Learn Japanese !

Learn Japanese!
Made by; Angela Nicole A. De la Cruz
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Greeting Someone in Japanese.

Ohayō gozaimasu.
おはようございます。
"Good morning!"
Welcome to Absolute Beginner Season 1! This series is geared toward those who have
absolutely no background in Japanese and want to be able to speak Japanese without spending
a lot of time studying grammar. You'll learn Japanese through sentence patterns that are easy
to grasp and to put together. In the first five lessons, we will focus on the very basics of
Japanese to give you a solid foundation to work with. In this first lesson, we will look at different
greetings in Japanese.
Greeting Someone in Japanese (at Any Time of Day!)
Let's take a look at how to greet someone in Japanese. Just as there are multiple greetings in
English, such as "good morning", "hi"/"hello", and "good evening", depending on the time of day,
the greeting you use in Japanese will change depending on the time of day as well.
In the morning:
ROMANIZATION "ENGLISH"
Ohayō* "Morning!"*
Ohayō gozaimasu "Good morning!"
At any time (usually during the day):
Kon'nichi wa "Hi!" "Hello!"

In the evening/at night:
Konbanwa "Good evening!"
* Note that ohayō is the casual version of the phrase ohayō gozaimasu, and we should only use
it with close family members or friends. With people you don't know very well, you should use
the full phrase ohayō gozaimasu.
Cultural Insights
Formal and Informal Speech
One important thing to know about Japanese is that there are two distinct types of speech:
formal speech and informal speech.
You should use formal speech with strangers, people older than you, and family members you
do not know well.
Informal speech is casual speech you should use with close friends and family members and
those who are the same age or younger than you.
Because it can be rude to use informal speech in certain situations, this series mainly uses
formal speech, which is safe to use with anyone.
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Introducing Yourself in Japanese.

Hajimemashite. Teirā desu.
はじめまして。テイラーです。
"Nice to meet you! I'm Taylor."
After greeting someone you've just met for the first time, the next thing you'll want to do is say
"nice to meet you" and give your name, right? In this lesson, you'll learn how to do these things.
Introducing Yourself in Japanese
There are three main phrases to remember when introducing yourself in Japanese.
Hajimemashite means "nice to meet you," and you can use it with anyone you are meeting for
the first time.
JAPANESE ROMAJI "ENGLISH"
はじめまして。 Hajimemashite. "Nice to meet you!"
To give your name, simply state your name and follow it with desu. Please see the tip below on
how to properly pronounce desu.
JAPANESE ROMAJI "ENGLISH"
[name]です. [name] desu. "I'm [name]."
When introducing yourself, simply combine the two phrases above!
For Example:
1. A: Hajimemashite, Maki desu.

A: はじめまして、まきです。
A: "Nice to meet you! I'm Maki."
B: Hajimemashite, Merissa desu.
B: はじめまして、メリッサです。
B: "Nice to meet you! I'm Melissa."
Lastly, as a special touch, you can add this phrase:
ROMAJI ENGLISH
Yoroshiku onegai shimasu. "Pleased to meet you." (literally, "Please

look favorably upon me.")
This phrase has many different uses, but among the most common is when you first meet
someone. There is no real English equivalent, but literally, this phrase roughly translates as
"Please look favorably upon me." Using this phrase shows respect for the person you're
meeting and also indicates that you are looking forward to a good relationship with the person.
For Example:
1. Hajimemashite, Yūki desu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.

はじめまして、ゆうきです。よろしくおねがいします。
"Nice to meet you! I'm Yuki. Pleased to meet you." (literally, "Please look favorably upon
me.")
Language Tip: Pronouncing Desu
Note that when we are pronouncing desu, the -u at the end is silent. So the word desu sounds
just like [dess].
This rule also applies for verbs in formal speech (which end in masu), which we will go over
later on in this series.
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Saying "Thank You" and "You're Welcome."
ありがとうございます！
Arigatō gozaimasu!
"Thank you!"
Some of the first things you'll want to be able to say in Japanese are "thank you" and "you're
welcome" for whenever someone does something nice for you or thanks you for doing
something! In this lesson, we'll look at the two main phrases we use in these situations. Later on
in the series, we'll look at some alternate phrases for giving and receiving thanks as well, so
please stay tuned!
Giving and Receiving Thanks
Saying "thank you" in Japanese is Arigatō gozaimasu (ありがとうございます), which means

"Thank you very much". Note that this phrase is the polite way to thank someone.
To thank someone in a more informal way, simply leave off the -gozaimasu and say arigatō.
If someone thanks you for something in Japanese, you can say Dō itashimashite (どういたしま
して), which means "You're welcome".
For Example:
1. A: Arigatō gozaimasu. ありがとうございます。
A: "Thank you very much."
B: Dō itashimashite. どういたしまして。
B: "You're welcome."
Language Tip: Omiyage desu. (おみやげです。)
The first line in the dialogue, omiyage desu (おみやげです), means "This is a souvenir for
you". Omiyage (おみやげ) literally means "souvenir", but unlike the English word, it usually does
not refer to something someone buys for himself or herself; instead, it refers to something the
person buys to give to someone else (usually bought from wherever the person has come from,
like a vacation destination, or hometown/home country). We will go over the word desu in more
detail in Lesson 7 of this series.
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Saying "Excuse Me" and "I'm Sorry" in Japanese.
A, sumimasen!
あ、すみません！
Oh, I'm sorry!"
In this lesson, you'll learn one very handy phrase that we can use to mean both "excuse me" (to
call out to someone or get someone's attention) and "I'm sorry" (to apologize for your actions).
The Phrase Sumimasen
In Japanese, the phrase that covers both "excuse me" and "I'm sorry" is sumimasen (すみませ
ん。).
Let's look at the two ways to use sumimasen that we saw in the dialogue.
1) あの・・・すみません。 Ano... sumimasen. "Umm... excuse me."

In the dialogue, the first speaker uses sumimasen to get the attention of the other speaker, who
is stepping on his foot. In this way, sumimasen is the same as "excuse me" in English, and we
can use it to get the attention of someone, like a stranger or a clerk in a store or restaurant.
The ano means "umm" or "uhh," and we use it to alert the listener that we are about to speak.
(Please see the vocabulary section above.)
2) あ、すみません！ A, sumimasen! "Oh, I'm sorry!"
Toward the end of the dialogue, the woman realized she was stepping on the man's foot and
said A, sumimasen! This sumimasen means "I'm sorry" and we use it to apologize.
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking for Something.

Sumimasen, mizu, onegai shimasu.
すみません、水、おねがいします。
"Excuse me, can I get some water?"
In this lesson, you'll learn how to ask for something that you want (like an item or a service) with
the phrase o-negai shimasu. You may recognize this as part of the phrase we learned for
introductions: yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
Asking for Something with Onegai Shimasu
The phrase o-negai shimasu basically means "please" in English, and we use it when asking for
something. To ask for something, simply say o-negai shimasu after you say the name of the
item or service that you want.
Formation
[item/service that you want] + onegai shimasu
Let's take a look at some examples.
For Example:
ITEM/SERVICE THAT YOU WANT + ONEGAI SHIMASU "ENGLISH"

menyu (メニュー) onegai shimasu "Can I get a menu?"
(おねがいします) (literally, "Menu, please.")
mizu (みず) onegai shimasu "Can I get some water?"

(おねがいします) (literally,
Water, please.")
chūmon (ちゅうもん) onegai shimasu "Can you take my order?"

(おねがいします) (literally, "Order, please.")
Note that as seen in the examples above, we can use onegai shimasu to ask for things like that
aren't tangible (like a service).
The third example, chūmon onegai shimasu, literally means "order, please," and we use it to
ask the clerk to take the order.
Sample Sentences
1. O-kaikei onegai shimasu.
おかいけいおねがいします。
"Can I get the check?" (literally, "Check, please.")
2. Sain onegai shimasu.
サインおねがいします。
"Can I have your signature/autograph?" (literally, "Sign, please.")
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Greeting Someone You Haven't Seen In a Long Time.
Masato-san! O-hisashiburi desu!
まさとさん！おひさしぶりです！
"Masato! It's been awhile!"
In this lesson, you will learn a phrase you can use to greet someone you have not seen in a
long time.
O-hisashiburi desu!
To greet someone you have not seen in a long time, you can say O-hisashiburi desu (おひさし
ぶりです。), which means "Long time no see" or "It's been awhile."
Note that you can only use this phrase if you met the person before and haven't met with or
spoken to the person in a long time.
The informal version of this phrase loses the o- in the beginning and the desu at the end. You
can use this phrase with close friends and family members: Hisashiburi (ひさしぶり。), which
is a casual way to say "Long time no see" or "It's been awhile."
Examples from This Lesson
1. Teirā: Masato-san! O-hisashiburi desu!

Masato: O-hisashiburi desu!
テイラー：まさとさん！おひさしぶりです！
まさと：おひさしぶりです！
Taylor: "Masato! It's been awhile!"
Masato: "Long time no see!"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Saying What Something Is (A is B).

Kaori-san? Hajimemashite. Boku wa Teirā desu.
かおりさん？はじめまして。ぼくはテイラーです。
"Kaori? Nice to meet you, I'm Taylor."
In this lesson, you will learn how to say what something is in Japanese. In English, we use the
verb "to be" to say what something is, and there are many different forms of it: "I am Jennifer,"
"you are tired," "he is rich," etc. In Japanese, we can use the same pattern to say all of these
things.
Saying What Something Is ("A is B")

Let's take a look at the sentence pattern for saying what something is:
★ Sentence Pattern:
[A] wa [B] desu/"[A] is [B]"
In this pattern,
A = the item being talked about ("me," "you," "he," "the dog," "an apple," etc.)
B = what you are identifying it as ("Jennifer," "Raul," "a souvenir," "water," etc.)
Now, let's make some sentences using this pattern:
A / wa / B / desu / "English"
1. Watashi ("I") wa Jenifā desu.

"I'm Jennifer."
2. Boku ("I") wa Rauru desu.
"I'm Raul."
3. Watashi wa pairotto ("pilot") desu.
"I'm a pilot."
4. Boku wa shefu ("chef") desu.
"I'm a chef."
5. Kore ("this") wa omiyage ("souvenir") desu.
"This is a souvenir."
6. Kore wa mizu ("water)" desu.
"This is water."
See how the wa and desu never change? To use this pattern, simply change parts A and B!
For Example:
1. Kore wa sushi desu.

これはすしです。
"This is sushi."
2. Watashi wa Tōmasu Ejison desu.
わたしは、トーマスエジソンです。
"I'm Thomas Edison."
Examples from This Dialogue
1. Watashi wa Kaori desu.

わたしはかおりです。
"I'm Kaori."
2. Boku wa Teirā desu.
ぼくはテイラーです。
"I'm Taylor."
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Practicing More with [A wa B desu].

Teirā-san, kore wa omiyage desu.
テイラーさん、これはおみやげです。
"Taylor, here's a little something for you."
In Lesson 7, we learned our first Japanese sentence pattern, [A wa B desu], which means "A is
B," that we use for saying what something is. In that lesson, we learned how to use this pattern
to say what your name and occupation is (as well as the names and occupations of others). In
this lesson, we will practice making more sentences with this pattern.
Practicing More with [A wa B desu]
Let's learn how to say "This is B" using our pattern:
Kore wa [B] desu./"This is [B]."
Using this pattern, we can make sentences telling others what something is.
For Example:
[B] Kore wa [B] desu. これは[B]です "English"
omiyage Kore wa omiyage desu. これはおみやげです。 "This is a small present

(おみやげ) (for you)."
mizu (みず) Kore wa mizu desu. これはみずです。 "This is water."
1. Teirā-san, kore wa omiyage desu. Dōzo.
テイラーさん、これはおみやげです。どうぞ。
"Taylor, this is a little something for you."
Language Tip: Different Ways to Say "Thank You" and "You're Welcome"
Let's take a look at some of the variations of how to say "thank you" and "you're welcome."
Saying "Thank You"
ROMANIZATION JAPANESE "ENGLISH" EXPLANATION
Arigatō gozaimasu ありがとうございます "thank you" a polite way to say than

you
Arigatō ありがとう "Thanks!" a casual way to say

thank you
Sumimasen すみません "(Sorry), thanks" a polite way to say than

you (in an apologetic
way)
Note: Sumimasen literally means "excuse me" and therefore sounds a bit apologetic. We often
use it when someone goes out of his or her way to do something for you. (We do not use it in
this dialogue, but just know you may come across it!)
Saying "You're Welcome"
ROMANIZATION JAPANESE "ENGLISH" EXPLANATION
Dō itashimashite どういたしまして "you're welcome" a polite, straightforward

way to respond
Iie (or ieie) いいえ（or いえいえ） "not at all," "no a polite way to respond

problem"
Note: Iie is the word for "no," so you are literally saying that what you did was "nothing at all."
1. Teirā: Arigatō gozaimasu.

Kaori: Ie ie.
テイラー：ありがとうございます。
かおり：いえいえ。
Taylor: "Thank you very much!"
Kaori: "Don't mention it."
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking Questions.

Kore wa... o-kashi desu ka.
これは・・・おかしですか。
"Are these sweets?"
In Lessons 7 and 8, you learned how to say what something is with the sentence
pattern [A] wa [B] desu ("A is B," for example "This is water"). In this lesson, you'll learn how to
turn that very sentence into a question: "Is A B?" ("Is this water?") In English, turning a
statement into a question requires changing the sentence order all around, but not in Japanese!
We'll show you how easy it is.
Lesson Focus: Making Questions
Let's take a sentence that uses our "A is B" sentence pattern that we learned in Lesson 7.
For Example:
1. Kore wa okashi desu.

これはおかしです。
"These are sweets."
Let's say you have a plate of snacks in front of you that look sweet...but you can't really tell! To
turn the sentence above into a question ("These are sweets" → "Are these sweets?"), we simply
add ka to the end of the sentence.
So now you can ask:
1. Kore wa okashi desu ka.

これはおかしですか。
"Are these sweets?"
Let's try it with some other sentences:
Sentence "English" → Question "English"
Kore wa mizu desu. "This is water." → Kore wa mizu desu ka? "Is this water?"
(これはみずです。) (これはみずですか？)
Kore wa niku desu. "This is meat." → Kore wa niku desu ka? "Is this meat?"
(これはにくです。) (これはにくですか？)
Kore wa sakana desu. "This is fish." → Kore wa sakana desu ka? "Is this fish?"
(これはさかなです。) (これはさかなですか？)
Kore wa yasai desu. "This is a → Kore wa yasai desu ka? "Is this a

(これはやさいです。) vegetable." (これはやさいですか？) vegetable?"
Kore wa furūtsu desu. "This is a fruit." → Kore wa furūtsu desu ka? "Is this a fruit?"
(これはフルーツです。) (これはフルーツですか？)
1. Kore wa.. o-kashi desu ka.

これは・・おかしですか。
"Are these sweets?"
Language Tips: Saying "Yes" or "No"
We have touched on how to say "yes" (hai) in previous lessons and also learned the phrase sō
desu, which we also use to affirm something. Let's take a look at how to say "no" as well:
1. "Yes" →/Hai./Hai, so desu.

はい。/はい、そうです。
2. "No" →/ Iie./Iie, chigaimasu.
いいえ。/いいえ、ちがいます。
Cultural Insights
What's Yōkan?
In the dialogue, Kaori gave Taylor a gift of yōkan, which is sweet, jellied, red-bean paste. It is
sold in block form, and we often eat it in slices. There are many different varieties of yokan.
Definitely try some if you get a chance!
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Saying That Something Belongs to Someone.
Kore wa Teirā-san no ie desu ka?
これはテイラーさんのいえですか？
"Is this your house, Taylor?"
In this lesson, you'll learn how to say that something belongs to someone. You'll also learn
some phrases we use when visiting someone's house.
How to Say That Something Belongs to Someone
Let's learn how to say that something belongs to someone. First, let's use the word "my" as an
example.
In Lesson 7, we learned two ways of saying "I": watashi (which men and women use)
and boku (which men use).
Now, how would we say "MY?" We simply put no after the word for "I":
[owner] + no + [item], meaning "[item] that belongs to [owner]"
■ Watashi + no = "my"
■ Boku + no = "my"
■ Teirā + no = "Taylor's"
OWNER NO ITEM THEY OWN FULL PHRASE "ENGLISH"
Watashi ("I") no ie ("house") Watashi no ie "my house"
Boku ("I") no kuruma ("car") Boku no kuruma "my car"

Teirā no inu ("dog") Teirā no inu "Taylor's dog"
("Taylor")
Suzuki-san no neko ("cat") Suzuki-san no "Ms. Suzuki's cat"

("Ms. Suzuki") neko
Now that we know how to make phrases that say that something belongs to someone, we can
change them into part of a larger sentence. Remember our "A is B" pattern from Lesson 7? Now
we can insert the phrases we just learned into Part B!
For Example:
A WA B DESU "ENGLISH"
Kore wa watashi no ie desu "This is my house."
Kore wa boku no kuruma desu "This is my car."
Kore wa Teirā-san no inu desu "This is Taylor's dog."
Kore wa Suzuki-san no neko desu "This is Ms. Suzuki's cat."
1. Kore wa Teirā-san no ie desu ka?

これはテイラーさんのいえですか？
"Is this your house, Taylor?"
2. Kore wa, Teirā-san no inu (desu ka)?
これは、テイラーさんのいぬ(ですか）？
"Oh, is this your dog?"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking What Something Is.
Teirā-san, kore wa, nan desu ka?
テイラーさん、これは、なんですか？
"Taylor, what is this?"
If you go to Japan, you're likely to see a lot of new, unfamiliar things. Likewise, a gift that you
receive from a Japanese friend or from family members may be something you've never seen
before! In that case, you'll want to know how to ask "what is this?" or "what is that?" In this
lesson, you'll learn how to ask what something is.
Asking What Something Is: [A] wa nan desu ka?
[A] wa nan desu ka? "What is [A]?"
In this pattern, A = the item you want to know about.
A Wa Nan Desu Ka? "English"
Kore ("this") wa nan desu ka? "What's this?"
Sore ("that") wa nan desu ka? "What's that?"
Are ("that (over there)") wa nan desu ka? "What's that (over there)?"
For Example:
1. Sumimasen, kore wa nan desu ka?

すみません。これはなんですか。
"Excuse me, (but) what is this? "
2. Yōkan wa nan desu ka?
「ようかん」はなんですか。
"What's yōkan?"
1. テイラーさん、これは、なんですか。
Teirā-san, kore wa, nan desu ka?
"Taylor, what is this?"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking Whether Something or Someone Is Okay.

Niku wa daijōbu desu ka?
肉は大丈夫ですか？
"Is meat okay?" (Can you eat meat?)
One question you will hear a lot in Japanese is: Daijōbu desu ka? This phrase literally means
"Is it okay?" or "Are you okay?" (depending on the situation), but it is very versatile! Asking
whether something "is okay" in Japanese can mean a variety of things. If you are asking
whether a certain type of food or drink is okay, it can mean "Can you eat/drink this?" Asking
whether a certain time or day is okay means "Is that time/day convenient for you?"
Using daijōbu desu ka just by itself directly to someone will usually mean "Are you okay?" Let's
take a look at how to use this very versatile phrase!
Asking Whether Something or Someone is Okay
[A] WA DAIJŌBU DESU KA? "IS [A] OKAY?"/"ARE YOU OKAY WITH [A]?"
In this pattern, A = the item you are asking about (asking whether it is okay).
A WA DAIJŌBU DESU KA? "ENGLISH"
Niku ("Meat") wa daijōbu desu ka? "Is meat okay?" ("Can you eat meat?")
Sakana wa daijōbu desu ka? "Is fish okay?" ("Can you eat fish?")
("Fish")
Osake wa daijōbu desu ka? "Is alcohol okay?" ("Can you drink alcohol?")
("Alcohol")
Kyō wa daijōbu desu ka? "Is today okay?" (for making plans, etc.)
("Today")
Ashita wa daijōbu desu ka? "Is tomorrow okay?" (for making plans, etc.)
("Tomorrow")
To ask whether something is okay, you can use this whole sentence pattern, putting the thing
you are talking about in place of [A]. But if you want to ask someone directly whether he or she
is okay (for example, "Are you okay?" when someone doesn't look well or hurts himself or
herself), you don't need [A] wa; you can simply ask Daijōbu desu ka?
For Example:
1. (situation: B trips and falls)

A: 大丈夫ですか？
Daijōbu desu ka?
"Are you okay?"
B: はい。大丈夫です。
Hai. Daijōbu desu.
"Yes. I'm okay."/"I'm fine."
2. (situation: A's dog barks at B )
A: 犬は大丈夫ですか？
Inu wa daijōbu desu ka?
"Are dogs okay?" ("Are you not scared of them, allergic, etc.")
1. にくはだいじょうぶですか？
Niku wa daijōbu desu ka?
"Is meat okay? (Can you eat meat)"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking Where Something Is (And Other Questions!)
Toire wa doko desu ka?
トイレはどこですか？
"Where's the bathroom?"
Asking questions is one of the most important things to know how to do in a foreign language.
When you want to know where something is, what time it is, someone's opinion on something—
we can achieve all of these by asking questions!
Asking Where Something Is (And Other Questions) in Japanese
First of all, do you remember this sentence pattern from Lesson 11?
[A] WA NAN DESU KA? "WHAT IS [A]?"
The pattern above means "What is [A]?"

In the sentence pattern we are learning in this lesson, we simply take the nan (which means
"what") from the pattern above and replace it with another question word.
[A] WA DOKO DESU KA? "WHERE IS [A]?"
For Example:
[A] WA DOKO DESU KA? "ENGLISH"
Toire wa doko desu ka? "Where is the bathroom/loo?"
Toiretto pēpā wa doko desu ka? "Where is the toilet paper?"
Tisshu wa doko desu ka? "Where is the tissue?"
Taoru wa doko desu ka? "Where is the towel?"
Gomi-bako wa doko desu ka? "Where is the wastebasket?"
[A] wa [question word] desu ka?
In this pattern,
A = the thing you are asking about
B = any kind of question word (where, when, what time, who, how)
Let's look at some common question words used in Japanese.
For Example:
JAPANESE ROMAJI ENGLISH
どこ Doko "Where"
いつ Itsu "When"
なんじ Nanji "What time"
どう Dō "How"
Now, let's make some sentences using this pattern using the word pātī (party).
For Example:
Pātī ("Party") wa Question Word desu ka? "English"
Pātī wa doko desu ka? "Where is the party?"
Pātī wa itsu desu ka? "When is the party?"
Pātī wa nanji desu ka? "What time is the party?"
Pātī wa dō desu ka? "How is the party?"
For Example:
1. Tisshu wa doko desu ka.

ティッシュはどこですか。
"Where is the tissue?"
2. Pātī wa nanji desu ka.
パーティーはなんじですか。
"What time is the party?"
1. トイレはどこですか？
"Where's the bathroom?"
2. Grammar
3. The Focus of This Lesson Is Reviewing Phrases We've Learned (and How to Add
Emphasis to Them!).
ほんとうにすみません・・・。
Hontō ni sumimasen...
"I'm really sorry..."
4. You've learned a lot of new phrases and expressions up until now! Are you ready for a
review? In this dialogue, you heard a lot of phrases that you have already learned in
previous lessons. Let's take a look at them and also see how we can make them
stronger in meaning!
5. Reviewing Phrases We've Learned

6. Let's review some of the phrases we've learned in the order that they showed up in the
dialogue.
JAPANESE ROMAJI "ENGLISH" FIRST APPEARED IN...
ありがとうございます Arigatō gozaimasu "Thank you." Lesson 3
すみません Sumimasen "Excuse me."/"I'm sorry." Lesson 4
だいじょうぶですか Daijōbu desu ka "Are you okay?"/"Is Lesson 12

he/she/it okay?"
だいじょうぶです Daijōbu desu "I'm okay."/"It's okay." Lesson 12
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Describing What Something Is Like.

Kariforunia no natsu wa atsui desu ne.
カリフォルニアのなつはあついですね。
"Summer in California is really hot, isn't it."
In this lesson, you will learn how to describe people, places, and things using adjectives in
Japanese. After this lesson, not only will you be able to say what something is, you'll also be
able to describe what it's like!
Describing What Something Is Like
You remember our construction [A] is [B] from Lesson 7, right?
[A] wa [B] desu [A] is [B]
Before, we practiced putting nouns (people and things) in place of [B].
We can also put adjectives (used to describe nouns) in place of [B] to describe [A], which is
what we'll do in this lesson.
[A] wa [adjective] desu [A] is [adjective]
In this pattern,
A = the item being talked about (a party, the dog, Japan, sushi, etc.)
B = what you are describing it as (hot, cold, small, fun, interesting, etc.)
Let's quickly review what adjectives are first. Adjectives are words that describe people, places,
or things, such as "big," "small," "red," "short," "delicious," etc. To complete the sentence pattern
above, first we need to know some common adjectives in Japanese:
ROMAJI JAPANESE "ENGLISH"
atsui あつい "hot"
samui さむい "cold" (weather)

atatakai あたたかい "warm"
suzushii すずしい "cool" (weather)
ōkii おおきい "big"
chiisai ちいさい "small"
oishii おいしい "delicious"
omoshiroi おもしろい "interesting," "funny"
Now, let's replace [A] with an object or place and [B] with an adjective to describe it!
Sample Sentences
1. Arasuka wa samui desu.
アラスカはさむいです。
"Alaska is cold."
2. Sushi wa oishii desu.
すしはおいしいです。
"Sushi is delicious."
3. Nihon wa chiisai desu.
にほんはちいさいです。
"Japan is small."
4. Afurika wa ōkii desu.
アフリカはおおきいです。
"Africa is big."

1. Kariforunia no natsu wa atsui desu ne.
カリフォルニアのなつはあついですね。
"Summer in California is really hot, isn't it."
2. Nihon no natsu wa, mushiatsui desu.
日本のなつは、むしあついです。
"Summers in Japan are humid."
Language Tip: The Particle Mo (も)
★ Mo (も)
In the dialogue, we saw the line Nihon no natsu mo atsui desu ka? where we used mo in place
of wa in our sentence structure.
This mo has the meaning of "also" or "too" and refers to the noun that comes before it.
For Example:
1. 日本のなつも暑いですか。
Nihon no natsu mo atsui desu ka?
"Is summer in Japan hot too?"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Responding to Someone in a Conversation.

A, etto...boku desu.
あ、えっと ...ぼくです。
"Oh, uhh...that's me."
In Japanese conversation, it's common to respond to or acknowledge what the other person is
saying using certain words and phrases. To an English speaker, these kinds of constant
interjections might take some getting used to, since we do not do this nearly as often when
speaking in English. You'll find, though, that conversations in Japan go a lot smoother when
using these words and phrases!
Responding to Someone in a Conversation

Let's look at some words and phrases we commonly use in response to what someone says in
a conversation:
PURPOSE ROMANIZATION JAPANESE "ENGLISH"
Used when thinking etto... えっと... "umm," "uhh"
Used when thinking ano... あの... "umm," "uhh"
Used when you find hē へー "Neat!" or "Wow!"

something interesting
Used to agree with sō desu ne そうですね "yes," "that's right"

someone (formal)
Used to show you are hai はい "yes," "I see" (formal)

listening or agreeing
Used to show you are un うん "yeah," "right" (informal)

listening or agreeing
For Example:
1. A: Atsui desu ne.

あついですね。　
"It's hot, isn't it?"
B: Sō desu ne.
そうですね。
"Yes, it is."
2. A: Sore wa nan desu ka?
それはなんですか。　
"What's that?"
B: Etto, sore wa niku desu.
えっと、それは　にくです。
"Umm...it's meat."
1. Teirā: Kore wa, boku no kazoku no arubamu desu.

Kaori: He~.
テイラー：これは、ぼくのかぞくのアルバムです。
かおり：へー。
Taylor: "This is my family's photo album."
Kaori: "Neat!"
Language Tip: Words for Family Members
We only learned the word for younger sister (imōto) in this lesson, but it will help to learn the
words for other family members as well!
When you are...
 talking about your own family members to someone outside the family → use regular
terms
 talking about someone else's family member → use polite terms
* We can use words marked with an asterisk to refer to members of your own family in informal
situations.
"ENGLISH" REGULAR TERMS POLITE TERMS

Japanese Romanization Japanese Romanization
"father" 父 chichi お父さん o-tō-san*
"mother" 母 haha お母さん o-kā-san*
"older brother" 兄 ani お兄さん o-nī-san*
"older sister" 姉 ane お姉さん o-nē-san*
"younger brother" 弟 otōto 弟さん otōto-san
"younger sister" 妹 imōto 妹さん imōto-san
"grandfather" 祖父 sofu おじいさん o-jī-san*
"grandmother" 祖母 sobo おばあさん o-bā-san*
"parents" 両親 ryōshin ご両親 go-ryōshin
"siblings" 兄弟 kyōdai ご兄弟 go-kyōdai
"husband" 主人 shujin ご主人 go-shujin

旦那 danna
"wife" 家内 kanai 奥さん oku-san

妻 tsuma
"son" 息子 musuko 息子さん musuko-san
"daughter" 娘 musume 娘さん musume-san
"child" 子供 kodomo お子さん o-ko-san

"grandchild" 孫 mago お孫さん o-mago-san
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Numbers and Asking or Saying One's Age
Nansai desu ka?
なんさいですか？
"How old is she?"
In this lesson, you will learn how to tell someone your age if asked or how to ask someone's
age.
Numbers in Japanese
Let's take a look at the numbers one through twenty and multiples of ten up to one hundred in
Japanese.
Numbers from zero through ten:
NUMBER JAPANESE
0 zero/rei
1 ichi
2 ni
3 san
4 shi/yon
5 go
6 roku
7 shichi/nana
8 hachi
9 kyū
10 jū
Numbers from eleven through twenty:
NUMBER JAPANESE
11 jū-ichi
12 jū-ni
13 jū-san
14 jū-yon
15 jū-go
16 jū-roku
17 jū-nana
18 jū-hachi
19 jū-kyū
20 ni-jū
Multiples of ten up to one hundred:
NUMBER JAPANESE
10 jū
20 ni-jū
30 san-jū
40 yon-jū
50 go-jū
60 roku-jū
70 nana-jū
80 hachi-jū
90 kyū-jū
100 hyaku
Asking or Saying One's Age
Let's take a look at how to ask one's age or say your own age.
★ Sentence Pattern (Asking one's age):
JAPANESE "ENGLISH"
Nansai desu ka? "How old are you?"
[Person A] wa nansai desu ka? "How old is [person A]?"
★ Sentence Pattern (Saying one's age):
JAPANESE "ENGLISH"
[Person A] wa [number + sai] desu. "[Person A] is [number] years old."
In this pattern,
Person A = the person being talked about ("me," "you," "he," "she," etc.)
[Number + sai] = the person's age plus the word sai
1. Masato: (Sara wa) nansai desu ka?

Teirā: (Sara wa) Issai desu.
まさと：（サラは）なんさいですか？
テイラー：（サラは）１さいです。
Masato: "How old is she (Sarah)?"
Taylor: "(She's) One year old."
Sample Sentences
1. Watashi wa jūgo-sai desu.

