim Calculation of eccentricity at quarter span Je et LL= 15 kNim 1500 kN 1500 kN a: 0, oy an 200 min y= Heda) 2200-26-96 150 mm eee eccentricity at quarter span = ¢, = 150 mm 4H ice Fe Karwan art Now Da Ti0076 cot we LES MASTER Ruble weviennaterary Ellen aseréyehancoin aoe Phonon tsi 1isiog aiasioeAnalysis of Prestress & bending stresses 357 35t CIVIL ENGINEERING Calculation ofslope angle Oat mid and quarter span It quarter span oy dx tand = a= cos = At mid span Stress concept Moy = At mid span At quarter span epee fot = Load balancing concept BM due to D.L and L. Lat mid span and quarter span = 2,622 Nimm? 0.05 2.86 (at quarter span) 0.998 =1 ax Merd=2*5) i 0 0 i ai : 22.2(8)° 177.6 kN-m 20 7 eg A Zz 2 Mia Age 1500%10' _ 1500100" x200 | 17.610' _ », 4 rn ee ae 1.786 Nimm? ‘One: 13K Katwavia Saral New Del 110 O16 Website: www isinaster org: E-pal: les. masteryahoo.coia Phone: 01141013406, 83881406, 711851908 Fine bala Sol.358 RCC CIVIL ENGINEERING im? “15.3 8 Ma - e 122.4 kNm [ ve) means hogging] M, uae fe 1500 4N| Atmid span 1AkNin® 150010! 122.410" y = 40x60 stiieao” 1 GeNim troy Atquarter span fro = Example 15| In the above question find out the equation of parabolic cable if due to 1500 RN of prestressing force, the external load is exactly balanced such that there exists no bending moment at any section. 8Pe oe 22.2, external loads will be exactly balanced and BM at all sections will become zero Sol. The udl caused by parabolic profile is given by 10, tg 81500 2.2 xe =0,1184m 2 a ons: = 184mm ‘equation of parabolic profile with origin at left end 5, = dese) Axo.11842 6-9) 64 ' y = 74x 104 x (l-2) Zn this case the bending mament due ta external loading is parabolic and the cable profile is also| parabolic. Cable profile is generally taken as of the same shape as that of the bending moment due one "Find cable profile for a cantilever beam subjected to udl (W,.yq) Such hat the cable profile exactly balances the external loading. P Weert Sol. |As the bending moment diagram due to cantilever will be parabolic hence we will choose the cable profile also as parabolic. |, ‘The eccentricity provided by the profile should produce moment which is equal but opposite to tbs external moment. ‘Dies F125, Ratwavia Sarai New Del 110 016 Website: www desnaster ong, Email les master yahoo.cosn 61406, 8711853008CIVIL ENGINEERING Analysis of Prestress & ben g stresses 359 Wa? (BM due to prestressing force) Py = “J (ie., BM due to external load) B= Worm 8! atx=1 oe ‘A pretensioned beam of rectangular section, 80 mm wide by 120 mm deep is to be designed to support ‘concentrated loads of 4 kN each at one-third span poihis over an effective span of 3 meters. The ‘permissible stresses in concrete are limited to zero and 1.4 N/mm? in tension at transfer and working load respectively. If 8 mm diameter wires initially stressed to 1400 N/mm? are used, find the number of wires required and the eccentricity of the prestressing force assuming 20 percent loss in prestress. Weight of concrete = 25 kN/m?. Sol. ‘A = 80% 120= 9600 mm? = MM at - Lote ct Dead load of the beam = 0.08 x0.12 25 = 0.24 kNim Case I. Analysis. at transfer Let P, be the prestressing force at transfer. Let the eccentricity be e (mm). Dead load bending moment = Direct stress = Extreme stress due to eccentricty of the prestressing force Be Be Re ce ake init 2 -*Taax0 & te : IN. ae Tetons serait es ied moma © = Oe Nd Zz 1,92 «10° P, ue: fi 9600" Lozxi0® 7 “141 cy) TES MASTER Dies FBR Ravwavie Saal New DobT- 110018 Website: we. iesinaster org, E-mail ies mastersyahoo coin Phones 01141013406, 638811406, 6711853005