IV.

AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)

The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300 years.
Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was
elected the first President of the  Philippine Republic but this was short-lived. The Fil.-American was
resulted in the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.

KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) written by Aurelio Tolentino

IV. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)

Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the
Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came
to a halt.   In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays,
poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces.

Jose Ma. Hernandez (wrote PANDAY PIRA)

IV. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

Filipinos had, by this time, learned to express themselves more confidently but post-war
problems beyond language and print-like economic stability. The threat of new ideas and mortality. Had
to be grappled with side by side.

DEATH OF THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrero