Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Road Loop

    Uploaded by

    AmrishG
    24 views36 pages
    maintenance

    Original Title

    road loop

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    maintenance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    24 views36 pages

    Road Loop

    Uploaded by

    AmrishG
    maintenance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 36
    INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF INDUCTIVE DETECTOR LOOPS Jos VROEGOP, BE, ME, MIPENZ Traffic Planning Consultants Ltd, Auckland Transit New Zealand Research Report No. 5 ISBN 0478-01403 ISSN. 1170-9405 © 1991, Transit New Zealand P 0 Box S084, Lambton Quay, Wellington, New Zeeland ‘Telephone (04) 499.6600; Facsimile (04) 496-6666 Vroegop, J. 1991. Installation and maintenance of inductive detector loops. ‘Transis New Zealand Research Report No. 5 Keywords: detectors, vehicle detectors, inductive loops, inductive loop detectors, traific,traffie control DISCLAIMER ‘Transit New Zealand, its members, employees and agents undertake no duty in contract, tort, or otherwise, to users (whether director indirect) of this document ‘and make no warranties of representations of any kind whatsoever in relation to any of its eontens ‘The document is only made available on the basis that all users oft, whether dizect or indirect, must take appropriate legal or other expert advice in relation to their ‘own circumstances and must rely solely on their own judgement and such legal or ‘other expert advice, Under no circumstances will Transit New Zealand, its members, employees and agents be liable in any way whatsoever, whether in contract tort (including negligence), for breach of any statutory or regulatory duty (1 the fullest extent permissible by law), or otherwise, to any user (whether diet or indirect) ofthis Gocument for any loss or damage whatsoever arising directly or indirectly asa result ofthe use in any way of tis document. ‘Each exclusion in the clauses of this disclaimer and each protection given by it is to be construed as a separate exclusion applying and surviving even if for any ‘reason any ofthe exclusions or protections ate held applicable in any circumstances, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, ‘The following practitioners in Auckland each gave many hours of thelr time to share their practical experiences and show me their suecessfal and feiled loops in the field ‘Alan Vowles, Auckland City Council Peter Jacka, Manukau City Council John Raines, Transit NZ, Auckland (Clyde Mitchell, Hardings Signals, Auckland Dave Murray, Traffie Management Services Jeff Johnson, Loop installation contractor L would also like to thank Dr Basil Kerdemelidis, University of Canterbury, (Christchurch, New Zealand, who prepared the notes and carried out the research (on which the Appendix is based. CONTENTS ABSTRACT 6 INTRODUCTION LOOP TYPE, SHAPE and cE LOOP INSTALLATION METHODS 31 General 32 Single Wires in a Narrow Sawcut Slot 33 Mult-Core Cable Laid in a Wider Slot 34 Loop Wire Laid in a Protective Conduit LOOP WIRE and FEEDER CABLES 41 Single Core Loop Wire 42 Multicore Loop Cable 43 Feeder Cable LOOP SLOT SEALING METHODS Generat Use of Sand Use of Bitumen Emulsion Products Use of Epoxy Resins JUNCTION-BOXES, CONNECTIONS and TESTING 61 Junction-Boxes 62 Connections 63 Testing 1 COMMON FAULTS and MAINTENANCE 7A Common Faults 72 Maintenance 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY APPENDIX - SUMMARY OF THEORETICAL BACKGROUND "7 "7 7 13 19 2% 21 30 INSTRUCTION LEAFLET FOR INSTALLING STANDARD DETECTOR LOOPS 35 ABSTRACT. Inductive Loop Detectors (ILDs) are the most common form of vehicle detection for vehicle activated traffic signals in use today. They consist of a number of loops of wire buried in the roadway pavement and ‘connected to a detector unit or amplifier Accurate and reliable detection of vehicles is required to minimise Gelays, stops and fuel use of vehicles passing through an intersection. For example a recent study in Sydney estimated savings from Improved detector performance of A§23 milion were possible for that metropolitan area. ‘This report provides a practical guide to the installation of the loop in the roadway to increase the reliability of that component of the ILD. Different commonly used methods are explained and their advantages ang isadvantages discussed in relation to simple theoretical and practical considerations. This is to enable practitioners to use some judgement in applying the techniques to their particular conditions. Important aspects are the type of wire used and the type of sealant used 1 seal the saweut slot inthe pavement after the wires have been laid in it.The recommended sealant is a flexible epoxy material. A more ‘detailed description of some theoretical aspects of ILD's is contained in an Appendix. ‘An Instruction Leaflet for Installing Standard Detector Loops s included in which the recommended method for installing loops in standard situations is set out in the form of simple instructions for field staff. INTRODUCTION Inductive Loop Detectors (ILDs) are the most common form of vehicle detection in use With ever more sophisticated microprocessor trafic control systems being developed and installed, more reliance is being placed on accurately and reliably ‘detecting vehicles. Unfortunately the TLDs in use have not always been as accurate ot reliable as they should have been. ‘A-recent study in Australia (RTA 1989) estimated that in the Sydney metropolitan area, alone, over A$23 million per year in delays, stops, and fuel usage costs could be saved by improving detector performance from 16% with faults, down to an achievable 6% with, faults at any one time. ‘An ILD consists of a number of turns of wire buried in the pavement and connected to 7 detector unit or amplitier, Current is passed through the wire loops to ereate a ‘magnetic field. As vehicles pass over this loop and influence the field, the overall inductance of the loop circuit changes. The detector unit senses this change and sends ‘4 message to the signal controller, the traffic counter or other device. ‘The aim ofthis report is to provide a practical guide tothe installation ofthe loop in the roadway to inerease the reliability ofthat component of the ILD. Diterent commonly used methods are explsined and their advantages and disadvantages discussed in relation to simple theoretical and practical considerations. ‘This will enable practitioners to use some judgement in applying the techniques to their particular conditions. A more {detailed description of some theoretical aspects of ILD's is contained in the Appendix. ‘An Instruction Leaflet for Installing Standard Detector Loops is included at the end of this report. It sets out, in summary form for field staff, the recommended method for installing sound loops in standard situations. It is important to note thatthe loop is only one component ofthe detector system. There have been major advances in detector unit technology in recent years, and these new ‘nits can often compensate for poor loops. However, they will not work with a failed” Joop, so sound and permanent installation of the loop in the road is still essential to provide the accurate and reliable detection required for today’s trafic control. 2. LOOP TYPE, SHAPE and SIZE. ‘The two basic types of detectors are passage (or dynamic) and presence detectors (See ‘Glossary’ for definitions). ‘The shape and size of loop to use depends on the function the detector is designed to perform. A general outline of types, shapes, and sizes i given, in Section 7 of ‘A Guide to the Design of Trafic Signal Installations’ (NAASRA 1987), most of which has been adopted as a standard by Transit New Zealand, ‘Loops for trafic counting, and for "gap seeking’ well in advance of the stop line at 2 vehicle-actuatedsignal-controlled intersection, ate operated either as passage or presence detectors. They ate often rectangular in shape, spanning a number of lanes and with 2 short dimension (of the order of 15 m) in the direction of travel. A quadrupole ‘configuration, as in Figure 1, has however been shown to be mote effective and is now recommended ‘The most common loop being installed in New Zealand at present is the “double quadrupole’ (or ‘ymametipole’) shape for use as a presence detector nea the sto line at an intersection (Figure 2). Research has shown this to be a most effective ype and shape for vehicle presence detection. Itis also the standard specie by the Roads and ‘Traffic Authority, New South Wales, Australi, for use wi the area wide Sydney Co- ordinated Adaptive Trafic System (SCATS). A number of cities in New Zealand have already installed SCATS but even those not planning to in the nea future should sll consider using this loop configuration as an effective standard fora prescnee detector loop, The wiring direction shown in Figure 2 should be folloved for maximum cffectiveness Special loop shapes and sizes are sometimes employed for special situations. For ‘example, the ‘chevron’ or ‘slanted’ configuration shown in Figure 3 (also NAASRA 1987, 1. 36) has proved effective for detecting bieycles while stil detecting other vehicles when ‘operated as a passage approach loop. A small quadrupole loop, also shown in Figure 3, has been found effective in detecting bicycles in cycle lanes. Alternatively bicycles can be directed over the most sensitive part ofa standard symmetripole loop by the use of pavement markings. Sometimes a push button can be installed for eyclists on busy routes ‘where automatic detection is not possible. Although the proposed positions of loops at an intersection to be signalised will be shown ‘on a plan, some latitude to deviate from these positions should be allowed in the field ‘This is to ensure the loop does not encompass OF pass through heavy iron manhole lids or cesspt grates or does not unnecessarily cross pavement joints or poorly backfilled service trenches, An accurate site survey could avoid these problems. ONDARS d¥O SONVAGY Pue ONLINNOO Ol4IVEL 401 $4007 HOLOSIZ0 STOMA TIOANHAYNO | BUND BU PUR senbUYOR, ‘POMEL LONENEISU PrepUEIS JO} Layee, VOROANSH OW 28S ‘SLON (woHssyp arsopa smouy) 184007 Ho193130 (awwUKG) SO¥EEVA ZONVAQY (0) suoteuu09 pu UOHoaAG Bu up eum uo Bapundon sees « 84007 HY 405 uonoeg #8019 NUNNOD O144¥EL AVMR-OML 491 84007 (3) NOMOSLAG (29u08e%e) ANTIIOLS 10} $4007 YOLOILTO STOMA (@lednupeND eIqNoG) SOWAWINAS z SUN ‘84007 ay 40} vowneg ss019 + ro ‘seOLEW pue Sendwi9e ;poU.aL UOREYEISL PIEPUEIS 20} 19}EE UoRINASUY OW 995 1 imaplies an increase in sensitivity, Le. a given change in self inductance of the loop caused by a vehicle appears enhanced at the end of the feeder, Analytical trend predicted from a theoretical model heve been confirmed experimentally land the enhanced sensitivities in certain loop-feeder combinations have also been observed. 