XML and Related Technologies

Web Technologies
XML and Related Technologies
Prof. Beat Signer
Department of Computer Science

Vrije Universiteit Brussel
beatsigner.com
2 December 2005
What is XML?
▪ Standardised text format for (semi-)structured
information
▪ Meta markup language (Extensible Markup Language)
▪ tool for defining other markup languages
- e.g. XHTML, WML, VoiceXML, SVG, Office Open XML (OOXML)
▪ Data surrounded by text markup that describes the data

▪ ordered labelled tree
<note date="2021-11-12">
<to>Maxim Van de Wynckel</to>
<from>Beat Signer</from>
<content>Let us discuss exercise 7 this afternoon ...</content>
</note>
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... and What is it Not?
▪ XML is not a programming language
▪ however, it can be used to represent program
instructions, configuration files etc.
▪ note that there is an XML application (XSLT) which is
Turing complete
▪ XML is not a database
▪ XML is often used to store long-term data but it lacks many
database management system (DBMS) features
▪ many existing databases offer an XML import/export
▪ more recently there also exist native XML databases
- e.g. BaseX or eXist

XML Example
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<publications>
<publication type="inproceedings">
<title>An Architecture for Open Cross-Media Annotation Services</title>
<author>
<surname>Signer</surname>
<forename>Beat</forename>
</author>
<author>
<surname>Norrie</surname>
<forename>Moira</forename>
</author>
<howpublished>Proceedings of WISE 2009</howpublished>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</publication>
<publication type="article">
...
</publications>

Evolution of XML
▪ Descendant of Standard Generalized Markup
Language (SGML)
▪ SGML is more powerful but (too) complex
▪ HTML is an SGML application
▪ XML was developed as a “SGML-Lite” version
▪ XML 1.0 published in February 1998
▪ Since the initial XML release numerous associated
standards have been published

Why has XML been so Successful?
▪ Simple
▪ General
▪ Accepted
▪ Many associated standards
▪ Many (freely) available tools

XML Specification
▪ Provides a grammar for XML documents in terms of
▪ placement of tags
▪ legal element names
▪ how attributes are attached to elements
▪ ...
▪ General tools
▪ parsers that can parse any XML document regardless of
particular application tags
▪ editors (e.g. XMLSpy) and various programming APIs
▪ Specification available at https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/

XML Tree Document Structure
▪ An XML document tree can contain 7 types of nodes
▪ root node
- always exactly one root node
▪ element nodes
- element node with optional attribute nodes
▪ attribute nodes
- name/value pairs
▪ text nodes
- text belonging to an element or attribute
▪ comment nodes ()
▪ processing instruction nodes
- pass information to a specific application via <? ... ?>
▪ namespace nodes

Well-Formedness and Validity
▪ An XML document is well-formed if it follows
the rules of the XML specification
▪ correct nesting, only valid names, attributes in quotes, …
▪ An XML document can be valid according to its
Document Type Definition (DTD) or XML Schema
▪ completely self-describing about its structure and content through
- the document content
- auxiliary files referred to in the document
▪ validity can be checked by a validating XML parser
- online validation service available at https://validator.w3.org
<ELEMENT publication (title, author+, howpublished?, month, year)>
<ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)>
<ELEMENT author (surname, forename)>
<ATTLIST publication type CDATA>
...

Differences Between XML and HTML
▪ XML is a tool for specifying markup languages rather
than a markup language itself
▪ specify “special markup languages for special applications”
▪ XML is not a presentation language
▪ defines content rather than presentation
▪ HTML mixes content, structure and presentation
▪ XML was designed to support a number of applications
and not just web browsing
▪ XML documents should be well-formed and valid
▪ XML documents are easier to process by a program (parser)

Differences Between XML and HTML ...
▪ Readability is more important than conciseness
▪ e.g. <tablerow> rather than <tr>
▪ Matching of tags is case sensitive
▪ e.g. start tag <Bold> does not match end tag </BOLD>
▪ Markup requires matching start and end tags

▪ e.g. <p> and </p>
▪ exceptions are special non-enclosing tags
e.g. <br/> or <image ... />