わたしは１５さいです。
"I'm fifteen years old."
2. Merissa wa san-sai desu.
メリッサは３さいです。
"Melissa is three years old."
★ Important! While saying one's age is as simple as saying a number plus sai, there are some
numbers that go through a transformation when we use them to talk about age.
Let's look at those numbers:
AGE JAPANESE
1 ichi + sai = issai
8 hachi+ sai = hassai
10 jū + sai = jussai
11 jūichi + sai = jūissai
20 nijū + sai = hatachi**
21 nijūichi + sai = nijūissai
**Note: The word for "twenty years old" is hatachi (instead of, nijūssai, which you might expect it
to be).
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Saying That You Like or Don't Like Something.
Sara wa, (inai inai baa) ga daisuki desu.
サラは、「いないいないばあ」がだいすきです。
"Sarah loves 'Peek-a-boo.'"
Whether you're talking about food preferences or just making small talk about yourself, it's
important to be able to communicate that you like or don't like something. In this lesson, you'll
learn how to say that you like and don't like something.
Saying That You Like or Don't Like Something

First, let's go over how to say you like something.
★ Sentence Patterns:
[A] ga [suki] desu / "I like [A]"
To say that you LOVE something, you can use the word daisuki instead of suki.
[A] ga daisuki desu / "I love [A]"
For Example:
1. Keki ga suki desu.

ケーキがすきです。
"I like cake."
2. Supotsu ga daisuki desu.
スポーツがだいすきです。
"I love sports."
Next, let's go over how to say you don't like something.
[A] ga kirai desu / "I don't like [A]"
To say that you HATE something, you can use the word daikirai instead of kirai.
[A] ga daikirai desu / "I hate [A]"
For Example:
1. Neko ga kirai desu.

ねこがきらいです。
"I don't like cats."
2. Tomato ga daikirai desu.
トマトがだいきらいです。
"I hate tomatoes."

1. Sara wa, (inai inai baa) ga daisuki desu.

サラは、「いないいないばあ」がだいすきです。
"Sarah loves 'Peek-a-boo.'"
2. Sara wa otoko no hito ga kirai desu.
サラはおとこのひとがきらいです。
"Sarah doesn't like men. (laughs)"
Cultural Insights
Inai Inai Bā (いないいないばあ)
Inai inai bā refers to a game played with babies and small children where you cover your face
with your hands and then suddenly show your face, surprising the baby. It is basically the same
as the game "peek-a-boo" in English.
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Talking about Inanimate Objects with Arimasu.

A, asoko ni, doraibu surū ga arimasu.
あ、あそこに、ドライブスルーがあります。
"Oh, there's a drive-thru over there..."
In this lesson, you'll learn about a very important word: arimasu! We use arimasu in two distinct
ways: one, to talk about the existence of something, and two, to talk about having something.
Let's take a look at how to use arimasu in both of these ways!
Arimasu: Talking about the Existence of Something
In Japanese, we use the word arimasu to talk about the existence of something, just like we'd
say "there is/are [item]" or "there isn't/aren't [item]" in English. When we say "Oh, there's a
supermarket" in English, we're talking about the existence of a supermarket, right? In Japanese,
we would use arimasu to express this.
[item, place] ga arimasu "There is [A]"/"[A] exists"
In this pattern, A = the thing or place that exists
ITEM GA ARIMASU "ENGLISH"
Sūpā ga arimasu "There's a supermarket."

があります
スーパー
Konbini ga arimasu "There's a convenience store."

コンビニがあります
Gasorin sutando ga arimasu "There's a gas station."

ガソリンスタンドがあります
★ In the dialogue, we saw the sentence Asoko ni, doraibu surū ga arimasu ("there's a drive-thru
over there...") with the phrase asoko ni in the beginning. This asoko ni means "over there," and
we can add it when we want to be more specific about the location
of something.
Arimasu: Talking about Having Something
We also use the word arimasu to talk about having something.
[thing] ga arimasu "I have [A]."

ITEM GA ARIMASU "ENGLISH"
arerugī ga arimasu "(I) have allergies."

アレルギーがあります
Yotei ga arimasu "(I) have plans."

よていがあります
Jikan ga arimasu "(I) have time."

じかんがあります
When it is obvious who we are talking to, we can use the above phrase [thing] ga arimasu. But
when we want to also mention the person who has something, our pattern becomes:
[person] wa [thing] ga arimasu "[Person] has [thing]."
In this pattern, A = the things or place that exists
PERSON WA ITEM GA ARIMASU "ENGLISH"
Kaori wa arerugī ga arimasu "Kaori has allergies."

かおりアレルギーがあります
は
Taylor wa okane ga arimasu "Taylor has money."

テイラーはお金があります
* Note: When talking about food allergies, it is common to put the name of the food before the
word arerugī (アレルギー) in Japanese to specify the type.
For Example:
1. chikin arerugī
チキンアレルギー
"allergic to chicken"
2. pīnattsu arerugī
ピーナッツアレルギー
"allergic to peanuts"
1. Doraibu surū ga arimasu.

2. ドライブスルーがあります。
"Oh, there's a drive-thru..."
3. Arerugī ga arimasu.
アレルギーがあります。
"I'm allergic..." (literally, "I have allergies.")
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Talking about Animate Objects with Imasu.

Raion ga imasu.
ライオンがいます。
"There's a lion."
In the last lesson, we learned how to use the verb arimasu to talk about the existence of
inanimate objects as well as to say that someone has something. In this lesson, we'll learn how
to use the verb imasu to talk about the same concepts but for animate objects, such as people
and animals.

Imasu: Talking about People and Animals
Just like we use arimasu (Lesson 19), we also use imasu to express the meanings "to be," "to
exist," "to be located," or "to have." The difference is that we use imasu to talk about animate
objects, such as people and animals. When talking about people, it often means that that
person is currently around or on the premises. We often use it when talking about family
members, as in "I have a brother" or "I have a sister."
Sentence Pattern
[animate object] ga imasu "There is ~"/"~ is here"

"I have ~" (for family members)
In this pattern, A = the animate object (person/animal) the person is talking about.
For Example:
ITEM GA IMASU "ENGLISH"
Teirā ga imasu "Taylor is here."

テイラーがいます
hito ga imasu "There's a person."

ひとがいます
imōto ga imasu "I have a younger sister."

いもうとがいます
■ Note: To make imasu negative and say that an animate object doesn't exist,

use imasen instead.
For Example:
1. Kyōdai ga imasen.
きょうだいがいません。
"I don't have any siblings."
Using Ne at the End of a Sentence
We use the particle ne in Japanese to seek agreement from the listener, like saying "right?" or
"isn't it?" or "isn't there?" at the end of a sentence in English. We call these tag questions, and
we use them very often in Japanese.
We can add the particle ne directly after a verb or desu.
For Example:
1. Raion no akachan mo imasu ne.

ライオンのあかちゃんもいますね。
"There's also a baby lion, isn't there?"
2. Kawaii desu ne.
かわいいですね。
"It's cute, right?"
1. Dōbutsu...(ga) imasu ka.

どうぶつ・・・(が）いますか。
"Are there any animals...?"
2. Raion ga imasu.
ライオンがいます。
"There's a lion."
3. Raion no akachan mo imasu ne.
ライオンのあかちゃんもいますね。
"There's also a baby lion, isn't there?"
4. A, gorira ga imasu.
あ、ゴリラがいます。
"Oh, there's a gorilla."
Sample Sentences
1. Otōto ga imasu.
おとうとがいます。
"I have a younger brother."
2. Petto ga imasu.
ペットがいます.
"I have a pet."
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Talking about Doing an Action.

Teirā-san, Sara chan wa banana o tabemasu ka.
サラちゃんはバナナをたべますか。
"Taylor, does Sarah eat bananas?"
You've already covered the two verbs for existence of animate (people, animals) and inanimate
things (objects, buildings): imasu and arimasu. In this lesson, we'll introduce some more
Japanese verbs so that you can talk about more actions, such as "eat," "drink," "go," and so on!
We'll also show you how to use these verbs to make more complex sentences, such as "I go to
the bank" or "I eat an apple."
Making Present Tense Verbs in Japanese
Just as with imasu and arimasu, the polite/formal form of present tense verbs in Japanese ends
with -masu. Compared to European languages such as English, French, and German,
Japanese verbs are very easy because they don't change form depending on who the verb is
talking about. For example, in English, we say "he eats" but "they eat" (no "-s"). In Japanese,
"he eats" is tabemasu (食べます), while "they eat" is also tabemasu (食べます). The verb
ending stays the same!
Plain form Masu Form "English"
taberu tabemasu "eat"

たべるたべます
nomu nomimasu "drink"

のむのみます
hanasu hanashimasu "speak"

はなすはなします
miru mimasu "see"/"watch"

みるみます
tsukau tsukaimasu "use"

つかうつかいます
Sample Sentences
1. Watashi wa tabemasu.
2. わたしはたべます。
"I eat."
3. Kare wa tabemasu.
かれはたべます。
"He eats."
4. Watashitachi wa tabemasu.
わたしたちはたべます。
"We eat."
Talking about Doing an Action Using Present Tense Verbs

Now we're going to look at how to make a sentence in Japanese describing an action involving
an object or a thing.
★ Sentence Pattern
[subject/person] wa [object/thing] o [verb]
おみず (o-mizu) + を (o) + のみます (nomimasu) = "[someone] drinks water"
Subject/Person wa Object/Thing o Verb "English"
Teirā wa sushi o tabemasu. "Taylor eats sushi."

テイラーはすしをたべます。
Kaori wa mizu o nomimasu. "Kaori drinks water."

かおりはみずをのみます。
watashi wa nihon-go o hanashimasu. "I speak Japanese."

わたしは日本ごをはなします。
Imōto wa terebi o mimasu. "My younger sister watches TV."

いもうとはテレビをみます。
Otōto wa konpyūta o tsukaimasu. "My younger brother uses the computer."

おとうとはコンピュータをつかいます。
You already learned in Lesson 7 that wa (は) marks the subject of a sentence in Japanese, but
let's have a quick reminder of what wa does. は literally means "as for [subject/person]." When
you see は right after a word, you know that the sentence is going to be about that word.
For Example:
1. Sara wa banana o tabemasu.

サラはバナナをたべます
literally, "As for Sarah, she eats bananas." = "Sarah eats bananas."
You may not have seen wo (を) before. Sometimes we write wo (を) as wo but we pronounce it
as ["o"]. It comes between the noun and the verb in a sentence and tells you what is done to the
object.
1. Sara-chan wa banana o tabemasu ka?

サラちゃんはバナナをたべますか。
"Does Sarah eat bananas?"
2. Hai. (Sara wa banana o) tabemasu.
はい。（サラはバナナを）たべます。
"Yes, she does (eat bananas)."
3. Matorī wa banana o tabemasu ka.
マトリーはバナナをたべますか。
"Does Muttley eat bananas?"
Sample Sentences
1. Watashi wa niku o tabemasu.

わたしはにくをたべます。
"I eat meat."
2. (Anata wa) niku o tabemasu ka.
(あなたは)にくをたべますか。
"Do you eat meat?" *Anata = "you"
3. Otōto wa eigo o hanashimasu.
おとうとはえいごをはなします。
"My younger brother speaks English." * Eigo = "English language"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking Questions Using Masu Ka.

Kaori-san mo bīru o nomimasu ka?
かおりさんもビールをのみますか？
"Do you drink beer too, Kaori?"
In the last lesson, you learned how to talk about doing an action with an object using the
pattern [person] wa [object] o [verb]. Let's take a look at this again.
For Example:
SUBJECT / PERSON WA OBJECT/THING O VERB "ENGLISH"
Kaori wa bīru o nomimasu. "Kaori drinks beer."

かおりはビールをのみます。
In this lesson, we'll look at how to ask questions about actions using verbs and the question
marker ka.
Asking Questions Using Masu Ka
Making a sentence into a question in Japanese is so easy: all you have to do is add ka on to the
end of a -masu verb sentence.
Sentence Pattern:
SUBJECT / PERSON WA OBJECT / THING O VERB KA "ENGLISH"
Teirā wa niku o tabemasu ka? "Does Taylor eat meat?"

テイラーはにくをたべますか。
Kaori wa wain o nomimasu ka? "Does Kaori drink wine?"

かおりはワインをのみますか。
Masato wa manga o yomimasu ka? "Does Masato read comics?"

まさとはマンガをよみますか。
O-tōsan wa terebi o mimasu ka? "Does your father watch TV?"
おとうさんはテレビをみますか。
Kare wa konpyūtā o tsukaimasu ka? "Does he use a computer?"

かれはコンピューターをつかいますか。
Asking "What" Questions Using Nani o [Verb]-Masu Ka?
In the dialogue you heard Taylor asking Masato Nani o nomimasu ka? (何を飲みますか。) As

you may know already, nani (何) means "what." Using nani o [verb]-masu ka, you can ask a
question beginning with "what."
Sentence Pattern:
Subject /　Person wa nani o Verb ka "English"
Teirā wa nani o tabemasu ka? "What does Taylor eat?"

テイラーはなにをたべますか。
Kaori wa nani o nomimasu ka? "What does Kaori drink?"

かおりはなにをのみますか。
Masato wa nani o yomimasu ka? "What does Masato read?"

まさとはなにをよみますか。
O-tōsan wa nani o mimasu ka? "What does your father watch?"

おとうさんはなにをみますか。
Kare wa nani o tsukaimasu ka? "What does he use?"

かれはなにをつかいますか。

1. Masato-san wa, nani o nomimasu ka?

まさとさんは、なにをのみますか。
"What do you drink, Masato?"
2. Kaori-san mo bīru o nomimasu ka?
"Do you drink beer too, Kaori?"
Sample Sentences
1. Tomodachi wa o-sake o nomimasu ka?

ともだちはおさけをのみますか。
"Do your friends drink alcohol?"
2. Sumisu-san wa anime o mimasu ka?
スミスさんはアニメをみますか。
"Does Mr. Smith watch anime?"/"Do you watch anime, Mr. Smith?"
3. Obāsan wa intānetto o tsukaimasu ka?
おばあさんはインターネットをつかいますか。
"Does your grandmother use the Internet?"
Language Tip: Review of the Particle Mo (も)
★ Mo (も)
In the dialogue, we saw the line Kaori-san mo bīru o nomimasu ka? where we used mo in place
of wa in our sentence structure. This mo has the meaning of "also" or "too" and refers to the
noun that comes before it.
For Example:
1. Kaori-san mo bīru o nomimasu ka?
"Do you (Kaori) drink beer too?"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Talking about Going Places.

Konya, boku to Masato-san wa kajino ni ikimasu.
こんや、ぼくとまさとさんはカジノにいきます。
"Tonight, Masato and I are going to the casino."
In this lesson, you'll learn how to say you're going somewhere as well as about different verbs of
movement.
[Person] wa [place] ni [verb of movement]. "Someone [goes/will go*] somewhere."
Examples:
SUBJECT/PERSON WA PLACE NI VERB OF "ENGLISH"

MOVEMENT
Taylor (テイラー) wa (は) kajino (カジノ) ni (に) ikimasu. "Taylor goes/w

(いきます。) go to the
casino."
Kaori (かおり) wa (は) koko (ここ) ni (に) kimasu. (きます。) "Kaori

comes/will com
here."
* Note: One thing that is important to know is that there is no future tense in Japanese. Instead,
we use the present form that we see in this lesson. That means that a verb such as ikimasu can
mean "go"/"goes" (present) or "will go" (future). You have to rely on the context to determine
which meaning the speaker intends. When words that indicate the speaker is using the future
("tomorrow," "next week," "next year," etc.) then it is safe to assume that the verb is talking
about the future.
Verbs of Movement
We used two very common verbs of movement in the table above: いきます, meaning "go,"
and きます, meaning "come."
PLAIN FORM POLITE FORM "ENGLISH"
iku (いく) ikimasu "go"

(いきます)
kuru (くる) kimasu "come"

(きます)
1. Ja, konya, kajino ni ikimasu ka.

じゃ、こんや、カジノにいきますか。
"Well then, shall we go to the casino tonight?"
2. Kaori-san, konya, boku to Masato-san wa kajino ni ikimasu.
かおりさん、こんや、ぼくとまさとさんはカジノにいきます。
"Kaori, tonight Masato and I are going to the casino."
3. Kaori-san mo kimasu ka?
かおりさんもきますか？
"Will you (Kaori) come with us?"

Sample Sentences
1. Watashi wa gakkō ni ikimasu.

わたしはがっこうにいきます。
"I'm going/I go to school."
2. Ashita, Masato wa pātī ni ikimasu.
あした、まさとはパーティーにいきます。
"Masato is going to go to the party tomorrow." *ashita = "tomorrow"
3. Yoku, Masato wa pātī ni ikimasu.
よく、まさとはパーティーにいきます。
"Masato often goes to a party." *yoku = "often"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking How to Say Something in Japanese or English.
Harapēnyo wa Nihongo de nan desu ka?
ハラペーニョはにほんごでなんですか？
"What's 'jalapeno' in Japanese? "
In this lesson, you'll learn how to ask what something is in Japanese or English- and in any
other language you like!
"What's [blank] in Japanese?"
You already learned how to ask "What is this?" in Lesson 11: kore wa nan desu ka? You'll
probably remember that nan desu ka? simply means "What is...?" Here, we'll learn how to ask
what something is in another language.
[unknown word] wa [language] de nan desu ka? "What is [unknown word] in [language]?"
Here is how we can ask about unknown words in Japanese. All you need to do is add the little
phrase nihongo de after introducing the word you want to ask about with [word] wa.
[word in English] wa nihongo de nan desu ka? "What is [word in English] in Japanese?"
Of course, you can reverse this pattern and ask:
[word in Japanese] wa eigo de nan desu ka? "What is [word in Japanese] in English?
Eigo, as you probably remember, is the "English language."
Talking about Other Languages
You've probably noticed that the words for "the Japanese language," nihongo (にほんご), and
"the English language," eigo (えいご), both end in -go in Japanese, which means "language."
So in order to ask what a word is in a language other than English or Japanese, all you have to
do is add -go to the name of a country in Japanese.
Note: Most countries are called in Japanese by a katakana version of how we pronounce that
country's name in the native language: for example, "Italy" is itaria (イタリア), because in Italian
the country of "Italy" is called Italia; similarly, "Germany" is called doitsu (ドイツ), after the
German name Deutschland. However, many of the countries in Asia, such as North and South
Korea, China, Taiwan, etc., have names written in kanji (Chinese characters).
For Example:
Romanization Japanese ＋go "English"
supein スペイン go "Spanish" (language)

(ご)
furansu フランス go "French" (language)

(ご)
itaria イタリア go "Italian" (language)
(ご)
doitsu ドイツ go "German" (language)

(ご)
kankoku かんこく go "Korean" (language)

(ご)
ちゅうごく go "Chinese" (language)

chūgoku (ご)
For Example:
1. 「washing machine」はにほんごでなんですか。
Washing machine wa nihongo de nan desu ka?
"What's 'washing machine' in Japanese?"
2. 「ちゅうもん」はえいごでなんですか。
Chūmon wa eigo de nan desu ka?
"What's 'chūmon' in English?"
1. Harapēnyo wa nihongo de nan desu ka?

ハラペーニョはにほんごでなんですか？
"What's 'jalapeno' in Japanese?"
Grammar
The Focus of This Lesson Is a Review of Past Grammar Points.

Rainen, mekishiko ni ikimasu.
らいねん、メキシコにいきます。
"I'm going to Mexico next year."
In this lesson, we will review some of the different grammar points we have learned throughout
this series.
★ Lesson 19: Talking about Inanimate Objects
In Lesson 19, we learned how to talk about the existence of inanimate objects using the
verb arimasu (あります). We also use arimasu to say that you or someone else has something.
[item, place] ga arimasu "There is [A]."/"[A] exists."
In this pattern, A = the thing or place that exists
For Example:
1. Konbini ga arimasu.
コンビニがあります。
"There's a convenience store."
2. Pati ga arimasu.
パーティーがあります。
"There's a party."
3. Jikan ga arimasu.
じかんがあります。
"There's time."/"I have time."
★ Lesson 23: Talking about Going Places
In Lesson 23, we learned how to talk about going places. Let's look at the example using the
verb ikimasu (行きます), meaning "to go."
Sentence Pattern:
[person] wa [place] ni ikimasu. "[Person] goes to [place]."
For Example:
1. Rainen, mekishiko ni ikimasu.

らいねん、メキシコに行きます。
"I'm going to Mexico next year."
★ Lesson 13/21: Asking Questions Using Itsu, Meaning "When"
In Lesson 21, we learned how to use itsu to form a question that means "when."
To ask a question using a verb in Japanese, simply add the question marker ka after the
-masu form of the verb.
Sentence Pattern:
[QUESTION WORD] [VERB-MASU] KA? "WHAT/WHEN/WHY WILL YOU [VERB]?"
Please memorize these question words in Japanese!
JAPANESE QUESTION WORD "ENGLISH"
nani (o) "What?"
何（を）
itsu (いつ) "When?"
dōshite (どうして) "Why?"
In this lesson, we will focus on one pattern in particular, using itsu (いつ) "when":
Sentence Pattern:
Itsu [verb] ka? "When do you [verb]?"

"When are you going to [verb]?"
For Example:
1. Itsu tabemasu ka.

いつたべますか。
"When are you going to eat?"
2. Itsu amerika ni ikimasu ka.
いつアメリカにいきますか。
"When are you going to America?"
1. Itsu ikimasu ka?

いついきますか。
"When are you going?"
Nihongo Doujou :
Grammar
Target phrase:
1.Watashi wa Natsumi desu.

わたしは、なつみです。
I am Natsumi.
2.Watashi wa gakusei desu.

わたしは、がくせいです。
I am a student.
3.Watashi wa Itaria-jin desu.
わたしは、イタリアじんです。
I am Italian.
Sentence Pattern:
Watashi wa_____desu.（わたしは＿＿＿＿＿です。）
Watashi（わたし）= "I" or "me"

wa (は) = Topic marking particle
desu（です）= Copula which is equivalent to English am/is/are.
The term copula comes from the fact that desu （です） is etymologically derived from the
combination of the particle de （で） and the verb arimasu （あります） "to be."
This sentence pattern comes in handy when you introduce yourself.
1. Say your name!
Watashi wa Natsumi desu.

わたしはなつみです。
Natsumi（なつみ）, a woman's name
ex) Watashi wa Fuyuka desu.（わたしはふゆかです。） "I'm Fuyuka."

Watashi wa Haruhito desu.（わたしははるひとです。） "I'm Haruhito."
And what's your name?

Watashi wa_____desu.（わたしは＿＿＿＿＿＿です。）
2. Say your occupation!
Watashi wa gakusei desu.

わたしは学生です。
gakusei 学生 (がくせい) "student"

ex) Watashi wa hea sutairisuto desu.（わたしは　ヘアスタイリストです。）"I'm a stylist."
Watashi wa daigakuinsei desu.（わたしは　大学院生（だいがくいんせい）です。） "I'm a
graduate student."
And what's your occupation?

Watashi wa _____ desu. （わたしはです。）
*Even if you don't know how to say your occupation in Japanese, don't worry! Just use the
English word for the time being.
3. Say your nationality!
Watashi wa Itaria-jin desu.

わたしは　イタリア人（じん）です。
Itaria-jin （イタリア人（じん））= Italian (person)
ex) Watashi wa Burajiru-jin desu. （わたしは　ブラジルじんです。） "I am Brazilian."

Watashi wa Suisu-jin desu.（わたしは　スイス人です。） "I am Swiss."
And what's your nationality?

Watashi wa_____desu. （わたしは、です。）
★Watashi wa is often omitted when it is understood from the context.
See the following examples:
Watashi wa Natsumi desu. （わたしは　なつみです。）→ Natsumi desu. （なつみです。）

Watashi wa gakusei desu. （わたしは　がくせいです。）→ Gakusei desu.（がくせいで
す。）
Watashi wa Itaria-jin desu. （わたしは　イタリアじんです。）→ Itaria-jin desu.（イタリアじん
です。）
Useful expressions from today's dialog
★ Dōzo yoroshiku o-negai shimasu （どうぞよろしくおねがいします）

★ Kon'nichiwa （こんにちは）
★ Itaria-jin（イタリア人（じん））
★ Dōzo yoroshiku o-negai shimasu

どうぞよろしくおねがいします
This literally means "please be good to me." It is a commonly used expression which
corresponds to "it's a pleasure to meet you."
In Japanese speech, there are several levels of politeness. Compare the following expressions:
- Dōzo yoroshiku o-negai shimasu （どうぞよろしくおねがいします）

-----Very polite expression
- Yoroshiku o-negai shimasu （よろしくおねがいします）
-----Polite expression
- Dōzo yoroshiku （どうぞよろしく。）
-----Casual expression, not to be used to elders or superiors
- Yoroshiku （よろしく）
-----Very casual expression
★ Kon'nichiwa
こんにちは
It means "hello." or "good afternoon." Be careful not to stress the syllable ni too much :)
★ Itaria-jin
イタリア人（じん）
jin 人（じん）means person or people. When saying someone's nationality, jin 人（じん） is

attached to the name of a country.
Guess the meaning!
1) Supein-jin（スペイン人）
2) Kanada-jin（カナダ人）
3) Furansu-jin（フランス人）
4) Mareeshia-jin（マレーシア人）
5) Mekishiko-jin（メキシコ人）
6)Amerika-jin（アメリカ人）
7) Airulando-jin（アイルランド人）
8) Osutoraria-jin（オーストラリア人）
9) Igirisu-jin（イギリス人）
10) Doitsu-jin（ドイツ人）
Kanji
Hide
KANJI READING MEANING 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH

CHARACTER CHARACTER CHARACTER CHARACTER
私わたし I, Me 私・I
社長しゃ・ちょう Company 社・Company 長・Chief

president
大学院生だい・がく・いん・せ Graduate 大・Big 学・Study 院・Institution 生・Life

い student
学生がく・せい Student 学・Study 生・Life
イタリアいたりあ・じん Italian 人・Person

人
Grammar
Target phrases:
1.Watashi wa Mi Yon desu.（私はミヨンです。）
I am Mi Yeon.
2.Mi Yeon-san wa Amerika-jin desu.（ミヨンさんはアメリカじんです。）

Mi Yeon is American.
3.Mi Yeon-san wa Amerika-jin desu ka?（ミヨンさんはアメリカじんですか。）

Is Mi Yeon American?/Are you American? (see below)
Explanation:
1. Watashi wa Mi Yon desu.

私（わたし）はミヨンです。
⇒ SEE Newbie lesson season 2 lesson 1
 watashi（私（わたし））= I
 Mi Yon（ミヨン）=Mi Yeon
What's your name?

Watashi wa ______desu.（私（わたし）は＿＿＿＿＿です。）
2. Mi Yon-san wa Amerika-jin desu.

ミヨンさんは、アメリカ人（じん）です。
 wa （は）= Topic marking particle

 Amerika-jin（アメリカ人（じん））= American
 desu（です）= Copula (equivalent to the English am/is/are)
You have already learned how to introduce your name, occupation, and nationality
using watashi wa ______desu in Newbie series season 1 lesson 1.
Replace watashi with a different noun to talk about other things or people!
Example
 Kento wa Amerika-jin desu.（ケントは、アメリカじんです。）

 Mi Yon-san wa gakusei desu.（ミヨンさんは、学生（がくせい）です。）

Make a sentence about your friends' nationality!　

_____ wa_____desu.（＿＿＿は、＿＿＿です。）
Sentence pattern
[Noun] wa（は） [Noun] desu（です。）
watashi（わたし） wa（は） Mi Yeon（ミヨン） desu.（です。）
watashi（わたし） wa（は） Higashi（ひがし） desu（です。）
Mi-Yeon-san（ミヨンさん） wa（は） Amerika-jin（アメリカ人） desu.（です。）
Higashi-san（ひがしさん） wa（は） gakusei（がくせい） desu.（です。）
3. Mi Yeon-san wa Amerika-jin desu ka?

ミヨンさんは　アメリカ人（じん）ですか。
The formation of questions in Japanese is easy. Put ka（か）at the end of a sentence and it
becomes a question. Intonation normally rises on the particle ka（か）.
 _____ wa _____desu ka? （＿＿＿＿＿は＿＿＿＿＿ですか。）
Example
 Kento-san wa Amerika-jin desu ka?（ケントさんは、アメリカ人ですか。）

 Mi Yon-san wa gakusei desu ka?（ミヨンさんは、学生（がくせい）ですか。
Let's Practice! Change the following statements to questions.

Minami-san wa daigakuinsei desu.（みなみさんは大学院生です。）
→ __________________________________?
Shū-san wa hea sutairisuto desu.（しゅうさんはヘアースタイリストです。）

→ ____________________________ _?
Sentence pattern
watashi（わたし） wa（は） Mi yon（ミヨン） desu ka?（ですか。）
watashi（わたし） wa（は） Higashi（ひがし） desu ka?（ですか。）
Mi yon-san（ミヨンさん） wa（は） Amerika-jin（アメリカ人） desu ka?（ですか。）
Higashi-san（ひがしさん） wa（は） gakusei（がくせい） desu ka?（ですか。）
ka（か） = Question marker, found at the end of the sentence
★Note that "you" in Japanese is anata（あなた）so the following is valid:
 Anata wa Amerika-jin desu ka?（あなたはアメリカ人ですか。）= Are you American?
Although this sentence is grammatically correct, avoid addressing other people

with anata because it is considered too direct. Instead of anata, use the person's name
with san（さん）attached. It's less direct and therefore more polite.
This means that Mi Yon-san wa Amerika-jin desu ka?（ミヨンさんはアメリカ人ですか。）can

have 2 meanings:
1. Is Mi Yeon American?
- [You are talking to somebody else about Mi Yeon.]
2. Are you American, Mi Yeon?
- [You are talking to Mi Yeon directly.]
Useful expressions from the dialog:

★o-hayō gozaimasu（おはようございます）
★Mi Yeon-san（ミヨンさん）
★Hai, sō desu.（はい、そうです。）
★ o-hayō gozaimasu
おはようございます
It means "good morning."
Check other greetings:
 o-hayō gozaimasu（おはようございます）
= Good morning [Polite]
 o-hayō（おはよう）
= Good morning [Very casual- not to be used to elders or superiors]
 Kon'nichiwa（こんにちは）
= Hello [Polite]
 Konbanwa（こんばんは）
= Good evening [Polite]
★Mi Yeon-san
ミヨンさん
When addressing people, san（さん） [equivalent to Mr.,Mrs.,etc] can be attached to either a

family name or a first name:
●Higashi, Haruhito（東　春人　（ひがしはるひと））

→ Higashi-san（東さん（ひがしさん））= Mr. or Ms. Higashi
→ Haruhito-san（春人さん（はるひとさん）） = Haruhito
→ Higashi Haruhito-san（東春人さん（ひがしはるひとさん））= Mr. Haruhito Higashi
●　Kimu Mi Yon（キム　ミヨン）= Kim Mi Yeon

→ Kimu-san（キムさん）= Mr. or Ms. Kim
→ Mi Yon-san（ミヨンさん）= Mi Yeon
*Note that you CAN NOT attach san（さん）to your own name:

★Hai, sō desu.
はい、そうです。
It means "yes, that's right."
 hai（はい）= Yes
 sō desu（そうです） = That's right. (literally means "it is so.")
 Sō can be used instead of repeating the noun.
A negative response is iie, chigaimasu.（いいえ、ちがいます。）= No, that's not right.
 iie（いいえ） = No.
 chigaimasu（ちがいます）= That's wrong. [literally means "It is different."]
Example
 Kimu Mi Yon-san wa intān desu ka?

（キムミヨンさんはインターンですか。)
Is Ms. Mi Yeon Kim an intern?
 Yes→ Hai, sō desu.（はい、そうです。）
 No→ iie, chigaimasu.（いいえ、ちがいます。）
Grammar
Target phrases:
1. Faburitsio-san wa bejitarian desu.

