Describe how the muscle layers (external and internal intercostal muscles) between

the ribs assist in respiration.

Internal intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract when you
inhale, moving the ribcage upwards and outwards. The diaphragm tightens and pulls
downward. The air pressure inside the lungs lowers as the lung capacity grows. The
lungs are pushed by air.
The external intercostal muscles relax and the internal intercostal muscles contract
when you exhale, moving the ribcage downwards and inwards. The diaphragm
relaxes and rises again. The air pressure inside the lungs rises as the capacity of the
lungs decreases. The lungs are forced to expel air.

Explain (with respect to muscle origin and insertion) why the arrangements of the
muscles produce different actions during forced respiration despite both are located
between the ribs.

Internal intercostal muscles originate in the costal groove of the rib above
and inserts on the upper border of the rib below.
External intercostal muscles originate on the inferior border of the rib above
and insert on the superior border of the rib below.
Describe different types of pneumothoraxes.

Primary Pneumothorax is distinguished by the lack of a definite etiology or

underlying lung disease. There may be contributory variables such as cigarette smoke,
family history, or a bulla rupture, but none of them will induce pneumothorax.
Secondary Pneumothorax is referred to as a non-spontaneous or complicated
pneumothorax and develops as a result of an underlying lung condition.
Tension pneumothorax is caused by Excessive pressure built up around the lung
owing to a rupture in the lung surface that allows air into the pleural cavity during
inspiration but not out on expiration. A one-way valve is created by the breach. Lung
collapse occurs as a result of this.
Traumatic pneumothorax occurs when the lungs are injured.

Explain in detail why Mr. Wong’s car crash led to tension pneumothorax.

Once the car crush damages his lung or chest wall, air gets into but not out of the
pleural space.
As a result, air collects and compresses the lung, ultimately moving the mediastinum,
compressing the contralateral lung, and raising intrathoracic pressure to the point
where venous return to the heart is reduced, resulting in shock and tension
pneumothorax.
These side effects can happen quickly, especially in individuals who are on positive
pressure ventilation.