XHTML
▪ XHTML is a reformulation of HTML to make
it an XML application
▪ we accept that HTML is here to stay
▪ improve HTML by using XML (with minimal effort)
▪ W3C stopped their work on XHTML (as discussed in lecture 3)
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Vrije Universiteit Brussel</title>
</head>
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

Differences Between XHTML and HTML
▪ Documents must be valid
▪ XHTML namespace must be declared in <html> element
▪ <head> and <body> elements cannot be omitted
▪ <title> element must be the first element in the <head>
▪ End tags are required for non-empty clauses
▪ empty elements must consist of a start-tag and end-tag pair or an
empty element (e.g. <br/>)
▪ Element and attribute names must be in lowercase
▪ Attribute values must always be quoted
▪ Attribute names cannot be used without a value

XML Technologies
XLink XPointer XQuery
XPath
XSLT

Overview of XML Technologies
▪ XPath and XPointer
▪ addressing of XML elements and parts of elements
▪ XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language)
▪ transforming XML documents (XSLT and XSL:FO)
▪ XLink (XML Linking Language)
▪ linking in XML
▪ XQuery (XML Query Language)
▪ querying XML documents
▪ Document Type Definition (DTD) and XML Schema
▪ definition of schemas for XML documents
▪ DTDs have a limited expressive power
▪ XML Schema introduces datatypes, inheritance etc.

Overview of XML Technologies ...
▪ SAX (Simple API for XML)
▪ event-based programming API for reading XML documents
▪ DOM (Document Object Model)
▪ programming API to access and manipulate XML documents as
tree structures
▪ RDF (Resource Description Framework)
▪ specific XML encoding used by the semantic web

Document Object Model (DOM)
▪ Defines a language neutral API for accessing and
manipulating XML documents as a tree structure
▪ have already seen the HTML DOM model
▪ The entire document must be read and parsed before it
can be used by a DOM application
▪ DOM parser not suited for large documents!
▪ Two different types of DOM Core interfaces for
accessing supported content types
▪ generic node interface
▪ node type-specific interfaces (for each of the 7 node types)
▪ Various available DOM parsers
▪ e.g. JDOM parser specifically for Java
XPath
▪ Expression language to address elements of an XML
document (used in XPointer, XSLT and XQuery)
▪ A location path is a sequence of location steps separated
by a slash (/)
▪ various navigation axes such as child, parent, following etc.
▪ have a look at our XSLT/XPath reference document that is
available on Canvas for all the details about XPath
▪ XPath expressions look similar to file pathnames
/publications/publication
/publications/publication[year>2008]/title
//author[3]
//title[@lang='eng']

XML Pointer Language (XPointer)
▪ Address points or ranges in an XML document
▪ Uses XPath expressions
▪ Introduces addressing relative to elements
▪ supports links to points without anchors
URI#xpointer(publications/publication[1]) // relative to URI
URI#xpointer(publications/publication[1]/range-to(
publications/publication[3]/howpublished) // range

XML Linking Language (XLink)
▪ Standard way for creating links in XML documents
▪ Fixes limitations of HTML links where
▪ anchors must be placed within documents
▪ only entire documents or predefined marks (#) can be linked
▪ only one-to-one unidirectional links are supported
▪ XLinks can be defined in separate documents
▪ third-party link (metadata) server
▪ Two types of links
▪ simple links
- associate exactly one local and one remote resource (similar to HTML links)
▪ extended links
- associate an arbitrary number of resources

XML Linking Language (XLink) ...

<book xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://...">Touching the Void</book>


<book xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xlink:type="extended">
<author xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="a1" xlink:title="Click Here"/>
<style xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://..." xlink:label="s1"/>
<style xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://..." xlink:label="s1"/>
<path xlink:type="arc" xlink:from="a1" xlink:to="s1"/>
</book>
▪ other attributes
▪ xlink:show: new, replace, embed
▪ xlink:actuate: onLoad, onRequest

XML Linking Language (XLink) ...
▪ Other XLink features
▪ linking parts of resources
▪ typed links
▪ The Annotea project
uses XLink for managing
external annotations
▪ for example used in the
Amaya Web Browser
Annotation in the Amaya Browser
▪ New Microsoft Edge browser
▪ annotation of arbitrary webpages (temporarily removed again)

