h The BIG DIG of Boston Methods and tools for analysis of urban and territorial systems Professor Giulia Pesaro GROUP 6 Greta Lovagnini 899022 Marco Carrara 883656 Davide Nagini 904268 Diego Suardi 904961 Gaetano Raffa 904214 Wubo Zhou 895443 Marco Isella 897863 Michele Aloisio 898407INDEX 1, GENERAL URBAN CONTEXT & HISTORY..... 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Urban histo 1.3 Socio-economic and demographic analysis .. 1.3.1 Geographical perspective 1.3.2 Population 1.3.3 Economy 1.3.4 Employment and labor 1.3.5 Real Estate Market 1.3.6 Services and transportation 1.4 Resulting factors .. 2. PROBLEM OF THE “CENTRAL ARTHERY” 2.1 Introduction to the project 2.2 Project’s history 2.3 Critical issues of the old Transportation Model 3. SOLUTION “BIG DIG” 47 3.1 SWOT Analysis 47 3.2 General description of the “Big Dig” project 49 3.2.1 Planning the Big Dig 3.2.2. Engineering of the Big Dig 3.2.3. Innovation and problem solving 3.3. Costs for the project .. 55 3-4 Financial analysis of the project 56 3.4.1 Public Finance 3.4.2. The financing and sources of the project 4. AFTER THE WORKS, 60 4.1 Greenspaces Analysis 60 4.2 Population 61 4.3 Economy.. 61 4.4 Transportation model 62 4.5 The most important benefits of the Big Dig 62 5. CONCLUSIONS .. i 64 5.1 SWOT Analysis comparison .... 64 5.2 General conclusion 69 BIBLIOGRAPHY and SITOGRAPHY .....1.1 Introduction In this chapter the main attention will be given to the assessment of the “as was” situation of the story of the city of Boston and surroundings. We are going to describe many different aspects of its urban, and social environments to understand better why nowadays we can talk about the “Big Dig”. The construction of this “Megaproject” is tightly linked with its history and previous situation, that is why it is useful to talk about how the city grew up during time. Historically from 2400 BC up to the 21st century the development trend of the city shows how fast a city can grow and how is willing to do more in the future, especially with “Mega Investments”. We analyzed the project from the point of view of the public administration that deals with the con- trol of the road system. A geographical perspective will be sorted out to understand the spatial distribution and a special attention will be given to the population factor, discussing the data in relation with other cities and during time, the density and development of the city and the distribution of the population over the years. The chapter also includes a study of the distribution (and sizes) of houscholds during time to understand better who is the direct character involved in this project. Economically speaking some data about GDP trends, employment (and unemployment) and labor rates, Real Estate (Markets and Shares) are provided in order to read the growth of the city. 1.2 Urban history {1][18][19] The history of Boston is an important part of the history of the United States as a coun try. Boston is considered the birthplace of the American Revolution because so many groundbrea- king historic events took place there. Early Boston was a hilly peninsula originally inhabited by the Massachusetts tribe of Native Ameri- cans who have lived in the area since 2400 BC. In 1614, explorer Captain John Smith sailed to the Massachusetts Bay and befriended the tribe living in the area. Two years later he published a map of the area and named it New England to make it more appealing to English colonists. Boston continued to grow, despite small-pox outbreaks in 1690, 1702 and 1721. The city had over 13,000 residents by 1730. Many of Boston's most famous buildings were built during this time period. By the mid-18th century, Massachusetts Bay Colony had grown into a successful colony with a large trade industry that exported fish, lumber and farm products to Europe. Tensions quickly began to brew between the colony and Britain when the British government star- ted to meddle more deeply into the colony’s business matters, activities and daily affairs. This tension slowly began to sow the seeds for the American Revolution in Boston. In 1872, Boston suffered a devastating fire that destroyed 65 acres of the city, killed 30 people, caused $73 million dollars in damage and left 1,000 people homeless. In 1895, construction began on the Boston subway, which was needed to help curb traffic conge- stion caused by trolleys and horse carriages in the narrow city streets. During its construction workers uncovered many surprises and obstacles, such as 900 fragments of human remains near Park Street and a sulfurous-smelling salt marsh in Boston's public garden. In 1991, construction began on the Big Dig, which is Boston’s largest and most expensive public works project in the U.S. to date. The Big Dig widened Interstate 93 and rerouted it into under- ground tunnels to reduce traffic congestion in the city streets. ‘A large hybrid steel and concrete cable bridge, named the Zakim bridge, was built to carry cars across the Charles River before funneling them underground. The elevated platform that originally carried Interstate 93 over the city was demolished and replaced with parks and open space. The project took over 10 years to complete, finally coming to an end in December of 2007 and ran millions of dollars over budget to the price of $24 billion dollars.1614 Explorer Captain John Smith sailed to the Massachusetts Bay and befriended the tribe living in the area. 1618 More than two thirds of the Massachusetts Indians living in the area were wiped out by yellow fever and small pox brought by European traders. 