cultural transmission: chuyén giao vin héa (con goi 1a differential associattion) deviance: hiinh vi I¢ch lac (phi chu‘in) new identity: bin ngd xi ho open society: x3 hdi Khai phong, dan chi productive citizens: nhing cong din hitu ich cho xi hoi resocialization reverse socialization: x hdi héa ngue chiéu social integration: héi social mobility: tinh cd dong xa hi (con ngubi dé chuyén tir giai ciip ny sang giai cip cao hon) social norms: chudin mye xa hoi social status: dia vi xd hdi subcultural groups: céic nhém van héa ngoai bién the peer group: nhém cing tuéi total institution: thigt ché eich ly (ngi bigt giam hay bigt cur nhim muc dich tai xd hoi héa) B-Dich nhiing cau sau day sang Viét ngi: |- Modern industrial societies such as the United States most nearly approximate the model of an open society. Open societies have these characteristics in common: (1) classes exist but are not institionalized as in the caste and estate systems; (2) class lines are unclear, so people do not display excessive class consciousness, but inequality stemming from class divisions is apparent; (3) status is usually achieved, but there is evidence to indicate that status tends to be ascribed to the lowest and the highest classes; (4) social mobility is possible and occurs frequently. 2- In urban, industrial societies. , the younger generation often transmits knowledge and_ si kills to the older generation-aDung Neve p 16 took place in the Older. from w > tha turnaround i » fr exam ‘ition agricultural societ families, in Which the "Plc, this = he case in immigrant families, he Children “ bom here understand and feel more at Case j Wh were nse Mey} ture and often find themselves explaining the way things cu : Non j done to their parents and grandparents, This Phenom called “reverse socialization, / / 3- Of increasing importance in American society Where Schoo] age children spend more time with their friends than th 4 with their parents, is the peer group. Socialization Within ty Peer group takes place informally and unintentionally, that ig more effectively, 4- Deviance refers to behavior or traits that Conflict wig significant social norms and expectations and are Judged negatively by a large number of people. Deviance is Telative to time and place, to who commits the deviant act, and even to Who does the defining. Deviance als r le social norms; it contributes to social stability; and it often deviance is damaging to the social order, and when I goes Unpunished, it tends to demoralize those who conform to Social norms, > Criminologists Hé ISIS. Cloway i se anomi theory 19 rd and Ohlin (1960) also. us 10. oe rspetly test that, 88 supply their members beak a Status ‘that they cannot obtain through et We Subcultural gpa eS°arChers classify juvenile sane a STOUPS: the criminal, interested in a ie if hl volved in {crritorial squabbles; the all three 'ypes, th OF an Tugs to bind its members toget es! 1 SPile of what otherebers fel that they are achieving St 8 i : : ® Prisons and one-term ‘ © Society think of them. 05 5 of the “Pals, as well as all branches © Tealist, y.military service, convents and monasteries, prisoner : refugee camps, and similar places, are called total Ln In total institutions, individuals live in groups that are cut 0! fiom the rest of society for a period of time, residing and working in a controlled, rigidly structured environment. Total institutions attempt to resocialize their inmates to give them totally new identities and behavior patterns; former criminals are expected to become productive citizen drug addicts are expected to become drug free, and converts to a cult are expected to develop blind loyalty for their new re igion. The countercultural upsurge of the period 1960-70 was a wholly ambiguous revolt against Protestantism. It was a revolt against a caricature of the Protestant cthic, institutionalized in the routines of a bureaucratized society. The impulses of the revolt led, indeed, to a new appreciation of the Protestant dimension in American culture. Conscience was opposed to convention: Thoreau's protest at the Mexican War was discovered by those who rejected the intervention in Vietnam. Inwardness was opposed to submission to a harsh superego. Limits were set against grandiosity. - Carol Gilligan argues that women do feel, and above all, act and think in a different voice, one which reflects their capacity to take the standpoint of the other. For years male philosophers: have been ruminating about communication and __ its preconditions: Gilligan has shown how role-related these are. In ta a ey con it iB reassuring that slightly more than population y be qualified to exercise a decent minumum of sociability. )- Today's la ander i Fi , pe ee et in an increasingly impersonal, \ gi rid, where neither honesty-based nor loyalty-based systems scem to be operating very ‘ell families, communities, neighborhoods. every well® The Biricd-desceadbeds-dindl-anch ods, and schools that once ors for personal and professions!