INSTRUCTIONS: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it is not. FALSE 1. An intellectual revolution emerges as a result of the interaction of man and society. TRUE 2. Intellectual revolutions are necessary in understanding how society is transformed by science and technology. FALSE 3. Intellectual revolutions are often met with huge support and general acceptance. FALSE 4. Intellectual revolutions shape science and technology but spare society from its influence. TRUE _ 5. The Copemican revolution introduces the concept of geocentrism. TRUE 6. According to Copernicus, the sun is the center of the solar system: TRUE 7. The Darwinian Revolution changed the way people understood nature and evolution. FALSE 8. Charles Darwin received huge support from the church, TRUE 9. Sigmund Freud introduced scientific approaches to Understanding of the human subconscious. TRUE 10. The Freudian Revolution was, in itself, controversial and met with resistance from the society. THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS © Intellectual revolutions refer to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history. e The three major intellectual revolutions in the history that altered the way humans view science are: Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian * According to Jean Sylvain Bailley (1976), these scientific revolutions involved two- stage process: “sweeping away the old and *establishing the new * It can be also noted as paradigm shift. These shifts resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universes behaves and functions. They challenged long-held views about nature of the universe, Thus, these revolutions were often met with huge resistance and controversy. THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) * A Polish mathematician and astronomer whoformulated the heliocentric model of the universe. He introduced the heliocentric model in a 40-page ouiline entitled Commentariolus. In his model, Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced the idea that the Earth rotates on its axis. ey DCO Figure 1. Nicolaus Copernicus Figure 2. The Geocentric Vs. The Heliocentric Model of the Solar System Plolemy is an astronomer and a mathematician and he is the proponent of the geocentric model of the solar system. He believed that the Earth is the center of the universe and the sun, moon and other planets revolve around it. Copernicus introduced the idea of the heliocentric model of the solar system wherein the sun is at the center of the solar system and the earth rotates on its own axis. The Earth, together with other heavenly bodies revolves around the sun This idea of Copernicus was not easily believed by the society. His model met huge resistance especially from the Church and accused Copernicus of heresy. The heliocentric model was soon accepted by the other scientists of that time with the help of the ideas and discoveries of other scientists most profoundly by Galileo Galilei.CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION * It marked the beginning of modern astronomy. * It served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away from age-long views about the position of the Earth. * It paved way to the discovery of other planets and more understanding of the universe. THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin(1809-1882) * An English naturalist, geologist and biologist best known for his contribution on evolution. * His book entitled On the Origin of Species was published in 1859 which contains theories of evolution with compelling evidences @ Itbegan an intellectual revolution also known as Darwinian Revolution. Figure 3. Charles Darwin * During his time, he studied and gathered evidences pointing to what is now known as natural selection. * Natural selection is an evolutionary process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop and adapt traits that favors survival and reproduction. © These traits are manifested in offspring that are more fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction. * Same as Copemicus' theory, Darwin's theory of evolution met resistance and considered to be controversial. THE NATURAL SELECTION © Charles Darwin studied finches as one of his evidences to support his theory of natural selection. © The species of finches in Galapagos archipelago have different shape and forms of beaks.Figure 4. Species of Finches in Galapagos Archipelago * Inhis theory, these finches evolved and have different shapes of beaks depending on the food available where it lives. Finches need to adapt to their environment to be able to survive. The forms and characteristics of the species that adapted to ils environment were passed on to its offspring. wae, Daryins Eins ~ Seeds Figure 5. Finches’ beaks depend on the food available on its environmentSome Mice mice are reproduce, eaten by giving next birds. generation — — ‘A population of mice has Tan mice are more visible Because black mice had moved into a new area to predatory birds than a higher chance of leaving where the rocks are very black mice. Thus, tan mice offspring than tan mice, dark. Due to natural are eaten at higher frequency the next generation contains genetic variation, some than black mice. Only the a higher fraction of black mice are black, while surwving mice reach mice than the previous others aro tan reproductive age and leave generation. offspring Figure 6. The Theory of Natural Selection Explained Figure 6 also explains how natural selection work. Since only the tan mice survives over time, the population of white mice were not able to reproduce, thus variation of white mice will become extinct in the near future. THE FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) * An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis and was a revolutionary in his way of seeing humans and our minds. * Psychoanalysis is a method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one's personality. © Freud pointed out that inside each of us, there's a side we can't access directly or in a conscious way, the unconscious. Figure 7. Sigmund Freud * Freud's psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized the existence of the unconscious where feelings, thoughts, urges, emotion and memories are contained