1630 _ Puritans sailed to New England to flee religious persecution in England. 1632 Boston was officially named the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1643 The four colonies formed a military alliance, known as the New England Confedera- tion, to help defend themselves from Native American attacks. 1650 About 90% of the Native Americans living in New England died due to diseases brou- ght by the European settlers. 1676 Boston had 4,000 residents. 1730 _Theccity had over 13,000 residents. 1750 —_Boston’s population had risen to 15,000 people. 1775 ‘The USA declared war against Great Britain for freedom. 1861/65 The Civil War was a fight for freedom and was fought in the north and south alll over. 1872 Boston suffered a devastating fire that destroyed 65 acres of the city. 1880 Boston reaches 362,000 residents. 1895 Construction began on the Boston subway, which was needed to help curb traffie congestion. 1897 The first section of Boston’s subway system was opened. 1920 The population reaches 748,000 inhabitants. 1924 Boston opened its airport. 1959 “Central Artery” was built. 1982 The design for “Big Dig” began, as the Central Artery was too congested with traffic. 1991 Construction began on "Big Dig" in Boston. 2000 The population reached 589,000 inhabitants, Timeline ofthe history of Boston Source: (11.21Demographic development over the centuries Dark green: inhabitated space Light green: pristine space 1630 1916 Puritans sailed to New Infrastructure construction In 1920 residents reached England to avoid religious began, such asthe subway to __the number of 748,000. persecution in England. help traffic congestion: In 1676 Boston has 4,000 Boston reaches 360,000 residents, while in 1730 over inhabitants. 13,000. Aswecan seethe area ofthe Now the airport area is At the beginning of our cen- airport begins to be settled: _almost entirely occupied. tury all the areas are comple- fact in 1924 Boston opens tely settled. its airport. As we can see in the images above, the population has grown a lot, especially between the 17th and 19th centuries, up to the 2000s where the territory was completely occupied. The construction of the “Big Dig” began at the beginning of the gos: the project was studied in the 70s by the Boston consortium for transport planning to replace the bulky six-lane Central Artery, which was choked by constantly increasing traffic, but the real design for the work began in 1982 and the first stone of the “Big Dig” was laid in 1991.1.3 Socio-economic and demographic analysis 1.3.1 Geographical perspective Massachusetts [3][20]|21], officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is one of vest the fifty states that make up the United — sow ssin 1) ee States of America and is located in the New... i a England region, in the north-east of the cane United States, and has an area of 27336 © Massachusetts. rormue square kilometers. Massachusetts borders . pone to the north with New Hampshire and Ver- nei mont, to the west with New York State, to 2 the south with Connecticut and Rhode ig Island, and to the east with the Atlantic ‘ Ocean. Its coastline is formed by many 7 Jarge distinct bays. It is the 7th smallest and the 14th most populous among the 50 states of the United States. The state has two distinct metropolitan areas: Greater Boston (Greater Boston) to the east and the Springfield metropolitan area to the west. About two-thirds of the population of Massachusetts lives in Greater Boston. Many of the cities and counties of Massachusetts have names identical to those in England. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six states of New England and has the nation's sixth highest GDP per capita. The name of the State derives from the ancient Indian word "Massachusets" which means "near the big hill", probably referring to the Blue Hills that are loca- ted south of the capital. Originally dependent on fishing, agriculture and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a production center during the Industrial Revolution. During the twentieth century, the Massachusetts economy was moved from production to services. In the 21st century, Massachusetts is a leader in the fields of higher education, health technology, high technology and financial services. Boston [5], the county seat of Suffolk and the capital of Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the largest city in the State of New England and the most important economic cultural center. The city is the hub of a larger metropo- litan area called Greater Boston which Print is home to 4.5 million people and is the country's tenth largest metropolitan. area. Many colleges and universities in the area make Boston a world-class university and higher education else center. The basics of the city's economy include finance, professional and eco- nomic services and government activi- ties. The