EL220 Signals and Systems

Experiments # 10

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Maximum Marks Performance = 05 Viva = 05 Total = 10

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Experiment evaluated by

Instructor Name: Rameen Anwar

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Theory

Copyright © Department of Electrical Engineering – Usman Institute of Technology

Z-Transform:
In  signal processing, the Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal, which is
a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a complex frequency domain representation.
The z-Transform technique is an important tool in the analysis of characterization of DTS
and LTI systems. The Z-Transform, like many other integral transforms, can be defined as
either a One-sided or a two-sided transform.
Given a finite length signal, the z-transform is defined as:

Where the sequence support interval is [0, N], and z is any Complex number

 This transformation produces a new representation of denoted by X(z)

 Returning to the original sequence (inverse z-transform) x(n) requires finding the
coefficient associated with the nth power Z-1
 Formally transforming from the time/sequence/n-domain to the z-domain is
represented as

 A sequence and its z-transform are said to form a z-transform pair and are denoted
as

In the sequence or n-domain, the independent variable is n in the z-domain the independent
variable is z

Bilateral Z-Transform: The bilateral or two-sides Z-transform of a discrete-time signal

x[n] is the function X (z) defined as:

Where A is the magnitude of z, and ø is the angular frequency (in radians per sample).

Unilateral Z-transform: Alternatively, in cases where x [n] is defined only for n ≥ 0, the
single or unilateral Z- transform is defined as:

Pole Zero Diagram and Z-Transform Analysis: z-plane command compute and display
the pole-zero diagram of z-function. The Command is

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zplane (n, d)

To display the pole value, use root(d) command.

To display the zero value, use root(n) command.
pzmap command compute and display the pole-zero map diagram of z- function.
The Command is

pzmap(n,d)

EXAMPLE 01:

Z – Tra nsform of discrete time function:

n
x(n) = (1 / 4) u(n)
syms z n
n
ztrans ((1/4) )

Inverse Z tra nsf orm

X (z) = 2z / 2z – 1
syms z n
iztrans (2*z / (2*z – 1))

EXAMPLE 02:

n= [1 -1.6180 1]; % same as in difference equation model

d= [1 -1.5161 0.878]; % same as in difference equation model
roots (d) % poles of the function
roots (n) % zeroes of the function
zplane (n,d) % generates pole-zero diagram of the function
figure
pzmap (n,d)

Lab Tasks:

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 1. Find z – transform of following function and then inverse z- transform to verify result
using MATLAB
n n
a) x(n) = 2 * 2 + 4(1 / 2)
-n
b) x(n) = 4

2. Find Z-transform of following function also use pretty and simplify commands to produce
final answer

a) x(n)=Sin(n) + cos(n)
n 2
b) x(n)= (1/2) + 2n + n

3. Find Pole zero diagram of following Function.

1+2 z −1 + z−2
H ( z) =
1−2 z −1 + 4 z−2

1
z−1+ z−2
2
H ( z) =
3 −1 2 −2
1− z + z
5 25

Open Ended Task

1. Generate output graph for code given below

clc;
clear all;
close all;
num=input('enter numerator co-efficients');
den=input('enter denominator co-efficients');
h=tf(num,den);
poles=roots(den);
zeros=roots(num);
sgrid;
pzmap(h);
grid on;
title('locating poles of zeros on s-plane');

2. Briefly elaborate following commands

Copyright © Department of Electrical Engineering – Usman Institute of Technology

a) tf
b) roots
c) pzmap
d) sgrid

Copyright © Department of Electrical Engineering – Usman Institute of Technology