（ファブリツィオさんはベジタリアンです。）
Fabrizio is a vegetarian.
2. Kore wa niku desu.

（これはにくです。）
This is meat.
3. Kore wa niku desu ka?
（これはにくですか。）
Is this meat?
4. Kore wa niku de wa arimasen.

（これはにくではありません。）
Kore wa niku ja arimasen.
（これはにくじゃありません。）
Kore wa niku ja nai desu.
（これはにくじゃないです。）
This is not meat.
Sentence Pattern:
* Kore wa desu.（これ　は　 ___です。）
kore（これ） wa（は） niku（にく） desu.（です。）
kore（これ） wa（は） sakana（さかな） desu.（です。）
kore（これ） wa（は） yasai（やさい） desu.（です。）
kore（これ）= this
wa（は）= Topic marking particle
desu（です）= Copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
* Kore wa desu ka? （これはです　か。）
kore（これ） wa（は） niku（にく） desu ka?（ですか。）
kore（これ） wa（は） sakana（さかな） desu ka?（ですか。）
kore（これ） wa（は） yasai（やさい） desu ka?（ですか。）
ka（か） = Question marker; found at the end of the sentence.

* kore wa ja nai desu.（これはじゃないです。）
kore（これ） wa（は） niku（にく） de wa arimasen.（ではありません。）
kore（これ） wa（は） sakana（さかな） ja arimasen.（じゃありません）
kore（これ） wa（は） yasai（やさい） ja nai desu.（じゃないです）
1.Faburitsio-san wa bejitarian desu.

ファブリツィオさんはベジタリアンです。
Faburitsio（ファブリツィオ）= Fabrizio
bejitarian（ベジタリアン）= vegetarian
desu（です）= Copula (equivalent to the English am/is/are)
● wa desu.（はです。）
2.kore wa niku desu.

これは肉（にく）です。
kore（これ）= this or these (demonstrative pronoun)

wa（は） = Topic marking particle
niku（肉（にく））= meat
Compare the following words:
● kore is used for things close to or belonging to the speaker.

● sore is used for things close the listener. It can be translated as "the thing(s) near you."
● are is used for things which are far from both the speaker and the listener.
Sample sentences:
 kore wa niku desu.（これはにくです。）

 sore wa niku desu.（それはにくです。）
 are wa niku desu.（あれはにくです。）
3. Kore wa niku desu ka?

これは肉（にく）ですか。
It is easy to form a question in Japanese: just add ka（か） to the end of the sentence. The
intonation usually rises on the particle ka（か）.
Sample sentences:
 kore wa niku desu ka?（これはにくですか。）

 sore wa niku desu ka?（それはにくですか。）
 are wa niku desu ka?（あれはにくですか。）
4.Kore wa niku de wa arimasen.

これは肉ではありません。
Kore wa niku ja arimasen.
これは肉じゃありません。
Kore wa niku ja nai desu.
これは肉じゃないです。
です/desu is equivalent to English am/is/are.

There are 3 negative forms of desu（です）. They are...
● --- de wa arimasen（--- ではありません）

● --- ja arimasen（--- じゃありません）
● --- ja nai desu（--- じゃないです）
Although all of these expressions are polite, de wa arimasen（ではありません）is the most

polite among these three.
Cultural Insights
Grammar
Target phrase:
1.Kore wa kusuri desu.（これはくすりです。）
This is medicine.
2.Kore wa nan desu ka? （これ　は　なん　です　か。）

What is this?
3. Kore mo kusuri desu. （これ　も　くすり　です。）

This is also medicine.
4. Kore mo kusuri desu ka? （これ　も　くすり　です　か。）

Is this also medicine?
Explanation:
1. Kore wa kusuri desu.

これは薬（くすり）です
kore（これ）= this
kusuri（薬（くすり））= medicine
Kore wa desu.（これはです。）
*For the definition of kore（これ）、sore（それ）、are（あれ）⇒ See this lesson
2. Kore wa nan desu ka?

これは何（なん）ですか。
nani（何（なに））means "what," but it becomes nan（なん）before a D sound or T sound.
Sentence pattern
kore（これ） wa（は） nan（なん） desu（です） ka?（か。）
sore（それ） wa（は） nan（なん） desu（です） ka?（か。）
are（あれ） wa（は） nan（なん） desu（です） ka?（か。）
ka（か）= Question marker; found at the end of the sentence
3.Kore mo kusuri desu.

これも薬です。
In this sentence, mo（も）replaces wa（は）to mean "too"or "also."
Compare these:
●Kore wa kusuri desu.（これは薬です。）= This is medicine.
●Kore mo kusuri desu.（これも薬です。） = This is also medicine.
Sentence pattern
mo（も） desu.（です。）
sore（それ） mo（も） kusuri（薬（くすり）） desu.（です。）
are（あれ） mo（も） kusuri（くすり） desu.（です。）
mo（も）= too, also, either
4.Kore mo kusuri desu ka?

これも薬（くすり）ですか。
mo（も）= too, also, either
Compare these:
●Kore wa kusuri desu ka?（これは薬ですか。）= Is this medicine?

●Kore mo kusuri desu ka?（これも薬ですか。）= Is this medicine also?
Sentence pattern
kore（これ） mo（も）＿＿＿＿＿ desu（です） ka?（か。）
kore（これ） mo（も） kusuri（くすり） desu（です） ka?（か。）
sore（それ） mo（も） kusuri（くすり） desu（です） ka?（か。）
are（あれ） mo（も） kusuri（くすり） desu（です） ka?（か。）
Useful expressions from the dialog:

★ Kaze desu ka?（かぜですか）
★ Tabun.（たぶん。）
★ Eh?（え?）
★Dame desu.（だめです。）
★Kaze desu ka?

風邪（かぜ）ですか。
This literally means "is it a cold?" It corresponds to "do you have a cold?"
The followings are possible responses:

Hai, kaze desu.（はい、風邪（かぜ）です。） = Yes, I have a cold.
Iie, kaze ja nai desu.（いいえ、風邪（かぜ）じゃないです。）= No, I don't have a cold.
★ Tabun
たぶん。
It means "maybe" or "probably."

Tabun, kaze desu.（たぶん、風邪（かぜ）です。） = I probably have a cold.
★ Eh?
え?
People often say eh?（え?） to express their uncertainty, doubt, surprise, etc. This can be
translated as "What?,""Huh?"or"Oh!"
★ Dame desu.
だめです。
dame（だめ）= no good, useless

EX)
kore wa dame desu.（これはだめです。）= This is no good, this is useless.
If you are a minor...
Arukoru wa dame desu!（アルコールはだめです！） = Alcohol is off limits!
Tabako wa dame desu!（たばこはだめです！）= Tobacco is off limits!
Grammar
Target phrase:
1.Denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?

電話番号は何ですか。
What is the phone number?
2.Kaisha no denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?

会社の電話番号は何ですか。
What is the company's phone number?
Explanation:
1.でんわばんごうはなんですか。
Denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?
What is the phone number?
denwa bangō （電話番号（でんわばんごう）） = telephone number

wa （は） = Topic marking particle
nan （何（なん））= what
desu （です） = Copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
ka （か） = Question marker; found at the end of the sentence.
■　 wa nan desu ka?　（＿＿は何ですか。） → SEE Newbie lesson season 2 Lesson 4
2.かいしゃのでんわばんごうはなんですか。
Kaisha no denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?
What is the company's phone number?
kaisha （会社（かいしゃ）） = company
no （の） is a possessive particle which indicates ownership or attribution.
no （の） comes after the noun it modifies, like "___'s" in English.
Examples:
● kompyūtā no pasuwādo （コンピューターのパスワード）
= computer's password, password for the computer
● kaisha no denwa bangō （会社の電話番号）

= comany's phone number, office phone number
●watashi no kaisha （私の会社）
= my company
Sentence pattern
会社の電話番号は何ですか。
Kaisha no denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?
東さんの電話番号は何ですか。
Higashi-san no denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?
キムさんの電話番号は何ですか。
Kimu-san no denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?
会社のメールアドレスは何ですか。
Kaisha no mēru adoresu wa nan desu ka?
東さんのメールアドレスは何ですか。
Higashi-san no mēru adoresu wa nan desu ka?

キムさんのメールアドレスは何ですか。
Kimu-san no mēru adoresu wa nan desu ka?
*mēru adoresu （メールアドレス） = mail address
Numbers:
0 ぜろ、れい zero, rei
1 いち ichi
2 に ni
3 さん san
4 よん、し yon, shi
5 ご go
6 ろく roku
7 なな、しち nana, shichi
8 はち hachi
9 きゅう、く kyū, ku
10 じゅう jū
In today's dialog, Kim said...
 Kaisha no denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?　

（会社の電話番号は何ですか。）
and Higashi answered ...
 Zero san san yon go roku nana hachi hachi desu.

（03-345-6788 です。）
Of course Higashi could have said...
 Kaisha no denwa bangō wa 03-345-6788 desu.　

（会社の電話番号は 03-345-6788 です。）
But since kaisha no denwa bangō （会社の電話番号)　part is already understood, Higashi

dropped it in his answer.
Grammar
Target phrases:
1.ここは、100 えんショップ　です。
Koko wa hyaku en shoppu desu.
This place is a 100 yen shop.
2.これは、いくら　です　か。
Kore wa ikura desu ka?
How much is this?
3.それは、100 えん　です。
Sore wa hyaku en desu.
It's 100 yen.
Explanation:
1.ここは 100 円
（ひゃくえん）ショップです。
Koko wa hyaku en shoppu desu.
koko（ここ） = here
hyaku-en shoppu（100 円（ひゃくえん）ショップ） = 100 yen shop
desu（です） = Copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
Sentence pattern
ここは 100 円ショップです。
Koko wa hyaku-en shoppu desu.
ここは会社（かいしゃ）です。
Koko wa kaisha desu.
ここはトイレです。
Koko wa toire desu.
100 円ショップはここです。
Hyaku-en shoppu wa koko desu.
トイレはここです。
Toire wa koko desu.
*トイレ/toire = toilet, restroom

2.これはいくらですか。
kore（これ） = this
ikura（いくら） = how much; used to ask prices.
desu（です） = Copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
ka?（か） = Question marker; found at the end of the sentence.
Compare the following questions:
●What is this? = Kore wa nan desu ka? （これは何ですか。） ⇒ SEE Newbie Series season 2
lesson 4
●How much is this? = Kore wa ikura desu ka? （これはいくらですか。）
Sentence pattern
これはいくらですか。
それはいくらですか。
Sore wa ikura desu ka?
あれはいくらですか。
Are wa ikura desu ka?
コンピューターはいくらですか。
Konpyūtā wa ikura desu ka?

くすりはいくらですか。
Kusuri wa ikura desu ka?
3.それは 100 円（えん）です。

Sore wa hyaku en desu.
sore（それ） = the thing(s) near you.

hyaku-en（100 円（ひゃくえん）） = 100 yen.
Since sore wa（それは） is already understood, it can be dropped.
*kore（これ）、sore（それ）、are（あれ） ⇒ SEE Newbie season 2 Lesson 4
cf.
●Sore mo hyaku en desu.（それも 100 円です。）= It's also 100 yen.
●Kore mo hyaku en desu.（これも 100 円です。）= This is also 100 yen.
●Are mo hyaku en desu.（あれも 100 円です。）= That's also 100 yen.
Useful expressions from today's dialog:
★Irasshaimase（いらっしゃいませ。）
★o-kyaku-san （お客（きゃく）さん）
★ja（じゃ）
★Kore to kore o kudasai.（これとこれをください。）
★Irasshaimase.
いらっしゃいませ。
This is a very common phrase used in greeting customers in stores or restaurants. It can be
translated as "May I help you?" or "Welcome." No response is required for Irasshaimase.

★o-kyaku-san
お客（きゃく）さん
o（お） = The o- in o-kyaku-san is used to show respect; it is called an honorific prefix.

kyaku（客（きゃく）） = customer(s)
san（さん） = Mr.or Ms. ⇒ SEE Newbie series season 2 Lesson2
★ja
じゃ
It means "Well then,"
★Kore to kore o kudasai.

これとこれを下さい（ください）。
to（と） = and ⇒SEE Newbie series season 2 lesson 3

The phrase o kudasai（を下さい） is used the same way as "I'll take..."
Examples
●Kore o kudasai.（これをください。） = I'll take this.
●Sore o kudasai.（それをください。） = I'll take the one near you.
●Are o kudasai.（あれをください。） = I'll take the one over there.
●Kusuri o kudasai.（薬をください。）= I'll take some medicine or could you give me some
medicine?
●Sāmon o kudasai.（サーモンをください。）=　I'll have salmon.
●Sāmon to tsuna o kudasai.（サーモンとツナをください。）=　I'll have salmon and tuna.
★★★Challenge!★★★
Guess the meaning!
1. Koko wa Tokyo desu.（ここは東京です。）

2. Kore to sore to are o kudasai.（これとそれとあれをください。）
Translate into Japanese!
1.How much is this? →
2.It's 200 yen. →
3.This is also 200 yen. →
4.I'll take this .→
5.Welcome (to our shop)! →
Numbers　　1-10 ⇒ SEE Newbie series season 2 lesson 5
10 じゅう jū
11 じゅういち jū ichi
12 じゅうに jū ni
13 じゅうさん jū san
14 じゅうよん、じゅうし jū yon, jū shi
15 じゅうご jū go
16 じゅうろく jū roku
17 じゅうなな、じゅうしち jū nana, jū shichi

18 じゅうはち jū hachi
19 じゅうきゅう、じゅうく jū kyū, jū ku
20 にじゅう ni jū
30 さんじゅう san jū
40 よんじゅう、しじゅう yon jū, shi jū
50 ごじゅう go jū
60 ろくじゅう roku jū
70 ななじゅう、しちじゅう nana jū, shichi jū
80 はちじゅう hachi jū
90 きゅうじゅう kyū jū
100 ひゃく hyaku
200 にひゃく ni hyaku
300 さんびゃく *san byaku
400 よんひゃく yon hyaku

500 ごひゃく go hyaku
600 ろっぴゃく *roppyaku
700 ななひゃく nana hyaku
800 はっぴゃく *happyaku
900 きゅうひゃく kyū hyaku
Grammar
Target phrase:
このかさは、いくらですか。
Kono kasa wa ikura desu ka?
How much is this umbrella?
Explanation:
この傘はいくらですか。
このかさはいくらですか。
 この/kono = this, these (precedes nouns)

 傘/かさ/kasa = umbrella
 は/wa = Topic marking particle
 いくら/ikura = how much; used to ask prices.
 です/desu = Copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
 か/ka = Question marker; found at the end of the sentence.
We have already learned これ/kore,それ/sore and あれ/are in Newbie Series season 2 lesson3.

While これ/kore, それ/sore, あれ/are, grammatically speaking, nouns, この/kono, その/sono, あ
の/ano cannot be used on their own. They must precede a noun.
Please note that you can say...
 これをください。[Kore o kudasai]

I'll take it.
or
 このかさをください。[Kono kasa o kudasai.]

I'll take this umbrella.
but you cannot say...
 ×　このをください。[ Kono o kudasai.]
How much is this?

= これはいくらですか。
⇒ Newbie series season 2 lesson 6.
Sentence Pattern
これはいくらですか。
Sore wa ikura desu ka?
あれはいくらですか。
Are wa ikura desu ka?

このかさはいくらですか。
そのかさはいくらですか。
Sono kasa wa ikura desu ka?
あのかさはいくらですか。
Ano kasa wa ikura desu ka?
この肉* はいくらですか。
Kono niku* wa ikura desu ka?
そのトマト* はいくらですか。
Sono tomato* wa ikura desu ka?
あのくすりはいくらですか。
Ano kusuri* wa ikura desu ka?
*肉/にく/niku = meat
*トマト/tomato = tomato
*薬/くすり/kusuri = medicine
★33000 えんでございます。/Sanman sanzen en de gozaimasu.

★じゃ、これをください。/Ja, kore o kudasai.
★税込み/ぜいこみ/zeikomi
★33000 えんでございます。/Sanman sanzen en de gozaimasu.
This is an even more polite way to say 33000 えんです。/Sanzen en desu.
★じゃ、これをください。/Ja, kore o kudasai.

It means "Well then, I'll take this." ⇒ SEE this lesson
税/ぜい/zei = tax
込み/こみ/komi = including, included
税込み/ぜいこみ/zeikomi = tax included
Check the following sentences:
Ex)
これは、ぜいこみですか。/Kore wa zeikomi desu ka?
これは、ぜいこみです。/Kore wa zeikomi desu.
これは、ぜいこみではありません。/Kore wa zeikomi de wa arimasen.
これは、ぜいこみじゃないです。/Kore wa zeikomi ja nai desu.
ぜいこみ、1000 えんです。/Zeikomi, sen en desu.
ぜいこみ、1000 えんでございます。/Zeikomi, sen en de gozaimasu.
*ではありません/de wa arimasen、じゃないです/ja nai desu ⇒ SEE this lesson
★★★★★Challenge!★★★★★★
1.How much is this medicine? →
2.How much is this? →
3.I'll take this medicine. →
4.I'll take that one over there. →
Guess the meaning!
5.傘を下さい。/かさをください。/Kasa o kudasai.
→
6.これは税込みですか。/これはぜいこみですか。/Kore wa zeikomi desu ka?
7.税込み、10000 円です。/ぜいこみ、いちまんえんです。/Zeikomi, ichiman en desu.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Numbers
1-10 ⇒ SEE this lesson
10-900 ⇒ SEE this lesson
1000 せん sen
2000 にせん ni sen
3000 さんぜん san zen*
4000 よんせん yon sen
5000 ごせん go sen
6000 ろくせん roku sen
7000 ななせん nana sen
8000 はっせん hassen
9000 きゅうせん kyūsen

10000 いちまん ichi man
20000 にまん ni man
30000 さんまん san man
40000 よんまん yon man
50000 ごまん go man
60000 ろくまん roku man
70000 ななまん nana man
80000 はちまん hachi man
90000 きゅうまん kyū man
100000 じゅうまん jū man
200000 にじゅうまん ni jū man
300000 さんじゅうまん san jū man
400000 よんじゅうまん yon jū man
500000 ごじゅうまん go jū man
600000 ろくじゅうまん roku jū man
700000 ななじゅうまん nana jū man

800000 はちじゅうまん hachi jū man
900000 きゅうじゅうまん kyū jū man
1000000 ひゃくまん hyaku man
Grammar
Target phrase:
1.これは、わたしのかさ　です。
Kore wa watashi no kasa desu.
This is my umbrella.
2.これは、わたしのかさ　じゃないです。
Kore wa watashi no kasa ja　nai desu.
This is not my umbrella.
3.これは、だれのかさ　です　か。
Kore wa dare no kasa desu ka?
Whose umbrella is this?
Explanation:
1. これは、私の傘です。
これは、わたしのかさです。
これ/kore = this
は/wa = Topic marking particle
私の/わたしの/watashi no = my, mine
*私/わたし/watashi = I
*の/no = 's
傘/かさ/kasa = umbrella
です/desu = Copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
私の/わたしの/watashi no means "my" or "mine."
Compare these sentences:
これは、私の傘です。/これは　わたしのかさです。/Kore wa watashi no kasa desu.

= This is my umbrella.
これは、私のです。/これは　わたしのです。/Kore wa watashi no desu.

= This is mine.
Sentence Pattern: This is my umbrella!
Topic wa person no noun desu
これはわたしのかさです。
これはマリアのかさです。
Kore wa Maria no kasa desu.
これはみなみのかさです。
Kore wa Minami no kasa desu.
これはケンのかさです。
Kore wa Ken no kasa desu.

Sentence Pattern: This is mine!
Topic wa person no desu
これはわたしのです。
Kore wa watashi no desu.
これはマリアのです。
Kore wa Maria no desu.
これはみなみのです。
Kore wa Minami no desu.
これはケンのです。
Kore wa Ken no desu.
2.これは、私の傘じゃないです。
これは、わたしのかさじゃないです。
Kore wa watashi no kasa ja nai desu.
これ/kore = this
私/わたし/watashi = I
の/no = 's
じゃないです/ja nai desu = negative form of です/desu ⇒ SEE Newbie series season 2 lesson 3
Compare the following sentences:
これは、私の傘じゃないです。/Kore wa watashi no kasa ja nai desu.

= This is not my umbrella.
これは、私のじゃないです。/Kore wa watashi no ja nai desu.

= This is not mine.
Sentence Pattern
これはわたしのかさじゃないです。
これはマリアのかさじゃないです。
Kore wa Maria no kasa ja nai desu.
これはわたしの - じゃないです。
Kore wa watashi no - ja nai desu.
これはマリアの - じゃないです。
Kore wa Maria no - ja nai desu.

3.これは、誰の傘ですか。
これは、だれのかさですか。
これ/kore = this
誰の/だれの/dare no = whose
*誰/だれ/dare = who
*の/no = 's
か/ka = Question marker; found at the end of the sentence.
Compare the following sentences:
これは、誰の傘ですか。/これは　だれのかさ　ですか。/Kore wa dare no kasa desu ka?

= Whose umbrella is this?
これは、誰のですか。/これは　だれのですか。/Kore wa dare no desu ka?

= Whose is this?
Sentence Pattern
これはだれのかさですか。
Kore wa dare no kasa desu ka?
これはだれのくすりですか。
Kore wa dare no kusuri desu ka?
これはだれのわすれものですか。
Kore wa dare no wasuremono desu ka?

これはだれの - ですか。
Kore wa dare no - desu ka?
*If the subject is clear for both the speaker and the listener(s), the subject is often omitted.
c.f.
1.わたしのかさです。/Watashi no kasa desu.
2.わたしのかさじゃないです。/Watashi no kasa ja nai desu.
3.だれのかさですか。/Dare no kasa desu ka?
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
★つぎは、とうきょう。/Tsugi wa Tōkyō.
★わすれものです。/Wasuremono desu.
★ありがとうございます。/Arigatō gozaimasu.
★つぎは、とうきょう。/Tsugi wa Tōkyō.
This means "the next stop (or station) is Tokyo." The object, eki (station) is omitted, but can be
inferred from the context.
Grammatically, this sentence should be つぎはとうきょうです。/Tsugi wa Tōkyō desu, but
since the phrase in today's dialog is an announcement, a special kind of speech style is applied
and the copula is omitted.
★わすれものです。/Wasuremono desu.
わすれもの/wasuremono = something forgotten, or a lost article
This sentence means "you forgot something" or "it's a lost article." As is the case with many
sentences in Japanese, the object is omitted.
★ありがとうございます。/Arigatō gozaimasu

This is the most common way to say thank you.
Other expressions of gratitude:

☆どうも。/Dōmo. - Very casual way to say thank you.
☆ありがとう。/Arigatō. - Casual way to say thank you. Not be be used to elders or superiors.
☆どうもありがとう。/Dōmo arigatō. - Casual way to say thank you. Slightly more polite than
Arigatō. Not be used to elders or superiors.
☆ありがとうございます。/ Arigatō gozaimasu. - Polite way to say thank you.
☆どうもありがとうございます。/ Dōmo arigatō gozaimasu. - Very polite way to way thank you.
Challenge!!
Guess the meaning!
1.次は横浜です。/つぎはよこはまです。/Tsugi wa Yokohama desu.

2.私の忘れ物です。/わたしのわすれものです。/Watashi no wasuremono desu.
3.誰の忘れ物ですか。/だれのわすれものですか。/Dare no wasuremono desu ka?
Target phrase:
1.それは、どこのかさですか。
Sore wa doko no kasa desu ka?
Where is that umbrella from?
2.これは、イタリアのかさです。
Kore wa Itaria no kasa desu.
This is an Italian umbrella.
Explanation:
1.それは、どこのかさですか。
Sore wa doko no kasa desu ka?
Where is that umbrella from?
それ/sore = that (object near the listener)

*Definition of これ/kore,それ/sore and あれ/are ⇒ SEE this lesson
どこ/doko = where
の/no = -'s (possessive particle)
か/ka = Question marker; found at the end of the sentence.
の/no is a possessive particle which indicates ownership or attribution. The first noun is
modifying the second.
どこのかさですか/doko no kasa desu ka? can be answered with the brand of umbrella, the
store where it was purchased or the name of the country where it was made.
Sentence Pattern:
これはどこのかさですか。
Kore wa doko no kasa desu ka?
それはどこのカメラですか。
Sore wa doko no kamera desu ka?
あれはどこのワインですか。
Are wa doko no wain desu ka?
2.これは、イタリアのかさです。
これ/kore = this (object near the speaker)

イタリア/Itaria = Italy
です/desu = Copula (roughly equivalent to English am/is/are)
Sentence Pattern:
これはイタリアのかさです。
それはソニーのカメラです。

Sore wa Sony no kamera desu.
あれはフランスのワインです。

Are wa Furansu no wain desu.
これはナイキのシャツです。

Kore wa Nike no shatsu desu.
それはデルのコンピューターです。
Sore wa DELL no konpyūtā desu.
あれは 100 円ショップのかさです。

Are wa hyaku-en shoppu no kasa desu.

★イタリアのデザイナー/ Itaria no dezainā
★へえ。/Hē.
★すごい。/Sugoi
★イタリアのデザイナー
Itaria no dezainā
The possessive particle の/no is used between two nouns, indicating that the first noun
possesses the second noun or the first noun is modifying the second.
EX)
わたし　　　の　かさ　　　　/watashi no kasa = my umbrella
ひがしさん　の　かさ　　　　/Higashi-san no kasa = Mr. Higashi's umbrella
イタリア　　の　かさ　　　　/Itaria no kasa = Italian (made) umbrella
イタリア　　の　デザイナー　/Itaria no dezainā = Italian designer
イタリア　　の　デザイナー　の　かさ/Itaria no dezainā no kasa = Italian designer umbrella
★へえ。
Hē.
This is a casual emotional interjection and can be translated as "Oh, yeah?","Oh, really?"or "I
see!" Some people prolong the last "e" sound and pronounce as へえー/hē.
★すごい。
Sugoi.
すごい。/Sugoi. is a commonly used adjective which originally means "extremely...." or "the

level or the degree is extreme." すごい。/Sugoi could mean "great!"or "awful" depending on the
context.
Grammar
Grammar review Newbie series season 2 Lesson 6-9:
1. Affirmative
これは　わたしの　かさ　です。
This is my umbrella.
これは　わたしの　です。
Kore wa watashi no desu.
This is mine.
これは　イタリアの　かさ　です。
Sentence Pattern
これはわたしのかさです。
それはマリアのくすりです。
Sore wa Maria no kusuri desu.
あれはソニーのカメラです。
Are wa Sony no kamera desu.
これはフランスのワインです。
Kore wa Furansu no wain desu.
あれはみなみのです。
Are wa Minami no desu.

2.Negative
これは、わたしのかさじゃないです。
This is not my umbrella.
これは、わたしの　では　ありません。
Kore wa watashi no de wa arimasen.
This is not mine.
これは、イタリアのかさじゃありません。
Kore wa Itaria no kasa ja arimasen.
This is not an Italian umbrella.
*ja nai desu, de wa arimasen, ja arimasen ⇒SEE this link
Sentence Pattern
これはわたしのかさじゃないです。
それはソニーのカメラじゃありません。
Sore wa Sony no kamera ja arimasen.
あれはわたしのではありません。
Are wa watashi no de wa arimasen.
3.Yes/No Question.
Sentence Pattern
これはわたしのかさですか。
Kore wa watashi no kasa desu ka?
それはソニーのカメラですか。
Sore wa Sony no kamera desu ka?
あれはみなみのですか。
Are wa Minami no desu ka?
4.Question words
なん/nan = what?
いくら/ikura = how much (money)?
だれ/dare = who?
だれの/dare no = whose?
どこ/doko = where?
どこの/doko no = where (is it) from?
Sentence Pattern
これはなんですか。
Kore wa nan desu　ka?
Sore wa ikura desu　ka?
あれはだれですか。
Are wa dare desu ka?
これはだれのかさですか。
Kore wa dare no kasa desu　ka?
それはだれのですか。
Sore wa dare no desu　ka?
あれはどこですか。
Are wa doko desu ka?
これはどこのかさですか。
Kore wa doko no kasa desu　ka?
それはどこのですか。
Sore wa doko no desu　ka?
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
★どうぞ。/ Dōzo.
★じゃ、また。/Ja, mata.
★ありがとうございました。/ Arigatō gozaimashita.
★ない。/ Nai.
★ごめん。/ Gomen.
★どうぞ。
Dōzo.
どうぞ/dōzo is used when you want to offer something.　In today's dialog, どうぞ/dōzo means
"Here you are."
ex)コーヒーです。どうぞ。/Kōhī desu. Dōzo.
★じゃ、また。
Ja, mata.
じゃ、/Ja, = Well then,

また/mata = again
じゃ、また。corresponds to "see you again" in English.
Check the following expressions:
じゃ、また。/Ja, mata.= See you again.

さようなら。 or さよなら。/ Sayōnara, Sayonara = Good-bye.
失礼します。/しつれいします。/Shitsurei shimasu. = "Excuse me." in English.
This can be used as "good bye" in formal situations.
★ありがとうございました。
Arigatō gozaimashita.
This is the past tense of "ありがとうございます。/Arigatō gozaimasu.= Thank you."
When an action is completely finished, people sometimes use "Arigatō gozaimashita" instead of
"Arigatō gozaimasu."
It would NOT sound strange if you used ありがとうございます。/Arigatō gozaimasu to
appreciate a past action.
★ない。
Nai.
It means "doesn't exist" or "there isn't."
★ごめん。
Gomen.
This is a casual way to apologize.
Compare the following expressions:
ごめん。/Gomen. - Very casual way to say "sorry."

- It should not be used to elders or superiors.
ごめんなさい。/Gomen nasai
- It is less formal compared to sumimasen.
すみません。/Sumimasen
- Polite expression. And it is the most common phrase to express apology.
申し訳ありません。申し訳ございません。/もうしわけありません。もうしわけございませ
ん。/Mōshiwake arimasen. Mōshiwake gozaimasen.
- Very formal way to express apology.
Kanji
Hide
KANJI READING MEANING 1ST CHARACTER 2ND CHARACTER 3RD CHARACTER
雨あめ Rain 雨・Rain
お客さんお・きゃく・さん Customer 客・Guest
傘かさ Umbrella 傘・Umbrella
私わたし I, Me 私・I, me
西本　秋にし・もと・しゅう Name of a person 西・West 本・Book 秋・Autumn
Grammar
Target phrase:
================================================
1.きょうは、あつい　です。
Kyō wa atsui desu.
It's hot today.
2.ここは、とても　すずしい　です。
Koko wa totemo suzushii desu.
It's very cool here.
3.さむい　です　か。
Samui desu ka?
Is it cold?
4.さむくない　です。
Samukunai desu.
It's not cold.
================================================
Explanation:
There are two types of adjectives in Japanese language,[-i adjectives] and [-na adjectives]. [-

i adjectives] end with -i and [-na adjectives] end with -na when they come before nouns. In this
lesson we will learn a usage of [-i adjectives.]
--------------------------------------------
1.きょうは、あつい　です。
Kyō wa atsui desu.
--------------------------------------------
きょう/kyō = today
は/wa = topic marking particle
あつい/atsui = hot (-i ending adjective)
です/desu = copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
Affirmative
_____は[-i adjective]です。/_____wa [-i adjective] desu.= _____ is [adjective].
Sentence pattern
きょうはあついです。
Kyō wa atsui desu.
きょうはさむいです。
Kyō wa samui desu.
ここはあたたかいです。
Koko wa atatakai desu.