city has one of the highest living costs in the United States, although it remains at the top of the most livable cities. Picture 1: Massachusetts's map Source: [4] Genie 2013 Sura Fe Picture 2: population density map | pepsony ona Source: (6)2 Population We define the population, as the group of people living in the same territory; not to be confused with the concept of people, which is related to a community with a common language, traditions and culture. The numerical characteristics of the subsets (for example the ethnic groups) can con- tribute to the description of a population. Changes in population through time are being studied in demography. ‘The data obtained from the American census [7] show that in 2010 the population amounted to 617 594 inhabitants. Moreover, given the surface area, equal to 27 366 square kilometers, it is possible to define the population density corresponding to the measurement of the number of people living ina given area, equal to 2 660.13 ab. / km2. Below are shown the charts, relating to the population and population density of the cities of Massa- chusetts and the major American cities. - ef 00000 400000 300000 200000 100000 Graph 1: population of Massachusetts most important cities Source: [7] 9000000 — x ‘3000000 7000000 ‘6000000 15000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 New Los Chicago Filadelfla Phoenix San San Dallas Boston york Angeles Antonio. Diego Graph 2: population ofthe USA mast important cities Source: [7] https:/ www.census.gov/prod www /decennial html It is possible to see in graph 1 that Boston in relation to the other major cities of Massachusetts is the most populated city and it is possible to deduce from this that is the most developed city in eco- nomic and technological terms. The second graph shows the number of inhabitants of major US cities. In particular, Boston is the twentieth most populous city in the US.30000 2se00 200 = sy e 15000 -< e New Los Chicago Filadefa Phoenix San San Dallas Boston york Angeles ‘Antonio Diego Graph 3:densty of population of the USA most important cites Source: (7 https: rw. census gov/prod/wrew decennial hl In the third graph the population density of the major US cities was analyzed and it can be seen that excluding the 4 major American cities (New York, LA, Chicago and Philadelphia), the population density of Boston is similar to that of the other major american cities. 860 gaxjo7a 640 620 600 580 560 1. of inhabitants sao 520 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 years Graph 4: development of population from 1970 to 2010 Source: 7] https:/ /www.census.gov/ prod www / decennial html tasoo 1327818973 13000 12415,6 12500 11900 12000 11500 1. of inhabitants 11663,01906 11000 10500 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 years Graph 5: distribution ofthe density of population from 1970 to 2010 Source: [7] ttps:/ /www.census.gov/prod/www decennial html Graph 4 and 5 shows the data of the demographic trend in Boston from 1970 to 2010 and it is possi- ble to notice that after a sharp decline in population in 1980, Boston recovered, increasing its popu- lation steadily until 2010. This shape is the same in the graph 5 where it is shown the trend of the density of population during the years. This positive trend, after 1980 demonstrate a constant deve- lopment.‘ss ss vs = 70.0 4 = § soo 3 io =” 370 393 188 168 # hi 2, 1: 104} 10.1 eo Bel Eel fel fel Oe = =< = an ae = Under years 65 yearsandover 18 0.65 years Graph 6: distribution of population from 1970 to 2010 Source: [7] https://www.census.gov /prod/www decennial html Graph 6 shows the distribution of the population over the years and it can be seen that the levels are more or less constant in all the three categories of people represented. = White | Blackor african american ' American indian and alaska native » Asian * Hspanicor latino Graph 7: distribution of population in 2010 by race Source: (7) https://www.census.gov /prod/www decennial htm Graph 7 shows the distribution of population by race, and it can be seen that most of the population is white people. It also represents a sharp decrease compared to 1980, while the average size of hou- seholds and families can be seen to be more or less constant over the years. ‘00000 523476 e017 = 252699 € 200000 pastes 289528 1970 1980 19902000 amo years Graph 8: distribution of households from 1970 to 2010 Source: [7] https:/ /www.census.gov/prod/www/ decennial. htm)average size 1970 1980 1950 2000 200 years shouseholis families Graph 8: average size of households and familie from 1970 to 2010 Source: (71 httpss/ /www.census.gov prod www decennial tml Graph 8 and 9 show the distribution of households and families over the years and the average size.3 Economy + Total Gross Product 170 ——teston 0 150 los angeles 10 => = Chicago = = =Dalas 0 = = = Washington 20 = = = Huston 0 = = = Sanfrancisco Philadelphia Alana 2001 203 200s 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Graph 10: top 10 USA metropolitan area - GDP tend, Source: fa} hitps://fred.stlouisfed.org, Boston metropolitan area [8] is the 9th largest US agglomeration. Graph 10 shows that from the point view of the growth rate, Huston, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington are growing faster than Boston since 2001. Regarding the cities of the north-est region, only Washin- gton is grow more than Boston: New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Atlanta have underperformed it in the 2001 — 2016 period. 