Simple API for XML (SAX)
▪ Event-based API for XML document parsing
▪ many free SAX parsers available (e.g. Apache Xerces)
▪ Scans the document from start to end
▪ invokes callback methods
▪ Different kinds of events
▪ start of document
▪ end of document
▪ start tag of an element
▪ end tag of an element
▪ character data
▪ processing instruction
▪ SAX parser needs less memory than DOM parser
▪ DOM parser often uses SAX parser to build the DOM tree
XML Transformations
▪ Developers want to be able to transform data from one
format to another
▪ processing of XML documents
- XML to XML transformation
▪ post-processing of documents
- e.g. XML to XHTML, XML to WML, XML to PDF, ...
▪ The Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations

(XSLT) language can be used for that purpose

XSLT Processor
DOM XSLT
XML Document Processor XHTML, WML, ...
Parser
Input Document Output Document
Source Tree Result Tree
DTD
DTD
Stylesheet Tree
XSLT Stylesheet
▪ The XSLT processor (e.g. Xalan) applies an XSLT stylesheet to an

XML document and produces the corresponding output document

XSL Transformations (XSLT)
▪ Most important part of XSL
▪ uses XPath for the navigation
▪ XSLT is an expression-based language based on
functional programming concepts
▪ XSLT uses
▪ pattern matching to select parts of documents
▪ templates to perform transformations
▪ Most web browsers support XSLT
▪ transformation can be done on the client side based on an XML
document and an associated XSLT document

Example
<publications>
<publication type="inproceedings">
<title>An Architecture for Open Cross-Media Annotation Services</title>
<author>
<surname>Signer</surname>
<forename>Beat</forename>
</author>
<author>
<surname>Norrie</surname>
<forename>Moira</forename>
</author>
<howpublished>Proceedings of WISE 2009</howpublished>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</publication>
<publication type="article">
...
</publications>

XSLT Stylesheet
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
...
<xsl:template match="author">
<p>
<xsl:value-of select="surname"/>
</p>
</xsl:template>
...
</xsl:stylesheet>
output
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<html>
...
<p>Signer</p>
<p>Norrie</p>
...
</html>

Other XSLT Statements
▪ <xsl:for-each select="...">
▪ select every XML element of a specified node-set
▪ <xsl:if test="...">
▪ conditional test
▪ <xsl:sort select="..."/>
▪ sort the output
▪ ...
▪ Have a look at the XSLT/XPath reference document that

is available on Canvas
▪ in exercise 7 you will have the chance to implement and execute
different XSLT transformations
XML for Data Interchange
▪ Standard representation to exchange information
between different systems
▪ General way to query data from different systems
▪ e.g. via the XML Query (XQuery) language
▪ Connect applications running on different operating
systems and computers with different architectures
▪ XML Remote Procedure Call (XML-RPC)
▪ Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) which is a successor
of XML-RPC and used for accessing Big Web Services
- discussed later in the course

XML Remote Procedure Call (XML-RPC)
▪ XML-RPC specification released in April 1998
▪ Advantages
▪ XML-based lingua franca understood by different applications
▪ HTTP as carrier protocol
▪ not tied to a single object model (as for example in CORBA)
▪ easy to implement (based on HTTP and XML standards)
▪ lightweight protocol
▪ built-in error handling
▪ Disadvantages
▪ slower than specialised protocols that are used in closed
networks

XML-RPC Request and Response
POST /RPC2 HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
User-Agent: Java1.2 Connection: close
Host: macrae.vub.ac.be Content-Length: 159
Content-Type: text/xml;charset=UTF-8 Content-Type: text/xml
Content-length: 245 Server: macbain.vub.ac.be
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

<methodCall> <methodResponse>
<methodName>Math.multiply</methodName> <params>
<params> <param>
<param> <value><double>32768.0</double></value>
<value><double>128.0</double></value> </param>
</param> </params>
<param> </methodResponse>
<value><double>256.0</double></value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
XML-RPC Request XML-RPC Response

