What does laughter mean?

What common ground can we find between the grimace of a merry-

andrew, a play upon words, an equivocal situation in a burlesque and a scene of high comedy? What
method of distillation will yield us invariably the same essence from which so many different products
borrow either their obtrusive odour or their delicate perfume? Our excuse for attacking the problem in
our turn must lie in the fact that we shall not aim at imprisoning the comic spirit within a definition. We
regard it, above all, as a living thing. However trivial it may be, we shall treat it with the respect due to
life. We shall confine ourselves to watching it grow and expand. We shall disdain nothing we have seen.
We may gain from this prolonged contact, for the matter of that, something more flexible than an
abstract definition-a practical, intimate acquaintance, such as springs from among companionship. And
we may also find that, unintentionally, we have made an acquaintance that is useful.

For the comic spirit has logic of its own, even in its wildest eccentricities. It has a method in its
madness. It dreams, I admit, but it conjures up, in its dreams, visions that are at once accepted and
understood by the whole of a social group. Can it then fail to throw light for us on the way that human
imagination works, and more particularly social, collective, and popular imagination? Begotten of real
life and akin to art, should it not also have something of its own to tell us about art and life?

The comic does not exist outside the plain of what is strictly ‘Human’. A landscape may be
beautiful, charming, and sublime, or insignificant and ugly; it will never be laughable. You may laugh at
an animal, but only because you have detected in it some human attitude or expression. You may laugh
at a hat, but what you are making fun of, in this case, is not the piece of felt or straw, but the shape that
men have given it-the human caprice whose mould it has assumed. It is strange that so important a fact,
and such a simple one too, has not attracted to a greater degree the attention of philosophers. Several
have defined man as "an animal which laughs." They might equally well have defined him as an animal
which is laughed at; for if any other animal, or some lifeless object, produces the same effect, It is
always because of some resemblance to man, of the stamp he gives it or the use he puts it to.

71. The main argument advanced by the author of this passage is….

IA) It was easier for the Klasies people to hunt eland than buffalo.

(B) The Klasies were unique among prehistoric people in that they consumed large land animals, such as
buffalo, as well as smaller mammals from the sea.

(C) The Klasies people were at least partially responsible for the catastrophic extinction of the
prehistoric antelope called the eland

(D) Because the Klasies people lacked the use projectile weapons and were therefore unable to hunt
bufalo successfully, they diversified their die to include smaller prey.
E. the prehistoric klasies people had a diverse diet and advanced hunting skills and were probably not
restricted to scavenging.

72. According to the author's theory, why did the Klasies people focus on eland instead of buffalo?

(A) The eland were more numerous than the buffalo.

(B) The eland would stand and fight while the buffalo would usually panic and flee.

(C) The buffalo would stand and fight while the eland would usually panic and flee.

(D) The eland were more easily obtained from other animals through scavenging.

(E) The eland were easily killed using the projectiles that the Klasies favored when hunting.

73. Which of the following evidence does the author present to support the assertion that the
catastrophe the eland suffered was caused by human being?

(A) The presence of bones from prime-age animals found in the Klasies site.

(B) The broken tip of a stone point embedded in the neck of an eland skeleton.

(C) The lack of any carnivore tooth marks on the eland bones at the Klasies site.

(D) The number and location of tool marks found on the bones of a variety of animals at the Klasies site.

(E) The lack of any signs of a flood, volcanic eruption, or epidemic disease.

This following text is for questions 74 to 76.

The most dangerous animals are not giant sharks, bears, or crocodiles, but are much smaller
creatures that bite, Sting, or transmit scary diseases. They include insects, such as mosquitoes, ants,
wasps, and bees. You need to know to avoid these and what to do if you fail.

Millions of people suffer from diseases carried by tropical mosquitoes, such as yellow fever,
west Nile virus, dengue, and malaria which kills up to three million people pep year. There are several
tips to avoid their dangerous bites. Use insect repellent on your skin and always sleep under a
mosquitoes net. You can also get mosquitoes repellent candles or other devices.

As for ants, wasps, and bees, which live in colonies, they defend themselves and their hives by
swarming over intruders and biting or stinging them. Here are several tips you can follow to avoid their
sthins. Stay away from nests or beehives, Get medical help as fast as you can if you suffer multiple stings
or if any stings are inside your mouth, nose, or throat. If you are stung by a bee, remove the stinger by
pulling it out with your fingers.
74. Why do the writer the text?

A) To show how to avoid insects attacks.

B) To persuade people to use insect repellents.

(C)To explant how to make insect-proof nets.

(D) To inform of the steps to extract insects venom.

E) To differentiate diseases transmitted by insects.

75. What differentiates the tips on the second and

third paragraphs?

(A) Species of insects.

(B) Sizes of the insects.

(C) Kinds of insects venom.

(D) The way the insects move.

(E) How insects attack people.

69. The phrase ‘has a method in this madness’ nost likely means….

A.That humans plan the comic spirit in order for it to give results.

(B) That the comic spirit may be unconventional in its approach but Still manages to achieve

its end result.

(C) That the imagination required to dream the comic spirit is uncontrolled and rarely understood.

(D) That the comic spirit follows a method which may be unacceptable to society.

(E) That the comic spirit is extremely methodical though some people may not understand this fact.

67. What is the primary purpose of the third paragraph in the passage?

(A) To explain why the comic spirit must be considered a living entity.
(B) To highlight the connection between humans and the comic spirit.

(C) To prove that man is essentially an animal that is capable of laughter

(D) To show that comic spirit has a method to its madness.

(E) To explain how humans may gain from their contact with the comic spirit.

68. If the author were to see a man laughing at the figure of an animal, how would he explain this fact in
light of the information presented in the third paragraph?

(A) The animal most likely has a funny expression on its face.

(B) The figure of the animal was created by a human.

(C) The figure reflects some humorous aspect link back to humans.

(D) Comic spirit has breathed life into the animal figure.

(E) The man probably has an enlightened sense of humor.

70. Why does the author refer to man as an anima

that is laughed at?

(A) Because most funny incidents involve humans.

(B) Because all funny events, even ones connected with animals or inanimate objects, basically link back
to humans.

(C) Because humans are the only species that is capable of laughter.

(D) Because laughter is a living entity and so are humans.

(E) Because other animals also laugh at man.

Question number 71-73 are based on the following passage.

The animal bones [found in a region of Africa by the anthropologists] exhibit numerous
cutmarks, and they were often broken for the extraction of marrow. The implication is that the Klasies
people consumed a wide rang of game, from small, 8reyhound-size antelope like the Cape grysbok to
more imposing quarry like buffalo and eland, as well as seals and penguins. The number and location of
stone tool cutmarks and the rarity of carnivore tooth marks indicate that the people were not restricted
to scavenging from lions or hyenas, and they often gained first access to the intact carcasses of even
large mammals like buffalo and eland.
 But the bones also show that the people tended to avoid confrontations with the more
common-and more dangerous-buffalo to pursue a more docile but less common antelope, the eland.
Both buffalo and eland are very large animals, but buffalo stand and resist potential predators, while
eland panic and flee at signs of danger. The Klasies people did hunt buffalo, and a broken tip from a
stone point is still imbedded in a neck vertebra of an extinct "giant" long-horned buffalo. The people
focused, however, on the less threatening young or old members in buffalo herds.

The stone points found at Klasies could have been used to arm thrusting spears, but there is
nothing to suggest that the people had projectiles that could be launched from a distance, and they may
thus have limited their personal risk by concentrating on eland herds that could be chased to exhaustion
or driven into traps. The numerous eland bones in the Klasies layers represent roughly the same
proportion of prime-age adults that would occur in a living herd. This pattern suggests the animals were
not victims of accidents or endemic disease, which tend to selectively remove the very young and the
old, but rather that they suffered a catastrophe that affected individuals of all ages equally. The deposits
preserve no evidence of a great flood, volcanic eruption, or epidemic disease, and from an eland
perspective, the catastrophe was probably the human ability to drive whole herds over nearby cliffs.

76. What makes mosquitoes more dangerous than

sharks?

(A) They carry deadly diseases.

(B) They spit venom to people.

(C) The live both water and land.

(D) They are found in any weather

(E) They can hijack people's bodies.

This following text is for questions 77 to 78.

Environmentalists say that clean coal is a myth. Of course it is: Just look at West Virginia, where
whole Appalachian peaks have been knocked into valleys to get at the coal underneath and streams run
orange with acidic water. Or look at downtown Beijing, where the air these days is often thicker than in
an airport smoking lounge. Air pollution in China, much of it from burning coal, is blamed for more than
a million premature death a year. That's on top of the thousands who die in mining accidents, in China
and elsewhere.

These problems aren't new. In the late 17th century, when coal from Wales and
Northumberland was lighting the first fires of the industrial revolution in Britain, the English writer John
Evelyn was already complaining about the "stink and darkness" of the smoke that wreathed London.
Three centuries later, in December 1952, a thick layer of coal-laden smog descended on London and
lingered for a long weekend, provoking an epidemic of respiratory ailments that killed as many as 12,000
people in the ensuing months. American cities endured their own traumas. On an October weekend in
1948, in the small Pennsylvania town of Donora, spectators at a high school football game realized they
could see neither players nor ball: Smog from a nearby coal-fired zinc smelter was obscuring the field. In
the days that followed, 20 people died, and 6,000 people-nearly half the town-were sickened.

Coal, to use the economists' euphemism, is fraught with "externalities"-the heavy costs it
imposes on society. It's the dirtiest, most lethal energy source we have. But by most measures it's also
the cheapest, and we depend on it. So the big question today isn't whether coal can ever be "clean." It
can't. It's whether coal can ever be clean enough-to prevent not only local disasters but also a radical
change in global climate.

77. What the most suitable inference can be taken from the passage?

(A) Regardless for its deadly impact, most industries still use this dirtiest energy.

(B) It is hardly possible to generate clean air from clean coal.

(C) Innovations is continuously made to minimize global impact concerning to coal burning.

(D) People working in coal industry should be equipped by adequate equipment.

(E) Industry using coal should be located in remote area that it hardly harms the people

78. What is the importance of the second paragraph?

(A) It emphasizes on the disturbance of human activity connecting to the industrial waste caused by
coal.

(B It shows coal problems happened since 17th century.

(c)It supports the information concerning to the danger of coal.

(D) It corroborates the coal burning consequences to health problems.

(E) It presents the factual proof concerning the danger air pollution caused by coal.