380,000 360000 340,000 320000 300,000 280,000 260000 240,000 2001. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Graph 11:GDP millions of chained Dollars Source: [8] https://fred stlouisfed.org, Analyzing graph 11 we can see that the GDP from 2001 to 2016 costantly grows with a small valley in 2008, cooresponiding to the year of the crisis...3 1 2001 2003 2005, 2007 2012 20{3 2015 2017 Fi \ XY v 3 = ~~ Unites states = = = Massachusetts ~~ = New England ~ ~~ United States (metropolitan areas) Boston Graph 12:GOP annwal percentage variation from 2001 to 2017 ‘Source: (9) ttps://bea gov /national/index.htmegdp The Growth of Boston before the 2008 crisis was slower than only the metropolitan areas of the United States and the also the United States as a country, but during the crisis and after, Boston faced better the recession and grew faster than other regions.+ Per Capita Real GDP me === Atlanta 85,000 —toston = ~~~ chicago = ~~~ datas 70,000 65,000 ~~ = Houston ~~ = LosAngeles hoot === New york 55,000 Philadelphia 50,000 San Francisco 45,000 2001 200320082007 «200920112013 «2013. 207 ~ Washington Graph 12:,per capita reasl GOP by metropolitan area (chained Dollars) Source: [8] https://fred stlouisfed.org, 140 === Atlanta 130 -* 7” Boston 20 ~~ Chicago === Dallas ag === Houston === LosAngetes 300 _ === New York 90 ~ = Philadelphia 20 2001 2003-«=« 2008-2007 2009S 20112013208. 2017 Graph 13: trend of per capita real GDP by metropolitan area (chained Dollars) Source: [8] https://fred.stlouisfed.org, Although Boston is the gth richest city in US, it is ranked as 2nd in per capita GDP, behind only to San Francisco, Graph 12 and 13 have been used to show the dynamics of this indicator and the result is that the fastest growing cities are Los Angeles, Boston and San Francisco; Boston and Los Angeles have a quite stable trend and San Francisco is characterized by a path with an higher level of varian- ce. In particular in chart 13 the only city that faced a decreasing in GDP per capita since 2001 up to now is Atlanta.135 125 105 95 2000 «2002-2004 -«== 2008-2008 «= 2010» 2012204 = 016. S208 — boston per capita GOP Boston total GOP Graph 14: trend per capita GDP and total GOP in Boston metropolitan area (chained Dollars) Source: [3] https:/bea.gov/national/indexhtmegdp As a conclusion of the discourse of the gross domestic product, we want to show a comparison between the total GDP and the per capita GDP using a trend chart. You can see that with the crisis of 2008 has been created a divergence dynamic in the growth speed between these two indicators, so the spread starts to grow more and more.1.3.4 Employment and labour Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who receive pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th of the month, Persons are counted at their place of work rather than at their place of residence; those appearing on more than one payroll are counted on each payroll. Industries are classified on the basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2012 version of the North American Industry Classification System. The employment data are estimated using a "link relative" technique in which a ratio (link relative) of current-month employment to that of the previous month is computed from a sample of establi- shments reporting for both months. The estimates of employment for the current month are obtai- ned by multiplying the estimates for the previous month by these ratios. Small-domain models are used as the official estimators for approximately 39 % of CES published series which have insuffi- cient sample for direct sample-based estimates. The substate area data published in this release reflect the delineations issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget July 15, 2015. The Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, Mass.-N.H. Metropolitan New England City and Town Area (NECTA) includes 10 NECTA divisions--subdivisions of the larger NECTA which function as distinct social, economic, and cultural areas within the larger region. The NECTA divisions that compose the Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, Mass.-N.H. include: Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA; Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, Mass.; Framingham, Mass.; Haverhill- Newburyport-Amesbury town, Mass.-N.H.; Lawrence-Methuen. town-Salem, Mass.-N.H.; Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, Mass.-N.H.; Lynn-Saugus-Marblehead, Mass.; Nashua, N.H.-Mass.; Peabody-Salem-Beverly, Mass.; Taunton-Middleborough-Norton, Mass.; and select cities and towns within. 