XML-RPC Error Message
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Connection: close
Content-Length: 159
Content-Type: text/xml
Server: macbain.vub.ac.be
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

<methodResponse>
<fault>
<value>
<struct>
<member>
<name>faultCode</name>
<value><int>873</int></value>
</member>
<member>
<name>faultString</name>
<value><string>Error message</string></value>
</member>
</struct>
</value>
</fault>
</methodResponse>
XML-RPC Response

XML-RPC Scalar Values
XML-Tag Type Corresponding Java Type
<i4> or <int> four-byte signed integer Integer
<boolean> 0 or 1 Boolean
<string> ASCII string String
<double> double-precision signed float Double
<dateTime.iso8601> date/time Date
<base64> base64-encoded binary byte[]

XML-RPC Composed Values
XML-Tag Type Corresponding Java Type
<struct> A structure contains Hashtable
<member> elements and
each member contains a
<name> and a <value>
element
<array> An array contains a single Vector
<data> element which can
contain any number of
<value> elements
▪ Complex data types can be represented by nested

<struct> and <array> structures

XML-RPC Example: GOMES
▪ Object-Oriented GUI for
the Object Model Multi-
User Extended Filesystem
▪ GOMES is implemented in
Java and uses XML-RPC
to communicate with the
Object Model Multi-user
Extended File System
(OMX-FS) which was im- XML-RPC
plemented in the Oberon
programming language
OMX-FS

Framework for Universal Client Access
▪ Generic database interface instead of developing a new
interface from scratch for each new device type
▪ The presented eXtensible Information Management
Architecture (XIMA) is based on
▪ OMS Java object database
- managing the application data
▪ Java Servlet Technology
▪ generic XML database interface
- separation of content and representation
▪ XSLT
- appropriate XSLT stylesheet chosen based on User-Agent HTTP header field

XIMA Architecture
HTML WML VXML

Browser Browser Browser
Main Entry Servlet

XML + XSLT
Delegation → Response
HTML Servlet WML Servlet VXML Servlet
Builds XML
based on JDOM
XML Server
OM Model
Collections, Associations,
multiple inheritance and
multiple instantiation
OMS Java API
OMS Java Workspace

Generic XIMA Interfaces
XHTML Interface WML Interface

Voice Interfaces
▪ Trend for ubiquitous information services
▪ small screens, keyboards etc. often clumsy to use
▪ Sometimes it is necessary to have hand-free interfaces
▪ e.g. while driving or operating a machine
▪ Alternative input modality for visually impaired users
▪ Voice interfaces can be accessed by a regular phone
▪ no new device is required
▪ no installation effort
▪ Improvements in speech recognition and text-to-speech
synthesis make automatic voice interfaces more feasible
▪ e.g. for call centres

VoiceXML Architecture
Voice Input Voice Output
Speech Language Application Speech

Speech Text Meaning Text Speech
Recogniser Analyser Server Synthesiser
Converts voice Extracts meaning Gets data (text) Generates
input into text from text from database speech output
Application Pronounciation
Speech model Grammar
database rules

VoiceXML Architecture (for XIMA)
Websphere Voice BeVocal

Server SDK Voice Portal
Apache
Tomcat XIMA Framework
Web Server
OMS Java
Database

Basic VoiceXML Concepts
▪ Dialogue
▪ conversational state in a form or menu
▪ form
- interaction that collects values for field item variables
▪ menu
- presents user with a choice of options
- transition to next dialogue based on choice
▪ Input
▪ recognition of spoken input (or recording of spoken input)
▪ recognition of DTMF (dual-tone multi-frequency) input
▪ Output
▪ speech synthesis (TTS)
▪ recorded audio files
VoiceXML Form Example
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<vxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/vxml
http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/vxml.xsd" version="2.0">
<form id="drinkForm">
<field name="drink">
<prompt>Would you like to order beer, wine, whisky, or nothing?</prompt>
<grammar src="drinks.grxml" type="application/srgs+xml"/>
</field>
<block>
<submit next="http://www.wise.vub.ac.be/drinks.php"/>
</block>
</form>
</vxml>