ここはすずしいです。
Koko wa suzushii desu.
--------------------------------------------
2.ここは、とても　すずしい　です。
--------------------------------------------
ここ/koko = here
とても/totemo = very
すずしい/suzushii = cool (-i ending adjective)
Affirmative
* とても/totemo is an adverb of degree which corresponds to "very."
_____はとても[-i adjective]です。
_____wa totemo[-i adjective]desu.
____ is very [adjective].
Sentence pattern
きょうはとてもあついです。
Kyō wa totemo atsui desu.
きょうはとてもさむいです。
Kyō wa totemo samui desu.

ここはとてもあたたかいです。
Koko wa totemo atatakai desu.
ここはとてもすずしいです。
--------------------------------------------
3.さむい　です　か。
Samui desu ka?
--------------------------------------------
さむい/samui = cold (-i ending adjective)

か/ka = question marker
*When the topic is very clear from the context, the topic and its topic marking particle can be
omitted.
Yes/No Question
Sentence pattern
きょうはあついですか。
Kyō wa atsui desu ka?
きょうはさむいですか。
Kyō wa samui desu ka?
ここはあたたかいですか。
Koko wa atatakai desu ka?
ここはすずしいですか。
Koko wa suzushii desu ka?
--------------------------------------------
4.さむくない　です。
Samukunai desu.
--------------------------------------------
さむくない/samukunai = not cold

です/desu = copula which is equivalent to English am/is/are
Negative Form!!!!
To make the negative form, you have to change "-i " to "-kunai."

i　　　　　　　→ ku nai
a tsu i　　　　→ a tsu kunai
a ta ta ka i　 → a ta ta ka kunai
sa mu i　　　　→ sa mu kunai
su zu shi i　　→ su zu shi kunai
Exception!!!!
いい/ii = good
i i　　　　　　→ yo kunai
EX) これはいいです。/Kore wa ii desu. = This is good.
これはよくないです。/Kore wa yokunai desu. = This isn't good.
Sentence pattern
きょうはあつくないです。
Kyō wa atsukunai desu.
きょうはさむくないです。
Kyō wa samukunai desu.
ここはあたたかくないです。
Koko wa atatakakunai desu.
ここはすずしくないです。
Koko wa suzushikunai desu.
*あつくありません/Atsukuarimasen. = あつくないです/Atsukunai desu.

*よくありません/Yokuarimasen.= よくないです/Yokunai desu.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Adjective list: Memorize these 4 adjectives!
暑いあつい atsui hot(weather)

暖かいあたたかい atatakai warm
寒いさむい samui cold(weather)
涼しいすずしい suzushii cool(weather)
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
★とても涼しいですね。/とてもすずしいですね。/Totemo suzushii desu ne.

★でも /demo
★ちょうどいいです。/Chōdo iidesu.
--------------------------------------------------
★とてもすずしいですね。/Totemo suzushii desu ne.
--------------------------------------------------
涼しい/すずしい/suzushii = cool(weather)
ね/ne = Tag question (isn't it?, is it?,do you?...)
ね/ne is a sentence-final particle which indicates emotion of admiration or agreement with the
other person.
EX) A: すずしい　です　ね。/Suzushii desu ne. （→emotion)

B: そう　です　ね。/ Sō desu ne. (→agreement ）
きょうはとてもあついですね。/Kyō wa totemo atsui desu ne.

きょうはとてもすずしいですね。/Kyō wa totemo suzushii desu ne.
きょうはとてもさむいですね。/Kyō wa totemo samui desu ne.
きょうはとてもあたたかいですね。/Kyō wa totemo atatakai desu ne.
--------------------------------------------------
★でも /demo
--------------------------------------------------
でも/demo means "but"or "however"
--------------------------------------------------
★ちょうどいいです。/Chōdo ii desu.
--------------------------------------------------
ちょうど/chōdo = just
いい/ii = good, nice, fine
ちょうどいいです。/Chōdo ii desu. means "Just right."
See the examples:
A:暑いですか。/あついですか/Atsui desu ka? (Is it hot?)

B:ちょうどいいです。/Chōdo ii desu.
A:寒いですか。/さむいですか/Samui desu ka? (Is it cold?)

B:ちょうどいいです。/Chōdo ii desu.
さむくないです。あつくないです。ちょうどいいです。
Samukunai desu. Atsukunai desu. Chōdo ii desu.
Grammar
Target phrase:
================================================
1.きょうは、しずかです。
Kyō wa shizuka desu.
It's quiet today.
2.ふゆかさんのかみは、とてもきれいです。
Fuyuka-san no kami wa totemo kirei desu.
Fuyuka's hair is beautiful.
3.しずかですか。
Shizuka desu ka?
Is it quiet?
4.きょうは、しずかじゃないです。

Kyō wa shizuka ja nai desu.
It is not quiet today.
================================================
Explanation:
There are two types of adjectives in Japanese language, [-i adjectives] and [-na adjectives]. [-
i adjectives] end with -i and [-na adjectives] end with -na when they come before nouns.
In this lesson we will learn a usage of -na adjectives.(-i adjectives　⇒　see Newbie series
season 2 lesson 1)
When [-na adjectives] are followed by -desu, the ending -na disappears.
------------------------------------
1.きょうは、しずかです。
Kyō wa shizuka desu.
------------------------------------
 きょう/kyō = today
 は/wa = topic marker
 しずか/shizuka = quiet (-na ending adjective)
 です/desu = copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
■　Affirmative
X は　[adjective] です。
X wa[adjective] desu.
"X is [adjective]."
---------------------------------------------
2.ふゆかさんのかみは、とてもきれいです。
Fuyuka san no kami wa totemo kirei desu.
---------------------------------------------
 ふゆかさん/Fuyuka-san = Fuyuka (Person's name)

 の/no = possessive
 かみ/kami = hair
 とても/totemo = very
 きれい/kirei = beautiful (-na ending adjective)
■　Affirmative
X はとても[adjective]です。
X wa totemo[adjective] desu.
"X is very [adjective]."
*とても/totemo is an adverb of degree which corresponds to "very"
Sentence Pattern
ここはしずかです。
Koko wa shizuka desu.
きょうはとくべつです。
Kyō wa tokubetsu desu.
冬果さんのかみはまっすぐです。
Fuyuka-san no kami wa massugu desu.
冬果さんはきれいです。

Fuyuka-san wa kirei desu.
ここはとてもしずかです。
Koko wa totemo shizuka desu.
きょうはとてもとくべつです。
Kyō wa totemo tokubetsu desu.
冬果さんのかみはとてもまっすぐです。
Fuyuka-san no kami wa totemo massugu desu.
冬果さんはとてもきれいです。
Fuyuka-san wa totemo kirei desu.
---------------------------------------------
3.しずかですか。
Shizuka desu ka?
---------------------------------------------
 しずか/shizuka = quiet (-na ending adjective)

 か/ka = question marker
When the topic is already understood, the topic is often dropped.
■　Yes/No Question
Sentence Pattern
ここはしずかですか。
Koko wa shizuka desu ka?
きょうはとくべつですか。
Kyō wa tokubetsu desu ka?
冬果さんのかみはまっすぐですか。
Fuyuka-san no kami wa massugu desu ka?
冬果さんはきれいですか。
Fuyuka-san wa kirei desu ka?
---------------------------------------------
4.きょうは、しずかじゃないです。
Kyō wa shizuka ja nai desu.
---------------------------------------------
 きょう/kyō = today
 しずかじゃない/shizuka ja nai = not quiet (negative form of しずか/shizuka)
■　Negative Form
For making negative form, ending "-na" should be change to "ja nai"
na → ja nai
shi zu ka na → shi zu ka ja nai
to ku be tsu na → to ku be tsu ja nai
ki re i na → ki re i ja nai
ma ssu gu na → ma ssu gu ja nai
Sentence Pattern
ここはしずかじゃないです。
Koko wa shizuka ja nai desu.
きょうはとくべつじゃないです。
Kyō wa tokubetsu ja nai desu.
冬果さんのかみはまっすぐじゃないです。
Fuyuka-san no kami wa massugu ja nai desu.
冬果さんはきれいじゃないです。
Fuyuka-san wa kirei ja nai desu.
* しずかではありません/shizuka de wa arimasen
= しずかじゃないです/shizuka ja nai desu.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Adjective list: Memorize these 4 adjectives!
静か(な）しずか(な） shizuka(na) quiet
特別(な）とくべつ(な） tokubetsu(na) special
まっすぐ(な） massugu(na) straight
きれい(な） kirei(na) beautiful
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
★かみだけですか。/kami dake desu ka?

★いやいや。/iya iya./ No, no
★もちろん/mochiron
★ふゆかさんもきれいです。/Fuyuka-san mo kirei desu.
--------------------------------------------------------
★髪だけですか。/かみだけですか。/kami dake desu ka?
--------------------------------------------------------
髪/かみ/kami = hair
だけ/dake = A particle which means "only" in English. This particle expresses a limit.
か/ka = Question marking particle
--------------------------------------------------------
★いやいや。/iya iya.
--------------------------------------------------------
いやいや。/iya iya. or いえいえ。/ie ie. means "No no" or "not at all."
--------------------------------------------------------
★もちろん/mochiron
--------------------------------------------------------
It means "Of course."
--------------------------------------------------------
★ふゆかさんもきれいです。/Fuyuka-san mo kirei desu.
--------------------------------------------------------
も/mo = A particle which means "too" or "also." ⇒ SEE Newbie series season 2 lesson 4
EX) 南さんはきれいです。/Minami-san wa kirei desu.

冬果さんもきれいです。/Fuyuka-san mo kirei desu.
Grammar
Target phrase:
=======================================================
1.(これは) とてもすてきなさいふです。
(Kore wa) totemo suteki na saifu desu.
(This is) a very nice wallet.
2.(ファブリツィオさんのさいふは) どんなさいふですか。

(Faburitsio-san no saifu wa) donna saifu desu ka?
Fabrizio, what kind of wallet do you have?
(Literally meaning is "What kind of wallet is Fabrizio's wallet?")
=======================================================
Explanation:
There are two types of adjectives in the Japanese language, [-i adjectives] and [-na adjectives].
*a usage of -i adjectives　⇒　see this lesson
*a usage of -na adjectives　⇒　see this lesson
[-i adjectives] end with -i and [-na adjectives] end with -na when they come before nouns.
[-i adjectives]　＋　[noun]
たかい　＋　さいふ
takai ＋　saifu
かっこいい　＋　さいふ
kakko ii ＋　saifu
[-na adjectives] ＋　na ＋　[noun]

すてきな　＋　さいふ
suteki na ＋　saifu
とくべつな　＋　さいふ
tokubetsu na ＋　saifu
------------------------------------
1.これはとても素敵な財布です。
これはとてもすてきなさいふです。
Kore wa totemo suteki na saifu desu.
------------------------------------
これ/kore = this one

は/wa = subject marking particle
素敵な/すてきな/suteki na = fine, lovely
財布/さいふ/saifu = wallet
Sentence Pattern
[Topic] wa [Adjective] [Noun] desu.
これはすてきなさいふです。
Kore wa suteki na saifu desu.
それはとくべつなくすりです。
Sore wa tokubetsu na kusuri desu.
あれはたかいにくです。
Are wa takai niku desu.
ホンダはかっこいいくるまです。
Honda wa kakkō ii kuruma desu.
* くるま/kuruma = car
----------------------------------------------------
2.ファブリツィオさんの財布はどんな財布ですか。
ファブリツィオさんのさいふはどんなさいふですか。
Faburitsio-san no saifu wa donna saifu desu ka?
----------------------------------------------------
さん/san = honorific suffix attached to names

の/no = possessive particle
財布/さいふ/saifu = wallet
どんな/donna = what kind, what sort
です/desu = Copula
どんな[noun]ですか。/donna [noun]desu ka?

This sentence can ask what kind of noun it is.
Sentence Pattern
[Topic] wa donna [Noun] desu ka?
あれはどんなさいふですか。
Are wa donna saifu desu ka?
アスピリンはどんなくすりですか。
Asprin wa donna kusuri desu ka?
春人はどんな人ですか。
Haruhito wa donna hito desu ka?

ニューヨークはどんなまちですか。
NY wa donnna machi desu ka?
*人/ひと/hito = person
*まち/machi = city
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Adjective list Memorize these 4 adjectives!
特別(な）とくべつ(な） tokubetsu(na) special
素敵(な）すてき(な） suteki(na) fine, awesome
高いたかい takai high, expensive
格好いいかっこういい kakkō ii good looking, stylish
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

★どういたしまして。/Dōitashimashite.
★格好いい/かっこういい/Kakkō ii
★どういたしまして。/Dōitashimashite.
This expression is used to respond to ありがとうございます。/Arigatō gozaimasu. This means
"Not at all" or "You're welcome."
Here are some other common responses to ありがとう/Arigatō:
 いいえ。/iie = "No"
 いえいえ。/ie ie. = "No, no" or "Not at all."
 いやいや。/iya iya = "No, no" or "Not at all."
★格好いい/かっこういい/Kakkō ii
●　格好/かっこう/kakkō = appearance, sight or posture
●　いい/ii = good, nice
Although the correct reading is かっこういい/kakkō ii, the う/u sound is often dropped and
pronounced as かっこいい/kakko ii.
Negative form of -i adjectives ⇒ Newbie series season 2 Lesson 11
Negative form of 格好いい/kakkō ii is 格好よくない/kakkō yokunai
Grammar
As we learned in 11 and 12 there are two types of adjectives in Japanese, [-i adjectives] and [-
na adjectives].
*usage of -i adjectives　⇒　see this lesson

*usage of -na adjectives　⇒　see this lesson
*usage of adjectives before nouns (prenominal usage) ⇒　see this lesson
 難しい/むずかしい/muzukashii[-i adjectives] = difficult
 簡単（な）/かんたん（な）/kantan (na)[-na adjectives] = easy, simple
 本/ほん/hon = book(s)
 [-i adjectives] [-na adjectives]
adjective before むずかしいほんかんたんなほん

noun muzukashii hon kantan na hon
(difficult book) (easy book)
example sentence これはむずかしいほんです。これはかんたんなほんです。

kore wa muzukashii hon desu. kore wa kantan na hon desu.
(This is a difficult book.) (This is an easy book.)
*The negative of "これはむずかしいほんです。Kore wa muzukashii hon desu." is ...

 これはむずかしくないほんです。Kore wa muzukashikunai hon desu.
or
 これはむずかしいほんじゃありません。Kore wa muzukashii hon ja arimasen.
*The negative of "これはかんたんなほんです。Kore wa kantan na hon" is...
 これはかんたんじゃないほんです。Kore wa kantan janai hon desu.

or
 これはかんたんなほんじゃないです。Kore wa kantan na hon janai desu.
In this case, これはかんたんなほんじゃないです。Kore wa kantan na hon janai desu. is

preferable.
[-i adjectives] [-na adjectives]
present これはむずかしいです。これはかんたんです。

affirmative kore wa muzukashii desu. kore wa kantan desu.
sentence (This is difficult.) (This is easy.)
present これはむずかしくないです。これはかんたんじゃないです。

negative Kore wa muzukashikunai desu. Kore wa kantan ja nai desu.
sentence (This is not difficult.) (This is not easy.)
or or
これはむずかしくありません。これはかんたんじゃありません。
Kore wa muzukashiku arimasen. Kore wa kantan ja arimasen.
(This is not difficult.) (This is not easy.)
Adverbs of degree
★とても/totemo = very
★あまり/amari = (not) very
★全然/ぜんぜん/zenzen = (not) at all
*あまり/amari and ぜんぜん/zenzen are always used in negative sentences.
EX)
とても/totemo:
 これは　とてもむずかしいです。
Kore wa totemo muzukashii desu.
"This is very difficult."
 これは　とてもかんたんです。
Kore wa totemo kantan desu.
"This is very easy."
あまり/amari:
 これはあまりむずかしくないです。
Kore wa amari muzukashikunai desu.
This is not very difficult.
 これはあまりかんたんじゃないです。
Kore wa amari kantan ja nai desu.
This is not very easy.
ぜんぜん/zenzen:
 これはぜんぜんむずかしくないです。
Kore wa zenzen muzukashikunai desu.
This is not difficult at all.
 これはぜんぜんかんたんじゃないです。
Kore wa zenzen kantan ja nai desu.
This is not easy at all.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Memorize these adjectives!!
忙しいいそがしい isogashii busy

難しいむずかしい muzukashii difficult
すごいすごい sugoi great, awful
安いやすい yasui cheap, inexpensive
簡単（な）かんたん（な） kantan(na) easy, simple
便利（な）べんり（な） benri(na) convenient
ヘルシー（な）ヘルシー（な） herushī(na) healthy
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
★はい、どうぞ。/Hai Dōzo.
★うわ/ Uwa.
★かんたんですよ。/Kantan desu yo.
★それから/sore kara
★でも/demo
★マック/makku
----------------------------------------
★はい、どうぞ。/Hai Dōzo.
----------------------------------------
It can be translated as "OK, here you go."
----------------------------------------
★うわ/ Uwa
----------------------------------------
People say this when they are surprised. It's a very casual expression which means "oh,"
"wow," or "whoa" in Japanese.
----------------------------------------
★かんたんですよ。/Kantan desu yo.
----------------------------------------
簡単（な）/かんたん（な）/kantan(na) = easy (-na adjective)

です/desu = Copula (equivalent English am/is/are)
よ/yo = sentence-final particle which emphasizes the speaker's assertion.
Kantan desu yo. means "It's easy, I tell you!" or "It sure is easy!"
----------------------------------------
★それから/sore kara
----------------------------------------
それ/sore = that
から/kara = from, after
それから/sore kara means "after that," "in addition to that" or "and."
----------------------------------------
★でも/demo
----------------------------------------
It means "but" or "however."

EX) コンピューターは高いです。でもとても便利です。
Konpyūta wa takai desu. Demo totemo benri desu.
----------------------------------------
★マック/makku
----------------------------------------
People call "Mac" (Macintosh) マック/makku or マッキントッシュ/Makkintosshu.

People usually call "MacDonald's" マック/makku or マクドナルド/Makudonarudo.
In today's dialog, Kim and Higashi meant Mac by マック/Makku, but Natsumi meant
MacDonald's by マック/Makku.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Adjectives list
[-i adjectives]
あぶない abunai dangerous
あかるい akarui bright
あまい amai sweet
あたらしい atarashii new
あたたかい atatakai warm
あつい atsui hot
ちいさい chiisai small
ちかい chikai near
ふるい furui old
はやい hayai fast, early
ひくい hikui low
ひろい hiroi wide
いい ii good
いそがしい isogashii busy
いたい itai painful
からい karai hot, spicy
かるい karui light
きたない kitanai dirty
くらい kurai dark
みじかい mijikai short
むずかしい muzukashii difficult
ながい nagai long
おおい ooi many much lots
おいしい oishii delicious
おおきい ookii large
おもい omoi heavy
おもしろい omoshiroi interesting

おそい osoi slow, late
さむい samui cold (weather)
せまい semai narrow
*しょっぱい shoppai salty
*しおからい shiokarai salty
すくない sukunai a few, a little
すっぱい suppai sour
すずしい suzushii cool
ただしい tadashii correct
たかい takai high, expensive
たのしい tanoshii pleasant
とおい tooi far
つまらない tsumaranai boring
つめたい tsumetai cold

わかい wakai young
わるい warui bad
やさしい yasashii easy, kind
やすい yasui cheap
[-na adjectives]
あんぜんな anzen na safe
べんりな benri na convenient
だいじな daiji na important
だめな dame na no good
ふべんな fuben na inconvenient
ふしんせつな fushinsetsu na unkind
げんきな genki na well, fine
へたな heta na unskillful
ひまな hima na free (as in free time)

いろいろな iroiro na various
じょうずな jouzu na skillful
かんたんな kantan na easy, simple
きらいな kirai na unlikeable
きれいな kirei na clean, beautiful
にぎやかな nigiyaka na lively
しんせつな shinsetsu na kind
しつれいな shitsurei na rude
しずかな shizuka na quiet
すきな suki na likable
ていねいな teinei na polite
ゆうめいな yuumei na famous
[English adjective]＋な(na)
EX)
[handsome]na ---ハンサムな/hansamu na
[healthy]na-----ヘルシーな/herushī na
[rich]na--------リッチな/ricchi na
[exiting]na-----エキサイティングな/ekisaitingu na
Grammar
Grammar Review
1.これは美味しいです。
Kore wa oishii desu.
This is delicious.
⇒ SEE Nihongo Dōjō lesson(Newbie series season 2) 11, 14
2.オフィスはにぎやかです。
Ofuisu wa nigiyaka desu.
Our office is very lively.
⇒ SEE Nihongo Dōjō lesson 12, 14
3.スタイルユーの社長はどんな人ですか。
Sutairu yu no shachō wa donna hito desu ka?
What is the president of Style You like?
(Literal meaning: What kind of person is the president of Style You?)
⇒ SEE Nihongo Dōjō lesson 13
4. とても元気な人です。
Totemo genki na hito desu.
(She is) a very cheerful person.
5. かわいい人です。
Kawaii hito desu.
(She is) a cute person.
Sentence final particle

か/ka = Question Marker ⇒ SEE Nihongo Dōjō lesson 2
ね/ne = Tag Question ⇒ SEE Nihongo Dōjō lesson 11
よ/yo = Emphasis ⇒ SEE Nihongo Dōjō lesson 14
EX) これ　は　おいしい　です　か。
Kore wa oishii desu ka?
Is this tasty?
これ　は　おいしい　です　ね。
Kore wa oishii desu ne?
This is tasty, isn't it?
これ　は　おいしい　です　よ。
Kore wa oishii desu　yo.
This sure is tasty!
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
★ファブリツィオさんのタイプですか。/ Faburitsio-san no taipu desu ka?

★おんなのひと/onna no hito
★いいえ、ぜんぜん。/iie, zenzen.
-----------------------------------------
★ファブリツィオさんのタイプですか。
Faburitsio-san no taipu desu ka?
-----------------------------------------

タイプ/taipu = type
Original sentence was...

みなみさんはファブリツィオさんのタイプですか。
Minami-san wa Faburitsio-san no taipu desu ka?
Is she your type, Fabrizio? (Literal meaning is "Is Minami-san Fabrizio's type?")
So, who is your type? (*♥д♥*)w
Make a sample sentence!
 ----は　私のタイプです。/ ----wa watashi no taipu desu.
-----------------------------------------
★女の人/おんなのひと/onna no hito
-----------------------------------------
女/おんな/onna = woman, women, female

人/ひと/hito = person, people
女の人/おんなのひと/onna no hito means "woman" or "women." This word is more polite than
just おんな/onna.
c.f.男の人/おとこのひと/otoko no hito

男/おとこ/otoko = man, men
-----------------------------------------
★いいえ、ぜんぜん。/iie, zenzen.
-----------------------------------------
It means "No, not at all."

いいえ/iie = No
ぜんぜん/zenzen = not at all
Grammar
Target phrase:
===============================================================
1.いま、なんじ　です　か。
Ima, nan-ji desu ka?
What time is it now?
2.ろくじ　です。
Roku-ji desu.
It's six o'clock.
3.ろくじはん　です。
Roku-ji han desu.
It's six thirty. (It's half past six.)
===============================================================
Explanation:
----------------------------------------------------------------
1.今、何時ですか。
いま、なんじですか。
Ima, nan-ji desu ka?
----------------------------------------------------------------
今/いま/ima = now
何時/なんじ/nan-ji = what time
か/ka = Question marker
This is the most common expression used for asking the time. 今/いま/ima can be left out.
c.f. 何時ですか。/なんじですか。/Nanji desu ka? = What time is it?
----------------------------------------------------------------
2.６時です。
ろくじです。
Roku-ji desu.
----------------------------------------------------------------
６時/ろくじ/roku-ji = six o'clock

です/desu = Coplula
Roku means six and -ji means o'clock, so roku-ji means six o'clock. The hours of the day are
read in the following way.
time Kanji Hiragana roman character
1:00 一時いちじ ichi-ji

2:00 二時にじ ni-ji
3:00 三時さんじ san-ji
4:00 四時よじ yo-ji
5:00 五時ごじ go-ji
6:00 六時ろくじ roku-ji
7:00 七時しちじ or ななじ shichi-ji or nana-ji
8:00 八時はちじ hachi-ji
9:00 九時くじ ku-ji
10:00 十時じゅうじ jū-ji
11:00 十一時じゅういちじ jūichi-ji
12:00 十二時じゅうにじ jūni-ji
Be careful!!!!
*4:00 is not shi-ji or yon-ji, but yo-ji.
*9:00 is not kyu-ji, but ku-ji.
*7:00 is usually shichi-ji in daily conversation, but nana-ji is also acceptable.
----------------------------------------------------------------
3.六時半です。
ろくじはん　です。
Roku-ji han desu.
----------------------------------------------------------------
六時/ろくじ/roku-ji = six o'clock

半/はん/han = half past
EX) 1:30 is 一時半/いちじはん/ichi-ji han

2:30 is 二時半/にじはん/ni-ji han
3:30 is 三時半/さんじはん/san-ji han
4:30 is 四時半/よじはん/yo-ji han
5:30 is 五時半/ごじはん/go-ji han
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
★横浜ホテルまで。/よこはまホテルまで。/Yokohama Hotel made.

★タクシーの運転手/タクシーのうんてんしゅ/Takushī no untenshu
★うわ/uwa
★渋滞/じゅうたい/jūtai
-----------------------------
★横浜ホテルまで。
よこはまホテルまで。
Yokohama Hotel made.
-----------------------------
It means "To the Yokohama Hotel." This expression is often used for telling your destination to a
taxi driver.
[place] ＋　まで。/[place] ＋ made = To [place]
EX) If you are heading to the Hilton Hotel, you would say to a taxi driver...　
→　ヒルトンホテルまで。/Hiruton hoteru made.
-----------------------------
★タクシーの運転手
タクシーのうんてんしゅ
Takushī no untenshu
-----------------------------
タクシー/takushī = taxicab
の/no = -'s
運転手/うんてんしゅ/untenshu = driver
So, タクシーの運転手/タクシーのうんてんしゅ/Takushī no untenshu means "a taxi driver".
Check the followings:

バスの運転手/バスのうんてんしゅ/basu no untenshu
トラックの運転手/トラックのうんてんしゅ/torakku no untenshu
電車の運転手/でんしゃのうんてんしゅ/densha no untenshu
*電車/でんしゃ/densha = train
-----------------------------
★うわ
uwa
-----------------------------
It's an emotional interjection. This can be translated as "Aww man!," "Whoa dude!" or "Oh,
wow!"
-----------------------------
★渋滞
じゅうたい
jūtai
-----------------------------
It means "traffic jam" or "heavy traffic."
Grammar
Target phrase:
===============================
1.パーティーはなんじからですか。
Pātī wa nan-ji kara desu ka?
What time does the party start?
(Literally means "What time is the party from?")
2.６じはんからです。
Roku-ji han kara desu.
It starts at half past six.
(Literally means "It's from 6:30")
3.パーティーはなんじまでですか。
Pātī wa nan-ji made desu ka?
What time does the party finish?
(Literally means "What time is the party until?")
4.８じはんまでです。
Hachi-ji han made desu.
It finishes at half past 8.
(Literally means "It's until 8:30")
=================================
Explanation:
------------------------------------------------
1.パーティーは何時からですか。
パーティーはなんじからですか。
------------------------------------------------
 パーティー/pātī = party
 は/wa = topic marking particle
 何時/なんじ/nanji = what time
 から/kara = from
 か/ka = Question marker
This sentence pattern is used for asking the opening or starting time.
Sentence Pattern:
パーティーは何時からですか。
しごとは何時からですか。
Shigoto wa nan-ji kara desu ka?
ミーティングは何時からですか
Mītingu wa nan-ji kara desu ka?
ぎんこうは何時からですか。
Ginko wa nan-ji kara desu ka?
*しごと/shigoto = work, job

*ミーティング/mītingu = meeting
*銀行/ぎんこう/ginko = bank
------------------------------------------------
2.六時半からです。
６じはんからです。
Roku-ji han kara desu.
------------------------------------------------
 六時/ろくじ/roku-ji = six o'clock

 半/はん/han = half past
Be careful! In Japanese, particles follow words, rather than precede them!

○六時半からです。/Roku-ji han kara desu.
×から六時半です。/Kara roku-ji han desu.
Sentence Pattern:
パーティーは六時半からです。
Pātī wa roku-ji han kara desu.
しごとは九時半からです。
Shigoto wa ku-ji han kara desu.
ミーティングは二時からです。
Mītingu wa ni-ji kara desu.
ぎんこうは九時からです。
Ginko wa ku-ji kara desu.
*When the subject is already understood, [subject] + wa can be omitted.

ex) 九時半からです。/Ku-ji han kara desu.
------------------------------------------------
3.パーティーは何時までですか。
パーティーはなんじまでですか。
Pātī wa nan-ji made desu ka?
------------------------------------------------
 パーティー/pātī = party
 何時/なんじ/nan-ji = what time
 まで/made = until
This sentence pattern is used for asking the closing or finishing time.
Sentence Pattern:
パーティーは何時までですか。
Pāteī wa nan-ji made desu ka?
しごとは何時までですか。
Shigoto wa nan-ji made desu ka?
ミーティングは何時までですか。
Mīteingu wa nan-ji made desu ka?
ぎんこうは何時までですか。
Ginko wa nan-ji made desu ka?
------------------------------------------------
4.八時半までです。
８じはんまでです。
Hachi-ji han made desu.
------------------------------------------------
 八時/はちじ/hachi-ji = eight o'clock

 半/はん/han = half past
 まで/made = until
 です/desu = Copula which is equivalent to English am/is/are.
Be careful! In Japanese, particles follow words, rather than precede them!

○ 八時半までです。/Hachi-ji han made desu.
× まで八時半です。/Made hachi-ji han desu.
Sentence Pattern:
パーティーは八時半までです。
Pātī wa hachi-ji han made desu.
しごとは五時半までです。
Shigoto wa go-ji han made desu.
ミーティングは四時までです。
Mītingu wa yo-ji made desu.
ぎんこうは三時までです。
Ginko wa san-ji made desu.

*When the subject is already understood, [subject] + wa can be omitted.
ex) 三時までです。/San-ji made desu.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Combine 1 and 3:
パーティーは何時から何時までですか。
パーティーはなんじからなんじまでですか。
Pātī wa nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka?
Combine 2 and 4:
パーティーは六時半から八時半までです。
パーティーはろくじはんからはちじはんまでです。
Pāteī wa roku-ji han kara hachi-ji han made desu.
Practice!
Make sentences by using -kara -made
1) bank / 9:00-3:30
2) work / 8:00-4:00
3) school / 9:00-3:00
*school is がっこう/gakkō
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

★うわー/uwā
★友達のパーティー
★うわー/uwā = Oh, wow. ⇒ SEE this lesson
★友達のパーティー/ともだちのパーティー/tomodachi no pātī
友達/ともだち/tomodachi = friend or friends

の/no = -'s
パーティー/pātī = party
Grammar
Target phrase:
================================
1.ここからよこはままでなんぷんですか？
Koko kara Yokohama made nan-pun desu ka?
How long does it take to get to Yokohama?
2.ごふんぐらいです。

Go-fun gurai desu.
It takes about five minutes.
=================================
Explanation:
---------------------------------------------------
1.ここから横浜まで何分ですか。
ここからよこはままでなんぷんですか
Koko kara Yokohama made nan-pun desu ka?
---------------------------------------------------
 ここ/koko = here
 横浜/よこはま/Yokohama = Yokohama (city)
 まで/made = to, until
 何分/nanpun = how many minutes
The speaker is assuming that it will take less than an hour, so 何分/nan-pun is used.
If the speaker assumes that it would take more than an hour, 何時間/nan-jikan would be used.
ex)
 パリからアフリカまで何時間ですか。
パリからアフリカまでなんじかんですか。
Pari kara Afurika made nan-jikan desu ka?
* 何時間 / なんじかん / nan-jikan = how many hours
何 / なん / nan = what
時間 / じかん / jikan = hour(s)
Sentence Pattern:
ここからえきまで何分ですか。
Koko kara eki made nan-pun desu ka?
東京からボストンまで何時間ですか。
Tokyo kara Bosuton made nan-jikan desu ka?
くうこうからホテルまで何時間ですか。
Kukō kara hoteru made nan-jikan desu ka?
ホテルからえきまで何時間ですか。
Hoteru kara eki made nan-jikan desu ka?
*くうこう / kūkō = airport
---------------------------------------------------------
2.五分位です。
ごふんぐらいです。
Go-fun gurai desu.
---------------------------------------------------------
 五分 / ごふん / go-fun = five minutes

 *位 / ぐらい / gurai = about
 です / desu = Copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
It means "(It takes) about 5 minutes."