2700000 2600000 2500000 2400000 2300000 2200000 2100000 19901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016 Graph 15: labour force from 1990 t0 2016 Source [10]: https:/ wwwublsgov The labour force is the defined as all the members of a particular organization or country who are able to work, viewed collectively. Looking at graph 15, it’s possible to observe that from 1990 to 2016 the labour force increases of a value near 300,000 people.2600000 2500000 2400000 2300000 2200000 2100000 2000000 199019921994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201020122014 2016 Graph 16: employment from 1990 t0 20165 Source [10]: https/ wwwubls.gov Graph 17: unemployment from 1969 to 2013 Source {10}: https// wwwubls gov From the last chart we can recognise two different period: the first one in which there was a big difference between the areas considered, then in the second one, after the 2000, values are close to cach other. The highest values of unemployment recorded in Boston is the one of 1975, than the trend decreased generally until 2000 and after the period in which the Dotcom bubble burst, it return to grow.Graph 18: Boston metropolitan area, number of employee by sector, thousand of people Source [10]: htps1/ wwwubls.gov Graph 19: Boston metropolitan area, number of employee by sector, trend Source [10}:https// wouwbls.cov Ata first glance the employment charts, you can see a strong drop in the manufacturing industry, with a decreasing in the number of employee of 60% in 18 years. Industry like trade, transporta~ tions and utilities and government have been quite stable over the time without any significative change, while the fastest growing industries in this area are leisure and hospitality, education and health services and professional and business services. We can also observe that construction, mining and logging seen a moderate growth but with a strong variance over the time. In short, in this chart it is represented the phenomena of deindustrialization that involved USA in the lasts decades, with on the one hand a decreasing in the industrial sector and on the other hand, an inere- ase in the service industry.Graph 20: Boston metropolitan area, share of employee by industry Source [10}:https./ wwwubls.gov Percent range United States —Boston os 00 ‘lot WurIS dant Jute deriS—WuPISaav6 | Wur@ dant? aM? aan't® Graph 21: total nonfarm employment, over the years % change in the United States and the Bosto metropolitan area from January 2013 to January 2018 Source [10}-https// wwwsbls.gov The Boston-Cambridge-Nashua area includes 10 metropolitan divisions’ separately identifiable employment centers within the larger metropolitan area. The Boston-Cambridge-Newton metropo- litan division, which made up 67% of the workforce, gained 15,500 jobs from January 2017 to January 2018. All the other divisions for which data are published also added jobs over the year except the Peabody and Framingham divisions.+ Industry employment Professional and business services had the largest annual employment gain in the Boston area from January 2017, adding 11.700 jobs. The 2.5-percent rate of job growth in Boston's professional and business services supersector was comparable to the 2.2-percent nationwide gain. Education and health services, the largest industry in the Boston area, had the next largest local employment gain, adding 6,000 jobs from January 2017 to January 2018. The 1.1-percent rate of local job growth in this supersector lagged the national gain of 2.1%. [DUnited States mBoston 30 7 22 24 22 17. 17 20 Lay 48 “10 as. ‘Teal nontrm Professional Education and Leisure and Other Manuticutng Infomation Fieanci Trade, Goverment andbusness. heath Rospialty —serdens aciities tnspotaton, forces servos ‘nd uiies Graph 22: total nonfarm and selected industry supersector employment, over the years % change in the United States and Boston ‘metropolitan area, January 2018 Source [10]: https// wwwbls.gov ‘Three other supersectors in the Boston area gained at least 1,000 jobs over the year—leisure and hospitality (+3,400), other services (+1,600), and manufacturing (+1,100). The local rates of job growth in all three of these supersectors lagged that of the nation. Three supersectors lost jobs over the year—government (-3,000), trade, transportation and utilities (-2,000) and financial activities (4,400).+ Employment in the twelve Largest Metropolitan Areas Boston-Cambridge-Nashua was 1 of the nation’s 12 largest metropolitan statistical areas in January 2018. All 12 areas had over-the-year job growth during the period, with the rates of job growth in 6 areas exceeding the national increase of 1.4 percent. Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale had the fastest rate of job growth, up 2.7 percent, followed by Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, up 2.4 percent. Chica- go-Naperville-Elgin had the slowest rate of job growth, up 0.5%. Percent change 30 United Attarta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston Los Miami New PhilacelphigPhoenk San Washinaton States Angeles York Francisco Graph 23: total nonfarm employment, over the years % change in the United States and 12 largest metropolitan areas, January 2018 Source {10}: https// wwwrbls.gov The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim area added the largest number of jobs over the year, 114,600, followed by New York-Newark-Jersey City, up 104,000. Boston had the smallest employ- ment gain over the year, adding 22,400 jobs. Chicago and Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington each added 