The database contains #Collections and #Associations
Would you like to go to the collections, to the associations,

directly to an object or back to the main menu?
collections associations objects

The database contains the The database contains the
The database contains #Objects
following # collections following # associations
Choose a collection Choose an association Choose an object or say back
Collection 'name' contains #M Association 'name' contains #A
Would you like to list the Would you like to list the
members or go back? members or go back?
Collection 'name' contains the Association 'name' contains the

following # members following # associations
Choose a 'domaintype' or
Choose one of the members
a 'rangetype' or say back
Object 'oID' is dressed with type 'type' and currently viewed as type 'type'. It contains #Attr, #Links, and #Methods
Would you like to hear the attributes, the links or

the methods or go back?
The object contains the You can choose among You can choose among You can view the object
following # attributes the following links the following methods as the following types
Choose a link Choose a method Choose one of the

or say back or say back types or say back
The result of the

method is Result

Example: Avalanche Forecasting System
Project to provide WAP

and voice access

Other XML Applications
▪ Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL)
▪ animations (timing, transitions etc.)
▪ Mathematical Markup Language (MathML)
▪ mathematical notations (content and structure)
▪ Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
▪ two-dimensional vector graphics (static or dynamic)
▪ Ink Markup Language (InkML )
▪ digital ink representation (e.g. from digital pen)
▪ Note that XML standards can also be combined
▪ e.g. XHTML+Voice Profile 1.0

Other XML Applications …
▪ Office Open XML (OOXML)
▪ file format (ZIP) for representing word processing documents,
presentations etc. (e.g. *.docx, *.pptx and *.xlsx)
- various XML files within these ZIP documents
- specific markup languages for different domains (wordprocessingML,
presentationML, spreadsheetML, …)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes" ?>

<p:sld xmlns:a="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main"
xmlns:r="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships"
xmlns:p="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/presentationml/2006/main">
... <a:p>
<a:r><a:rPr lang="en-GB" dirty="0" smtClean="0" />
<a:t>Other XML</a:t>
</a:r>
<a:r><a:rPr lang="en-GB" dirty="0" smtClean="0" />
<a:t>Applications ...</a:t>
</a:r>
<a:endParaRPr lang="en-GB" dirty="0" />
</a:p> ...
</p:sld>
single slide from a pptx file

Exercise 7
▪ XML and Related Technologies

References
▪ Elliotte Rusty Harold and W. Scott Means,
XML in a Nutshell, O'Reilly Media, September 2004
▪ XML and XML Technology Tutorials
▪ https://www.w3schools.com
▪ Masoud Kalali, Using XML in Java

▪ https://dzone.com/refcardz/using-xml-java
▪ VoiceXML Version 2.0

▪ https://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/
▪ Amaya Web Browser

▪ https://www.w3.org/Amaya/

References ...
▪ XML-RPC Homepage
▪ http://www.xmlrpc.com
▪ B. Signer et al., Aural Interfaces to Databases Based

on VoiceXML, Proceedings of VDB6, Brisbane,
Australia, 2002
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_VDB6.pdf
▪ eXtensible Information Management Architecture (XIMA)

▪ https://beatsigner.com/xima.html

Next Lecture
Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies
2 December 2005

XML and Related Technologies - Lecture 7 - Web Technologies (1019888BNR)

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Web Technologies

Prof. Beat Signer

Department of Computer Science

▪ Data surrounded by text markup that describes the data

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▪ Markup requires matching start and end tags

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XLink XPointer XQuery

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▪ The Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations

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▪ The XSLT processor (e.g. Xalan) applies an XSLT stylesheet to an

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▪ Have a look at the XSLT/XPath reference document that

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

XML-RPC Request XML-RPC Response

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

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▪ Complex data types can be represented by nested

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HTML WML VXML

Main Entry Servlet

HTML Servlet WML Servlet VXML Servlet

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XHTML Interface WML Interface

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Voice Input Voice Output

Speech Language Application Speech

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Websphere Voice BeVocal

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Would you like to go to the collections, to the associations,

collections associations objects

Choose a collection Choose an association Choose an object or say back