*The correct reading of 位 in "五分位” is ぐらい/gurai. However people sometimes use くら
い/kurai, instead of ぐらい/gurai.
ここからえきまで５分ぐらいです。
Koko kara eki made go-fun gurai desu.
東京からボストンまで１３時間ぐらいです。
Tokyō kara Bosuton made jūsan-jikan gurai desu.
くうこうからホテルまで１時間ぐらいです。
Kukō kara hoteru made ichi-jikan gurai desu.
ホテルから駅まで３分ぐらいです。
Hoteru kara eki made san-pun gurai desu.
☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆
A span of time 1
Minute Kanji Hiragana Roman character
:01 一分いっぷん ippun

:02 二分にふん ni-fun
:03 三分さんぷん san-pun
:04 四分よんぷん yon-pun
:05 五分ごふん go-fun
:06 六分ろっぷん roppun
:07 七分ななふん nana-fun
:08 八分はっぷん or はちふん happun or hachi-fun
:09 九分きゅうふん kyū-fun
:10 十分じゅっぷん juppun
how many minutes? 何分なんぷん nan-pun
Higher numbers
:13 十三分じゅうさんぷん jūsan-pun
:25 二十五分にじゅうごふん nijūgo-fun
:50 五十分ごじゅっぷん gojuppun

EX) 8:15 = 八時十五分 / はちじじゅうごふん / hachi-ji jūgo-fun
4:38 =四時三十八分 / よじさんじゅうはっぷん / yo-ji sanjūhappun
A span of time 2
Hour Kanji Hiragana Roman character
1 一時間いちじかん ichi-jikan
2 二時間にじかん ni-jikan
3 三時間さんじかん san-jikan
4 四時間よじかん yo-jikan
5 五時間ごじかん go-jikan
6 六時間ろくじかん roku-jikan
7 七時間ななじかん nana-jikan
8 八時間はちじかん hachi-jikan
9 九時間くじかん ku-jikan
10 十時間じゅうじかん jūji-kan
How many hours 何時間なんじかん nan-jikan

an hour and a half 一時間半いちじかんはん ichi-jikan han
☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆
Practice!
movie; time
バベル / Baberu; 3:30-6:10
スパイダーマン / Supaidāman; 7:30-9:55
バベルは　三時三十分から　六時十分までです。バベルは　二時間四十分です。
バベルは　さんじさんじゅっぷんから　ろくじじゅっぷんまでです。バベルは　にじかんよん
じゅっぷんです。
Baberu wa san-ji sanjuppun kara roku-ji juppun made desu. Baberu wa ni-jikan yonjuppun
desu.
How about Spiderman?

スパイダーマンは...
Supaidāman wa...
☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆

★さぁ・・・/Sā...
★あれは駅ですか。/Are wa eki desu ka?
★運転手さん/うんてんしゅさん/untenshu-san
★ここでいいです。/Koko de ii desu.
★いくらですか。/Ikura desu ka?
---------------------------------------------------------------
★さぁ・・・/Sā...
---------------------------------------------------------------
It means "Well," "I'm not sure." or "I don't know." This expression shows a speaker's uncertainty.
---------------------------------------------------------------
★あれは駅ですか。/Are wa eki desu ka?
---------------------------------------------------------------
あれは...ですか。/Are wa ...desu ka? ⇒ SEE this lesson

駅/えき/eki = station
In the dialogue, Minami pointed a building far from her and said "あれは駅ですか。/Are wa eki
desu ka?."
Since the building was far from both the speaker and the listener, あれ/are was used.
---------------------------------------------------------------
★運転手さん/うんてんしゅさん/untenshu-san
---------------------------------------------------------------
運転手/untenshu = driver
-さん/-san = Mr.or Ms.
Since Minami didn't know the driver's name, she called him "Mr. driver" to get his attention.
---------------------------------------------------------------
★ここでいいです。/Koko de ii desu.
---------------------------------------------------------------
This literally means "Here is good." If you use this phrase to the driver, it would mean "Stop
here, please."
---------------------------------------------------------------
★いくらですか。/Ikura desu ka?
---------------------------------------------------------------
It means "How much is it?" ⇒ this lesson
************************************************************************
(Edit on April 3, 2008)
In the audio, they said that the taxi base fare is 660 yen in Tokyo area.
But, after the lesson was published, it was increased to 710 yen as of December 3, 2007.
************************************************************************
Grammar
Target phrase:
------------------------------------------------------------------
1.きょうはどようびです。
Kyō wa doyōbi desu.
It's Saturday today.
2.きょうはどようびですか。
Kyō wa doyōbi desu ka?
Is it Saturday today?
3.きょうはなんようびですか。
Kyō wa nanyōbi desu ka?
What day is it today?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Explanation:
------------------------------------------------------------------
1.今日は土曜日です。
きょうはどようびです。
------------------------------------------------------------------
 今日/きょう = Kyō
 土曜日/どようび/doyōbi = Saturday
If the subject is already understood, it can be omitted.
Sentence Pattern:
きょうはどようびです。

あしたはにちようびです。
Ashita wa nichiyōbi desu.
ピクニックはげつようびです。
Pikunikku wa getsuyōbi desu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
2.今日は土曜日ですか。
きょうはどようびですか。
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 か/ka = question marking particle
Sentence Pattern:
きょうはどようびですか。
あしたはにちようびですか。
Ashita wa nichiyōbi desu ka?
ピクニックはげつようびですか。
Pikunikku wa getsuyōbi desu ka?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. 今日は何曜日ですか。
きょうはなんようびですか。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 今日/きょう = Kyō
 何/なん/nan = what
 曜日/ようび/yōbi = days of the week
Sentence Pattern:
きょうはなんようびですか。
あしたはなんようびですか。
Ashita wa nanyōbi desu ka?
ピクニックはなんようびですか。
Pikunikku wa nanyōbi desu ka?
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆

★あれ？/Are?
★東君/ひがしくん/Higashi-kun
★明日/あした/ashita
★パーティーはあしたですよ。/Pātī wa ashita desu yo.
★うそ!/Uso!
★ほんとう/hontō
-------------------------------------
★あれ？/Are?
-------------------------------------
This expression shows a speaker's surprise or realization. This can be translated as "Oh?" or
"Huh?"
-------------------------------------
★東君/ひがしくん/Higashi-kun
-------------------------------------
東/Higashi = a family name

君/くん/kun = Mr.
君/くん/kun is a suffix which is added to the name of a person in the same way as さん/san.
However 君/くん/kun is usually used to address men who are younger or the same age as the
speaker.
See other suffix:
-様/-さま/-sama - The most polite suffix in everyday life

-さん/-san - Most common suffix
-君/-くん/-kun - Used for people younger or about the same age as the speaker. (Usually used
for men in a daily conversation)
-ちゃん/-chan - Affectionate suffix which is usually used for children or younger familiar females.
東/ひがし/Higashi(♂）could be called
東様/ひがしさま/Higashi-sama
東さん/ひがしさん/Higashi-san
東君/ひがしくん/Higashi-kun
東ちゃん/ひがしちゃん/Higashi-chan - It's rare to attach "-ちゃん/-chan" to a male's name, but
some people like to do it to show their friendliness.
-------------------------------------
★明日/あした/ashita
-------------------------------------
ashita means "tomorrow."
The Kanji 明日 has 3 readings, "あした/ashita,"　"あす/asu" and "みょうにち/myōnichi." "あし
た/ashita" is commonly used in daily conversations.
Compare:
昨日/きのう/kinō = yesterday
今日/きょう/kyō = today
*今日 has 2 readings, "きょう/kyō" and "こんにち/konnichi." "きょう/kyō"is commonly used in a

daily conversation.
*昨日 has 2 readings, "きのう/kinō" and "さくじつ/sakujitsu." "きのう/kinō" is commonly used in
a daily conversation.
*"明日/あした/ashita","今日/きょう/kyō" and "昨日/きのう/kinō" have irregular readings. This is
called 熟字訓/jukujikun (a special idiomatic kanji reading). It means Kanji used in Jukujikun were
chosen based on the meaning of characters not based on the Chinese readings of individual
characters.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
★パーティーは明日ですよ。/パーティーはあしたですよ。/Pāteī wa ashita desu yo.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
パーティー/Pātī = party
明日/あした/ashita = tomorrow
よ/yo = Sentence-final particle which indicates a statement of certainty.
よ/yo at the end of the sentence emphasize the speaker's assertion. So "パーティーはあしたで
すよ。/Pātī wa ashita desu yo." means "The party is surely tomorrow." or "I'm certain that the
party is tomorrow."
-------------------------------------
★うそ!/Uso!
-------------------------------------
The word "うそ/uso" means "a lie." In the dialog, the speaker is showing her surprise by saying
"うそ!/Uso!" This can be translated as "It's a lie" or "This can not be true."
-------------------------------------
★本当/ほんとう/hontō
-------------------------------------
It means "truth." When you say "本当？/ほんとう？/hontō?" with a rising intonation, it means
"really?" Some people drop the う and pronounce as "ホント/honto."
Grammar
Target phrase:
1. 何月ですか。
Nangatsu desu ka?
What month is it?
2. 何日ですか。
Nannichi desu ka?
What's the date? (what day of the month is it?)
3. 何月何日ですか。
Nangatsu nan-nichi desu ka?
What's the date?
4. 誕生日はいつですか。
Tanjōbi wa itsu desu ka?
When is your birthday?
Explanation:
1.何月ですか。/ Nan-gatsu desu ka?
 何月/なんがつ/nangatsu = what month, which month

Sentence Pattern：
東さん　のたんじょうび
Higashi-san no tanjōbi
は
wa
何月
nangatsu
ですか。
desu　ka?
今
Ima
夏休み
Natsuyasumi
*今/いま/ima = now
*夏休み/なつやすみ/natsuyasumi = summer vacation
2.何日ですか。/ Nannichi desu ka?
 何日/なんにち/nannichi = what's the date, what day of the month

Sentence Pattern
は
wa
何日
nannichi
ですか。
desu　ka?
今日
Kyō
明日
Ashita
*今日/きょう/kyō = today
*明日/あした/Ashita = tomorrow
3.何月何日ですか。 / Nangatsu nannichi desu ka?
 何月/なんがつ = what month, which month

 何日/なんにち = what's the date, what day of the month
Sentence Pattern
今日
Kyō
は
wa
何月何日
nangatsu nannichi
です
desu
か。
ka?
明日
Ashita
4.誕生日はいつですか。/ Tanjōbi wa itsu desu ka?
 誕生日/たんじょうび/tanjōbi = birthday
 いつ/itsu = when
Sentence Pattern
は
wa
いつ
itsu
です
desu
か。
ka?
なつやすみ
Natsuyasumi
たんじょうび
Tanjōbi
*"たんじょうびはいつですか。/Tanjōbi wa itsu desu ka?" is common rather than "たんじょうび

はなんがつなんにちですか。/Tanjōbi wa nangatsu nannichi desuka?"
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★
Months
Month Kanji Hiragana Roman character
１一月いちがつ ichi-gatsu
２二月にがつ ni-gatsu
３三月さんがつ san-gatsu
４四月しがつ shi-gatsu
５五月ごがつ go-gatsu
６六月ろくがつ roku-gatsu
７七月しちがつ shichi-gatsu
８八月はちがつ hachi-gatsu
９九月くがつ ku-gatsu
１０十月じゅうがつ jū-gatsu
１１十一月じゅういちがつ jūichi-gatsu
１２十二月じゅうにがつ jūni-gatsu

★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★
Days of the month
Day Kanji Hiragana Roman character
1 一日ついたち tsuitachi
2 二日ふつか futsuka
3 三日みっか mikka
4 四日よっか yokka
5 五日いつか itsuka
6 六日むいか muika
7 七日なのか nanoka
8 八日ようか yōka
9 九日ここのか kokonoka
10 十日とおか tōka
11 十一日じゅういちにち jūichi-nichi
12 十二日じゅうににち jūni-nichi
13 十三日じゅうさんにち jūsan-nichi
14 十四日じゅうよっか jūyokka

or じゅうよんにち or jūyon-nichi
15 十五日じゅうごにち jūgo-nichi
16 十六日じゅうろくにち jūroku-nichi
17 十七日じゅうしちにち jūshichi-nichi
or じゅうななにち or jūnana-nichi
18 十八日じゅうはちにち jūhachi-nichi
19 十九日じゅうくにち jūku-nichi
20 二十日はつか hatsuka
21 二十一日にじゅういちにち nijūichi-nichi
22 二十二日にじゅうににち nijūni-nichi
23 二十三日にじゅうさんにち nijūsan-nichi
24 二十四日にじゅうよっか nijūyokka
or にじゅうよんにち or nijūyon-nichi
25 二十五日にじゅうごにち nijūgo-nichi
26 二十六日にじゅうろくにち nijūroku-nichi
27 二十七日にじゅうしちにち nijūshichi-nichi
or にじゅうななにち or nijūnana-nichi
28 二十八日にじゅうはちにち nijūhachi-nichi
29 二十九日にじゅうくにち nijūku-nichi
30 三十日さんじゅうにち sanjū-nichi
31 三十一日さんじゅういちにち sanjūichi-nichi
Grammar
Target phrase:
==================================================================
1.わたしはアールアンドビーをききます。
Watashi wa āru ando bī o kikimasu.
I listen to R＆B.
2.わたしはおんがくをききません。

Watashi wa ongaku o kikimasen.
I don't listen to music.
3.ミヨンちゃんはおんがくをききますか。

Mi Yon-chan wa ongaku o kikimasu ka?
Do you listen to music, Mi Yeon? (Does Mi Yeon listen to music?)
==================================================================
Explanation:
There are several verb forms in Japanese, but we will learn the -masu form in this lesson. The
ending -masu makes sentences polite and it is used in formal (polite) conversations. Verbs are
words that indicate actions or happenings. Always remember: Japanese sentences end with
verbs; -masu can be used for habitual or future action.
Note: Japanese only has 2 tenses: Past and Non-Past. Therefore, at JapanesePod101.com,
this tense is generally referred to as the "Polite Non-Past."
1.Affirmative
---------------------------------------------------
私はアールアンドビーをききます。
わたしはアールアンドビーをききます
---------------------------------------------------
 私/わたし/watashi = I, me
 アールアンドビー/āru ando bī = R＆B (music)
 を/o = object marking particle
 ききます/kikimasu = to listen (-masu form)
The object marking particle を/o is placed after a noun and indicates that the noun is the object
of the sentence. を/o is used with transitive verbs. When the sound o is used as a particle, it is
always written with を in Hiragana.
Sentence Pattern:
わたしはアールアンドビーをききます。

(R＆B)
わたしはクラッシックをききます。
Watashi wa kurasshikku (classical) o kikimasu.
ミヨンさんはジャズをききます。
Mi Yon-san wa jazu (jazz) o kikimasu.
しゅうさんはアイポッドをききます。

Shū-san wa AiPoddo (iPod) o kikimasu.
東さんはラジオをききます。
Higashi-san wa rajio (radio) o kikimasu.
2.Negative sentence
--------------------------------------------------
私は音楽をききません。
わたしはおんがくをききません。
Watashi wa ongaku o kikimasen.
--------------------------------------------------
To make the negative form, use -ません/-masen instead of -ます/-masu:
Sentence Pattern:
わたしはアールアンドビーをききません。
Watashi wa āru ando bī o kikimasen.

(R＆B)
わたしはクラッシックをききません。
Watashi wa kurasshikku (classical) o kikimasen.
ミヨンさんはジャズをききません。

Mi Yon-san wa jazu (jazz) o kikimasen.
しゅうさんはアイポッドをききません。
Shū-san wa AiPoddo (iPod) o kikimasen.
東さんはラジオをききません。
Higashi-san wa rajio (radio) o kikimasen.
3.Question sentence (Yes/No)
--------------------------------------------------
ミヨンちゃんは音楽をききますか。
ミヨンちゃんはおんがくをききますか。
Mi Yon-chan wa ongaku o kikimasu ka?
--------------------------------------------------
Add the particle か/ka to the end of the sentence to make a question:
Sentence Pattern:
ミヨンちゃんはアールアンドビーをききますか。
Mi Yon-chan wa āru ando bī o kikimasu　ka?

(R＆B)
みなみさんはクラッシックをききますか。

Minami-san wa kurasshikku (classical) o kikimasu　ka?
ミヨンさんはジャズをききますか。
Mi Yon-san wa jazu (Jazz) o kikimasu　ka?
しゅうさんはアイポッドをききますか。
Shū-san wa AiPoddo (iPod) o kikimasu　ka?
東さんはラジオをききますか。
Higashi-san wa rajio (radio) o kikimasu　ka?
Answer:
Yes →はい、ききます。/ Hai, kikimasu.
No →いいえ、ききません。/Iie, kikimasen.
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★
Verb list (-masu form)
かいます kaimasu to buy
かきます kakimasu to write
けします keshimasu to turn off
ききます kikimasu to listen

まちます machimasu to wait
まがります magarimasu to turn
もちます mochimasu to have to hold
もらいます moraimasu to receive
ねます nemasu to go to sleep
のみます nomimasu to drink
のります norimasu to get on
おきます okimasu to wake up
おくります okurimasu to send
おします oshimasu to press to push
すいます suimasu to smoke(cigarettes)
とります torimasu to take (pictures)
つかいます tsukaimasu to use
つくります tsukurimasu to make

うります urimasu to sell
よみます yomimasu to read
あげます agemasu to give
あけます akemasu to open
でます demasu to leave
みます mimasu to watch to see to look
みせます misemasu to show
おります orimasu to get off
おしえます oshiemasu to teach to tell
しめます shimemasu to close
たべます tabemasu to eat
とめます tomemasu to stop to park

つけます tsukemasu to turn on
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★
Affirmative
[subject] は [object] を[verb] -ます。
[subject] wa [object] o [verb] -masu.
私は、傘をかいます。
Watashi wa kasa o kaimasu.
"I'll buy an umbrella" or "I buy umbrellas."
Please finish the sentences by putting the correct verb in the blank.
1)わたしはメールを_______________(send)。
Watashi wa mēru o _______________.
2)わたしはコーヒーを_______________(drink)。
Watashi wa kōhī o_______________.
3)わたしはバスを_______________(wait)。
Watashi wa basu o _______________.
4)わたしはクッキーを_______________(make)。
Watashi wa kukkī o_______________.
5)わたしはテレビを_______________(turn on)。
Watashi wa terebi o _______________.
Question
Pease answer the question using "Hai, ________-masu." or "Iie,________-masen."
1)コーヒーをのみますか。Kōhī o nomimasu ka?
2)たばこをすいますか。Tabako o suimasu ka?
3)DVD をみますか。DVD o mimasu ka?
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★
★ミヨンちゃん/Mi Yon-chan
★今日の夜/きょうのよる/kyō no yoru
★暇ですか。/ひまですか。/Hima desu ka?
★本当ですか。/ほんとうですか。/Hontō desu ka?
--------------------------------------------------------
★ミヨンちゃん/Mi Yon-chan
--------------------------------------------------------
ミヨン/Mi Yon = a first name

-ちゃん/-chan = suffix
-ちゃん/-chan is a suffix which is added to a person's name in the same way as -さん/san.
However -ちゃん/-chan is usually used for children or younger familiar females, so it sounds
very affectionate and casual. ⇒ SEE this lesson
--------------------------------------------------------
★今日の夜/きょうのよる/kyō no yoru
--------------------------------------------------------
今日/きょう/kyō = today
の/no = -'s
夜/よる/yoru = night, evening
今日の夜/きょうのよる/kyō no yoru means "today's night." 今夜/こんや/konya means "tonight"

and this is also used frequently.
朝/あさ/asa = morning
昼/ひる/hiru = noon
午後/ごご/gogo = afternoon
晩/ばん/ban = evening
夜/よる/yoru = night
This morning　→ 今日の朝/きょうのあさ/kyō no asa or 今朝/けさ/kesa

This noon → 今日の昼/きょうのひる/kyō no hiru
This evening → 今日の晩/きょうのばん/kyō no ban or 今晩/こんばん/konban
Tonight → 今日の夜/きょうのよる/kyō no yoru or 今夜/こんや/konya
--------------------------------------------------------
★暇ですか。/ひまですか。/Hima desu ka?
--------------------------------------------------------
暇/ひま/hima = free (as in free time) or having nothing to do

The translation of "Hima desu ka?" is "Are you free?" This phrase is often used with expressions
of time.
EX)
今日の夜、暇ですか。/きょうのよる、ひまですか。/Kyō no yoru, hima desu ka?
明日の夜、暇ですか。/あしたのよる、ひまですか。/Ashita no yoru, hima desu ka?
＊明日/あした/ashita = tomorrow ⇒ SEE this lesson
金曜日の夜、暇ですか。/きんようびのよる、ひまですか。/Kinyōbi no yoru, hima desu ka?
＊金曜日/きんようび/kinyōbi = Friday ⇒ this lesson
--------------------------------------------------------
★本当ですか。/ほんとうですか。/Hontō desu ka?
--------------------------------------------------------
本当/ほんとう/hontō = truth
This phrase can be translated as "Is it true?" or "Really?" In casual situations, ですか/desu
ka? is dropped and the phrase is reduced to just "本当？/Hontō?" said with a rising intonation.
Grammar
Target phrase:
================================================================
1 こんや、えいがをみます。
Kon'ya, eiga o mimasu.
I'm going to watch a movie tonight.
2.こんや、ひがしさんとえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.
I'm going to watch a movie with Mr. Higashi tonight.
3.こんや、ぎんざでえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, Ginza de eiga o mimasu.
I'm going to watch a movie in Ginza tonight.
4.こんや、ひがしさんとぎんざでえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu.
I'm going to watch a movie with Mr. Higashi in Ginza tonight.
================================================================
Explanation:
In this lesson, we will learn two new particles, と/to and で/de.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1.今夜、映画をみます。
こんや、えいがをみます。
Kon'ya, eiga o mimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The original sentence was 今夜、私は映画をみます。/こんや、わたしはえいがをみま

す。/Kon'ya, watashi wa eiga o mimasu. The subject, watashi, was omitted because it is clear
from the situation.
 今夜/こんや/kon'ya = tonight
 映画/えいが/eiga = movie
 を/o = object marking particle ⇒ SEE this lesson
 みます/mimasu = to see, to watch, to look (-masu form)
Sentence Pattern
こんや、わたしはえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa eiga o mimasu.
こんや、わたしはテレビをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa terebi o mimasu.
こんや、ミヨンさんはデートをします。
Kon'ya, Mi Yon-san wa dēto o shimasu.
こんや、冬果さんはサルサをします。
Kon'ya, Fuyuka-san wa sarusa o shimasu.
こんや、南さんはビリーズブートキャンプをします。
Kon'ya, Minami-san wa Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
2.今夜、東さんと映画をみます。
こんや、ひがしさんとえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
と/to = particle which can be translated as "with" or "together" in English. The particle
と/to follows nouns and shows that the action is done together with someone else.
Sentence Pattern
こんや、わたしは東さんとえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.
こんや、わたしは南さんとテレビをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa Minami-san to terebi o mimasu.
こんや、ミヨンさんは東さんとデートをします。
Kon'ya, Mi Yon-san wa Higashi-san to dēto o shimasu.
こんや、冬果さんはファブリツィオとサルサをします。
Kon'ya, Fuyuka-san wa Faburitsio to sarusa o shimasu.
こんや、南さんはわたしとビリーズブートキャンプをします。
Kon'ya, Minami-san wa watashi to Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3.今夜、銀座で映画をみます。
こんや、ぎんざでえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, Ginza de eiga o mimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
で/de = particle that indicates the location of an action. "In" or "at" in English.
Sentence Pattern
こんや、わたしはぎんざでえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa Ginza de eiga o mimasu.
こんや、わたしはうちでテレビをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa uchi de terebi o mimasu.
こんや、ミヨンさんはぎんざでデートをします。
Kon'ya, Mi Yon-san wa Ginza de dēto o shimasu.
こんや、冬果さんはサルサ　バーでサルサをします。
Kon'ya, Fuyuka-san wa sarusa bā de sarusa o shimasu.
こんや、南さんはうちでビリーズブートキャンプをします。
Kon'ya, Minami-san wa uchi de Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
4.今夜、東さんと銀座で映画をみます。
こんや、ひがしさんとぎんざでえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
ぎんざでえいがをみます。
Ginza de eiga o mimasu.

ひがしさんとえいがをみます。
Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.
Compare:
 東さんと銀座で映画をみます。/Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu.

 銀座で東さんと映画をみます。/Ginza de Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.
The meaning of these two sentences are same.
Sentence Pattern
Time, subject wa person to place de object o verb

(-masu)
こんや、わたしは東さんとぎんざでえいがをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa Higashi-san to Ginza de eiga o mimasu.
こんや、わたしは南さんとうちでテレビをみます。
Kon'ya, watashi wa Minami-san to uchi de terebi o mimasu.
こんや、ミヨンさんは東さんとぎんざでデートをします。
Kon'ya, Mi Yon-san wa Higashi-san to Ginza de dēto o shimasu.

Time, subject wa place de person to object o verb
(-masu)
こんや、わたしはぎんざで東さんとえいがをみます
Kon'ya, watashi wa Ginza de Higashi-san to eiga o mimasu.
こんや、冬果さんはサルサ　バーでファブリツィオとサルサをします
Kon'ya, Fuyuka-san wa sarusa bā de Faburitsio to sarusa o shimasu
こんや、南さんはうちでわたしとビリーズブートキャンプをします
Kon'ya, Minami-san wa uchi de watashi to Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆
Who = 誰/だれ/dare
Where = どこ/doko
Comprehension questions!
ミヨンさんはだれと映画をみますか。/Mi Yon-san wa dare to eiga o mimasu ka?
ミヨンさんはどこで映画をみますか。/Mi Yon-san wa doko de eiga o mimasu ka?
冬果さんはだれとサルサをしますか。/Fuyuka-san wa dare to sarusa o shimasu ka?
南さんはどこでビリーズブートキャンプをしますか。/Minami-san wa doko de Birīzu Būto
Kyanpu o shimasu ka?
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆
★へぇー。/Hē.
★今夜/こんや/kon'ya
★映画をみます/えいがをみます/eiga o mimasu.
★サルサをします/sarusa o shimasu.
★ビリーズブートキャンプをします/Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★へぇー。/Hē
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is a casual emotional interjection and could be translated as "oh, yeah?" or "oh, really?" or
"I see!"
Some people prolong the last "e" sound and pronounce it as へえー/hē----.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★今夜/こんや/kon'ya
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
This means "tonight." 今日の夜/きょうのよる/kyō no yoru also means "tonight". ⇒ SEE this

lesson
Be careful of the pronunciation! It's "こんや kon ya", NOT "こんにゃ kon nya"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★映画をみます/えいがをみます/eiga o mimasu.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
映画/えいが/eiga = movie(s), film

を/o = object marking particle
みます/mimasu = to watch, to see, to look
This means "I watch movies." The subject is already understood, so 私は/watashi wa is
dropped.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★サルサをします/Sarusa o shimasu.
★ビリーズブートキャンプをします/Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
します/shimasu means "to do." Nouns such as the names of sports, activities or events can
precede o shimasu.
[Noun] をします。/[Noun] o shimasu.

EX) サルサをします。/Sarusa o shimasu.
ビリーズブートキャンプをします。/Birīzu Būto Kyanpu o shimasu.
テニスをします。/Tenisu o shimasu.
ダーツをします。/Dātsu o shimasu.
パーティーをします。/Pātī o shimasu.
デートをします。/Dēto o shimasu.
ショッピングをします。/Shoppingu o shimasu.
Grammar
Target phrase:
=====================================================================
1.わたしは　うちへ　かえります。
Watashi wa uchi e kaerimasu.
I'm going home.
2.わたしは、タクシーでうちへかえります。
Watashi wa takushī de uchi e kaerimasu.
I'm going home by a taxi.
=====================================================================
Explanation:
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1.私はうちへ帰ります。
わたしはうちへかえります。
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 うち/uchi = home, house
 へ/e = direction particle
 帰ります/かえります/kaerimasu = to return, to go back (-masu form)
へ/e marks the place or goal towards which the action moves. When へ/e is used as a particle, it
is pronounced as "e" not "he."
Sentence Pattern
[topic] wa [direction] e [to go/

to come/
to return]
わたしはうちへかえります
わたしはバーへいきます
Watashi wa bā e ikimasu.
キムさんは東京へきます
Kimu-san wa Tokyo e kimasu.
*かえります= to return, to go back (-masu form)

*いきます = to go (-masu form)
*きます = to come (-masu form)
Particle に/ni indicates movement toward a place.

c.f.) うちへかえります。/Uchi e kaerimasu.
うちにかえります。/Uchi ni kaerimasu.
In this context, に/ni and へ/e are interchangeable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2.私はタクシーでうちへ帰ります。
わたしはタクシーでうちへかえります。
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 タクシー/takushī = taxi
 で/de = particle of means, implement or transportation.
It is translated as "by" or "with" in English.
 うち/uchi = home, house
 へ/e = direction particle
 帰ります/かえります/kaerimasu = to return, to go back (-masu form)
Sentence Pattern
[topic] wa [means of transportation] de [direction] e [to go/

to come/
to return]
わたしはタクシーでうちへかえります
わたしは地下鉄でバーへいきます
Watashi wa chikatetsu de bā e ikimasu.
キムさんは電車で東京へきます
Kimu-san wa densha de Tokyo e kimasu.

[means of transportation]＋de and [direction]＋e can be switched.
[topic] wa [direction] e [means of transportation] de [to go/

to come/
to return]
わたしはうちへタクシーでかえります
Watashi wa uchi e takushī de kaerimasu.
わたしはバーへ地下鉄でいきます
Watashi wa bā e chikatetsu de kaerimasu.
キムさんは東京へ電車できます
Kimu-san wa Tokyo e densha de kimasu.
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆

★サルサはとてもたのしいですね。/Sarusa wa totemo tanoshii desu ne.
★もう、１２じです。/Mō, jūni-ji desu.
★今から？/いまから？/Ima kara?
★冬果さんも来ますか。/ふゆかさんもきますか。/Fuyuka-san mo kimasu ka?
---------------------------------------------------------------------
★サルサはとても楽しいですね。
サルサはとてもたのしいですね。
Sarusa wa totemo tanoshii desu ne.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
サルサ/sarusa = salsa
楽しい/たのしい/tanoshii = fun, enjoyable (-i adjective)
です/desu= copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
ね/ne = Sentence-final particle (similar to English an tag question)
(Isn't it? or Is it? or Don't you think?)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
★もう、１２時です。
もう、１２じです。
Mō, jūni-ji desu.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
もう/mō = already
１２時/じゅうにじ/jūni-ji = 12 o'clock
です/desu= copula (equivalent to English am/is/are)
This phrase means "It's already 12:00."
Guess the meaning of following sentences!

もう、夜です。/Mō, yoru desu.
もう、金曜日です。/ Mō, kinyōbi desu.
もう、おそいです。/ Mō, osoi desu.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
★今から？
いまから？
Ima kara?
---------------------------------------------------------------------
今/いま/ima = now
から/kara = from
So it means "From now?"
---------------------------------------------------------------------
★冬果さんも来ますか。
ふゆかさんもきますか。
Fuyuka-san mo kimasu ka?
---------------------------------------------------------------------
も/mo = too, also, either

来ます/きます/kimasu = to come
"Is Fuyuka also coming?" or "Are you coming too, Fuyuka?" is the translation.
Grammar
Target phrase:
=====================================================================
1.これはしんじゅくへいきますか。
Kore wa Shinjuku e ikimasu ka?
Does this go to Shinjuku (station)?
2.つぎのでんしゃはなんじにきますか。

Tsugi no densha wa nanji ni kimasu ka?
What time does the next train come?
3.１２時２５分にきます。
Jūni-ji nijū-go-fun ni kimasu.
It comes at 12:25.
=====================================================================
Explanation:
-----------------------------------------------
1.これは新宿へ行きますか。
これはしんじゅくへいきますか。
-----------------------------------------------
これ/kore = this one, this

新宿/しんじゅく/Shinjuku = Shinjuku (city name)
へ/e = direction particle
行きます/いきます/ikimasu = to go (-masu form)
*へ/e marks the place or goal towards which the action moves. When へ/e is used as a particle,
it is pronounced as "e," not "he."
Sentence pattern:
[topic] wa [direction] e [to go/to come/to return] ka?
これは新宿へいきますか。
このでんしゃは新宿へいきますか。
Kono densha wa Shinjuku e ikimasu ka?
このバスは銀座へいきますか。
Kono basu wa Ginza e ikimasu ka?
For the answer:

Yes→はい、いきます。/Hai, ikimasu.
No→いいえ、いきません。/Iie, ikimasen.
-----------------------------------------------
2.次の電車は何時に来ますか。
つぎのでんしゃはなんじにきますか。
-----------------------------------------------
次/つぎ/tsugi = next
電車/でんしゃ/densha = train
何時/nanji = what time
に/ni = a particle indicates time similar to English "at on in"
来ます/きます/kimasu = to come (-masu form)
* Particle に/ni is preceded by specific time expressions.
EX) ３時に/さんじに/san-ji ni = at 3:00

金曜日に/kinyōbi ni = on Friday
１月１５日に/Ichigatsu jūgo nichi ni = on January 15th
何時に/なんじに/nan-ji ni = what time
But not
×　今日に/きょうに/kyō ni
× 明日に/あしたに/ashita ni
×　いつに/itsu ni
Sentence pattern:
つぎのでんしゃはなんじにきますか。
つぎ　の　バスはなんじにきますか。
Tsugi no basu wa nanji ni kimasu ka?
つぎはなんじにきますか。
Tsugi wa nanji ni kimasu ka?

-----------------------------------------------
3.１２時２５分に来ます。
１２じ２５ふんにきます。
Jūni-ji nijū-go-fun ni kimasu.
-----------------------------------------------
１２時２５分/じゅうにじ　にじゅうごふん/Jūni-ji nijū-go-fun
に/ni = after expressions of time, ni means at
来ます/きます/kimasu = to come (-masu form)
[Topic] wa [time] ni [to go/to come/to return]
つぎのでんしゃは１２時２５分にきます。
Tsugi no densha wa jūni-ji nijū-go-fun ni kimasu.
つぎのバスは２時にきます。
Tsugi no basu wa ni-ji ni kimasu.
つぎは３時半にきます。
Tsugi wa san-ji han ni kimasu.
*When the topic is clear from context, topic can be dropped.

EX) １２時２５分にきます。/Jūni-ji nijū-go-fun ni kimasu.
２時にきます。/Ni-ji ni kimasu.
３時半にきます。/San-ji han ni kimasu.
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Useful expressions from today's dialogue:
★わかりますか。/Wakarimasu ka?
★終電/しゅうでん/Shūden
-------------------------------------------------------
★わかりますか。/Wakarimasu ka?
-------------------------------------------------------
わかります/wakarimasu = to know, to understand

The literal meaning is "Do you understand?", but this phrase is not very strong. This can
probably be translated as "Do you know what I mean?" or "Does it make sense to you?" The
answer should be...
Yes→はい。わかります。/Hai, wakarimasu.
No →いいえ。わかりません。/Iie, wakarimasen.
-------------------------------------------------------
★終電/しゅうでん/Shūden
-------------------------------------------------------
This is a contracted form of "最終電車/さいしゅうでんしゃ/saishū densha."

最終/さいしゅう/saishū = the last, final
電車/でんしゃ/densha = train
最終電車/さいしゅうでんしゃ/saishū densha is used in the announcement.

終電/しゅうでん/shūden is used in a daily conversation.
Guess the meaning of the following expressions:

これは終電ですか。/これはしゅうでんですか。/Kore wa shūden desu ka?
終電は何時ですか。/しゅうでんはなんじですか。/Shūden wa nanji desu ka?
Grammar
Target phrase:
1.いつ　だれと　どこで　なにを　しますか。
Itsu dare to doko de nani o shimasu ka?
When and where do I do what with who?
2.二時に　おきゃくさんと　かいしゃで　ミーティングを　します。
Niji ni o-kyaku-san to kaisha de mīthingu o shimasu.
We'll have a meeting with our client at 2:00 at the office.
Explanation:
In this lesson we are going to review grammar what we have learned from Newbie series
season 2 lesson 21 to 24.
****************************************************************************
Interrogative words:
 いつ/itsu = when
 誰/だれ/dare = who
 どこ/doko = where
 何/なに/nani = what
*When 何 is followed by particle を/o, the reading has to be なに/nani not なん/nan
****************************************************************************
****************************************************************************
Particles:

 に/ni = a particle indicates time similar to English "at on in"
 と/to = a particle which can be translated as "with" or "together" in English.
 で/de = a particle which indicates the location of an action or means of transportation.
"In" "at" or "by" in English.
 を/o = object marking particle
****************************************************************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1.（わたしは）いつ誰とどこで何をしますか。
（Watashi wa) Itsu dare to doko de nani o shimasu ka?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The original sentence is...
 私はいつ誰とどこ　で何をしますか。

Watashi wa itsu dare to doko de nani o shimasu ka?
Since 私は/watashi wa is already understood, it's dropped from the sentence.
You can also say...
 (私は)　誰　　とどこ　でいつ何　　をしますか。
(Watashi wa) dare to doko de itsu nani o shimasu ka?
or
 (私は)　どこ　で誰　　といつ何　　をしますか。
(Watashi wa) doko de dare to itsu nani o shimasu ka?
The meanings of these sentences are same.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
2.二時にお客さんと会社でミーティングをします
Niji ni o-kyaku-san to kaisha de mītingu o shimasu.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sentence pattern:
[Topic] wa [ time] ni [person] to [place] de [ object ] o [Verb; masu form]

=As for [topic] =at/in/on [time] =with [person] =in/at/on [place]
わたし　は二時　にお客さん　とかいしゃ　でミーティング　をします。

watashi wa ni-ji ni o-kyaku-san to kaisha de mītingu o shimasu.
わたしは日曜日　にみなみさん　とぎんざ　ですし　をたべます。

watashi wa Nichiyōbi ni Minami-san to Ginza de Sushi o tabemasu.
みなみさんは土曜日にともだち　とバー　でワイン　をのみます。

Minami-san wa Doyōbi ni tomodachi to bā de wain o nomimasu.
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★
Other interrogative words we have learned so far:
 何時/なんじ/nan-ji = what time

 何曜日/なんようび/nan-yōbi = what day of the week
 何月/なんがつ/nan-gatsu = what month
 何日/なんにち/nan-nichi = what day of the month, what is the date
 何分/なんぷん/nan-pun = how many minutes
 何時間/なんじかん/nan-jikan = how many hours
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★
Useful expressions from today's dialogue:

★スタイルユーの　ひがしです。/Sutairuyū no Higashi desu.
★また、でんわします。/Mata, denwa shimasu.
★もしもし/moshi moshi
★ごご１時です。/Gogo ichi-ji desu.
★もういちど、おねがいします。/Mō ichido onegai shimasu.
--------------------------------------------------
★スタイルユーの東です。
Sutairuyū no Higashi desu.
It's Higashi from Style You.
--------------------------------------------------
の/no is a possesive particle
 [Company's name] の　[one's name] です。

 [Company's name] no [one's name] desu.
 I'm (It's) [one's name] from [company]
This sentence pattern is often used when people address their name with a name of their
company.
 I'm(It's) Peter from Japanese Pod.

ジャパニーズポッドのピーターです。/Japanīzu poddo no pītā desu.
 It's Sachiko from Japanese Pod.

ジャパニーズポッドのさちこです。/Japanīzu poddo no Sachiko desu.
 I'm Minami from Style You.

スタイルユーのみなみです。/Sutairuyū no Minami desu.
--------------------------------------------------
★また、電話します。
Mata, denwa shimasu.
--------------------------------------------------
The original sentence should be "また、わたしはでんわをします。/Mata,watashi wa denwa o

shimasu."
 また/mata = again
 電話/でんわ/denwa = telephone
 を/o = Object marking particle
 します/shimasu = to do (-masu form)
私は/watashi wa is dropped, because the subject is clear. To make a phone call is "電話をしま
す/Denwa o shimasu" but in spoken Japanese を/o followed by します/shimasu is often
dropped. It is preferable to put を/o in written Japanese.
--------------------------------------------------
★もしもし
moshi moshi
--------------------------------------------------
This is conversational beginning of a telephone conversation and may be repeated during the
phone call to confirm whether the listener is still on line. It is sometimes used to attract the
attention of someone.
--------------------------------------------------
★午後１時です。
Gogo ichi-ji desu.
--------------------------------------------------
 午後/ごご/gogo = p.m.　*午前/ごぜん/gozen = a.m.

 １時/いちじ/ichi-ji =1:00
 です/desu = Copula which is equivalent to English am/is/are.
Be careful the word order!!!

In English p.m. and a.m. come after the time, 午後/gogo and 午前/gozen come before the time
in Japanese.
○午後１時です。/Gogo, ichi-ji desu.

×１時午後です。/Ichi-ji gogo desu.
○午前８時です。/Gozen, hachi-ji desu.

×８時午前です。/Hachi-ji gozen desu.
--------------------------------------------------
★もう一度、お願いします。
Mō ichido onegai shimasu.
--------------------------------------------------
 もう/mō = again, more

 一度/ichido = once
 お願い/おねがい/onegai = request
 します/shimasu = to do (-masu form)
"お願いします/おねがいします/Onegaishimasu" which literally means "I request you to do

something." can be used to get someone's attention or help.
"もう一度/もういちど/Mō ichido" means "Once again."
"もう一度、お願いします。/もういちど、おねがいします。/Mō ichido onegai shimasu." can be
translated as "Could you say that again?"
Grammar
Useful vocabulary and expressions from today's dialogue:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★無理!
むり
Muri!
Impossible!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
"無理/muri" is a“-na adjective”and it means "impossible" or "unreasonable."（For usage of

-na adjectives ⇒ this and this lesson)
ex) それは、無理です。
Sore wa muri desu.
That's impossible.
それは、無理なお願いです。
Sore wa muri na onegai desu.
That's an impossible favor.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★イタリア語とフランス語とスペイン語と..。
いたりあごとふらんすごとすぺいんごと...。
Itaria-go to Furansu-go to Supein-go to ...
Italian, French, Spanish and…
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
イタリア語＝ Italian language

フランス語＝ French language
スペイン語＝ Spanish language
語/ご/go is a suffix and it means language. Although there are a few exceptions, 語/ご/go is
normally attached to a name of the country to form the name of the language.
English Japanese Nationality Language
Australia オーストラリアオーストラリア人英語
Ōsutoraria Ōsutoraria-jin Ei-go
Brazil ブラジルブラジル人ポルトガル語
Burajiru Burajiru-jin Porutogaru-go
Canada カナダカナダ人英語/フランス語
Kanada Kanada-jin Ei-go/Furansu-go
China 中国中国人中国語
Chūgoku Chūgoku-jin Chūgoku-go
Egypt エジプトエジプト人アラビア語
Ejiputo Ejiputo-jin Arabia-go
France フランスフランス人フランス語
Furansu Furansu-jin Furansu-go

Germany ドイツドイツ人ドイツ語
Doitsu Doitsu-jin Doitsu-go
Italy イタリアイタリア人イタリア語
Itaria Itaria-jin Itaria-go
Japan 日本日本人日本語
Nihon Nihon-jin Nihon-go
New Zealand ニュージーランドニュージーランド人英語
Nyū Jīrando Nyū Jīrando-jin Ei-go
South Korea 韓国韓国人韓国語
Kankoku Kankoku-jin Kankoku-go
Switzerland スイススイス人英語/フランス語/ドイツ語
Suisu Suisu-jin Ei-go /Furansu-go /Doitsu-go
The U.K. イギリスイギリス人英語
Igirisu Igirisu-jin Ei-go

The U.S. アメリカアメリカ人英語
Amerika Amerika-jin Ei-go
*"What language" ＝「何語/なにご/nani-go」
Today's target grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★映画はみます。でも、ホラー映画はみません。
Eiga wa mimasu. Demo horā eiga wa mimasen.
I watch movies. But I don't watch horror movies.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
映画/eiga = movie, movies

みます/mimasu ＝to watch, to see, to look(-masu form)
でも/demo = disjunctive conjunction, it corresponds to "but," or "even so" in English
みません/mimasen ＝ negative form of “mimasu”
Particle “は/wa” is a topic marker. But in this sentence は/wa replaces object marker ”を/o” and
marks a contrastive element.
This sentence was originally two sentences.
1)「私は映画をみます。」

[Watashi wa eiga o mimasu.]
＋
2)「私はホラー映画をみません。」
[Watashi wa horā eiga o mimasen.]
↓
「私は映画はみます。でも、ホラー映画はみません。」
[Watashi wa eiga wa mimasu. Demo, horā eiga wa mimasen.]
[I watch movies. But I don't watch horror movies.]
Ex)　私は肉は食べます。でも魚は食べません。
Watashi wa niku wa tabemasu. Demo sakana wa tabemasen.
I eat meat, but I don't eat fish.
アメリカの映画はみません。でもフランスの映画はみます。

Amerika no eiga wa mimasen. Demo Furansu no eiga wa mimasu.
I don't watch American movies. But I watch French movies.
Practice! Make a sentence!
(1)
○ アールアンドビー/Āru ando bī
= R and B
× ロック/Rokku = Rock and Roll
Verb ききます/kikimasu = to listen
Sentence ？？？
(2)
○ ワイン/ wain= wine
× ビール/ bīru = beer
Verb のみます/nomimasu = to drink
Sentence ？？？
(3)
○ 野菜/ yasai= vegetable
× 肉/ niku = meat
Verb たべます/tabemasu = to eat
Sentence ？？？
Answer:
(1) アールアンドビーはききます。でもロックはききません。

Āru ando bī wa kikimasu. Demo Rokku wa kikimasen.
(2) ワインは飲みます。でもビールは飲みません。

Wain wa nomimasu. Demo bīru wa nomimasen.
(3) 野菜は食べます。でも肉は食べません。

Yasai wa tabemasu. Demo niku wa tabemasen.
Grammar
★This lesson’s target grammar
高松へは行きませんが、松山へは行きます。

Takamatsu e wa ikimasen ga, Matsuyama e wa ikimasu.
I won’t go to Takamatsu, but I will go to Matsuyama.
In today's lesson, we are going to learn a contrastive marker "は/wa" with other particle and the
usage of disjunctive particle "が/ga."
Contrastive particle は/wa
In the previous lesson (Nihongo Dōjō Season 3 Lesson 1), we have learned that "は/wa"
replaces object marker "を/o" to mark a contrastive element. "は/wa" can follow other particles,
such as "と/to," "へ/e," "で/de," "に/ni."
■　と/to →　とは/to wa
私は　東さんと映画へ　行きます。
Watashi wa Higashi-san to eiga e ikimasu.
I go to movies with Higashi.
↓　　↓　　↓　　↓　　↓　　↓
私は　東さんとは映画へ　行きます。でも、秋さんとは行きません。
Watashi wa Higashi-san to wa eiga e ikimasu. Demo, Shū-san to wa ikimasen.
I go to movies with Higashi, but not with Shū.
■　へ/e →　へは/e wa
東さんと　映画へ行きます。
Higashi-san to eiga e ikimasu.
I go to movies with Higashi.
↓
東さんと　映画へは行きます。でも、うちへは行きません。
Higashi-san to eiga e wa ikimasu. Demo, uchi e wa ikimasen.
I go to movies with Higashi, but I don't go his place.
■　で/de →　では/de wa
銀座で映画をみます。
Ginza de eiga o mimasu.
I'll see a movie in Ginza.
↓
銀座では映画をみます。でも、うちではみません。
Ginza de wa eiga o mimasu. Demo, uchi de wa mimasen.
I see a movie in Ginza, but not at home.
*うち/uchi ＝home
■　に/ni →　には/ni wa
土曜日に会社へ行きます。
Doyōbi ni kaisha e ikimasu.
I go to work on Saturdays.
↓
土曜日には会社へ行きます。でも、日曜日には会社へ行きません。
Doyōbi ni wa kaisha e ikimasu. Demo, nichi-yōbi ni wa kaisha e ikimasen.
I go to work on Saturdays, but I don't go to work on Sundays.
でも/demo vs. が/ga
"でも/demo"(=but)is a disjunctive conjunction which is used to link two contrasting sentences. I

watch movies. But I don't watch horror movies. "が/ga" is used between two clauses to indicate
that they are opposed in meaning. It corresponds to "but" or "although" in Japanese. Please
note that が/ga attaches to the end of the first clause and the comma is needed after が/ga.
Ex)　I watch movies, but I don't watch T.V.
■　でも/demo
映画はみます。でも、テレビはみません。
Eiga wa mimasu. Demo, terebi wa mimasen.
■　が/ga
映画はみますが、テレビはみません。
Eiga wa mimasu ga, terebi wa mimasen.
More Sample sentences
 高松へは行きませんが、松山へは行きます。

Takamatsu e wa ikimasen ga, Matsuyama e wa ikimasu.
"I won't go to Takamatsu, but I'll go to Matsuyama. "

This sentence was originally two sentences.
「私は高松へ行きません。」＋「私は松山へ行きます。」

[Watashi wa Takamatsu e ikimasen.]＋[Watashi wa Matsuyama e ikimasu.]
→「私は高松へは行きませんが、松山へは行きます。」
→[Watashi wa Takamatsu e wa ikimasen ga, Matsuyama e wa ikimasu.]
 私はうちでは肉を食べますが、レストランでは肉を食べません。

Watashi wa uchi de wa niku o tabemasu ga, resutoran de wa niku o tabemasen.
"I eat meat at home, but not at a restaurant."
「私はうちで肉を食べます。」

[Watashi wa uchi de niku o tabemasu.]
"I eat meat at home."
＋
「私はレストランで肉を食べません。」
[Watashi wa resutoran de niku o tabemasen.]
"I don't eat meat at a restaurant."
↓
「私はうちでは肉を食べますが、レストランでは肉を食べません。」
[Watashi wa uchi de wa niku o tabemasu ga, resutoran de wa niku o tabemasen.]
*食べます/tabemasu = to eat
Grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
コンサートがあります。/ Konsāto ga arimasu.
There is a concert.
彼氏がいます。/ Kareshi ga imasu.
I have a boyfriend.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is the usage of "あります/arimasu" and "います/imasu." Both of them
are verbs express "to be," "to exist," "to be located," or "to have."
***Subject marking particle が/ga***

"が/ga" marks the subject of a sentence when the subject is introduced for the first time.
****Verbs of existence; あります/arimasu V.S. います/imasu****

"あります/arimasu" is used for inanimate things whereas "います/imasu" is used for animate
things.
***Formation****
☆---があります。/--- ga arimasu.
＝ "there is ---," "there are ---," "I have ---."
●affirmative●
用事があります。
Yōji ga arimasu.
お金があります。
Okane ga arimasu.
時間があります。
Jikan ga arimasu.
●negative●
The negative form of "あります/arimasu" is "ありません/arimasen."
用事がありません。
Yōji ga arimasen.
お金がありません。
Okane ga arimasen.
時間がありません。
Jikan ga arimasen.
*In stead of ありません/arimasen, ないです/nai desu can be used.

ex)お金がないです。/O-kane ga nai desu.
☆---がいます。/--- ga imasu. ＝ "there is ---," "there are ---," "I have ---."
●affirmative●
彼氏がいます。
Kareshi ga imasu.
彼女がいます。
Kanojo ga imasu.
ビヨンセがいます。
Biyonse ga imasu.
●negative●
The negative form of "います/imasu" is "いません/imasen."
彼氏がいません。
Kareshi ga imasen.
彼女がいません。
Kanojo ga imasen.
ビヨンセがいません。
Biyonse ga imasen.
*In stead of いません/imasen, いないです/inai desu can be used.

ex)彼氏がいないです。/Kareshi ga inai desu.
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and expressions from the dialogue
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お客様/おきゃくさま/o-kyaku-sama, our customer, sir, ma'am
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お/o ＝ polite prefix
客/きゃく/kyaku ＝ customer
様/さま/sama ＝ polite suffix
*お客さん/o-kyaku-san is slightly less polite than お客様/okyaku-sama.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
そこ/soko/there
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Japanese demonstratives are often called こそあど言葉 or ko- so- a- do words. We have
already learned some of them such as これ/kore,それ/sore,あれ/are and どれ/dore.
●こ-/ko- words → close to the speaker

●そ-/so- words → close to the listener
●あ-/a- words → away from both the speaker and the listener
●ど-/do- words → question word
See the following chart.
things modifying place
これ/kore/this thing この/kono/this--- ここ/koko/here
それ/sore/that thing その/sono/that--- そこ/soko/there
あれ/are/that one over there あの/ano/that--- あそこ/asoko/over there
どれ/dore/which one どの/dono/which--- どこ/doko/where

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
だって/datte/because
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is a conjunction meaning "because." だって/datte is used to give reasons when some sort
of objection is expected or the speaker wants to express one's disapproval. Please also note
this expression is quite casual.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
これでいい。/Kore de ii./This will do. This is OK.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
これ/kore ＝ this
で/de ＝　particle which indicates acceptable range
いい/ii ＝ good; adjective
Since the function of particle で/de is complicated, we recommend you to just memorize これで
いい/Kore de ii or これでいいです/Kore de ii desu for the time being.
Sample sentence from today's dialogue；

これでいい？/Kore de ii?/ Are you happy now?!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
そこにスプレーがあります。/ Soko ni supurē ga arimasu.
There's spray over there.
トイレにゴキブリがいます。/ Toire ni gokiburi ga imasu.

There's a cockroach in the bathroom./There are cockroaches in the bathroom.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is the usage of "---に ___ があります/---ni ___ ga arimasu" and "---に
___ がいます/--- ni ___ ga imasu." The location or position where something or someone exists
usually occurs at the beginning of the the sentence structure and is marked with the particle
に/ni.
*********Particle に/ni*********
Existence in a place is indicated by particle に/ni. This can not be replaced by particle へ/e.
*********Formation*********
☆---に ___ があります/---ni ___ ga arimasu ＝ there is/are ___ at/in---.
●affirmative●
location particle ni existent particle ga verb
駅にトイレがあります。
Eki ni toire ga arimasu.
ここにチケットがあります。
Koko ni chiketto ga arimasu.
そこにスプレーがあります。
Soko ni supurē ga arimasu.
*駅/eki ＝ station
☆---に ___ がいます/___ ga---ni imasu. ＝ there is/are ___ at/in---.
●affirmative●
location particle ni existent particle ga verb
お店にお客さんがいます。
O-mise ni o-kyaku-san ga imasu.
ここに女の人がいます。
Koko ni onna no hito ga imasu.
あそこに男の人がいます。
Asoko ni otoko no hito ga imasu.
*女の人/onna no hito ＝ woman

*男の人/otoko no hito ＝ man
Grammar
Japanese Counting System;
In Japanese there are many suffixes used as counters. The counter suffix to be used is
determined by the characteristics specific to the object or thing being counted. In today's lesson,
counters for general objects and counters for people are introduced.
************** Things **************
Use the following counting system for things in general.
１一つひとつ hitotsu
２二つふたつ futatsu
３三つみっつ mittsu
４四つよっつ yottsu
５五ついつつ itsutsu
６六つむっつ muttsu
７七つななつ nanatsu
８八つやっつ yattsu
９九つここのつ kokonotsu
10 十とお tō
how many? いくついくつ ikutsu
* This system is often used when ordering at a restaurant.

* Above 10, general number is used.
************** People **************
Use the following counting system for people.
１一人ひとり hitori
２二人ふたり futari
３三人さんにん sannin
４四人よにん yonin
５五人ごにん gonin
６六人ろくにん rokunin
７七人ななにん/しちにん nananin/shichinin
８八人はちにん hachinin
９九人きゅうにん kyūnin
10 十人じゅうにん jūnin
how many people 何人なんにん nannin
* Above 10, --人/--nin is added to the general number.
★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆
★How to order at the restaurant
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
生ビールを一つ下さい。
Namabīru o hitotsu kudasai.
One draft beer, please.
おにぎり三つお願いします。
Onigiri mittsu onegai shimasu.
Three rice balls, please.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
"[Noun] o kudasai" and "[Noun] o onegai shimasu" are the phrases often used when people
want to request something. The object marker を/o is often omitted in the conversation.
You can place your order as follows:
object object marker kudasai or onegai shimasu.
水/Mizu を/o 下さい。/kudasai.
お茶/Ocha を/o お願いします。/onegai shimasu.
*水/mizu ＝ water
*お茶/ocha ＝ tea
When you add the amount or quantity with the object, use the following sentence patterns:
object object marker counter kudasai or

onegai shimasu.
水/mizu を/o 一つ/hitotsu 下さい。/kudasai.
おにぎり/Onigiri を/o 四つ/yottsu お願いします。/

onegai shimasu.
★Other useful vocabulary and phrases;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
こちらへどうぞ。/ This way, please.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
こちら/kochira ＝ this way
へ/e ＝ direction particle ⇒ SEE this lesson
どうぞ/dōzo ＝ please(do/accept) ⇒ SEE this lesson
こちら/kochira is one of the こそあど/ko- so- a- do words. See the following chart.
things place direction or people
これ/kore ここ/koko こちら/kochira/here, this way, this person
それ/sore そこ/soko そちら/sochira/there, that way, that person
あれ/are あそこ/asoko あちら/achira/over there, that person over there
どれ/dore どこ/doko *どちら/dochira/which way, which one
*"who" would be "だれ/dare," "どなた/donata," or "どちら様/dochira-sama"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ご注文は。/ Go-chūmon wa?/What would you like to order?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Go-" in "go-chūmon" is used to show respect; it is called the honorific prefix.

The original sentence is(was?) ...
ご注文は何ですか。/Go-chūmon wa nan desu ka?
[literally]What's your honorable order?
Although "Go-chūmon wa nan desu ka?" is a grammatically correct sentence, it sounds too
direct. So instead of saying whole sentence, omitting interrogative and saying "ご注文は。/Go-
chūmon wa?" is sometimes more preferable.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
それから/ sorekara / and, and then, after that, in addition
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
"それから/ sorekara" is a conjunction and placed at the beginning of a new sentence to connect
it to the previous one.
ex) これを下さい。それから、それも下さい。
Kore o kudasai. Sorekara, sore mo kudasai.
This one, please. And... could I have that one also please?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
A: ワインはありますか。/ Wain wa arimasu ka?
Do you have wine?
B: すみませんが、ワインはちょっと...。/Sumimasen ga, wain wa chotto...
I'm sorry, but we don't have any.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
★ワインはありますか。/ Wain wa arimasu ka?

In the previous lesson we covered the grammar "---があります/---ga arimasu" "---がいます/---ga
imasu" The particle が/ga can be replaced with particle は/wa in negative or yes/no question
sentences.
★すみませんが、ワインはちょっと...。/Sumimasen ga wain wa chotto...

The literal translation would be "I'm sorry, but wine is a little..." In general, saying "no" directly is
considered informal in Japanese culture. This phrase "すみませんが、---はちょっ
と...。/Sumimasen ga --- wa chotto..." would come in handy, when you would like to give
negative answers indirectly.
Grammar
★Today's target grammar；

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
このラーメン屋に店員が十人います。/ Kono rāmen-ya ni ten'in ga jū-nin imasu.
There are 10 waiters in this ramen shop.
テーブルが三つあります。/ Tēburu ga mittsu arimasu.

There are three tables.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is the usage of "[place] ni [item] ga [numeral] imasu" and
"[place] ni [item] ga [numeral] arimasu."
います/imasu
■　Formation
location ni existent ga numeral imasu Trans
お店に店員が 10 人います。 There are 10 shop clerks in the

o-mise ni ten'in ga ｊ ū-nin imasu. shop.
ここお客さん５人 There are 5 customers here.

koko o-kyaku-san go-nin
その駅駅員３人 There are 3 station clerks at that

sono eki ekiin san-nin station.
*お店/o-mise＝ shop, store

*その駅/sono eki ＝　that station
*駅員/eki-in ＝ station attendant
あります/arimasu
■ Formation
location ni existent ga numeral arimasu Trans
赤坂に駅がよっつあります。 There are 4 stations in Akasaka.

Akasaka ni eki ga yottsu arimasu.
家テレビひとつ There's one T.V. at my house.

Uchi terebi hitotsu
あそこケーキふたつ There are two cakes over there.

Asoko kēki futatsu
*赤坂/Akasaka ＝ Name of a place (Jpod office is located in Akasaka)

*家/uchi ＝ home
*テレビ/terebi ＝ T.V.
*ケーキ/kēki ＝ cake
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and expressions from today's dialogue
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
出発/しゅっぱつ/shuppatsu departure
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
出発ロビー/shuppatsu robī ＝ departure lobby
出発日/shuppatsubi ＝ departure date
出発する/shuppatsu suru ＝ to depart
Ex) 出発はいつですか。

Shuppatsu wa itsu desu ka?
When is your departure?
明日、出発します。
Ashita, shuppatsu shimasu.
I'm leaving tomorrow.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
荷物はいくつありますか。
Nimotsu wa ikutsu arimasu ka?
How many pieces of luggage do you have?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
荷物/nimotsu ＝ luggage, baggage
は/wa ＝ topic marking particle
いくつ/ikutsu ＝ how many (interrogative)
あります/arimasu ＝ to exist
か/ka ＝ question marker
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
時計の後ろにゲート B があります。
Tokei no ushiro ni gēto B ga arimasu.
There is the gate behind the clock.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is giving more detailed information about the location of things. In "Style
You and Beyond 4," we learned the "[place] ni [subject] ga arimasu." sentence structure. Such
as トイレにゴキブリがいます。/Toire ni gokiburi ga imasu. (There are cockroaches in the
bathroom.)
*********Positional words*********
上うえ ue on, above, up
下した shita under, below
右みぎ migi right
左ひだり hidari left

中なか naka in, inside
前まえ mae front
外そと soto outside, out
後ろうしろ ushiro behind
隣となり tonari next to, next door
近くちかく chikaku nearby
横よこ yoko side
EX) 時計の後ろ/tokei no ushiro ＝behind the clock

時計の前/tokei no mae ＝in front of the clock
本屋の右/honya no migi ＝ to the right of the book store
本屋の左/honya no hidari ＝ to the left of the book store
椅子の上/isu no ue ＝ on the chair
会社の中/kaisha no naka ＝ in the office
会社の外/kaisha no soto ＝ outside the office
ここの近く/koko no chikaku ＝ near here
*********Formation*********
[noun] no [positional word] ni [existent] ga [verb](imasu/arimasu)
駅　　の前　　に本屋　があります。
Eki　　no mae ni honya 　ga arimasu.

会社　　の隣　　にレストラン　　があります。
Kaisha　no tonari ni resutoran ga arimasu.
時計　　の後ろ　　に友だち　　がいます。
Tokei　no ushiro ni tomodachi ga imasu.
椅子　　の上　　にゴキブリ　　がいます。
Isu　　no ue ni gokiburi ga imasu.
*駅/eki ＝ station
*本屋/hon'ya ＝ book store
*会社/kaisha ＝ company
*レストラン/resutoran ＝ restaurant
*時計/tokei ＝ clock
*友だち/tomodachi ＝ friend
*椅子/isu ＝ chair
*ゴキブリ/gokiburi ＝ cockroach
Grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
所/ところ/tokoro place
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sample sentence form today's dialogue;
四国はどんな所ですか。
Shikoku wa donna tokoro desu ka?
What kind of place is Shikoku? /What's Shikoku like?
*Donna [Noun] desu ka? ＝ What kind of [Noun] is it?⇒ SEE this lesson
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
寺/てら/tera temple
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お寺/o-tera is also a common word for temple. お/o is a polite prefix.

有名なお寺もたくさんあります。
Yūmei na o-tera mo takusan arimasu.
There are also a lot of famous temples.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
どうしましたか。/Dō shimashita ka? What happened?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
どう/dō ＝ how (interrogative word)

しました/shimashita ＝ past tense of "shimasu/to do"
This phrase literally means "How did you do?" but it can translated as "What's wrong?" or "What
the matter?"
To get Polite Past-tense of the verb, change -masu to -mashita.
ex)
English polite non-past polite past
to go 行きます/ikimasu → 行きました/ikimashita
to exist あります/arimasu →　ありました/arimashita
to exist います/imasu →　いました/imashita
★Today's target grammar;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
四国は　九州の　西に　あります。
Shikoku wa Kyūshū no nishi ni arimasu.
Shikoku is located west of Kyushu
*This was the false information which Shū gave. Shikoku is located East of Kyushu.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is "[existent] wa [location] ni arimasu/imasu" sentence structure and

describing location using four cardinal points and new sentence structure.
*********More Direction words!!*********
東ひがし higashi East
西にし nishi West
南みなみ minami South
北きた kita North
*********Formation1*********
●[PLACE] ni [NOUN] ga arimasu/imasu●
This structure is used to state whether or no people or things exist at a certain place.
location ni existent ga verb(imasu/arimasu)
トイレにゴキブリがいます。
Toire ni gokiburi ga imasu.
駅にトイレがあります。
Eki ni toire ga arimasu.
⇒SEE Style You and Beyond 4
noun no positional word ni existent ga verb (imasu/arimasu)
駅の前に本屋があります。
Eki no mae ni hon-ya ga arimasu.
椅子の上にゴキブリがいます。
Isu no ue ni gokiburi ga imasu.
⇒SEE Style You and Beyond 7
*********Formation2*********
●[NOUN] wa [PLACE] ni arimasu/imasu●
This structure is used to state where people or things exist.

existent wa location ni verb (imasu/arimasu)
秋葉原は東京にあります。
Akihabara wa Tokyo ni arimasu.
南さんは会社にいます。
Minami-san wa kaisha ni imasu.
existent wa noun no positional word ni verb (imasu/arimasu)
四国は広島の南にあります。
Shikoku wa Hiroshima no minami ni arimasu.
南さんは会社の前にいます。
Minami-san wa kaisha no mae ni imasu.
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and phrase from today's dialogue;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
到着/とうちゃく/tōchaku arrival
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
到着ロビー/tōchaku robī ＝ arrival lobby
到着時間/tōchaku jikan ＝ arrival time
到着する/tōchaku suru ＝ to arrive
ex) 到着は何時ですか。

Tōchaku wa nan-ji desu ka?
What time is the arrival? (What time does it arrive?)
９時に到着します。
Ku-ji ni tōchaku shimasu.
It will arrive at 9:00.
Please check its opposite word

出発/shuppatsu ＝ departure ⇒ SEE this lesson
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
出口/でぐち/deguchi exit, gateway, way out
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first Chinese character 出 means "to leave, to come out" and the second character means
"mouth."
The opposite word is...

入口/いりぐち/iriguchi ＝ entrance, approach, gate
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
もう/mō already
まだ/mada still
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sample sentences form today's dialogue;
私は　もう空港にいます。
(Watashi wa) mō kūkō ni imasu.
I'm already at the airport.
私は　まだエステにいます。

(Watashi wa) mada esute ni imasu.
I'm still at the spa.
More example!!!
A:今、何時ですか？ Ima, nanji desu ka?
B:もう、９時です。 Mō ku-ji desu.
It's already 9:00.
A:今、何時ですか？ Ima, nanji desu ka?

B:まだ、９時です。 Mada ku-ji desu.
It's still 9:00.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
そうだ。/Sō da.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is a casual form of そうです/sō desu which literally means "It is so."　It is often used when
the speaker comes up a good idea or just remembers something they'd forgotten.
★Today’s target grammar；

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
冬果さんはどこですか。
Fuyuka-san wa doko desu ka?
Where are you, Fuyuka?
(私は) エステです。
(Watashi wa)　esute desu.
I'm at the spa.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
です/desu is used in the place of -にあります/-ni arimasu or -にいます/-ni imasu. Therefore the
simplest way to indicate the location of something or someone is to use the sentence structure
[Subject] wa [location] desu.
*********Formation*********
●Question●
Subject wa doko desu ka?

トイレはどこですか。
本屋はどこですか。
Hon'ya wa doko desu ka?
冬果さんはどこですか。
Fuyuka-san wa doko desu ka?
ファブリツィオはどこですか。
Fabrizio wa doko desu ka?
●Answer●
Subject wa location desu.
トイレはあそこです。
Toire wa asoko desu.
本屋は駅の前です。
Hon'ya wa eki no mae desu.

冬果さんは本屋です。
Fuyuka-san wa hon'ya desu.
ファブリツィオは電車の中です。
Fabrizio wa densha no naka desu.
*********Spots Around Town*********
駅えき eki station
ガソリンスタンドガソリンスタンド gasorin sutando gas station
学校がっこう gakkō school
銀行ぎんこう ginkō bank
空港くうこう kūkō air port
公園こうえん kōen park
交番こうばん kōban police box
スーパースーパー sūpā super market
大学だいがく daigaku college university

駐車場ちゅうしゃじょう chūshajō parking lot
デパートデパート depāto department store
バス停ばすてい basu tei bus stop
病院びょういん byōin hospital
郵便局ゆうびんきょく yūbin kyoku post office
レストランレストラン resutoran restaurant
*********More Sample Sentences!!*********

1)A:今、（あなたは）どこですか？
Ima, (Anata wa) doko desu ka?
Where are you now?
B:ごめん。まだ、電車の中です。
Gomen. Mada, densha no naka desu.
Sorry. I'm still on the train.
2)A:すみません。トイレはどこですか。
Sumimasen. Toire wa doko desu ka?
Excuse me. Where is the bathroom?
B:あそこです。
Asoko desu.
It's over there.
3)A:すみません。ちかくに駐車場はありますか。

Sumimasen. Chikaku ni chūshajō wa arimasu ka?
Excuse me. Is there a parking lot nearby?
B:はい、あります。あの銀行のとなりです。
Hai, arimasu. Ano ginkō no tonari desu.
Yes, there is. It's next to that bank.
Grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
さあ...ホンダかな。
Sā...Honda kana?
I don't know, but...it's probably Honda.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
さあ/sā ＝ Well, I don't know, let me see
ホンダ/Honda ＝ Honda (a car maker)
かな/ka na ＝ I wonder
さあ/sā is an interjection often used in Japanese when thinking about an answer. It corresponds
to "Well," "I don't know but," or "Let me see."
***Example***
A: ミーティングは何時からですか。/ Mītingu wa nan-ji kara desu ka?
B: さあ、わかりません。/ Sā, wakarimasen.
A: What time does the meeting start?
B: Well...I don't know.
かな/ka na is a sentence ending particle which indicates uncertainty or a question to oneself
casually. This can be translated as "I wonder."
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
正直、興味がありません。
Shōjiki, kyōmi ga arimasen.
To be honest, I have no interests.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
正直/しょうじき/shōjiki ＝ to be honest, to be frank with you；adverb
興味/きょうみ/ kyōmi ＝ interest
ありません/arimasen ＝ doesn't exist, the negative form for あります/arimasu.
⇒SEE this lesson
*正直（な）/ shōjiki(na) is a -na adjective and means "honest" or "truthful." ex)正直な人/ shōjiki
na hito ＝ honest person

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私は白い車が好きです。
わたしはしろいくるまがすきです。
Watashi wa shiroi kuruma ga suki desu.
I like white car.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is the usage of 好き/suki which is a na-adjective meaning "likable". The
"likable" object is marked with the subject-marking particle が/ga.
*********Formation*********
●Affirmative sentence●
[subject] wa [object] ga suki desu.
私は車が好きです。
Watashi wa kuruma ga suki desu.
私はあなたが好きです。
Watashi wa anata ga suki desu.
ファブリツィオは野菜が好きです。
Fabrizio wa yasai ga suki desu.
*あなた/anata ＝ you
*野菜/yasai ＝ vegetable
●Yes/no question●
[subject] wa [object] ga suki desu ka?
あなたはは車が好きですか。
Anata wa kuruma ga suki desu ka?
冬果さんは映画が好きですか。
Fuyuka-san wa eiga ga suki desu ka?
ファブリツィオは野菜が好きですか。
Fabrizio wa yasai ga suki desu ka?
*映画/eiga ＝ movies
●Answer●
Yes ＝はい、好きです。/Hai, suki desu.

No ＝いいえ、好きではありません。/Iie, suki dewa arimasen.
いいえ、好きじゃありません。/ Iie, sukija arimasen.
いいえ、好きじゃないです。/ Iie, sukija naidesu.
*Negative form of -na adjective ⇒SEE this lesson
●More questions●
[subject] wa [interrogative] ga suki desu ka?
あなたは何が好きですか。
Anata wa nani ga suki desu ka?
あなたは誰が好きですか。
Anata wa dare ga suki desu ka?
あなたはどんな　車が好きですか。
Anata wa donna kuruma ga suki desu ka?
あなたはどんな　映画が好きですか。
Anata wa donna eiga ga suki desu ka?
あなたはどんな　音楽が好きですか。
Anata wa donna ongaku ga suki desu ka?
*何/nani ＝ what
*誰/dare ＝ who
*どんな車＝ what kind of car(s)
*どんな映画＝ what kind of movie(s)
*どんな音楽＝ what kind of music
Grammar

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
運転 / うんてん / unten / driving
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sample sentence form today's dialogue:
冬果さんは、運転が好きですか。
Fuyuka-san wa unten ga suki desu ka?
Do you like driving, Fuyuka?
driver ＝　運転手/ untenshu ⇒SEE this lesson

to drive ＝　運転する/unten suru
Sample sentence;
私は毎日車を運転する。
Watashi wa mainichi kuruma o unten suru.
I drive a car everyday.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
免許　/ めんきょ / menkyo / license, qualification
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
免許はありませんが...。
Menkyo wa arimasen ga...
I don't have a license though...
c.f.
車の免許＝　driver's license
タクシーの免許＝　taxi license
ヘリコプターの免許＝　license to operate helicopter(chopper)
In today's dialogue, it is obvious that 免許/menkyo means "driver's" license, so 車の/kuruma

no is dropped.
Today's target grammar:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
イタリアの車が大好き　です。
Itaria no kuruma ga dai-suki desu.
I like Italian cars very much.
運転が大嫌いです。
Unten ga dai-kirai desu.
I hate driving.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is different degrees of liking and disliking.
See the followings
*****Degrees of liking and disliking*****
I like it very much.　→ 大好きです。

Dai-suki desu.
I like it.　→ 好きです。

Suki desu.
So so. (It’s OK)　→ まあまあ好きです。

Māmā suki desu.
I don’t like it very much.　→ あまり好きじゃないです。

Amari suki ja nai desu.
I don’t like it.　→ 好きじゃないです。

Suki ja nai desu.
I dislike it.　→ 嫌いです。

Kirai desu.
I hate it.　→ 大嫌いです。

Dai-kirai desu.
*****Sample sentences*****
パスタはあまり好きじゃないです。でもラーメンは大好きです。
Pasuta wa amari suki janai desu. Demo rāmen wa dai-suki desu.
I don't like pasta very much, but I like ramen a lot.
あなたは好きですが、あなたの友達は好きじゃないです。
Anata wa suki desu ga, anata no tomodachi wa suki janai desu.
I like you, but I dislike your friends.
A: 車の運転が好きですか。/Kuruma no unten ga suki desu ka?

Do you like driving a car?
B: はい。大好きです。/Hai, daisuki desu.
Yes, I like it very much.
Grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
疲れましたね。 / Tsukaremashita ne.
We got tired, didn't we?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
疲れました/tsukaremashita ＝ Polite Past-tense form of tsukaremasu/to get tired
ね/ne ＝ sentence ending particle indicates emotion of admiration
*Polite Past-tense of the verb ⇒SEE this lesson
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
さあ、温泉に行きましょう。 / Sā, onsen ni ikimashō.
Shall we go to the hot spring?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
さあ/sā ＝ come on; used to involve? someone in an activity
温泉/onsen ＝ hot spring
に/ni ＝direction particle
行きましょう/ikimashō ＝ the polite volitional form of "行きます/ikimasu"
*The polite volitional form of a verb is made by adding ましょう/mashō to the -masu stem of the
verb.　See the example below.
English -masu form -masu stem Volitional
to go ikimasu iki iki mashō
to return kaerimasu kaeri kaeri mashō
to eat tabemasu tabe tabe mashō
to see/watch mimasu mi mi mashō
to do shimasu shi shi mashō
to come kimasu ki ki mashō
さあ、ランチを食べましょう。
Sā, ranchi o tabemashō.
Let's eat lunch.
さあ、家へ帰りましょう。
Sā, uchi e kaerimashō.
Alright, let's go home.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お腹ペコペコです。 / Onaka peko-peko desu.
I'm starving.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お腹/onaka ＝ stomach
ペコペコ/peko peko ＝ onomatopoeia（gitaigo) which means very hungry
です/desu ＝ a copula which is equivalent English am/is/are
お腹（が）ペコペコ/ onaka ga peko-peko is a onomatopoeic set phrase.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
私は目が痛いです。
Watashi wa me ga itai desu.
My eyes are sore.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is the usage of 痛い/itai which is a -i ending adjective meaning "painful".
The "painful" body part is marked with the subject-marking particle が/ga.
*****Formation*****
[subject] wa [body part] ga itai desu.
私は目が痛い　です。
Watashi wa me ga itai desu.
私は頭が痛い　です。
Watashi wa atama ga itai desu.
私はお腹が痛い　です。
Watashi wa onaka ga itai desu.
私は首が痛い　です。
Watashi wa kubi ga itai desu.

*****Body Part Vocabulary*****
頭あたま atama head
顔かお kao face
髪かみ kami hair
目め me eye(s)
鼻はな hana nose
口くち kuchi mouth
歯は ha teeth/tooth
のどのど nodo throat
首くび kubi neck
肩かた kata shoulder(s)
背中せなか senaka back
お腹おなか onaka stomach, abdomen
胸むね mune chest
腰こし koshi lower back
お尻おしり o-shiri buttocks
足あし ashi leg(s)/foot/feet
ひざひざ hiza knee
腕うで ude arm(s)
手て te hand(s)
指ゆび yubi finger(s)
Grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
浴衣 / ゆかた / yukata
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
浴＝ bath
衣＝ cloth
Yukata is a casual Japanese summer outfit which is usually made of cotton. At traditional
Japanese inns (ryokan), yukata are worn after taking a bath.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
有名 / ゆうめい / yūmei
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
有　＝　to exist
名　＝　name, fame
有名/yūmei is a -na ending adjective which means famous.
道後温泉は有名です。Dōgo-onsen wa yūmei desu.

Dōgo hot springs are famous.
あの人は有名な歌手です。Ano hito wa yūmei na kashu desu.

That person is a famous singer.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
超かわいい / chō kawaii
すごくきれい / sugoku kirei
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
超/chō is an adverb means "super" or "beyond" used only in a casual speech. すごく/sugoku is
an adverbial form of すごい/sugoi/great. It is also a casual expression.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ファブリツィオは　背が　高いです。
Faburitsio wa se ga takai desu.
Fabrizio is tall. (As for Fabrizio, his stature is tall.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is about talking about characteristics of a person or a thing by using
"[noun] ga [adjective] desu" construction.
*****Formation*****
Describing characteristics of a person or an animal
[topic] wa [body part] ga [adjective] desu.
チワワは目が大きいです。
Chiwawa wa me ga ōkii desu.

村上春樹は頭がいいです。
Haruki Murakami wa atama ga ii desu.
ゴキブリは頭が悪いです。
Gokiburi wa atama ga warui desu.
トム　クルーズは背が低いです。
Tom Cruise wa se ga hikui desu.
モデルは背が高いです。
Model wa se ga takai desu.
モデルはスタイルがいいです。
Model wa sutairu ga ii desu.
*頭がいい/atama ga ii ＝ smart, intelligent ;literally means "head is good"

*頭が悪い/atama ga warui ＝ stupid, fool, idiot, moron ;literally means "head is bad"
*背が高い/se ga takai ＝ tall ;literally means "stature is high"
*背が低い/se ga hikui ＝ short ;literally means "stature is low"
*スタイルがいい/sutairu ga ii ＝ good figure
Describing characteristics of a thing or a place:
[Topic] wa [noun] ga [adjective] desu.

この浴衣はデザインがかわいいです。
Kono yukata wa dezain ga kawaii desu.
この浴衣はサイズが小さいです。
Kono yukata wa saizu ga chiisai desu.
ハワイは海がきれいです。
Hawai wa umi ga kirei desu.
ナポリはピザが有名です。
Napoli wa piza ga yūmei desu.
四国はうどんが美味しいです。
Shikoku wa Udon ga oishii desu.
*海/umi ＝ sea, beach, ocean

*美味しい/oishii ＝ delicious, tasty
Grammar
●Useful vocabulary and phrases from today's dialog
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
気が強い　/ ki ga tsuyoi / strong-minded
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
気/ki ＝ mood, spirit, mind, temper
強い/tsuyoi ＝ strong
気/ki is used to describe personality. The followings are the common expression.
ki　ga 　[adjective] direct translation English translation

気が弱い spirit is weak chicken-hearted, timid
ki ga yowai
気が長い temper is long patient, have a lot of patience

ki ga nagai
気が短い temper is short short-tempered

ki ga mijikai
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
それとも / soretomo / or, either
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soretomo is a coordinate conjunction which connects two alternatives expressed by sentences.
今日は水曜日ですか。それとも木曜日ですか。
Kyō wa sui-yōbi desu ka? Soretomo moku-yōbi desu ka?
Is today Wednesday? Or is it Thursday?
ビールを飲みますか。それともワインを飲みますか。
Bīru o nomimasuka? Soretomo wain o nomimasu ka?
Are you drinking beer or wine? (or Do you drink beer or wine?)
●Today's target grammar

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
髪が長い人が好きですか...それとも、髪が短い人が好きですか。
Kami ga nagai hito ga suki desu ka? ...Soretomo, kami ga mijikai hito ga suki desu ka?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is telling one's preference by using modified noun.
In the previous lesson, we learned;
"[subject] wa [body part/noun] ga [adjective] desu" structure.
スティーブ　ブシェミ　は　目が　大きい　です。
Steve Buscemi wa me ga ōkii desu.
＝ Steve Buscemi has big eyes.
●●Formation●●
***** [noun] ga [adjective] ＋ [noun] *****
[noun]　ga [adjective] ＋ [noun] English translation
目が大きい人 person who has big eyes

me　ga ōkii　hito
気が強い人 person who has strong mind

ki　ga tsuyoi　hito
声が小さい人 person who has small voice

koe　ga chiisai　hito
髪が長い人 person who has long hair

kami　ga nagai　hito
頭がいいゴキブリ smart cockroach(es)

atama　ga ii　gokiburi
背が高いモデル a tall model

se　ga takai　moderu
*As shown below, na is required, when -na ending adjective precedes noun.

目がきれいな人 person who has beautiful eyes
me　ga kirei na　hito
コンピュータが得意な人 person who is good at computer

konpyūtā　ga tokui na　hito
声が静かな人 person who has quiet voice

koe　ga shizuka na　hito
●●Formation●●
***** [topic] wa [noun] ga [adjective]＋[noun] ga suki desu. *****
[topic]　wa [noun] ga [adjective] [noun] ga 　suki desu
私　は頭　が良い　人が　好きです。
Watashi　wa atama　ga ii　hito ga　suki desu.
私　は背　が高い　人が　好きです。
Watashi wa se 　ga takai　hito ga suki desu.
私　は髪　が長い　人が　好きです。
Watashi　wa kami　ga nagai　hito ga suki desu.

私　は声　がきれいな　人が　好きです。
Watashi　wa koe　ga kirei na　hito ga suki desu.
私　はピアノ　が得意な　人が　好きです。
Watashi wa piano 　ga tokui na　hito ga suki desu.
*得意(な)/tokui (na)＝be good at ;-na ending adjective
Grammar

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
泊まります　/ とまります / to stay at;－masu form
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Particle に/ni precedes 泊まります/tomarimasu to indicate place.
Sample sentence from today's dialogue;
(私は)冬果さんのうちに泊まります。
(Watashi wa) Fuyuka-san no uchi ni tomarimasu.
I'm going to stay at Fuyuka's place.
今夜、(ファブリツィオさんは）松山に泊まりますか。
Konya, (Fabrizio-san wa) Matsuyama ni tomarimasu ka?
Are you staying in Matsuyama tonight?
★Today's target grammar:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ファブリツィオさんは、本当に明るくて楽しい人ですね。
Fabrizio-san wa hontō ni akarukute tanoshii hito desu ne.
Fabrizio, you are really cheerful and fun person.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is -i adjective conjunction. When two (or more) adjectives are used to
describe some thing or person, they can be combined into one sentence by changing the
adjective into its -te form. The -te form can be used only when adjectives are in a non final
position in a sentence.
Note that the connective particle と/to cannot be used for connecting adjectives.
○ うどんは　安くて　美味しいです。
Udon wa yasukute oishii desu.
× うどんは　安いと　美味しいです。
Udon wa yasuito oishii desu.
*****-te form of i-adjective*****
①Drop the final い/i
②Add くて/kute
English Dictionary　form →　-te form
small 小さい　chiisai →　小さくて

chiisakute
old 古い　furui →　古くて

furukute
interesting 面白い　omoshiroi →　面白くて

omoshirokute
fun 楽しい　tanoshii →　楽しくて

tanoshikute
cheerful 明るい　akarui →　明るくて

akarukute
tasty 美味しい　oishii →　美味しくて

oishikute
cheap 安い　yasui →　安くて

yasukute
good いい　ii →　よくて

yokute (*exception!!)
*****-te form of na adjective*****
①Drop the final な/na to get the dictionary form
②Add で/de
English Dictionary form →　-te form
convenient 便利　benri →　便利で　benri de
well, fine 元気　genki →　元気で　genki de
beautiful きれい　kirei →　きれいで　kirei de
Grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
刺身/ sashimi / sliced raw fish, Sashimi
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お刺身/o-sashimi is also a common word for sliced raw fish. お/o is a polite prefix.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
☆ただいま。/ Tadaima. / I'm home.
☆お帰り(なさい)。/ Okaeri(-nasai)./ Welcome back, Welcome home.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
☆ただいま。/ Tadaima. is the greeting said by a person who has come back. The word ただい
ま/Tadaima literally means "right now" or "just now." In today's dialogue, "帰りまし
た。/kaerimashita = came home" is inferred. It originally was "ただいま、帰りまし
た。/Tadaima, kaerimashita = I've just come back," but people often omit "帰りまし
た/kaerimashita" in a casual conversation.
☆お帰り(なさい）。/O-kaeri(-nasai) is the expression used to welcome someone coming back

home.
* Casual-------お帰り。/O-kaeri.
* Polite-------お帰りなさい。/O-kaeri-nasai.
* More polite--お帰りなさいませ。/O-kaeri-nasai-mase.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
☆いらっしゃい。/ Irasshai./ Welcome!
☆お上がりください。/ O-agari-kudasai. / Please (take off your shoes and) come up.
☆お入りください。/ O-hairi-kudasai./ Please come in.
☆おじゃまします。/ O-jama shimasu./ Excuse me.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
☆"いらっしゃい。/ Irasshai." is the expression used to welcome a visitor.
☆"お上がりください。/ O-agari-kudasai." is used to invite a visitor to "step up" into the

Japanese-style house.
*上がります/agarimasu ＝ to enter, to climb up, to go up, to rise
☆"お入りください。/ O-hairi-kudasai." is used to encourage a guest to enter the room.

*入ります/hairimasu ＝ to enter, to come in
☆"おじゃまします。/ O-jama shimasu."
*お/o ＝ honorific prefix
*じゃま/jama ＝ hindrance, intrusion, obstacle, annoyance
"Ojamashimasu." literally means "I'm afraid I'll bother you." It is used when entering someone's
home.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
冬果さんの家族はにぎやかで面白いですね。
Fuyuka-san no kazoku wa nigiyaka de omoshiroi desu ne.
Fuyuka, your family is so lively and funny.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is -na adjective conjunction. As we learned in the previous lesson, when
two (or more) adjectives are used to describe some thing or person, they can be combined into
one sentence by changing the adjective into into its -te form. The -te form can be used only
when adjectives are in a non final position in a sentence.
Note that the adjectives combined must be all favorable or all unfavorable in the meaning. When
they express a contrast, disjunctive particle such as でも/demo, が/ga or けれど/keredo has to
be used to link the adjectives.
×　ファブリツィオはハンサムでうるさいです。

Fabrizio wa hansamu de urusai desu.
(Fabrizio is handsome and noisy.)
○　ファブリツィオはハンサムですが、うるさいです。
Fabrizio wa hansamu desu ga, urusai desu.
(Fabrizio is handsome, but noisy.)
*****-te form of i adjective*****
(1) Drop the final い/i
(2) Add くて/kute
English Dictionary　form -te form
tasty 美味しい　oishii 美味しくて　oishikute
cheap 安い　　yasui 安くて　　yasukute

good いい　　ii よくて　　yokute
(*exception!!)
*****-te form of na adjective*****
(1) Drop the final な/na to get the dictionary form
(2) Add で/de
English Dictionary form -te form
convenient 便利　benri 便利で　benri de
well, fine 元気　genki 元気で　genki de
famous 有名　yūmei 有名で　yūmei de
fresh 新鮮　shinsen 新鮮で　shinsen de
beautiful きれい　kirei きれいで　kirei de
quiet 静か　shizuka しずかで shizuka de
handsome ハンサム　hansamu ハンサムで　hansamu de
Grammar

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ファブリツィオと申します。/Fabrizio to mōshimasu./My name is Fabrizio.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
"(私は)---と申します。/(Watashi wa)--- to mōshimasu. = My name is ---." is a polite way to

introduce your name.
と/to ＝ a particle used to mark a quotation
申します/mōshimasu ＝ humble expression of "言います/iimasu = to say"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。/Dōzo yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
いたします/itashimasu ＝ humble expression of "します/shimasu = to do"
Compare:
(i)ファブリツィオです。どうぞよろしくお願いします。
Fabrizio desu. Dōzo yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
⇒SEE this lesson
(ii)ファブリツィオと申します。どうぞよろしくお願いいたします。
Fabrizio to mōshimasu. Dōzo yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.
(i) is polite, but (ii) is even an more polite expression.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
つまらないものですが、どうぞ。/Tsumaranai mono desu ga, dōzo.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is one of the most common expressions used when offering a gift.
つまらない/tsumaranai ＝ boring, not special;-i adjective
もの/mono ＝ thing, object
です/desu ＝ copula
が/ga ＝ but
どうぞ/dōzo ＝ please accept it, please take it
Other expressions;
これ、どうぞ。/Kore, dōzo.
Please take (accept) this one.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
わざわざ、ありがとうございます。/Waza waza arigatō gozaimasu.
Thank you for taking trouble to do that.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
わざわざ/waza waza is used for showing the appreciation to someone for doing something. It
adds the meaning of "taking so much trouble." But be careful if you use わざわざ/waza waza to
describe your own actions, it sounds patronizing.
ex) わざわざ、ここに来ました。/ Waza waza koko ni kimashita.