23,200 jobs. Annual gains in the remaining seven metropolitan areas ranged from 85,800 in Dallas to 29,700 in Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach. Over the year, education and health services added the most jobs in five areas: Chicago, Los Ange- les, New York, Philadelphia and Phoenix. Professional and business services gained the most jobs in four areas: Boston, Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, Miami, and San Francisco-Oa- Kland-Hayward. Workers in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton New England City and Town Area Division had an ave- rage (mean) hourly wage of $32.66 in May 2016, about 37 percent above the nationwide average of $23.86, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Regional Commissioner Deborah A. Brown noted that, after testing for statistical significance, wages in the local area were higher than their respective national averages in 21 of the 22 major occupational groups, including legal; mana- gement; and healthcare practitioners and technical. No group had an hourly wage significantly lower than its respective national average. When compared to the nationwide distribution, local employment was more highly concentrated in 9 of the 22 occupational groups, including management; computer and mathematical; and business and financial operations. Conversely, eight groups had employment shares significantly below their national representation, including production; transportation and material moving; and sales and related.Percent of total ___—employment _— Mean hourly wage gerne aed eet United poston United Boston Percent States, ‘States ‘difference Total, all occupations 1000 | 1000 $2386 $32.66 a7 Management 51 9.0 56.74 67.32 19 Business andfinancial = 5) 73 ggg azue| 18 petals es conmeaier wit 30 «54 | 4225 4695 tt Architecture and eae 18254053 a4os 10 Life, physical, and social - sca a 08193506 388" Community and social ty a 1419s 3S Legal 0.8 12 50.95 63.16 24 Education, traning, and ne 62 Gast sare) Arts, design, entertainment, sports, 14 18 28.07 33.03, 18 and media Healthcare practitoners eeu ochaical 5.9 69 38.06 47.34 24 Healthcare support 29 28 14.65 17.34 18 Protctvesenico —=«2_=S*=C«:C*C*«aOSCOT | Food preparation and od rapa o2 | 70 | sar | 1400| 2 Ramana ere aittingardgrimde | a2 | a | saar | sso a1 Personal careandverdce| 32 | 33 | 1274 | 1615| 27 Salesandreisted «104 ~~=~=«w@ | 1950 ass | 38, Office and aciminitrative vain perce een ence Forni, fetiegrard ih os iar 1675) 25 onnaacina pest 40° 30 | 2381 322537 oe fon man 3925 meus arse) Production 65 3.0 17.88 19.93 W Transportation and ransporatonand gg ag ark TOA 2 Table 1: division of major occupational groups in United States and Boston metropolitan areas in 86 f total employment and mean hourly wages Source {10}: https wwwbls.govOne occupational group—computer and mathematical—was chosen to illustrate the diversity of data available for any of the 22 major occupational categories. Boston-Cambridge-Newton had 98,150 jobs in computer and mathematical, accounting for 5.4 percent of local area employment, significantly higher than the 3.0-percent share nationally. The average hourly wage for this occupa- tional group locally was $46.95, significantly above the national wage of $42.25. Some of the larger detailed occupations within the computer and mathematical group included software developers, applications (21,920), software developers, systems software (18,450), and computer user support specialists (12,470). Among the higher paying jobs were computer and information research scientists and computer network architects, with mean hourly wages of $60.59 and $58.05, respectively. At the lower end of the wage scale were computer user support specialists ($31.58) and operations research analysts ($37.43). Location quotients allow us to explore the occupational make-up of a metropolitan area by compa- ring the composition of jobs in an area relative to the national average. For example, a location quo- tient of 2.0 indicates that an occupation accounts for twice the share of employment in the area than it does nationally. In the Boston-Cambridge-Newton New England City and Town Area Division, above-average concentrations of employment were found in many of the occupations within the computer and mathematical group. For instance, software developers, systems software were employed at 3.5 times the national rate in Boston, and operations research analysts, at 2.5 times the USS. average. On the other hand, computer systems analysts had a location quotient of 1.3 in Boston, indicating that this particular occupation’s local and national employment shares were similar. These statistics are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, a fede- ral-state cooperative program between BLS and State Workforce Agencies, in this case, the Massa- chusetts Division of Unemployment Assistance.Picture 3: points of interest with more employments Source [10]: https// www'bls.govEmployer Massachusetts General Hospital Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston University Children’s Hospital State Street Bank & Tust Company Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard University Graduate Schools Northeastern