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Olivia Physics 19 Feb 2021
Olivia Physics 19 Feb 2021
Types
Contact with two surfaces in contact – friction, air resistance (drag), tension (pulled apart
like spring), normal contact
Non-contact act over distance – gravitational, electrostatic (negative and positive charge),
magnetic
W = mg
Weight = N
Mass = Kg
Measuring:
Weight = Newtonmeter
o Acts at centre of mass
Mass = mass balance
W = Fs
F = force applied
Measuring
Work = joules
Force = newton
S = distance in metres
One joule of work is done when a force of one newton causes a displacement of one metre
Elasticity
Bending, compressing, stretching object
Elastic when it goes back to it’s original shape
Inelastic/plastic if it doesn’t
Force is propoertional to extension (how much longer it has gotten)
Force = ke
o K = spring stiffness and units of N/m
o Elastic energy stores = joules
M = Fd
Measure:
Moment = Nm
Different to spring
Pressure
Gases and liquids
Liquid = deeper liquid has more water pressing down = higher pressure
Also depends on where you are in galay and what gravitational stress
Pressure = ρGh
Measure:
Density or ρ = kg/m3
Height = metres
Gravity = N/kg
Pressure = pascals
Upthrust
When an object is submerged in liquid there is a force due to the differences of pressure
between the top of the object and the bottom of the object
Upthrust/buoyancy is the force that acts on an object in liquid
Atmospheric pressure
The atmosphere is a thin layer of gas
Pressure decreases as you go higher
As you go higher there are less particles
Motion
Scaler – speed, distance
Vector – velocity, displacement, acceleration
Velocity = speed in a given direction
Acceleration – how quickly velocity changes
Speed or velocity = v
Displacement = s distance
Time = t
V = s/t
Distance-time graphs
o
o Gradient = speed v
o
o Curved line = take tangent
Speed-time graph
o How velocity changes over time
o Gradient = rate of change of velocity = acceleration
o
o Acceleration = change in velocity/time taken
m/s^2
Questions on speed
Weight
Air resistance increases as falling object falls quicker
Gets to a point where velocity doesn’t get higher = terminal velocity
o No resultant force so weight = air resistance
o No net force
o
Newton’s laws
1. If resultant force acting on an object is 0 and the object is either stationary, it remains
stationary but if it is moving it continues to move at the same velocity
a. Racing car = air resistance will equal thrust at a certain speed so it can’t get any
faster
2. Acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object
a. Resultant force = ma
b. Smaller acceleration for a greater mass for same force applied
3. When two forces interact forces are equal and opposite
Stopping distance
Sum of distance vehicle travels during driver’s reaction time (thinking distance) and distance
vehicle travels during braking force (braking distance)
Thinking distance = tiredness, alcohol, drugs, distractions
Braking distance = condition of roads (wet, ice), condition of tyres and brakes
Also how fast you are going
Kinetic energy → thermal energy of brakes and surroundings
Momentum
Mass x velocity
Small p = m v
Is a vector as it depends on direction
o Positive
o Negative
Different to kinetic energy
In a closed system, the total momentum before an event = total momentum after event
Calculations
o
F = ma
A = change in velocity/time
F = (m x change in velocity) / time
F = change in momentum/time
Force = rate of change of momentum
If you change momentum more slowly there is less force
o Crumple zones
Measure:
Questions