I took so much trouble to come here.
★Today's target grammar:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
うちの父と母と祖母と弟と妹です。
Uchi no chichi to haha to sobo to otōto to imōto desu.
This is my father, mother, grandmother, brother and sister.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
うち/uchi ＝ my, my family's

父/ちち/chichi ＝　father
と/to ＝　and
母/はは/haha ＝　mother
祖母/そぼ/sobo ＝ grandmother
弟/おとうと/otōto ＝　younger brother
妹/いもうと/imōto ＝　younger sister
* As we have already learned うち/uchi means "house" or "home," but it also have a meaning of
"my" or "my family's."
***** Family Terms *****

The followings are a list of names for family members.
When you are...
talking about your own family members to an outsider　→　Use non-respectful terms
talking about your someone else's family member →　Use respectful terms
English Non-respectful terms Respectful terms
father 父/chichi お父さん/o-tōsan
mother 母/haha お母さん/o-kāsan
older brother 兄/ani お兄さん/o-niisan
older sister 姉/ane お姉さん/o-nēsan
younger brother 弟/otōto 弟さん/otōto-san
younger sister 妹/imōto 妹さん/imōto-san
grandfather 祖父/sofu おじいさん/o-jiisan
grandmother 祖母/sobo おばあさん/o-bāsan
husband 主人/shujin ご主人/go-shujin

だんな/danna だんなさん/danna-san
wife 家内/kanai 奥さん/oku-san

妻/tsuma
son 息子/musuko 息子さん/musuko-san
daughter 娘/musume 娘さん/musume-san
child 子供/kodomo お子さん/o-ko-san
grandchild 孫/mago お孫さん/o-mago-san
* Some people use respectful term referring to one's own ELDER family members in a casual
situation.
Grammar
★Useful expressions for the Lost and Found Office
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
財布を落としました。/Saifu o otoshimashita.
I lost my wallet. (Literally: I dropped my wallet.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 財布/saifu ＝ wallet, purse

 を/o ＝ object marker
 落としました/otoshimashita
＝ past tense form of verb "落とします/otoshimasu ＝ to drop"
***** Check the similar expressions *****
 忘れます/wasuremasu ＝ to forget, to leave behind

財布を忘れました。/Saifu o wasuremashita.
I left my wallet behind (or I forgot my wallet)
 なくします/nakushimasu ＝ to lose
財布をなくしました。/Saifu o naku shimashita.
I lost my wallet.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
財布の中にいくらありましたか。
Saifu no naka ni ikura arimashita ka?
How much (money) was there in the wallet?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 財布の中/saifu no naka ＝ in the wallet

 に/ni ＝ particle indicates location
 いくら/ikura ＝ how much
 ありました/arimashita
＝ past tense of "あります/arimasu ＝ to be, to exist"
 か/ka ＝ question marking particle
× 財布の中にいくらがありましたか。/Saifu no naka ni ikura ga arimashita ka?
This sentence is not correct. The subject marking particle が/ga cannot be preceded by いく
ら/ikura, because the subject of this sentence is not いくら/ikura, but お金/okane=money. This
sentence was originally, 財布の中にお金がいくらありましたか。/Saifu no naka ni okane ga
ikura arimashitaka. As the subject is obvious, it is omitted.
c.f.;
かばん　の中に　　何　　が　　ありますか。
Kaban no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka?
ポケットの中に　　何　　が　　ありますか。
Poketto no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka?
その中　に　　　　　何　　が　　ありますか。
Sono naka ni nani ga arimasu ka?
*かばん/kaban ＝ bag
*ポケット/poketto ＝ pocket
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
現金はありませんでしたが、クレジットカードが (or は) ありました。
Genkin wa arimasendeshita ga, kurejitto kādo ga (or wa) arimashita.
There wasn't any money, but there was a credit card.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 現金/genkin ＝ cash
 は/wa ＝ particle indicating topic or showing contrast
 ありませんでした/arimasen deshita ＝past tense of "ありません/arimasen"
 が/ga ＝ but
 クレジットカード/kurejitto kādo ＝credit card
 が/ga ＝ subject marker
 ありました/arimashita ＝past tense of "あります/arimasu"
A:かばんの中に何がありましたか。
Kaban no naka ni nani ga arimashita ka?
What was in the bag?
B:財布はありませんでした。でも、コンピューターがありました。
Saifu wa arimasen deshita. Demo konpyūtā ga arimashita.
There wasn't a wallet, but there was a computer.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please write your name, phone number and address here.
i)ここに名前と電話番号と住所をお願いします。

Koko ni namae to denwa bangō to jūsho o onegai shimasu.
ii)こちらにお名前とお電話番号とご住所をお願いします。

Kochira ni o-namae to o-denwa bangō to go-jūsho o onegai shimasu.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ここ/koko ＝here
 こちら/kochira ＝here ⇒SEE this lesson
 に/ni ＝ particle indicating location
 名前/namae ＝ name
 と/to ＝ and
 電話番号/denwa bangō ＝　telephone number
 住所/jūsho ＝ address
 を/o ＝　object marker
 お願いします/onegai shimasu ＝ please
***** Honorific prefix "お/o"　and "ご/go"*****
"お/o"　and "ご/go" are used to show respect or politeness. It is said that お/o precedes words
of Japanese origin or words commonly used in daily life, whereas ご/go precedes words of
Chinese origin. However, this rule has many exceptions.
"お/o"　and "ご/go" as in "お名前/o-namae" and "ご住所/go-jūsho" are honorific prefixes which

are used when politely referring to someone else's personal information or the personal
information of someone outside one's own group, such as their name or address. Please note
that these honorific prefixes cannot be used for your own information nor for that of members of
your own group.
For example;
○ 私の名前はケンです。/Watashi no namae wa Ken desu.
× 私のお名前はケンです。/Watashi no o-namae wa Ken desu.
Sample Sentences
 お名前は何ですか。/O-namae wa nan desu ka.

What's your (honorable) name?
 お電話番号は何ですか。/O-denwa bangō wa nan desu ka?
What's your (honorable) phone number?
 ご住所はなんですか。/Go-jūsho wa nan desu ka?
What's your (honorable) address?
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and expressions from today's dialog
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
朝ごはん / asa-gohan / breakfast
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
朝/asa ＝ morning
ご飯/ごはん/gohan ＝ cooked rice, a meal
昼ごはん/ ひるごはん/ hiru-gohan ＝ lunch

夕ごはん/ ゆうごはん/ yū-gohan ＝ supper
晩ごはん/ ばんごはん/ ban-gohan ＝ supper
昼/hiru ＝ noon, day time
夕方/ゆうがた/ yūgata ＝ evening
晩/ばん/ ban ＝ evening
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
朝ごはん、いかがですか。/Asa-gohan, ikaga desu ka?
Would you like breakfast? (Literally: How about breakfast?)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
朝ごはん/asa gohan ＝ breakfast
いかが/ikaga ＝ how
です/desu ＝ copula
"いかがですか。/Ikaga desu ka?" is a more polite way to say "どうですか/dō desu ka? ＝ How
is it?" This phrase is often used when offering things, such as food or drink.
*****Sample Sentences*****
お水、いかがですか。/O-mizu ikaga desu ka?
Would you like some water?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compare!
(i)おはよう。/Ohayō.
(ii)おはようございます。/Ohayō gozaimasu.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Both of the expression mean "Good morning." However (ii) is more polite than (i).⇒SEE
this lesson

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
トースト(を)食べる。/Tōsuto (o) taberu.
I'll have some toast.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is introducing verb conjugation. We'll look at how to conjugate a verb to
make the dictionary form.
***** Japanese Verbs ******
●Masu form vs dictionary form●

So far the verbs we have introduced in Nihongo Dōjō have been in the -masu from: ikimasu,
wakarimasu, mimasu, tabemasu, shimasu, kimasu. They have a corresponding form called the
plain form or the dictionary form In order to look up the verbs in a dictionary, you need to know
the dictionary form (ie the plain form) of the verb.
●Three Verb inflection patterns●

There are three classes of Japanese verbs.
i)When masu is preceded by -i ⇒Class 1 verb
ii)When masu is preceded by -e or a one syllable sound ⇒Class 2 verb
iii)"kimasu/to come", "shimasu/to do"　⇒Class 3 verb or irregular verb
See the following chart.
Class 1 verbs
(1) Drop -i masu
(2) Add u
English masu form Dictionary form
to meet あいます/ai masu あう/au
to go 行きます/iki masu 行く/iku
to speak はなします/hanashi masu 話す/hanasu
to drink 飲みます/nomi masu 飲む/nomu
to wait 待ちます/machi masu 待つ/matsu
to exist あります/ari masu ある/aru

Class 2 verbs
(1) Drop masu
(2) Add ru
to eat 食べます/tabe masu 食べる/taberu
to see みます/mi masu みる/miru
to sleep 寝ます/ne masu 寝る/neru
Class 3 verbs
Irregular
to do します/shi masu する/suru
to come 来ます/ki masu 来る/kuru
* Notice that the dictionary form of class one verbs ends in an -u sound, whereas the dictionary
form of class 2 verbs ends in e-ru or i-ru. That is why class one verbs are also called "u verbs"
and class two verbs are also known as "ru verbs."
***** Casual style speech and polite style speech ******

There are two speech styles in Japanese, casual and polite. The speaker makes a choice
according to the relationship between themselves and the listener. The plain dictionary form is
used in informal situations, while the masu form is used in formal situations.
***** Sample sentence from today's dialogue******

Compare;　
☆What are you going to have?
Mother →　Fabrizio (guest)
 何を食べますか。/Nani o tabemasu ka?
Mother →　daughter
 何(を)食べる。/Nani (o) taberu?
* Please notice that Fuyuka's mother used the masu form when speaking to Fabrizio as he is a
guest. She uses plain form to ask her own daughter the same question. When the sentence
ending particle か/ka is added to a polite sentence, the sentence becomes a question. In a
casual sentence, instead of adding the particle か/ka, the speaker's intonation rises at the end of
the sentence.
Grammar

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
コーヒーのお代わりいかがですか。
Kōhī no o-kawari ikaga desu ka?
Would you like more coffee?
(Literally: How about second serving of coffee?)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 コーヒー/ kōhī ＝ coffee
 の/no ＝ particle indicating possession or attribution
 おかわり/okawari ＝ second helping, another cup
 いかが/ikaga ＝ how
 です/desu ＝ copula
 か/ka ＝ question marker
The usage of いかがですか/ikaga desu ka? ⇒SEE this lesson
*****Sample Sentences*****
 パンのお代わり　いかがですか。/Pan no o-kawari ikaga desu ka?

Would you like more bread?
 すみません。パンのお代わりお願いします。/Sumimasen. Pan no o-kawari
onegaishimasu.
Excuse me. Could I have more bread?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
最高/saikō the best, the highest, supremeness, superlative
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
最高/saikō is a noun. 最高に/saikō ni is an adverb
***** Noun ******
 お母さんのコーヒーは最高です。/O-kāsan no kōhī wa saikō desu.

Mom, your coffee is the best ever.
***** Adverb ******
 このコーヒーは最高においしい。/Kono kōhī wa saikō ni oishii.

This coffee is the most delicious ever.
The opposite word is 最低/saitei＝the worst, the lowest

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
車でこんぴらさんに行く。/Kuruma de Kompirasan ni iku.
We are going to Kompirasan by a car
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is reviewing verb conjugation and casual style speech. The rules for
verb conjugation to get the dictionary form have been already been explained in the previous
lesson.
The verbs used in today's dialog are class 1 verbs. Let's review the verb conjugation for class
one verbs.
* Class 1 verbs
(1) Drop -i from masu form

(2) Add u
English masu form →　Dictionary form
to meet あいます/ai masu → あう/au
to go 行きます/iki masu → 行く/iku
to speak はなします/hanashi masu →　話す/hanasu
to drink 飲みます/nomi masu →　飲む/nomu
to wait 待ちます/machi masu →　待つ/matsu
to exist あります/ari masu →　ある/aru
***** Sample sentence from today's dialogue******
 i)A:冬果もコーヒー飲む？/Fuyuka mo kōhī nomu?

B:うん、飲む。/Un. Nomu.
A:Do you want to drink coffee too?
B:Yes, I do.
*うん/un ＝ "Yes." Less polite than はい/hai or ええ/ee.
As the speaker (mother) is talking to her daughter (Fuyuka), she uses casual Japanese. Please
notice that in casual speech the particles を/o and へ/e (or に/ni) are often omitted. The polite
version of this same conversation would be:
 A:冬果さんもコーヒーを飲みますか。/Fuyuka-san mo kōhī o nomimasu ka?
B:はい。飲みます。/Hai. Nomimasu.
 ii)A:今日、どこ行くの？/Kyō, doko iku no?

B:車でこんぴらさんに行く。/Kuruma de kompirasan ni iku.
A:Where will you go today?
B:(We're) going to Konpirasan by car.
*の/no ＝ sentence ending particle which indicates question with a casual verb sentence
Grammar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
もうちょっと / mō chotto / a little more
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
もう/mō ＝ more, again

ちょっと＝ a little, a few
In Newbie Season 3 Lesson 9," the word "もう/mō ＝ already" was explained.
That mō and mō as in "mō chotto" mean different things and have different pronunciations.
***** Pronunciation ******
☆も↓う/mo↓u （mo is high, u is low) ＝ already

ex) もう、１時です。/ Mō, ichi-ji desu./ It's already 1:00
☆も↑う/mo↑u （mo is low, u is high) ＝ more, again

ex) もう一度、お願いします。/ Mō ichido onegai shimasu./ Once again, please.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
この階段は長くて有名ですよ。/Kono kaidan wa nagakute yūmei desu yo.
This stairway is long and (therefore it's) famous.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this sentence 長い/nagai is the reason for the following 有名/yūmei. In some sentences where
adjective are combined, the first clause ending in the te-form of an adjective indicates a reason
for the following clause.
adjective conjugation ⇒ this, this and this lesson
***** Sample sentences ******
このパンは、おいしくて有名です。/Kono pan wa oishikute yūmei desu.

This bread is delicious and (therefore it's) famous.
ファブリツィオは声が大きくてうるさいです。/Fabrizio wa koe ga ōkikute urusai desu.

Fabrizio has a big voice and（therefore) he's noisy.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
また電話する。/Mata, denwa suru.
I'll call you again.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is reviewing verb conjugation and casual style speech. The rules for
verb conjugation to get the dictionary form have been already explained in the previous lesson.
The verbs used in today's dialog are class 3 verbs which are します/shimasu and 来ま
す/kimasu. Let's review the verb conjugation for class 3 verbs.
Class 3 verbs
Irregular
to do します/shi masu する/suru
to come 来ます/ki masu 来る/kuru
***** Compare the casual speech and polite speech! ******

☆Are you leaving now (to come here)? (Literally: are you coming from now?)
●Casual●
今から来る？/Ima kara kuru?
●Polite●
今から、来ますか。/Ima kara kimasu ka?
☆What are you going to do?

●Casual●
どうする？/Dō suru?
●Polite●
どうしますか。/Dō shimasu ka?
☆Well then, I'll call you back (Literally: Well, I'll phone you again).
●Casual●
じゃ、また電話する。/Ja, mata, denwa suru.
●Polite●
では、また電話します。/Dewa, mata, denwa shimasu.
*では/dewa ＝ "well then," but is more polite than じゃ/ja
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and expressions from today's dialogue;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
もちろん / mochiron / of course
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
***** Sample sentences *****

A: 明日、パーティに行きますか。/ Ashita, pātī ni ikimasu ka?
B: はい、もちろん。/ Hai, mochiron.
A: Are you going to a party tomorrow?
B: Yes, of course I am.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
絶対に / zettai ni / absolutely, unconditionally,
without fail, at any cost; adverb
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
パーティへ行きます。/ Pātī e ikimasu./I'm going to a party.
→　i)絶対にパーティーへ行きます。/ Zettai ni pātī e ikimasu.
→　ii)パーティーへ絶対に行きます。/ Pātī e zettai ni ikimasu.
*Both (i) and (ii) are correct sentences. ni is sometimes omitted.
***** Sample sentences *****

絶対、肉を食べません。/ Zettai niku o tabemasen.
I don't eat meat at any cost.
絶対、電話を下さい。/ Zettai, denwa o kudasai.
Please give me a call without fail.
★Reviewing verb conjugation★
The rules for verb conjugation is explained in Newbie Season 3 Lesson 19
***** Class 1 ? Class 2 ? or Class3 ? *****

i)When masu is precedes by -i ⇒Class 1 verb
ii)When masu is precedes by -e or one syllable sound ⇒Class 2 verb
iii)"kimasu/to come", "shimasu/to do"　⇒Class 3 verb or irregular verb
***** Practice!!! *****
Put the correct name of the class in the blanks.

(example)来ます / ki masu/ to come （class 3)
１．ききます / kiki masu /to listen （　　）

２．わかります / wakari masu / to understand （　　）
３．します / shi masu / to do （　　）
４．行きます / iki masu / to go （　　）
５．みます / mi masu / to watch （　　）
６．話します / hanashi masu / to speak （　　）
７．食べます / tabe masu / to eat （　　）
８．あります / ari masu / to exist （　　）
９．います / i masu / to exist （　　）
10. 疲れます / tsukare masu / to get tired （　　）
***** Verb conjugation; masu form →dictionary form *****
Class 1 verbs
(i)Drop -i masu
(2)Add u
Class 2 verbs
(1)Drop masu
(2)Add ru
Class 3 verbs
Irregular
***** Practice!!! *****
Please write a corresponding dictionary form.
(Ex.) 来ます → 来る/ kuru

ki masu
１．ききます →
kiki masu
２．わかります →
wakari masu
３．します →
shi masu
４．行きます →
iki masu
５．みます →
mi masu
６．話します →
hanashi masu
７．食べます →
tabe masu
８．あります →
ari masu
９．います →
i masu
10. 疲れます →
tsukare masu
***** Compare the casual speech and polite speech ******
●Verb sentences●
Polite Casual
affirmative もちろん、待ちます。もちろん待つ。
Mochiron, machimasu. Mochiron matsu.
Yes/No question 待ちますか。待つ（の）。
Machimasu ka? Matsu (no)?

Wh- question どうしますか。どうする（の）。
Dō shimasu ka? Dō suru (no)?
●-i adjective sentences●
Polite Casual
affirmative 長いです。長い。
Nagai desu. Nagai.
negative 長くないです。長くない。
Nagakunai desu. Nagakunai.
question 長いですか。長い？
Nagai desu ka? Nagai?
●-na adjective sentences●
Polite Casual
affirmative 静かです。静か（だ）。

Shizuka desu. Shizuka (da).
negative 静かじゃないです。静かじゃない。
Shizuka janai desu. Shizuka janai.
question 静かですか。静か？
Shizuka desu ka? Shizuka?
●Noun sentences●
Polite Casual
affirmative うどんです。うどん（だ）。
Udon desu. Udon (da).
negative うどんじゃないです。うどんじゃない。
Udon janai desu. Udon janai.
question うどんですか。うどん？
Udon desu ka? Udon?
Wh- question これは何ですか。これは何？

Kore wa nan desu ka? Kore wa nani?
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and expressions from today's dialog;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(私は) お腹がいっぱいです。
(Watashi wa) onaka ga ippai desu.
I'm full.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お腹/onaka ＝　stomach
が/ga ＝ subject marker
いっぱい/ippai ＝ fullness, full
c.f. お腹がペコペコです。/Onaka ga peko peko desu.＝I'm starving.

⇒SEE this lesson
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
大体　三百円位 / daitai sanbyaku en kurai / about 300yen.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
大体/daitai ＝approximately
三百円/san-byaku-en ＝ 300yen
位/kurai or gurai ＝ approximately
Both 大体/daitai and 位/kurai or gurai have the same meaning. Daitai precedes the quantity or

extent whereas kurai follows the quantity or extent. Daitai and kurai are often used together.
*****Compare!!*****
１ドルは１００円です。Ichi-doru wa hyaku-en desu.

One dollar is 100yen.
１ドルは大体１００円位です。Ichi-doru wa daitai hyaku-en gurai desu.

One dollar is about 100yen.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
私はうどんを食べました。Watashi wa Udon o tabemashita.
I ate Udon.
うどんは三百円でした。Udon wa san-byaku-en deshita.

The Udon was 300yen.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is the polite past form of verb and noun sentences.
(Polite Past-tense of the verb⇒ SEE this lesson
******Verb sentences******
The polite forms of verbs are formed as follows.
English non-past aff. non-past neg. past aff. past neg.
--masu --masen --mashita --masen

deshita
to exist arimasu arimasen arimashita arimasen

deshita
to go ikimasu ikimasen ikimashita ikimasen

deshita
to speak hanashimasu hanashimasen hanashimashita hanashimasen

deshita
to drink nomimasu nomimasen nomimashita nomimasen

deshita
to eat tabemasu tabemasen tabemashita tabemasen
deshita
to watch mimasu mimasen mimashita mimasen

deshita
to do shimasu shimasen shimashita shimasen

deshita
to come kimasu kimasen kimashita kimasen

deshita
●● past affirmative ●●
1)私はうどんを食べました。

Watashi wa udon o tabemashita.
I ate udon.
2)ファブリツィオは四国へ行きました。

Faburitsio wa Shikoku e ikimashita.
Fabrizio went to Shikoku.
3)ラーメン屋は本屋のとなりにありました。

Rāmen'ya wa hon'ya no tonari ni arimashita.
There was a rāmen place next to the bookstore.
●● past negative ●●
1)私はうどんを食べませんでした。

Watashi wa udon o tabemasen deshita.
I didn't eat udon.
2)ファブリツィオは四国へ行きませんでした。
Faburitsio wa Shikoku e ikimasen deshita.
Fabrizio didn't go to Shikoku.
3)ラーメン屋は本屋のとなりにありませんでした。

Rāmen-ya wa hon'ya no tonari ni arimasen deshita.
There was not a rāmen place next to the bookstore.
●● past question ●●
1)(あなたは)うどんを食べましたか。

(Anata wa) udon o tabemashita ka?
Did you eat udon?
2)(あなたは) 何を食べましたか。
(Anata wa) nani o tabemashita ka?
What did you eat?
3)ファブリツィオは四国へ行きましたか。

Faburitsio wa Shikoku e ikimashita ka?
Did Fabrizio go to Shikoku.
4)ファブリツィオはどこへ行きましたか。

Faburitsio wa doko e ikimashita ka?
Where did Fabrizio go?
******Noun sentences******
The usage of the non-past polite copula です/desu and its negative form was introduced in
Newbie Season 2 Lessons 1, 2 and 3. To recap:
Non-past polite
non-past affirmative non-past negative
ですではありません/じゃありません/じゃないです
desu dewa arimasen/ja arimasen/
janai desu.
And looking at the usage of the past affirmative and past negative of the copula です/desu:
Past polite
past affirmative past negative
でしたではありませんでした/じゃありませんでした/じゃなかったです
deshita dewa arimasendeshita/ja arimasendeshita/

ja nakatta desu
●● past affirmative ●●
1)これは１００円でした。
Kore wa hyaku-en deshita.
This was 100yen.
2)サーアイザックニュートンはイギリス人でした。

Sā Aizakku Nyūton wa Igirisu-jin deshita.
Sir Isaac Newton was English.
●● past negative ●●
1)これは１００円じゃありませんでした。
Kore wa hyaku-en ja arimasen deshita.
This wasn't 100yen.
2)クリストファーコロンブスはフランス人ではありませんでした。
Kurisutofā Koronbusu wa Furansu-jin dewa arimasen deshita.
Christopher Columbus wasn't French.
●● past question ●●
1)これは１００円でしたか。
Kore wa hyaku-en deshita ka?
Was this 100yen?
2)これはいくらでしたか。
Kore wa ikura deshita ka?
How much was this?
3)クリストファーコロンブスは何人でしたか。

Kurisutofā Koronbusu wa nani-jin deshita ka?
What was Christopher Columbus's nationality?
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and expressions from today's dialogue;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
先週　/　せんしゅう /senshū /last week
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Check the following chart;
previous current next
day 昨日 kinō 今日 kyō 明日 ashita
week 先週 senshū 今週 konshū 来週 raishū
month 先月 sengetsu 今月 kongetsu 来月 raigetsu

year 去年 kyonen 今年 kotoshi 来年 rainen
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
人気があります。 / ninki ga arimasu
It's popular. (Literally: There is popularity.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
人気/ninki ＝ popularity
が/ga ＝ subject marker
あります/arimasu ＝ masu form of verb ある/aru＝to exist
In a conversation, the subject marker が/is often dropped and the sentence becomes 人気あり
ます/ninki arimasu or 人気ある/ninki aru.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
全然　/　ぜんぜん　/　zenzen / not at all
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Zenzen" is an adverb that usually precedes verbs or adjectives in their negative form (or
adjectives with negative connotation, such as "dame") in order to express the nuance of "not at
all" or "absolutely not".
****** Sample sentences ******

私は、肉を全然食べません。
Watashi wa niku o zenzen tabemasen.
I don't eat meat at all.
私は野菜が全然好きじゃありません。
Watashi wa yasai ga zenzen suki ja arimasen.
I don't like vegetables at all.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
うどんは美味しかったです。
Udon wa oishiikatta desu.
The udon was tasty.
うどんは大丈夫でしたか。
Udon wa daijōbu deshita ka?
Was the Udon OK?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's grammar point is the polite past tense of i-ending and na-ending adjectives.
****** -i adjectives ******

●● Past Affirmative ●●
Step1:Drop the final い i (ex)ちいさい/chiisai → ちいさ/chiisa
Step2:Add かった katta (ex)ちいさかった chiisa katta (→plain past)
Step3:Add です desu (ex)ちいさかったです chiisakatta desu (→polite past)
●● Past Negative ●●

Non-past negative form of adjectives　⇒SEE this lesson
There are 2 ways to get polite past negative form
i)
Step2:Add くなかった kunakatta (ex)ちいさくなかった/chiisakunakatta(→plain past)
Step3:Add です desu (ex)ちいさくなかったです/chiisakunakatta desu
ii)
Step2:Add くありません ku arimasen
(ex)ちいさくありません/chiisaku arimasen(→non-past negative)
Step3:Add でした deshita (ex)ちいさくありませんでした/chiisaku arimasen deshita
●● Exception!! ●●
いい/ii ＝good, well
Polite Non-Past
non-past affirmative non-past negative

いいですよくありません/よくないです
ii desu yoku arimasen/yokunai desu
Polite Past
past affirmative past negative
よかったですよくありませんでした/よくなかったです
yokatta desu yoku arimasen deshita/yokunakatta desu
●● Sample Sentences ●●
オードリーヘップバーンは細かったです。
Ōdorī Heppubān wa hosokatta desu.
Audrey Hepburn was slim.
今日は暑くなかったです。
Kyō wa atsukunakatta desu.
It wasn't hot today. (Literally: As for today, it wasn't hot.)
テストは難しくありませんでした。
Tesuto wa muzukashiku arimasen deshita.
The test wasn't difficult.
****** -na adjectives ******

●● Past Affirmative ●●
Step1:Drop the final な na (ex)たいへんな/taihen na → たいへん/taihen
Step2:Add でした deshita (ex)たいへん/taihen → たいへんでした/taihen deshita
●● Past Negative ●●
Non-past negative form of adjectives　⇒SEE this lesson
Polite Non-past Negative Polite past negative
大変じゃないです/taihen ja nai desu 大変じゃなかったです/taihen ja nakatta desu
大変じゃありません/taihen ja arimasen 大変じゃありませんでした/taihen ja arimasen deshita
大変ではありません/taihen d ewa arimasen 大変ではありませんでした/taihen de wa arimasen deshita
*じゃ/ja is a contraction of では/de wa and is more colloquial than では/de wa
●● Sample Sentences ●●
オードリーヘップバーンはきれいでした。
Ōdorī Heppubān wa kirei deshita.
Audrey Hepburn was pretty.
今日は静かじゃなかったです。
Kyō wa shizuka ja nakatta desu.
It wasn't quiet today. (Literally: As for today, it wasn't quiet.)
テストは簡単ではありませんでした。
Tesuto wa kantan de wa arimasen deshita.
The test wasn't easy.
Grammar
★Useful vocabulary and expressions from today's dialog;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
皆さん　/ みなさん / mina-san / everyone
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please check the politeness level;
●みんな / minna → casual
●皆さん / mina-san → polite
●皆様 / mina-sama → most polite
****** Sample Sentences ******

みんな、おはよう！/Minna, ohayō.
Morning everyone! (casual)
皆さん、おはようございます。/Mina-san, ohayō gozaimasu.

Good morning, everyone. (polite)
皆様、おはようございます。/Mina-sama, ohayō gozaimasu.

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. (most polite)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お土産　/ おみやげ / omiyage / souvenir
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
お/o ＝ polite prefix 　土産/miyage ＝ souvenir
*お土産屋　＝ souvenir shop

*土産屋＝ souvenir shop
****** Sample Sentence ******

空港にたくさん土産屋があります。
Kūkō ni takusan miyage-ya ga arimasu.
There are lots of souvenir shops at the airport.
空港で、お土産を買いました。
Kūkō　de o-miyage o kaimashita.
I bought souvenirs/a souvenir at the airport.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
良い天気 / いいてんき / ii tenki / good weather, nice weather
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
良い/ii ＝ good
天気/tenki ＝ weather
うわー。今日は良い天気ですね。
Uwā. Kyō wa ii tenki desu ne.
It's a great day, isn't it?
(Literally: Wow. As for today, it's wonderful weather, isn't it?)
東京の天気はどうですか。

Tokyo no tenki wa dō desu ka?
How is the weather in Tokyo?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
天気はどうでしたか。
Tenki wa dō deshita ka?
How was the weather?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
天気/tenki ＝ weather
は/wa ＝ topic marker
どう/dō ＝ how
でした/deshita ＝ past form of copula です/desu

映画はどうでしたか。
Eiga wa dō deshita ka?
How was the movie?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
内緒 / ないしょ / naisho / secret
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
これは、内緒ですよ。Kore wa naisho desu yo.
This is a secret!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
下手 / へた / heta / not skillful
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
The opposite word is
上手/jōzu ＝ be good at, skillful
*下手な歌手/heta na kashu ＝ a bad singer (unskillful singer)

*上手な歌手/jōzu na kashu ＝ a good singer (skillful singer)

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Learn Japanese!

Made by; Angela Nicole A. De la Cruz

The Focus of This Lesson Is Greeting Someone in Japanese.

Greeting Someone in Japanese (at Any Time of Day!)

Ohayō gozaimasu "Good morning!"

At any time (usually during the day):

Kon'nichi wa "Hi!" "Hello!"

Konbanwa "Good evening!"

Formal and Informal Speech

The Focus of This Lesson Is Introducing Yourself in Japanese.

JAPANESE ROMAJI "ENGLISH"

はじめまして。 Hajimemashite. "Nice to meet you!"

JAPANESE ROMAJI "ENGLISH"

[name]です. [name] desu. "I'm [name]."

When introducing yourself, simply combine the two phrases above!

1. A: Hajimemashite, Maki desu.

Lastly, as a special touch, you can add this phrase:

Yoroshiku onegai shimasu. "Pleased to meet you." (literally, "Please

1. Hajimemashite, Yūki desu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.

Language Tip: Pronouncing Desu

Giving and Receiving Thanks

Saying "thank you" in Japanese is Arigatō gozaimasu (ありがとうございます), which means

Language Tip: Omiyage desu. (おみやげです。)

Let's look at the two ways to use sumimasen that we saw in the dialogue.

1) あの・・・すみません。 Ano... sumimasen. "Umm... excuse me."

2) あ、すみません！ A, sumimasen! "Oh, I'm sorry!"

The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking for Something.

Asking for Something with Onegai Shimasu

[item/service that you want] + onegai shimasu

Let's take a look at some examples.

ITEM/SERVICE THAT YOU WANT + ONEGAI SHIMASU "ENGLISH"

mizu (みず) onegai shimasu "Can I get some water?"

chūmon (ちゅうもん) onegai shimasu "Can you take my order?"

Examples from This Lesson

1. Teirā: Masato-san! O-hisashiburi desu!

The Focus of This Lesson Is Saying What Something Is (A is B).

Saying What Something Is ("A is B")

Now, let's make some sentences using this pattern:

1. Watashi ("I") wa Jenifā desu.

1. Kore wa sushi desu.

Examples from This Dialogue

1. Watashi wa Kaori desu.

The Focus of This Lesson Is Practicing More with [A wa B desu].

Practicing More with [A wa B desu]

Let's learn how to say "This is B" using our pattern:

Kore wa [B] desu./"This is [B]."

omiyage Kore wa omiyage desu. これはおみやげです。 "This is a small present

mizu (みず) Kore wa mizu desu. これはみずです。 "This is water."

Examples from This Dialogue

1. Teirā-san, kore wa omiyage desu. Dōzo.

Saying "Thank You"

ROMANIZATION JAPANESE "ENGLISH" EXPLANATION

Arigatō gozaimasu ありがとうございます "thank you" a polite way to say than

Arigatō ありがとう "Thanks!" a casual way to say

Sumimasen すみません "(Sorry), thanks" a polite way to say than

Saying "You're Welcome"

ROMANIZATION JAPANESE "ENGLISH" EXPLANATION

Dō itashimashite どういたしまして "you're welcome" a polite, straightforward

Iie (or ieie) いいえ （or いえいえ） "not at all," "no a polite way to respond

Examples from This Lesson

1. Teirā: Arigatō gozaimasu.

The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking Questions.

Lesson Focus: Making Questions

Iie (or ieie) いいえ（or いえいえ） "not at all," "no a polite way to respond