32 AG @ ©) © Conetusions From graphing the relationship between SF and the ‘characteristic’ impedance Z, of the feeder it can be shown thatthe loop reactance should be approximately ‘equal to the ‘characteristic’ impedance for optimum performance, Tis implies ‘that ifthe loop inductance is low then higher frequencies and shorter feeder lines ‘must be used. If operation at frequencies below 40 KHz is contemplated using 0.75. mm? (Gereened twin stereo) cable, of Z, = approx. 70 Ohms, then a loop af no fewer than three turns and preferably four turns (assuming 2 2.m x 1.75 m quad) must ‘be used. IF the feeder is 0.25 mm* (screened twin stereo) cable of characteristic impedance Z, > 80 ohms, then more turns or higher frequencies must be used so thatthe loop reactance at the operating frequency is greater than or equal to the characteristi impedance of the feeder. Self-tuning detectors tune the loop-feeder combination to resonate at frequencies that tend to produce a sensitivity factor (SF) close to 1. 33 4 Instruction Leaflet for INSTALLING STANDARD DETECTOR LOOPS (For adsionl information ad backend material fer to Transit New Zealand (TNZ) Research Repo No 5 “talation and Maintenance of Inductive Deter Loops u 112 From plan, and/or Figures 1, nd 3 in TNZ Reszarch Report No 5, a: the loop onthe pavement using caja, chlor pss Alo mark the line othe loop "ait jection baw bebind the ker, 13. Itbe oop pases through a manhole dor eter obstruction, or the pavements cracked o hashed the station sould be relerred back tothe designer who can coasdr he oponsouned in TNZ Research Report No.5 2. Cattag the Stot 21 Cates abng ase propelled concrete caster witha water-cooled damondipged lade. This wally pes wath of lor af 3 am, depending on how now te blade is. 22. The tlt shoul be 50 ra deep apd be cot past the corse to enare fll depth of eat at each corer. ‘Tae lop a ot shoal so be 0 mm dep ia the channal tthe bottom af the Heb face a fate ble ft oc t this locton. Na lot sould contin more than sph ies, wire rom ‘mote than two symmetipl loops. 23. A chisel shoal be ured to emote the sharp corer inthe slat whore co eas meet Fit angle ‘roid be emer damagieg he wie’ inulion. Thi ese hckr wie used which anno be ent in sharp ign ange. 24 The ot shouldbe cleaned out remove any debris and sharp stones using screndie osnilar ok, aud preferably blown oot using compress which also dies ou the same 3. Putting the Wires 32 Use citar 14 mn standard heatesstantepplance wire which has PVC insulation er, preferably, poleoplen-nslted wie. 32 Seateach ofthe wies down inthe sent ot separately without damaging the ination by wsnga dite {oral long inthe sla (fr expla ld conte culing bade fed wha haedleand abet tn) Follow tho wiring drcions or th plan or in Figures 1 a TNZ Research Rept Na, 5 33. Bring all the wie, including those to be connected together, back othe jntion-box behind the Ke ‘Tie coe kat in «oop re to mark te start ofthe winding nd bv Hoe if wound sroand ive ‘or preferaby, ne ire mari ai to enly mark ach we. 35 4 Sealing the Sot 4.1 A floubleepoy resin such as‘Pastcast LOB’ mac with dy sca sand i the recommended sealant ‘Oders such a "Mulia a bitemen-bsed prot, canbe used although the technique is ilerent (ce "TINZ Research Report No.5). 42 Cobar ‘Plastic should Ye mised inthe proportions of 1 part compound, 3 part hardener, and 2 part dy alea sand. Thorough ming i cuenta and wing am sac oil is pain Bt ix Song recommended, 43 Once mid the Paste and sand mares poured ino the sot dezly ontop ofthe wires sity ‘vling before the excess scraped of. Care must be taken terse that no fee water tapped Init th sealant Homer, «dump road or dot Sos ne cae pebloms. Some dye rand should be spread ovr the sce ofthe sat beloe Ibe lane opened 0 tel to preven he epoxy siking 10 ear yes before ia 5 Ineton Box 4. Teo comesietjnaion boris alread in pace, for example for power cables tothe signal heads, small, {nation box with hinge fi shoald be nerd ie baliad the bes, close to the lop, 52 Inthe juciontox the loop “als are connected to tbe feeder cable which isthe taken back 0 he cftrallor bys duct under the berm o foetpath. This dot shoul! be concrete into the bottom ofthe jton ho. eis eal to lo rove a protected path or dt forthe lop a resto eta he anton. The lop til wire rom the lop corner the fnew box are ver) vara and ely tobe the ease offre lop fale Connections 62 _Make a good cannectiontetneen lop wires and feeder cable by wing nile ernped eoncectos Pace comesors in x small pase pl hot, abd this wid epoxy resin to fly eveapslate the ‘onnosor nd the ends ofthe wes. Resa conveniently avalible on sti ts being tke sth oop ‘alan, Sal Slf

    You might also like