University Fidelity Investments Boston Medical Center eoec0oe e e e Employment 16.999 13.303 9.854 8.866 7.800 6.781 5.67 5.069 5.000 4.596 Table 2: research division analysts, estimates reflect most recent avalable data Source [101 https1/ wwwublsgov In the table are recorded the biggest employer in the Boston metropolitan area and we see that all of them are in the health care, education and finance industries and almost all of them are located in the city center. This cause a series of effect on the traffic flows, because usually a big manufacturing firm is located far away from the center and its employee have to commute in a “in-out” or “out-out” direction, depending on that you live in the center or in the suburbs. According to the US style of living the out-out flow is likely to be much stronger than the in-out one. An activity in the service industry needs to stay close to the city center and so the labourer starts to commute on the out-in axis. industry Healt Care Healt Care Education Healt Care Finance Healt Care Education Education Finance Healt Care4.50% 80,00 4.00% 70.00 3.50% ‘nino 3.00% nae 2.50% as 2.00% 1.50% =e 1.00% aa 0.50% 10.00 0.00% 0.00 ReR88885 8 Z28228828882288 EEE Mining, Logging and Construction =eMining, Logging and Construction Graph 24: mining, logging and construcion employment industry to total (red line) and number of people, in thousand (blue columns) Source [10]: https// wwwiblsgov 1990-1994 5.77% ro Government | 073% Other Services @ 4.45% tp Leisure and Hospitality eles Education and Heatth Services 1m Professional and Business Services 5.16% Financial Activities {oe ‘a Information BAIN 1 Trade, Transportation, and Usilties 7.26% wManufecturing 19.34% Mining, Logging and Construction 14.88% -25.00%15.00%5.00% 5.00% 15.00%25.00%1994-1998 11.82% 21.09% 12.18% 14.63% 5.20% | ee +-25,00%15,00%-5.00% 5.00% 15.00%25.00% 2002-2006 030% | | o51% 2.50% 6.49% 9.92% 3.62% 667% | 118% 143% ff 2s -25,00%15.00%5.00% 5.00% 15.00%25.00% 1998 - 2002 039% -25,00%15.00%5.00% 5.00% 15.00%25.00% 2006 - 2010 160% ff 2.40% 5.36% 7.31% 3.29% 10.47% 5.50% 18.75% 8.60% -25.00%15.00%-5.00% 5.00% 15.00%25.00%2014-2018 2010-2014 B 23% J 116% 457% 7.86% 6.47% 15.82% 10.81% 7.00% 096% | 14.09% 42% | 050% DB sx 3.42%, 14.4% 13% § 242 a 2 -25,00%15.00%5,00% 5,00% 15.00%25.00% -25,00915,00%5,00% 5.00% 15.00%25.00% ‘Graphs 25: change in percentage of employment in different sectors every four years from 1990 to 2018 Source [10] https// www.bls.gov From this series of charts we see that the most dynamic industries are manufacturing and con- struction: the first one saw only a decreasing over the time, while the second one had big oscilla- tions, As far as regard the service industries, sectors such as leisure and hospitality, education and health services and professional and business services faced a continuous growth over time, giving to provide this jobs that was lost with the delocalization of the manufacturing activities.1.3.5 Real Estate Market Graph 25: all home price by neighbourhoods Source {10}: https// wwwibls.gov House price annual percentage variation Graph 26: house price annual percentage variation Source [10]:https// wwwbls.govGraph 27: trend of price Source {10]:https// wwwrbls.gov ‘The prices of residential properties grow until 2005, remain stable from the 2005 to 2012 and then come back to grow strongly until today. Looking at the annual growth rates, we see that they grow up to 2000, reaching values between 17 and 3o percent. from 2000 until 2009 the rates decreasing more and more, up to become on average, negative in 2006, then about two years before the 2008 crisis. Prices dynamics are generally uniform, but some neighborhoods have different price trends, so we want to understand if there was a “Big Dig effect”. We have looked only in the period from 1996 and 2001, using the following method: 1) calculate the percentage annual change for each neighborhood from 1996 to 2001; 2) averaged these values in order to obtain the annual average rate of growth for each neighborho- 3) ranks these values, taking into account only the areas with values bigger than the city mean and isolate the areas that outperformed the city mean. Graph 28: percentage annual growth by neighbourhood Source [101: hetps// wwwebls.gov7, 7598, 5, 2000. 2001 MEAN. Renmore 355% 22.20% 24598 25.60% 76.20% 265% lest end 148% 155% 2020 24.63% 27.48% 19,99% Downtown 1581% 18.20% 150% 25.01% 22.80% 19,73% Fenway 154% 15.80% 18.50% 26.57% 23.60% 19.60% Isouth Boston 137% 2020% 29.30% 33.20% 19355 East Boston 158% 15,738 249% 22.56% 37.53% 197% Iamaiea Plain 14.23% 15,00% 2051% 24.33% 38,98% age North Dorchester 185% 2.15% 18,76% Bam 20.30% 17.70% Isouth End 151% 17.26% 24.70% 21.68% 35.45% sr Beacon ill 204% 14508 143% 25.08% 35.57% 733% North End 120% 141% 23.78% 15.36% 19,665 28% Roxbury 758% 12.39% 16.52% 25,44% 22.79% 3% Riverside 39.26% 9.93% 24,08% 34,50% 16.90% laliston 17434 10,81% 15.25% 20.89% 20.06% 16.5% [chinatown 8.5% 27% 17.71% 29.73% 14.43% 16.71% South Dorchester 16574 1178% 14.93%, 211% 37.50% 16.46% [erry MEAN, 308% 342% 16.15% 222% 37.75% 36.26% Brighton 157% 9.19% 18.73% 20,08% 721,518 162% ‘Aggasiz- Harvard North eow/o! 12.95% 14.70% 20.13% 37.00% 16.20% The Port- Area 127% 133% 2287% 23.50% 17,66% 15.70% Roslindale 119% 10.87% 16.22% 23.68% 15.31% 15 50% Mig. Cambridge 10.39% 105% 403% 230% 18.53% 15,4096 Charlestown 00% 16,184 17.95% 19.73% 35.20% 15 40% Back Bay 9.60% 15,405 15.79% 17.68% 17.15% 1510% Wellington: Harrington 2.40% 447% 17.77% 21,68% 19.29% 1512 Hye Park 12% 9.10% 15.83% 22.25% 26.01% 14.80% Bay Village 731% 167% 16,45% 15.80% 22.00% 14.85% Mattapan 9.73% B16 12.50% 23.21% 14.50% 14.62% Peabody 10.68% 13.61% 14,79% 21.46% 33.35% 147% Cambridgeport 0.39% 18,053 17.70% 2051% 23.95% 13.90% ‘west Cambridge 9.90% 14.5% 3.39% 175% 19.37% 13.90% ast Cambridge 250% 16.26% 207% 22.8% 26,00% 13.85% North Cambridge 3.70% 14328 14.63% 19.75% 35,75% 13.65% ‘West Roxbury 7.28% 30.87% 473% 15.88% 7% 1.70% Table 3 percentage annual change for each neighbourhood from 1996 to 2001 Source [10]: https// wwwbls.govBoston Streets & Neighborhoods* Picture 4 graphical representation of the average growth rate of each neighbourhood Source [10]: httpsi/ wwwebls.gov In the map above there are the ten neighborhoods that have had the highest average growth rates in the six years considered from us, using circles of size proportional to the values found. what we can say from the results we have achieved is that the neighborhoods closest to the major infra- structural arteries in Boston have seen the rise in residential property prices.Where Do Boston Workers Live? Workers in Boston come primarily from cities and towns located within the I-95 corridor. Commu- ting patterns are also heavily influenced by the locations of other large highways, including I-93 and 1-90, and by the location of MBTA lines. Almost 38% of Boston workers, however, live in the city of Boston.Where Do Boston Residents Work? 026M 100K Among cities other than Boston where Boston residents work, Cambridge employs the most, with 5.5% of the Boston resident labor force. Boston resident workers who work outside of Boston work in towns along highways and MBTA routes, including Waltham, Newton, Watertown, Brookline and Quincy.Conclusions Inconclusion, from our analysis emerges a city that has faced great changes in the last twenty years as regards the structure of the economy and therefore of all the innumerable social aspects con- nected to it. First of all, there has been a steady decline in employment in the industrial sector, with the consequent transition to a service-based economy, with the creation of many jobs in the hospi tal, financial, IT, education and support services. This fact has created as consequence the intensifi- cation of traffic flows, due to the home-work travel of workers, from the suburbs towards the city center, to new occupations that, by their nature, must be located in the city center. ‘The effect of the works on the prices of residential properties is not so clear that we can talk about Big Dig effect, even though between 1996 and 2001 there was a strong general growth in prices throughout the city, so that the rate average annual lower growth was recorded in the West Roxbury district, with a value of 12.70%, while the highest rate was 21.65% of Kenmore.1.3.6 Services and transportation Boston is located in the east of Massachusetts. It is bordered by the Gulf of Atlantic Ocean in the cast and linked to the central part of Massachusetts by the west. It spans the estuaries of the Charles River and the Missy River, thus forming its advantages in land and water. . Boston has jurisdiction over 77 towns with a total area of 125 square kilometers, an altitude of 330 feet, and an urban popu- lation of about 640,000 (including 2.75 million in the suburbs). In this part I will provide some points that discuss the economies and environment system with the Highway system (Freeway system) and public transportation system. + Boston Freeway Network Boston has several major highways. 93, 95, 495 and 90 are north-south highways. If you divide the city of Boston into the urban area, the suburbs, and the outer suburbs, then Highway 93 is the endorsement. In downtown Boston, Highway 95 is the end of Boston's near suburbs, and 495 is the end of Boston's outskirts. 90 is the east-west highway. In addition, there are some high-speed Highway 1, Highway 2 and Highway 3 east to west. These high-speed lines constitute Boston's aortic network. Among these highways, except for Route 90, which is a fee-bearing highway, the others are free roads. Picture S: the road system of Boston Source {11]+ Economics and Environment system with the NO. 93 Highway Among these major highways, the 93 is an interstate highway that traverses downtown Boston. It is the artery of Boston's various industries. It carries the most dense traffic in Boston and operates the oldest in Boston. history. If you take a closer look at the townships of towns along the route, from ‘the most southern Canton on Route 93 to Methuem on the northernmost point, it is not difficult to find that towns along Route 93 are mostly towns with relatively low per capita income. Route 93 crosses downtown Boston, and at the same time it borders a number of subway stations, making it a low-cost transportation hub. 9 Tuts University. * Somenville Harvard @ University Picture 6:the NO.93 Highway Source [11]